almost continuously for several millennia. Between its initial
unification in the 7th century - from three predecessor Korean
states - until the 20th century, Korea existed as a single
independent country. In 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War,
Korea became a protectorate of imperial Japan, and in 1910 it was
annexed as a colony. Korea regained its independence following
Japan's surrender to the United States in 1945. After World War II,
a Republic of Korea (ROK) was set up in the southern half of the
Korean Peninsula while a Communist-style government was installed in
the north (the DPRK). During the Korean War (1950-53), US troops and
UN forces fought alongside soldiers from the ROK to defend South
Korea from DPRK attacks supported by China and the Soviet Union. An
armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a
demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter, South
Korea achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising
to roughly 14 times the level of North Korea. In 1993, KIM Young-sam
became South Korea's first civilian president following 32 years of
military rule. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern
democracy. In June 2000, a historic first North-South summit took
place between the South's President KIM Dae-jung and the North's
leader KIM Jong Il. In October 2007, a second North-South summit
took place between the South's President ROH Moo-hyun and the North
Korean leader. Harsh rhetoric and unwillingness by North Korea to
engage with President LEE Myung-bak following his February 2008
inauguration has strained inter-Korean relations.
Geography ::Korea, South
Location:
Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the
Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea
Geographic coordinates:
37 00 N, 127 30 E
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total: 99,720 sq km
country comparison to the world: 108
land: 96,920 sq km
water: 2,800 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Indiana
Land boundaries:
total: 238 km
border countries: North Korea 238 km
Coastline:
2,413 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: not specified
Climate:
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Terrain:
mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m
highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m
Natural resources:
coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land: 16.58%
permanent crops: 2.01%
other: 81.41% (2005)
Irrigated land:
8,780 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
69.7 cu km (1999)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 18.59 cu km/yr (36%/16%/48%)
per capita: 389 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic
activity common in southwest
Environment - current issues:
air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the
discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
strategic location on Korea Strait
People ::Korea, South
Population:
48,508,972 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.8% (male 4,278,581/female 3,887,516)
15-64 years: 72.3% (male 17,897,053/female 17,196,840)
65 years and over: 10.8% (male 2,104,589/female 3,144,393) (2009
est.)
Median age:
total: 37.3 years
male: 36 years
female: 38.5 years (2009 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.266% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
Birth rate:
8.93 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 212
Death rate:
5.94 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
Net migration rate:
-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Urbanization:
urban population: 81% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 0.6% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.26 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 204
male: 4.49 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.72 years
country comparison to the world: 40
male: 75.45 years
female: 82.22 years (2009 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.21 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 218
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
13,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Nationality:
noun: Korean(s)
adjective: Korean
Ethnic groups:
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Religions:
Christian 26.3% (Protestant 19.7%, Roman Catholic 6.6%), Buddhist
23.2%, other or unknown 1.3%, none 49.3% (1995 census)
Languages:
Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.9%
male: 99.2%
female: 96.6% (2002)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 17 years
male: 18 years
female: 15 years (2007)
Education expenditures:
4.6% of GDP (2004)
country comparison to the world: 85
Government ::Korea, South
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Korea
conventional short form: South Korea
local long form: Taehan-min'guk
local short form: Han'guk
abbreviation: ROK
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Seoul
geographic coordinates: 37 33 N, 126 59 E
time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 7 metropolitan cities
(gwangyoksi, singular and plural)
provinces: Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto (North Cholla), Cholla-namdo
(South Cholla), Ch'ungch'ong-bukto (North Ch'ungch'ong),
Ch'ungch'ong-namdo (South Ch'ungch'ong), Kangwon-do, Kyonggi-do,
Kyongsang-bukto (North Kyongsang), Kyongsang-namdo (South Kyongsang)
metropolitan cities: Inch'on-gwangyoksi, Kwangju-gwangyoksi,
Pusan-gwangyoksi, Soul-t'ukpyolsi, Taegu-gwangyoksi,
Taejon-gwangyoksi, Ulsan-gwangyoksi
Independence:
15 August 1945 (from Japan)
National holiday:
Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)
Constitution:
17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times; current
constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Legal system:
combines elements of continental European civil law systems,
Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
19 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President LEE Myung-bak (since 25 February 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister CHUNG Un-chan (since 30 September
2009)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year
term; election last held 19 December 2007 (next to be held in
December 2012); prime minister appointed by president with consent
of National Assembly
election results: LEE Myung-bak elected president on 19 December
2007; percent of vote - LEE Myung-bak (GNP) 48.7%; CHUNG Dong-young
(UNDP) 26.1%); LEE Hoi-chang (independent) 15.1; others 10.1%
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (299 seats; 243 members
elected in single-seat constituencies, 56 elected by proportional
representation; to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 9 April 2008 (next to be held in April 2012)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
GNP 172, UDP 83, LFP 20, Pro-Park Alliance 8, DLP 5, CKP 1,
independents 9
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president with consent of
National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices appointed by the
president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief
Justice of the court)
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party or DP [CHUNG Sye-kyun] (formerly the United
Democratic Party or UDP); Democratic Labor Party or DLP [KANG
Ki-kabi]; Grand National Party or GNP [CHUNG Mong-joon]; Liberty
Forward Party or LFP [LEE Hoi-chang]; Pro-Park Alliance or PPA [SUH
Choung-won]; Renewal Korea Party or RKP [MOON Kook-hyun]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions;
Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of
Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association;
National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of
Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National
Federation of Student Associations
International organization participation:
ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue
partner), Australia Group, BIS, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, G-20, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC,
LAIA, MIGA, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner),
PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador HAN Duck-soo
chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600
FAX: [1] (202) 387-0205
consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago,
Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kathleen STEPHENS
embassy: 32 Sejongno, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710
mailing address: US Embassy Seoul, APO AP 96205-5550
telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114
FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845
Flag description:
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there
is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of
Changes) in each corner of the white field
Economy ::Korea, South
Economy - overview:
Since the 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of
growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy. Four
decades ago, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer
countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the
trillion dollar club of world economies. In 2008, its GDP per capita
was roughly the same as that of the Czech Republic and New Zealand.
Initially, this success was achieved by a system of close
government/business ties including directed credit, import
restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor
effort. The government promoted the import of raw materials and
technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings
and investment over consumption. The Asian financial crisis of
1997-98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development
model including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing,
and an undisciplined financial sector. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998,
then recovered by 9% in 1999-2000. Korea adopted numerous economic
reforms following the crisis, including greater openness to foreign
investment and imports. Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001 because of
the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that
much-needed corporate and financial reforms had stalled. Led by
consumer spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an impressive 7%
despite anemic global growth. Between 2003 and 2007, growth
moderated to about 4-5% annually. A downturn in consumer spending
was offset by rapid export growth. In 2008, inflation increased in
the face of rising oil and food prices before easing in the fourth
quarter. Korea was hit hard by the global financial turmoil that
began in September 2008. Stock prices fell by more than 40% for the
year and the value of the won fell by approximately 26%. Korean GDP
shrank in the fourth quarter and GDP growth for the year was just
2.2%. The Korean government adopted several measures to combat the
credit crunch and stimulate the economy.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.338 trillion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14
$1.309 trillion (2007 est.)
$1.245 trillion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$929.1 billion (2008 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
2.2% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
5.1% (2007 est.)
5.2% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$27,700 (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$27,100 (2007 est.)
$25,900 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 3%
industry: 39.5%
services: 57.6% (2008 est.)
Labor force:
24.35 million (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 7.2%
industry: 25.1%
services: 67.7% (2007)
Unemployment rate:
3.2% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
3.3% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
15% (2003 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 24.2% (2007)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31.3 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 105
35.8 (2000)
Investment (gross fixed):
27.1% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Budget:
revenues: $227.5 billion
expenditures: $216.7 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
24.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
21.3% of GDP (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.7% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
2.5% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
1.75% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 131
3.25% (31 December 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
7.17% (31 December 2008)
Stock of money:
$80.66 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 15
$92.59 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$478 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 8
$541.7 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$937 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 12
$1.061 trillion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$494.6 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 16
$1.124 trillion (31 December 2007)
$835.2 billion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs, chickens,
milk, eggs; fish
Industries:
electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals,
shipbuilding, steel
Industrial production growth rate:
2.2% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 101
Electricity - production:
440 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
Electricity - consumption:
385.1 billion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
30,440 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Oil - consumption:
2.175 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11
Oil - exports:
800,000 bbl/day
country comparison to the world: 22
note: exports consist of oil derivatives (gasoline, light oil, and
diesel), not crude oil (2008 est.)
Oil - imports:
2.982 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl
country comparison to the world: 190
Natural gas - production:
443 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Natural gas - consumption:
34.76 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 80
Natural gas - imports:
36.21 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11
Natural gas - proved reserves:
50 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
Current account balance:
-$6.349 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
$5.954 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$433.5 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
$379 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor
vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals
Exports - partners:
China 21.4%, US 10.9%, Japan 6.6%, Hong Kong 4.6% (2008)
Imports:
$427.4 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10
$349.6 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel,
transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics
Imports - partners:
China 17.7%, Japan 14%, US 8.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.8%, UAE 4.4%,
Australia 4.1% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$201.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
$262.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$381.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
$383.2 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$124.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
$122 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$74.6 billion (30 June 2008)
country comparison to the world: 26
$82.1 billion (2006)
Exchange rates:
South Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 1,101.7 (2008 est.), 929.2
(2007), 954.8 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004)
Communications ::Korea, South
Telephones - main lines in use:
21.325 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 13
Telephones - mobile cellular:
45.607 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 23
Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international services
featuring rapid incorporation of new technologies
domestic: fixed-line and mobile-cellular services wide available
with a combined telephone subscribership of roughly 140 per 100
persons; rapid assimilation of a full range of telecommunications
technologies leading to a boom in e-commerce
international: country code - 82; numerous submarine cables provide
links throughout Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe, and US;
satellite earth stations - 66
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 96, FM 322, shortwave 1 (2008)
Television broadcast stations:
57 (plus 103 cable operators and 119 relay cable operators) (2008)
Internet country code:
.kr
Internet hosts:
301,270 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 54
Internet users:
37.476 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 10
Transportation ::Korea, South
Airports:
116 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 53
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 72
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 22
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 22 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 44
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 42 (2009)
Heliports:
516 (2009)
Pipelines:
gas 1,423 km; refined products 827 km (2008)
Railways:
total: 3,381 km
country comparison to the world: 51
standard gauge: 3,381 km 1.435-m gauge (1,843 km electrified) (2008)
Roadways:
total: 103,029 km
country comparison to the world: 40
paved: 80,642 km (includes 3,367 km of expressways)
unpaved: 22,387 km (2008)
Waterways:
1,608 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2008)
country comparison to the world: 50
Merchant marine:
total: 812
country comparison to the world: 14
by type: bulk carrier 212, cargo 226, carrier 2, chemical tanker
133, container 80, liquefied gas 33, passenger 5, passenger/cargo
26, petroleum tanker 61, refrigerated cargo 16, roll on/roll off 9,
specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 31 (China 1, Japan 20, Norway 2, UK 1, US 7)
registered in other countries: 363 (Belize 1, Cambodia 22, China 1,
Cyprus 1, Honduras 6, Hong Kong 3, Kiribati 2, Liberia 3, Malta 2,
Marshall Islands 10, Mongolia 1, Netherlands 1, Panama 303, Russia
1, Singapore 3, Tuvalu 1, unknown 2) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Inch'on, P'ohang, Pusan, Ulsan
Military ::Korea, South
Military branches:
Republic of Korea Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force
(2009)
Military service age and obligation:
20-30 years of age for compulsory military service, with middle
school education required; conscript service obligation - 24-28
months, depending on the military branch involved (to be reduced to
18 months beginning 2016); 18-26 years of age for voluntary military
service; women, in service since 1950, admitted to 7 service
branches, including infantry, but excluded from artillery, armor,
anti-air, and chaplaincy corps; some 4,000 women serve as
commissioned and noncommissioned officers, approx. 2.3% of all
officers (2008)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 13,691,809
females age 16-49: 13,029,859 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 10,991,263
females age 16-49: 10,356,604 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 371,728
female: 322,605 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
2.7% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 58
Transnational Issues ::Korea, South
Disputes - international:
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone
has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents
with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limiting Line,
which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and
Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South
Korea since 1954
page last updated on November 11, 2009
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@Kosovo (Europe)
Introduction ::Kosovo
Background: