oil, and other natural resources. Poverty, unemployment, and
inflation are fundamental problems, but King ABDALLAH II, since
assuming the throne in 1999, has undertaken some broad economic
reforms in a long-term effort to improve living standards. Since
Jordan's graduation from its most recent IMF program in 2002, Amman
has continued to follow IMF guidelines, practicing careful monetary
policy, making substantial headway with privatization, and opening
the trade regime. Jordan's exports have significantly increased
under the free trade accord with the US and Jordanian Qualifying
Industrial Zones (QIZ), which allow Jordan to export goods with some
Israeli content duty free to the US. In 2006 and 2008, Jordan used
privatization proceeds to significantly reduce its debt-to-GDP
ratio. These measures have helped improve productivity and have made
Jordan more attractive for foreign investment. The government ended
subsidies for petroleum and other consumer goods in 2008 in an
effort to control the budget. The main challenges facing Jordan are
reducing dependence on foreign grants, reducing the growing budget
deficit, attracting investments, and creating jobs. Jordan is
currently exploring nuclear power generation to forestall energy
shortfalls. Jordan's conservative banking sector has been largely
protected from the worldwide financial crisis, but many businesses,
particularly in the tourism and real estate sector, are predicting a
slow-down in 2009.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$31.68 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
$30 billion (2007 est.)
$28.14 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$21.23 billion (2008 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
5.6% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
6.6% (2007 est.)
8% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$5,200 (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
$5,000 (2007 est.)
$5,000 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 3.6%
industry: 29.9%
services: 66.5% (2008 est.)
Labor force:
1.615 million (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 126
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 2.7%
industry: 20%
services: 77.4% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate:
12.6% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
13.5% (2007 est.)
note: official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%
Population below poverty line:
14.2% (2002)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 30.7% (2006)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
39.7 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 63
36.4 (1997)
Investment (gross fixed):
32.3% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15
Budget:
revenues: $5.67 billion
expenditures: $7.66 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
62.2% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
85.8% of GDP (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
14.9% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189
5.4% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
6.25% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 56
7% (31 December 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
9.03% (31 December 2008)
Stock of money:
$NA (31 December 2008)
$6.765 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$17.98 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 43
$15.38 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$25.05 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 56
$19.53 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$35.85 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 61
$41.22 billion (31 December 2007)
$29.73 billion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
citrus, tomatoes, cucumbers, olives; sheep, poultry, stone fruits,
strawberries, dairy
Industries:
clothing, fertilizers, potash, phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals,
petroleum refining, cement, inorganic chemicals, light
manufacturing, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
5.7% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Electricity - production:
12.21 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84
Electricity - consumption:
10.4 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Electricity - exports:
176 million kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - imports:
200 million kWh (2007 est.)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
Oil - consumption:
108,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 176
Oil - imports:
108,200 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
Oil - proved reserves:
1 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Natural gas - production:
250 million cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Natural gas - consumption:
2.97 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 164
Natural gas - imports:
2.72 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Natural gas - proved reserves:
6.031 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
Current account balance:
-$2.39 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
-$2.767 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$7.782 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
$5.7 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
clothing, fertilizers, potash, phosphates, vegetables,
pharmaceuticals
Exports - partners:
India 16.2%, Iraq 16.1%, US 13.2%, Saudi Arabia 6.9%, UAE 4.6% (2008)
Imports:
$14.99 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 83
$12.02 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, iron, cereals
Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 21.2%, China 10.4%, Germany 6%, US 4.6%, Egypt 4.5%,
Ukraine 4.3% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$8.918 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
$7.929 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$6.794 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
$8.133 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$16.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
$14.55 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Exchange rates:
Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - 0.709 (2008 est.), 0.709
(2007), 0.709 (2006), 0.709 (2005), 0.709 (2004)
Communications ::Jordan
Telephones - main lines in use:
519,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 95
Telephones - mobile cellular:
5.314 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 84
Telephone system:
general assessment: service has improved recently with increased use
of digital switching equipment; microwave radio relay transmission
and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines;
growing mobile-cellular usage in both urban and rural areas is
reducing use of fixed-line services; Internet penetration remains
modest and slow-growing
domestic: 1995 telecommunications law opened all non-fixed-line
services to private competition; in 2005, monopoly over fixed-line
services terminated and the entire telecommunications sector was
opened to competition; mobile-cellular usage has increased and
teledensity reached 85 per 100 persons in 2008
international: country code - 962; landing point for the Fiber-Optic
Link Around the Globe (FLAG) submarine cable network that provides
links to Asia, Middle East, Europe; satellite earth stations - 33 (3
Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals);
fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link
with Egypt and Syria; participant in Medarabtel (2008)
Radio broadcast stations:
FM 31 (2007)
Television broadcast stations:
22 (2007)
Internet country code:
.jo
Internet hosts:
28,896 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 92
Internet users:
1.5 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 74
Transportation ::Jordan
Airports:
17 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 142
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2009)
Heliports:
1 (2009)
Pipelines:
gas 439 km; oil 49 km (2008)
Railways:
total: 507 km
country comparison to the world: 115
narrow gauge: 507 km 1.050-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
total: 8,002 km
country comparison to the world: 141
paved: 8,002 km (2007)
Merchant marine:
total: 21
country comparison to the world: 97
by type: cargo 8, container 1, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker
2, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 13 (UAE 13)
registered in other countries: 24 (Algeria 7, Bahamas 2, Panama 13,
Syria 2) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Al 'Aqabah
Military ::Jordan
Military branches:
Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Land Force (RJLF),
Royal Jordanian Navy, Royal Jordanian Air Force (Al-Quwwat
al-Jawwiya al-Malakiya al-Urduniya, RJAF), Special Operations
Command (Socom); Public Security Directorate (normally falls under
Ministry of Interior, but comes under JAF in wartime or crisis)
(2008)
Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age for voluntary military service; male conscription at
age 18 - suspended in 1999 - resurrected in July 2007 in order to
provide youth training necessary for job market needs; all males
under age 37 are required to register; women not subject to
conscription, but can volunteer to serve in non-combat military
positions in the Royal Jordanian Arab Army Women's Corps (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,812,551
females age 16-49: 1,559,155 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,593,919
females age 16-49: 1,382,097 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 69,830
female: 67,292 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
8.6% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 5
Transnational Issues ::Jordan
Disputes - international:
approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq,
with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan; 2004 Agreement
settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 1,835,704 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA)); 500,000 (Iraq)
IDPs: 160,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2007)
Trafficking in persons:
current situation: Jordan is a destination and transit country for
women and men from South and Southeast Asia trafficked for the
purpose of forced labor; Jordan is also a destination for women from
Eastern Europe and Morocco for prostitution; women from Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines migrate willingly to work
as domestic servants, but some are subjected to conditions of forced
labor, including unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on
movement, non-payment of wages, threats, and physical or sexual abuse
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Jordan is on the Tier 2 Watch List
for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat
trafficking in persons in 2007, particularly in the area of law
enforcement against trafficking for forced labor; the government
made minimal efforts to investigate or prosecute numerous
allegations related to exploitation of foreign domestic workers;
Jordan failed for a second year to criminally prosecute and punish
those who committed acts of forced labor; Jordan also continues to
lack victim protection services; Jordan has not ratified the 2000 UN
TIP Protocol (2008)
page last updated on November 11, 2009
======================================================================
@Kazakhstan (Central Asia)
Introduction ::Kazakhstan
Background:
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who
migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as
a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th
century, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the
1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens
were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures.
This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other
deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled
non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 caused many
of these newcomers to emigrate. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than
those of all the other Central Asian states combined, largely due to
the country's vast natural resources and a recent history of
political stability. Current issues include: developing a cohesive
national identity; expanding the development of the country's vast
energy resources and exporting them to world markets; achieving a
sustainable economic growth; diversifying the economy outside the
oil, gas, and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's
competitiveness; and strengthening relations with neighboring states
and other foreign powers.
Geography ::Kazakhstan
Location:
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural
(Zhayyq) River in eastern-most Europe
Geographic coordinates:
48 00 N, 68 00 E
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total: 2,724,900 sq km
country comparison to the world: 9
land: 2,699,700 sq km
water: 25,200 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 12,185 km
border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,224 km, Russia 6,846
km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split
into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain:
vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai
Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the
north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m
Natural resources:
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese,
chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite,
gold, uranium
Land use:
arable land: 8.28%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 91.67% (2005)
Irrigated land:
35,560 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
109.6 cu km (1997)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 35 cu km/yr (2%/17%/82%)
per capita: 2,360 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty
Environment - current issues:
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense
industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose
health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe
in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the
Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and
leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural
salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown
into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil
pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from
poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography - note:
landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory
enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and
Russia extended the lease to 2050
People ::Kazakhstan
Population:
15,399,437 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Age structure:
0-14 years: 21.8% (male 1,717,469/female 1,643,920)
15-64 years: 70.2% (male 5,279,292/female 5,534,607)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 426,494/female 797,655) (2009 est.)
Median age:
total: 29.6 years
male: 28.1 years
female: 31.3 years (2009 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.392% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
Birth rate:
16.6 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127
Death rate:
9.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
Net migration rate:
-3.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152
Urbanization:
urban population: 58% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 1.2% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 25.73 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 86
male: 30.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 67.87 years
country comparison to the world: 152
male: 62.58 years
female: 73.47 years (2009 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.88 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
12,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 93
Nationality:
noun: Kazakhstani(s)
adjective: Kazakhstani
Ethnic groups:
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%,
German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)
Religions:
Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Languages:
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in
everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic
communication") 95% (2001 est.)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.5%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.3% (1999 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2007)
Education expenditures:
2.3% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 163
Government ::Kazakhstan
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
conventional short form: Kazakhstan
local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
local short form: Qazaqstan
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Government type:
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power outside
the executive branch
Capital:
name: Astana
geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Kazakhstan is divided into two time zones
Administrative divisions:
14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar,
singular - qala); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy
(Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy
(Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy,
Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy
(Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of
Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would
lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the
Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr
(Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the
lease to 2050
Independence:
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Constitution:
first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new
constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Legal system:
based on Islamic law and Roman law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the
Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December
1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Karim MASIMOV (since 10 January
2007); First Deputy Prime Minister Umirzak SHUKEYEV (since 3 March
2009) and Deputy Prime Ministers Yerbol ORYNBAYEV (since 29 October
2007) and Serik AKHMETOV (since 3 March 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2012); prime
minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president,
with Mazhilis approval; note - constitutional amendments of May 2007
shortened the presidential term from seven years to five years and
established a two-consecutive-term limit; changes will take effect
after NAZARBAYEV's term ends; he, and only he, is allowed to run for
president indefinitely
election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president;
percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 91.1%, Zharmakhan A.
TUYAKBAI 6.6%, Alikhan M. BAIMENOV 1.6%
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (47 seats; 15 members
are appointed by the president; other members are elected by local
assemblies; members serve six-year terms, but elections are
staggered with half of the members up for re-election every three
years) and the Mazhilis (107 seats; 9 out of the 107 Mazhilis
members are elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, a
presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the
country's ethnic minorities; non-appointed members are popularly
elected to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - (indirect) last held October 2008; next to be
held in 2011; Mazhilis - last held 18 August 2007 (next to be held
in 2012)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party - Nur Otan 16; Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur-Otan
88.1%, NSDP 4.6%, Ak Zhol 3.3%, Auyl 1.6%, Communist People's Party
1.3%, Patriots Party .8% Ruhaniyat .4%; seats by party - Nur-Otan
98; note - parties must achieve a threshold of 7% of the electorate
to qualify for seats in the Mazhilis
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (seven members)
Political parties and leaders:
Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, Zeynulla ALSHIMBAYEV, Serik
ABDRAHMANOV, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, Yerkin ONGARBAYEV, Tolegan
SYDYKOV] (formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan); Agrarian and
Industrial Union of Workers Block or AIST (Agrarian Party and Civic
Party); Ak Zhol Party (Bright Path) [Alikhan BAIMENOV]; Alga
[Vladimir KOZLOV] (unregistered); Auyl (Village) [Gani KALIYEV];
Azat Party (formerly True Ak Zhol Party) [Bolat ABILOV]; Communist
Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN]; Communist
People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]; National Social
Democratic Party (NSDP)[Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]; Nur-Otan [Bakhytzhan
ZHUMAGULOV] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with
Otan); Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat (Spirituality)
[Altynshash ZHAGANOVA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel FOKINA];
Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]; For Fair
Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash
NUSUPBAYEV]; Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights
[Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]; Pan-National Social
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAI]; Pensioners
Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; Republican
Network of International Monitors [Dos KUSHIM]; Transparency
International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]
International organization participation:
ADB, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC,
OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Yerlan IDRISOV
chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488
FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
consulate(s): New York