FOUNDATION AND OBJECT
Return A.—A statement of the date, ascertained or probable, of the
foundation of the Company, and of the circumstances, so far as they
can be discovered from its documents of foundation or archives, in
which the Company had its origin.
Return B.—A list of the charters, charters of inspeximus, and other
instruments of a similar nature whether originals or copies, which
have been at any time in the possession of the Company, together
with an abstract of the purport of each, regard being specially had
to any evidence which it may contain as to the object of the
foundation of the Company.
Return C.—A list of any trust deeds “founding, regulating, or
affecting” the Company, with the date of each, the names of the
parties thereto, and an abstract of the purport of each.
Return D.—A list with dates of any “decrees of Court,” whether of
the Courts of Common Law or of Chancery, or of any acts of the
Courts of Aldermen or of Common Council, “regulating or affecting”
the Company, with a statement of the effect of each decision.
Return E.—A list of any other documents, not included in the
descriptions in the preceding returns, which “found, regulate, or
affect” the Company, with dates and an abstract of the effect of
each.
Return F.—A concise history of the Company from the time of its
foundation to the present day, with special reference to the inquiry
contained in the commission as to “the objects for which the Company
was founded,” and “how far those objects are now being carried into
effect.”
Return G.—Has the Company a licence in mortmain? When was such
licence granted (referring to the document by description)? What is
its extent, and to what extent is it now unexhausted?
Return H.—Is there vested in the Company and how, whether by
charter, statute, order of the Court of Aldermen, act of Common
Council, or otherwise, any right of exercising superintendence over
or any duty or discretion to encourage in any way any and what art,
trade, or business? State the nature and local limits of such
control. In what manner and to what extent is such control now
exercised? If such control is not now exercised, state the
circumstances under which its exercise has fallen into desuetude.
Return I.—A list of the charities, eleemosynary, educational or
otherwise, which are under the management of the Company, stating in
each case the name of the founder, the date and nature of the
benefaction, its original and its present value as regards both
capital and income, and the purposes to which the funds have been
applied for each of the last preceding ten years.
The returns of the twelve Great Companies have been published (1884) in
a Blue Book. I had prepared at first to transcribe certain portions of
these returns from each Company; but the information after all belongs
to bodies which are private rather than public. One can understand that
a Company may on the whole desire not to set forth all its sources of
income, nor its methods of expenditure. The Company of Grocers indeed
entered their protest against an inquiry by the Crown, “without the
authority of Parliament, into what has been judicially declared to be
private property,” as being “without precedent, arbitrary, and a breach
of the liberties of the subject.” Moreover, the returns are so
voluminous that even an abridgment of the figures would occupy far more
space than it is possible to give. They may therefore remain in the Blue
Book open for the examination of any person curious to read them, and
competent to understand them. For the purpose of this work an epitome of
the history of each Company, and of the privileges of a Liveryman will
be quite sufficient. And for these I am indebted mainly to the Report of
the Commission.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
The following is the chronological order in which the various Companies
obtained their charters of Incorporation. It will be observed that the
weavers claim to becoming a Corporate Body in 1154; that in the
fourteenth century there are 6 Companies incorporated; in the fifteenth
there are 19; in the sixteenth there are 15; in the seventeenth there
are 37; and in the eighteenth, 2.
1154. Weavers.
1233. Parish Clerks.
1327. Goldsmiths.
„ Skinners.
„ Merchant Taylors.
1394. Saddlers.
1399. Fishmongers.
1415. Cutlers.
1417. Haberdashers.
1428. Grocers.
1429. Cordwainers.
„ Drapers.
1437. Vintners.
„ Brewers.
1444. Leather Sellers.
1448. Girdlers.
1453. Armourers and Brasiers.
1461. Barbers.
1462. Tallow Chandlers.
1464. Ironmongers.
1471. Dyers.
1472. Musicians.
1474. Pewterers.
1477. Carpenters.
1481. Cooks.
1483. Wax Chandlers.
1501. Coopers.
1501. Plasterers.
1504. Poulterers.
1509. Bakers.
1515. Inn-holders.
1522. Carmen.
1527. Clothworkers.
1536. Fishmongers.
1556. Stationers.
1561. Broderers.
1568. Tylers and Bricklayers.
„ Girdlers.
1571. Blacksmiths.
1580. Joiners.
1581. Painters.
1604. Felt Makers.
„ Turners.
1605. Gardeners.
„ Shipwrights.
1606. Fishermen.
„ Curriers.
„ Fruiterers.
„ Butchers.
1611. Plumbers.
1614. Founders.
1617. Scriveners.
„ Apothecaries.
1618. Glaziers.
1621. Bowyers.
1626. Upholders.
„ Combmakers.
1628. Playing-card Makers.
1629. Spectacle Makers.
1631. Silkmen.
„ Clockmakers.
1637. Gunmakers.
1638. Soapmen.
„ Hatband Makers.
„ Horners.
„ Distillers.
„ Glovers.
1656. Needlemakers.
1657. Framework-knitters.
1663. Pipemakers.
1664. Glass Sellers.
1670. Tin-plate Workers.
„ Wheelwrights.
„ Pattenmakers.
1677. Masons.
„ Coachmakers.
1684. Farriers.
1693. Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers.
1709. Fanmakers.
1711. Loriners.
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
In the year 1532, the Companies were placed at the Mayor’s Feast in the
Guildhall in the following order:—
1. Mercers.
2. Grocers.
3. Drapers.
4. Fishmongers.
5. Goldsmiths.
6. Skinners.
7. Merchant Taylors.
8. Vintners.
9. Ironmongers.
10. Merchant Haberdashers.
11. Salters.
12. Dyers.
13. Leathersellers.
14. Pewterers.
15. Cutlers.
16. Armourers.
17. Wax Chandlers.
18. Tallow Chandlers.
19. Shiremen.
20. Fullers.
21. Sadlers.
22. Brewers.
23. Scriveners.
24. Butchers.
25. Bakers.
26. Poulterers.
27. Stationers.
28. Inn-holders.
29. Girdlers.
30. Chirurgeons.
31. Founders.
32. Barbers.
33. Upholders.
34. Broderers.
35. Bowyers.
36. Fletchers.
37. Turners.
38. Cordwainers.
39. Painter-stainers.
40. Masons.
41. Plumbers.
42. Carpenters.
43. Pouchmakers.
44. Joiners.
45. Coopers.
46. Glaziers.
47. Linen Drapers.
48. Woodmongers.
49. Curriers.
50. Foystors.
51. Grey Tanners.
52. Tylers.
53. Weavers.
54. Blacksmiths.
55. Loriners.
56. Spurriers.
57. Wire Sellers.
58. Fruiterers.
59. Farriers.
60. Bladesmiths.
In Stow and Strype, 1755, there is a list of that date:—
Mercers.
Grocers.
Drapers.
Fishmongers.
Goldsmiths.
Skinners.
Merchant Taylors.
Haberdashers.
Salters.
Ironmongers.
Vintners.
Clothworkers.
Dyers.
Brewers.
Leather Sellers.
Pewterers.
Barbers.
Cutlers.
Bakers.
Wax Chandlers.
Tallow Chandlers.
Armourers.
Girdlers and Pinners.
Butchers.
Sadlers.
Carpenters.
Cordwainers.
Apothecaries.
Painter-stainers.
Curriers.
Masons.
Plumbers.
Inn-holders.
Founders.
Poulterers.
Cooks.
Coopers.
Tilers and Bricklayers.
Bowyers.
Fletchers.
Blacksmiths.
Joiners.
Weavers.
Woolpackers.
Woodmongers.
Scriveners.
Fruiterers.
Plaisterers.
Stationers.
Embroiderers.
Upholders.
Musicians.
Turners.
Basketmakers.
Glaziers.
Farriers.
Loriners.
Paviors.
Bottlemakers and Horners.
Glovers.
Felt Makers.
Long Bowstring Makers.
Watermen.
Silk-Throwsters.
Starchmakers.
Pinmakers.
Clockmakers.
Spectacle Makers.
Combmakers.
Parish Clerks.
Surgeons.
Card Makers.
Carmen.
Coachmakers.
Distillers.
Fanmakers.
Fishermen.
Frame-knitters.
Gardeners.
Glassmakers.
Gold and Silver Wire-drawers.
Gunsmiths.
Hatband Makers.
Needlemakers.
Pattenmakers.
Porters.
Shipwrights.
Silkmen.
Soapmakers.
Tin-plate Workers.
Tobacco-pipe Makers.
Wheelwrights.
Woolmen.
(Stow, vol. ii. pp. 335-336.)
Comparing the two lists we find in them changes of no great importance
in the order. The Dyers, for instance, are twelfth; the Fullers,
Chirurgeons, Foystors, Grey Tanners, Spurriers and Wire Sellers have
gone; and there are only sixty in the former to ninety-three in the
latter list.
If we compare the second list with that at the present time, we find
that no new Companies have been formed, but that the following have
disappeared from the list:—
Woolpackers.
Woodmongers.
Long Bowstring Makers.
Silk-Throwsters.
Starchmakers.
Pinmakers.
Combmakers.
Surgeons.
Carmen.
Fishermen.
Hatband Makers.
Porters.
Silkmen.
Soapmakers.
Tobacco-pipe Makers.
ASSOCIATIONS WHICH HAVE DISAPPEARED.
Good service has been done to the history of City Gilds, Fraternities,
and Associations by Hazlitt in his list of “Voluntary Associations which
have disappeared.” The voluntary associations include, however, a great
many which were gilds and even chartered companies, _e.g._ the Parish
Clerks, incorporated as a Fraternity by Henry III., and as a Company by
James I. I subjoin a mere list, referring the reader to Hazlitt for his
historical notes.
White and Brown Bakers.
Bladesmiths and Bladers.
Blockmakers.
Bracelers or Bracemakers.
Burillers.
Cappers.
Carmen.
Cheesemongers.
Combmakers.
Orders of the Ropery.
Free Fishermen.
Forcers or Casketmakers.
Fullers.
Furbishers.
Gardeners.
Hatband Makers.
Hatters.
Heamers.
Histolen and Haymongers.
Hurers, Hurriers or Milliners.
Linen Drapers.
Marblers.
Parish Clerks.
Pepperers.
Pinners.
Planers.
Porters.
Pouchmakers.
Pursers or Glovers Pursers.
Shearman or Returnders.
Sawyers.
Sheathers.
Shivers.
Silkmen.
Silk-throwers or Throwsters.
Soapers.
Spicers.
Spurriers.
Starchmakers.
Stockfishmongers.
Stringers.
Surgeons.
Tapissers.
Grey Thwyers or Tanners.
White Thwyers.
Tobacco-pipe Makers.
Vinegar Makers.
Watermen.
Woodmongers.
Woolpackers.
In the body of the book are incorporated accounts of all those Companies
which have Halls. These accounts are given as the Halls are met with in
perambulation. Below there follows a complete list of all existing
Companies, whether with or without Halls, page references being given to
those already described.
_The Apothecaries._ See p. 204.
_The Bakers._ See p. 274.
_The Armourers._ See p. 65.
_The Barbers._ See p. 88.
BASKETMAKERS
This Company is interesting because it has no charter, but is a
Fraternity “by Prescription,” as Maitland says. It is not one of those
mentioned in Stow’s list as having been present at the Mayor’s Feast of
the year 1532. And Strype, though he includes it among the Companies,
gives no account of it. The association was recognised by the Mayor’s
Court, 1569, and again in 1602-1603. It was also one of the Companies
which subscribed to the Irish Estate in 1615. There is no Hall. The
number of the Livery is limited to 30. The Company stated to the
Commissioners that they have never been in possession of houses, lands,
or other property.
THE BLACKSMITHS
This craft, like that of the Basketmakers, is one of the earliest arts
learned by man after the discovery of the metals. The Fraternity of the
Blacksmiths must, therefore, have existed from the time when workmen
first began to work together and to form associations. The trade is
gregarious. It requires the collective labour of several to conduct the
furnace, to beat and to mould the metal, to design, to shape the metal
in the rough, to make the instruments, etc. As the Blacksmiths are not
enumerated among the “adulterine” Gilds under Henry II., we may conclude
that they were recognised as of long standing even then.
In the year 1372 (Riley’s _Memorials_, p. 361) “the reputable men of the
Trade” delivered to the mayor and aldermen their Articles. We learn from
these that the places of sale or market for blacksmiths was Gracechurch
Street, the Pavement by St. Nicholas Fleshambles (Newgate Street), or
near the Tun upon Cornhill; that every Master should place his mark upon
his work; and that no one was to be free of the trade till he could show
that he was able to follow it.
This Company is reputed to have been incorporated by prescription by
King Edward III. in the year 1325.
It was incorporated by charter, and united to the Spurriers by Queen
Elizabeth in the year 1571, under which charter, confirmed by King
Charles I. in the year 1639, power was given to make bye-laws; certain
bye-laws so made were confirmed by the Lord Treasurer and by the Chief
Justices of the King’s Bench, and the Common Pleas, December 1640, and
under such charter and bye-laws the Company is now, as far as the usages
of the present day permit, carried on.
By the charter of King Charles I., “power to make reasonable laws and
ordinances in writing for the good rule, governing, and correcting of
the freemen of the said arts or mysteries within the City of London and
four miles of the said City.”
Maitland, writing in 1750, says: “They have a pleasant Hall in Lambeth
Hill.”
The Company has now no Hall; its Corporate Income is about £700; its
Trust Income is £136; the number of its Livery is 98.
THE BOWYERS
The making of bows, like the use of the smithy, was so ancient that
there must have been a Fraternity of Bowyers in very early times. They
existed as a Company by prescription, and, which is strange, they
received no charter of incorporation until the year 1620, when bows and
arrows were quite superseded by firearms.
Riley tells us that in the year 1871 (_Memorials_, p. 348) the Bowyers
and the Fletchers (Makers of Arrows) entered into a friendly
understanding that they would not meddle with the trade of each other,
excepting four men named, who would not assent and stood out. These were
brought before the mayor and explained that they had apprentices to both
crafts; that they had orders in both kinds to execute; and that they
asked for time, which was granted with a warning.
If bows are useless without arrows they are equally so without strings.
In the year 1416 (Riley, _Memorials_, p. 435) the “reputable men of the
trade of Stringers,” _i.e._ Bowstring Makers, waited on the mayor; they
represented the necessity of looking after the workmanship of
bowstrings, and they prayed for leave to appoint Wardens of their own
with power to inspect the trade, which was granted. By these examples we
perceive that there were Companies which were recognised by the City,
and continued working together with authority over the trade for
centuries. It is not clear whether they had the right of holding
property. But they could, and did, impose penalties and fines upon
evildoers in their trade.
The following is from the Royal Commission:
The Company has a charter dated the 25th May 1621, which was confirmed
by another dated the 17th November 1668.
The following is an abstract of the purport of these charters:—
1. The style of this Company is the Master, Wardens, and Society of the
Mystery of Bowyers of the City of London.
2. James I. by his charter reciting that the Bowyers of the City of
London using the art or mystery of making of long bows, were an ancient
Fraternity in the City, but who had fallen into decay, and that the king
being willing as much as in him did lie to restore the ancient and
laudable exercise of archery with the long bow unto the end that the
said Fraternity might with better encouragement practise their trade
grants, that the Bowyers of London, and all and every person and persons
then using or who shall thereafter use the mystery of making long bows
in the City of London and liberties thereof, and being freemen of the
said City, and then free of the said Fraternity, or hereafter to be made
free, should be a body politic and corporate by the before-mentioned
name or style.
The charter grants that they shall be governed by one Master, two
Wardens, and thirteen Assistants, and the first Master, Wardens, and ten
of the first Assistants are thereby named and appointed the first Master
and Wardens, to continue in office until the Thursday next after the
feast of St. James the Apostle, 1622, and from thence until others
should be elected pursuant to the charter; and the Assistants, during
their natural lives, or until removed, and for the future election of
these officers is granted that the Master, Wardens, and Assistants, or
the greater part of them from time to time thereafter, upon Thursday
next after the feast of St. James the Apostle, 1622, may nominate and
choose one fit person of the Assistants to be Master and two to be
Wardens, who are to execute their offices for two whole years thence
next ensuing, and in case of death or removal otherwise to be chosen
within fourteen days.
The charter gives to the Wardens and Assistants power to elect a clerk
and beadle to hold office during pleasure.
The charter further declares that all freemen of the Company, and all
persons of the Mystery within three miles of the City of London and the
suburbs thereof, shall be contributory to the Company, and shall also
pay a quarterage of 8d. per quarter or 2s. 8d. per year. This charter,
or the enrolment thereof, was exemplified and confirmed by Charles II.
The charter gives the power of making bye-laws to the Master, Wardens,
and Assistants, or the greater part of them.
The Bowyers are now a small Company with a Livery of 25; an Income of
£550; property on Trust valued at £40 a year.
It is interesting to note that so little was the decline in the use of
the bow understood in the sixteenth century that in the year 1560 a
fixed price was imposed on the bow, viz. of 6s. 8d. each for the best,
3s. 4d. for the second best, and for the inferior qualities 2s.
The Company formerly had a Hall by “the corner of Monkswell Street,”
according to Stow; but according to Strype it was upon St. Peter’s Hill,
in the ward of Castle Baynard. After the Fire, he says, the Bowyers met
in some public-house for the conduct of their affairs. The _City
Directory_ says their Hall formerly stood in Noble Street, and was
destroyed in the Great Fire.
_The Brewers._ See p. 74.
BRODERERS
The first charter of the Broderers or Embroiderers was granted by
Elizabeth in 1561. This was confirmed by James I., and the Company was
re-incorporated by James II. in 1686. At one time during the reign of
Charles I. the trade in embroidery was at so low an ebb that a “great
part of the Company for want of employment are constrained to become
porters, water-bearers, and the like.”
The Company’s Hall was formerly in Gutter Lane.
_The Butchers._ See p. 355.
THE CARDMAKERS
This Company was incorporated under Charles I., 1629, as the Master,
Warden, and Commonalty of the Mystery of Makers of Playing-Cards of the
City of London. It is governed by a Master, 2 Wardens, and 18
Assistants. The whole Income of the Company is £50; the number of the
Livery is 100; there are no Trust monies or charitable endowments; and
there is no Hall.
THE CARMEN
The Carmen were made into a Fellowship by an Act of Common Council in
1665. They have no Hall.
_The Carpenters._ See p. 143.
THE CLOCKMAKERS
The Company was incorporated by charter of King Charles I., dated August
22, 1631.
This original charter is still possessed by the Company. By it all
persons using the Art or Mystery of Clockmaking, freemen of London, or
otherwise, within the City, its liberties or suburbs, or within ten
miles thereof, are incorporated by the name of the Master, Wardens, and
Fellowship of the Art or Mystery of Clockmaking of the City of London,
with power to make bye-laws for the government of its own members and
the regulation of the art, for the punishment of deceits and offences,
to seek for, examine, and destroy faulty and deceitful work of clock-
and watchmakers or mathematical instrument makers within the same
limits.
The Company has no Hall. The want of a Hall was constantly complained of
from the beginning, but the omission was never repaired. The Livery
consists of 71. Their property is about £930, with a Trust Income of
about £172.
_The Clothworkers._ See p. 276.
_The Coachmakers._ See p. 85.
THE COOKS
The official history is as follows:—
In consequence of the early records of the Company being destroyed by
fire, the date of its foundation is not known, and from the existing
documents in the Company’s possession its origin cannot be shown.
By inspeximus charter of George III. it appears that King Edward IV., in
the twenty-seventh year of his reign, granted unto his well-beloved
subjects the honest and freemen of the Mystery of Cooks of the City of
London, that they and all men of the same mystery should be in substance
and name one body, and one commonalty perpetual, with power to make two
Masters or Governors with the aid of two Wardens and Assistants to
govern the affairs of the mystery, and to have a common seal, and to
hold meetings, and to make laws and vary the same for the government of
the mystery.
By reference to the charter it will appear that power is given to the
Masters or Governors to exercise superintendence and jurisdiction over
every member of the mystery and the works of such; the local limits of
the same are defined by the charter to be within the Cities of London
and Westminster, their suburbs and liberties, and four miles’ compass
thereof. Such control, owing to a late decision in a court of law, has
fallen into abeyance.
The Livery is now 69; the Corporate Income is £2380; the Trust Income is
£180. There is now no Hall; their old Hall, which escaped the Great Fire
“by the space of a few houses,” was burned down in 1711 and never
rebuilt. It stood on the east side of Aldersgate Street, facing Little
Britain. At that time there was a passage leading beneath the houses in
Aldersgate Street to the Hall, which was “ancient and of small compass.”
Behind the Hall a garden and open land stretched toward a wide space
where once had been the ditch without the City wall. In the fire of 1711
all the early papers of the Company perished, together with their
charter. The Cooks’ Gild formerly included the Pastelers or Pie-bakers,
as one would expect. Stow calls them Cooks or Pastelars.
_The Coopers._ See p. 68.
_The Cordwainers._ See p. 252.
_The Curriers._ See p. 74.
_The Cutlers._ See p. 324.
THE DISTILLERS
Incorporated by Charles I., 1638, for a Master, 3 Wardens, 19
Assistants, and 122 Liverymen. It is obvious that this is a
comparatively modern Company. It has no Hall. The Livery numbers 55.
There is no return of income by Whitaker. Hazlitt states that the
Company possesses the freehold of a piece of land intended as a site for
a Hall, together with certain accumulated funds. The Company refused to
make any return to the Royal Commission.
_The Drapers._ See p. 142.
_The Dyers._ See p. 240.
THE FANMAKERS
Incorporated by Queen Anne, 1709, for a Master, 2 Wardens, and 20
Assistants. The Fanmakers have neither Livery nor Hall.
This Company, the youngest of all, is returned as having a Livery of
about 120 members, with an Income of £150.
THE FARRIERS
The Farriers of London were erected into a mystery by the Court of Mayor
and Aldermen in the year 1356. Among the City records is an entry made
in this year (Libro G. Fol. XXX.), acknowledging the said Company or
Fellowship by the name of the “Marshals of the City of London,” and
giving them power to govern the said craft of Farriers.
When we first hear of them thus, the mayor complains of them for “false
work,” and appoints two Master Farriers with authority to oversee and
govern the whole trade. They have therefore as yet no power of governing
themselves, but are under the control of the mayor.
The charter of the Company was granted by Charles II., January 17, 1684,
investing the Company with power and jurisdiction for the well ordering
and governing of the art and trade of the Brotherhood of Farriers, and
all who use or should use the same, within the Cities of London and
Westminster, and the liberties thereof, and within a radius of seven
miles.
Beyond the deeds and documents hereinbefore referred to, there are no
trust deeds founding, regulating, or affecting the Company.
Bye-laws, rules, orders, and ordinances were approved by the judges,
January 29, 1676. Livery specially restored by Court of Aldermen, June
23, 1692. Regulated by Act of Common Council, December 12, 1758.
In the Great Fire of 1666 most of the books and papers of the Company
were destroyed. The object for which the Company was founded was
rigorously exercised until very recent years, but latterly, owing to the
alterations in the habits of society and the increase of population, the
Company have not deemed it expedient to enforce their rights, although
at the same time they have not abandoned any part of their controlling
power.
The Livery now numbers 101; the Corporate Income is £240; there is no
Trust Income.
THE FELT MAKERS
Incorporated by James I. in 1604 for a Master, 4 Wardens, and 25
Assistants, with a Livery of 60.
The Company was a branch of the Haberdashers. They were a separate
association long before they received a charter. As a Company they have
always been one of the least important. The Livery numbers 65. The
Corporate Income “varies,” and the Trust Income is £126. There is no
Hall.
THE FISHERMEN
Incorporated by James II. in 1687. There is no history of the Company so
far as I know. They were the Free Fishermen of the Thames. They had
neither Hall nor a Livery. I suppose that the rights of the Thames
Conservancy were such that the Fishermen had none left for them. In
other words, their trade was regulated by the City authorities, which
ordered times and seasons, the size of the nets, etc., while the
Fishmongers Company regulated the sale of the fish. The reckless
destruction of the young fry, for instance, the pulling up of weirs, and
the use of narrow nets were practices denounced by the City on many
occasions. In the ordinances of 1528 concerning the Thames fishery there
is no mention of any Company or Fraternity of Fishermen. In 1698, eleven
years after the Company was incorporated, an Act of Parliament ordered
that these bye-laws should be submitted to the mayor and aldermen, that
the water bailiff of the City should retain the power of granting
licences for fishing in the river, and that he should have the right of
being one of the Wardens of the Company. And in the year 1741, when
other ordinances were made for the protection of the fishery, no mention
is made of the Company at all.
_The Fishmongers._ See p. 259.
THE FLETCHERS
The Fraternity of Fletchers or Arrowmakers (Fr. _flèche_) must be of
antiquity equal to that of the Bowyers, because bows and arrows are of
little use without each other. The Company can show no charter or any
early document.
It is probable that the Company was founded in the fifteenth century,
inasmuch as the grant of arms which is in its possession is dated in the
seventh year of Edward IV. None of the circumstances connected with the
foundation of the Company are known. It was founded by prescription and
not by grant.
In the year 1371 the Bowyers and the Fletchers came to an understanding
that they would refrain from interfering with each other, that the
Bowyers shall make bows and the Fletchers arrows. In 1403 the ordinance
of the Fletchers was proclaimed in the name of the mayor and aldermen.
This ordinance gave the Masters of the trade authority to oversee the
trade and make search for bad work.
Previously to the reign of Henry VII. it obtained a Livery, and in that
reign obtained a crest to its then ancient coat-of-arms. In point of
precedence it is the 39th Company of the City. No charter can now be
discovered, and the ancient books of the Company are supposed to have
been destroyed by fire. The oldest entry in connection with the cash
accounts of the Company now in its possession is dated January 25, 1775;
in connection with its proceedings, January 26, 1767; admission of
freemen, February 6, 1732: all these accounts have since been regularly
continued up to the present time. Numerous entries of very ancient dates
respecting this Company are to be seen in the journals and repertories
of the Corporation of London. They principally relate to differences
between this Company and the Bowyers, returns of the number of the
Livery, and the employment of foreigners. The Company has not a common
seal. The Wardens and Court of Assistants are the ruling body, and they
fill up their vacancies as they occur.
The Company is now very small. There are only 16 in the Livery; their
Corporate Income is no more than £100; and they have no Hall. They once,
it is true, had their own Hall. It was situated in St. Mary Axe.
_The Founders._ See p. 115.
FRAMEWORK-KNITTERS
The Framework-knitters made stockings of silk or other work in “a frame
or engine.” They were therefore a modern craft incorporated first by a
charter of Cromwell in 1657, and afterwards by Charles II., 1673, after
about a hundred years of work at their trade without incorporation. The
Company was to consist of a Master, 2 Wardens, 18 Assistants, and 82
Liverymen. The Company has no document in its possession which states
this.
The charter under which the Company is now constituted is dated August
19, 1663, and is the only charter or instrument of that nature which is
now or has for the past fifty years been in the possession of the
Company.
At present the number of the Livery is 100; their Corporate Income is
£310; their Trust Income is £130; they have no Hall. Their former Hall,
which stood in Red Cross Street, was sold to the Corporation.
THE FRUITERERS
The date of the foundation of the Company or Society of the Fruiterers
is uncertain, but they were incorporated by charter, granted by King
James I. in the third year of his reign “for the better order,
government, and rule of them,” by the name of “Master, Wardens, and
Commonalty of the Mystery of Fruiterers of London,” with perpetual
succession and power “to purchase, have, receive, and enjoy manors,
messuages, lands, tenements, liberties, privileges, jurisdictions,
franchises, and other hereditaments” “to them and their successors in
fee and perpetuity,” or for years or otherwise; “and also all manner of
goods, chattels, and things whatsoever,” with power to grant, let,
alien, assign, etc., and to sue and be sued, and to have a common seal.
And that there should be a Master, and 2 Wardens, and 5 or more of the
said Company, not exceeding 20, to be called the Assistants of the said
Company, with power to make bye-laws for the good rule and government of
the said Corporation.
Bye-laws were afterwards made, and they were allowed by the Lord Keeper
and Chief Justices in 1759.
These bye-laws relate chiefly to the constitution of the Court of the
Company. There are also regulations (long since obsolete) affecting the
trade, and some rules as to apprentices.
The present number of the Livery is 90; their Income is stated to be £90
a year; and they have no Hall. Strype, 1720, vol. i. bk. iii. p. 13,
asserts that the Fruiterers had a Hall in premises rebuilt on the site
of Worcester House; the Fruiterers Company, however, agree with Hatton,
1709, and Maitland, 1756, in stating that the Company had no Hall after
the Fire.
This little Company is chiefly known by their custom of presenting the
Lord Mayor, on October 7 every year, with an offering of English fruit.
The custom is said to have arisen in memory of the commutation of an old
civic right to a toll on all fruit brought into the City. The Company
also came forward some years ago in giving lectures on the culture of
fruit.
THE GARDENERS
Incorporated by James I., 1606, for a Master, 2 Wardens, and 18
Assistants. There is no return of property; the Livery now consists of
44 members. They have no Hall. The gardens of London have always until
the last two hundred years been a remarkable feature of the City, which,
in its northern and less densely populated parts, was filled with
gardens and trees, amidst which the industries of the City were carried
on; and many of the crafts had their Halls. It is quite certain that
some form of Fraternity or Gild must have been formed among the large
class of gardeners who cultivated these grounds. Stow, however, gives no
account of them. Their existence, however, is clearly indicated by Riley
(_Memorials_, p. 228), when he produces the petition of the “Gardeners
of the Earls, Barons, Bishops and Citizens” of London. The petition set
forth that they were formerly entitled to stand in front of the Church
of St. Augustine, by the gate of St. Paul’s, “there to sell the garden
produce of their said masters and make their profit.” Were the Earls,
Barons, and Bishops, then, market-gardeners? If not, did the gardeners
cultivate the land for their own exclusive profit? “And they prayed
permission to continue the custom.” The mayor and aldermen resolved in
reply that they had made themselves so great a nuisance by their
“scurrility and clamour” while the priests of St. Augustine were singing
mass that the permission must be withdrawn, and that they must set up
their market in the space between the south gate of St. Paul’s
Churchyard and the garden wall of the Black Friars, in other words, on
the space between Godliman Street and St. Andrew’s Hill, not nearly so
central a spot as that which they had formerly used.
There are other references in Riley to gardens. There was one called the
King’s Garden, near the Hermitage in London Wall. And in 1276 there is
the case of a man who fell from a pear-tree in the garden of one
Lawrence, in the parish of St. Michael, Paternoster Royal, then, as now,
the most crowded part of the City. There is also given the lease of a
“garden situate in Tower Ward, near London Wall.” Since there was an
open space all along the wall in which houses were not allowed to be
built, this space was without doubt mainly devoted to gardens, just as
the north bank of the ditch became afterwards a row of what we should
now call allotments, cultivated for vegetables and fruit.
_The Girdlers._ See p. 67.
GLASS SELLERS
Another little Company incorporated by Charles II., 1664, for a Master,
2 Wardens, 24 Assistants, and 44 Liverymen. The present number of
Liverymen is 38; their Corporate Income is _nil_; and their Trust
Income, the interest on a sum of £800.
THE GLAZIERS
Founded by Royal Charter of King Charles I., 1631, dated November 6,
after stating that the ancient Fraternity of the Mystery or Art of
Glaziers, London, had theretofore made many good orders for the
regulating themselves and their trade which had from time to time been
improved and enlarged in the reigns of several princes, but that they
were not sufficiently incorporated: The said charter incorporated the
then present freemen of that trade within the City of London and five
miles compassing the same, into one body corporate or politic by the
name of the Wardens and Commonalty of the Mystery or Art of Glaziers and
Painters of Glass, with power to make rules and orders for the good
government of their society, and to impose punishment by fine, or
otherwise, upon offenders.
The foregoing charter appears to have been surrendered in the first year
of the reign of King James II., and thereupon a new charter was issued
for the same purpose.
The present Livery numbers 60; its Corporate Income is about £260; its
Trust Income is £46.
The Hall was situated before the Great Fire in Maiden Lane, then Kerion
Lane. There is no difficulty in locating the site on the south side,
next to the Church of St. Martin-in-the-Vintry, upon what is now in part
the roadway of Queen Street. No. 11 Maiden Lane stands upon land once
adjoining, if not actually part of, the old Hall site. The Glaziers did
not rebuild their Hall after 1666, but met henceforth at the Hall of the
Loriners in London Wall; also, according to Strype (1720), in a house at
the Thames Street end of St. Peter’s Hill. When New Queen Street was
cut, shortly after the Fire, part of the Glaziers’ ground became a
corner site, having Thames Street on the south and the new road on the
west. In 1671 the Company sold land in these two streets for £490. Four
houses built upon land adjoining to St. Martin’s Churchyard remained in
the Company’s possession until 1850, when they were taken by the
Corporation for the widening of Queen Street. The Company has now no
Hall.
THE GLOVERS
Incorporated by Charles I. in 1639 for a Master, 4 Wardens, and 30
Assistants, with a Livery of 130. The Company refused to give any return
to the Royal Commission. The present Livery numbers 75. Hazlitt says
that in 1881 the Income of the Company was derived from a small sum of
£3800 in the stocks and the fines and fees of the freemen and the
Livery. The Glovers presented their ordinances to the mayor and aldermen
in 1349. It seems somewhat strange that a craft of such great importance
as that of glove-making should have been always one of the poorest
Companies in the City.
THE GOLD AND SILVER WYRE DRAWERS
The art or trade of Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers is one of antiquity and
importance.
It appears that in the reign of James I., in consequence of a patent
granted by the King, the Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers of that day
attempted to bring over from France artizans to work the trade. The
Goldsmiths, however, rose in arms, declaring the King was not doing what
was conducive to the best interests of the kingdom, and the Lord Mayor
and aldermen were called upon to act in the matter, and in the end the
King withdrew the patent, and the trade continued undisturbed.
The charter under which the Company now exists was granted by 5 William
and Mary, 1693, for the better regulation, encouragement, and
improvement of the said trade, and grants that the freemen of the trade,
art, and mystery of Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers, and all others
exercising, or who should thereafter exercise the trade, art, or mystery
of drawing and flatting of gold and silver wyre, and making and spinning
of gold and silver thread and stuff within the Cities of London and
Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, and all other places within three
miles distant from the same, should be from thenceforth a body politic
and corporate by the before-mentioned style.
The governing body consists at present of a Master, 4 Wardens, and not
more than 26 Assistants. Their Livery now numbers 143; their Corporate
Income is £62; their Trust Income is £2. There is no Hall.
_The Goldsmiths._ See p. 44.
_The Grocers._ See p. 13.
THE GUNMAKERS
The Gunmakers Company was founded in 1637.
The circumstances under which the Company had its origin may be gathered
from the preamble of the Company’s charter, which recites “That divers
blacksmiths and others inexpert in the art of gun-making had taken upon
them to make, try, and prove guns after their unskilful way, whereby the
trade was not only much damnified, but much harm and danger through such
unskilfulness had happened to His Majesty’s subjects,” and for the
reformation of which evils the charter of incorporation was applied for
and granted.
As for and concerning said art, trade, and mystery of gun-making, and
the well ordering and government thereof within the said City, and
within four miles thereof.
Also for the punishment of abuses in manufacture of guns or any other
wrong or abuse.
Also for the support, rule, and government of the said Master, Wardens,
and Society, and their successors, and all others exercising the trade
within the limits aforesaid.
It recites that great deceits and abuses were frequently practised and
committed by divers inexpert persons using the art and mystery of
gun-making within the City of London and liberties and ten miles thereof
who for the most part made the said guns slightly and deceitfully to the
great endangering and prejudice of His Majesty’s subjects, and that
hand-guns, dags, and pistols, and parts thereof unartificially and
deceitfully made and wrought in foreign and other parts, and imported
into said City of London and places adjacent and were then altered and
sold to the danger of His Majesty’s subjects. To prevent such dangers
and abuses the Master, Wardens, and Society should have power.
To search, view, gauge, proof, trial, and marking of all manner of
hand-guns whatsoever great and small dags and pistols, and all and every
part and parcel of them as well those made in London, or the suburbs, or
within ten miles thereof. And all such others as should from foreign
parts, or otherwise, be brought thither to be sold for military service
or other employment in any of His Majesty’s dominions or foreign parts.
Such proof or trial to be with good and sufficient gun-powder and weight
of bullet of lead sizeable to every several gun according to the bore
and otherwise as therein mentioned.
All persons using, making, or selling guns, dags, pistols, barrels,
locks, or other parts thereof at their own costs to bring same to the
common Hall or other meet place of said Society to be duly viewed,
tried, stamped, and marked before the same be sold and delivered.
All such guns to be brought within ten days after making and finishing
thereof, and imported guns within ten days from the arrival thereof
within London or ten miles thereof.
The said Society and their successors to have stamps with the letters GP
crowned to mark therewith all hand-guns, dags, and pistols, or parts
thereof, when viewed and proved, and break up and destroy all improperly
made. And no persons to counterfeit such stamps.
That no persons exercise the art of gun-making but those who have served
seven years’ apprenticeship to said art, and presented their proof-piece
to said Master and Wardens, and approved by them.
The Livery now consists of 28; their Corporate Income from all sources
is £2400; they have no Trust Income; their Hall is at 46 Commercial Road
(outside the City). The Company had the right to examine all guns made
in London and within a ten miles’ radius. In the Proof House at
Whitechapel the Company still carries on the work for which it was
created.
_The Haberdashers._ See p. 29.
THE HORNERS
This is one of the oldest of the Fraternities, for it is mentioned in
the reign of King Henry III., 1268, when the King granted an annual fair
to Charlton, in Kent, for three days, at the eve, the day, and morrow of
the Trinity. The time for holding this fair was afterwards changed to
St. Luke’s Day (October 18). Philpot, who wrote in 1659, speaks of this
fair as kept yearly on that day, and called “horn fair” by reason of the
great “plenty of all sorts of winding horns and cups and other vessels
of horn there bought and sold.”
In the reign of King Edward III. the horners of the City of London were
classed among the forty-eight mysteries of the City. In the 50th year of
that king’s reign a controversy arose between the King and the
Corporation as to whether the Common Council of the City was to be
elected by the wards or the mysteries of the City. This led to an
ordinance being made by the City, with the consent of the King, that the
election was to be by the mysteries, pursuant to which ordinance
forty-eight mysteries deputed members to the Common Council; the
horners, ranking in the third class or smaller mysteries, were deputed
to send two members.
By statute 4 Edward IV. c. 8, it was enacted that from the feast of
Easter in the year 1466 no stranger (_i.e._ not a freeman of the
Company) not alien should buy any English horns unwrought of any
tanners, bochers, or other persons within the City of London and
twenty-four miles on every side next adjoining, and that no Englishman
or other person should sell any English horns unwrought to any stranger,
or cause them to be sent over the sea, so that the said horners would
buy the said horns at like price as they were at the time of the making
of the Act, upon pain of forfeiture of all such horns so bought, sold,
or sent. And the Wardens of the said mystery should have full power to
search all manner of ware pertaining to their mystery in all places
within the City of London and twenty-four miles adjoining, and within
the fairs of Stirbridge and Elie; and if they found any wares that were
defective and insufficient they might bring them before the mayor of
London, the mayor or bailiffs of the foresaid fairs to be forfeit
one-half to the King, the other half to the said Wardens. But after the
horners had taken so many horns as should be needful to their
occupation, they and all other persons might sell all the horns refused
to any stranger or other person to send beyond the sea or elsewhere.
The Company obtained from King Charles I. a charter of incorporation
dated the 12th January 1638.
In the year 1604 the Company obtained a lease of a storehouse and sheds
in Wentworth Street, Whitechapel, for 1000 years from Christmas 1604 at
the yearly rent of £4, in which they carried on the trade.
This property was sold for £2400 to the Metropolitan Board of Works for
the purposes of the Artizans’ Dwellings Act.
The control given by the charter of Charles I. to the Horners Company
over the trade has never been actually abandoned, but it has ceased to
be exercised.
In the year 1836 the Company petitioned the Court of Aldermen for a
Livery, which was granted to them on the 1st of December of that year,
the number of Liverymen being limited to 60.
At present the Livery numbers 48. Their Corporate Income is £89. They
have no Hall.
_The Innholders._ See p. 232.
_The Ironmongers._ See p. 148.
THE JOINERS
Incorporated by Elizabeth in 1569 for a Master, 2 Wardens, and 24
Assistants, with a Livery of 323.
The work for which the Fraternity existed was a branch of carpentry.
They made cabinets and carved work, doors, window-frames, and other
kinds of work which required special skill and training. The
subdivisions of carpentry were naturally difficult to arrange. An
agreement was made between the Carpenters and the Joiners, by which the
latter were allowed to take over bedsteads, chairs, stools, cabinets,
picture-frames, windows, doors, pews, pulpits, and all sorts of work.
The overlapping of trades once, if not more than once, caused a riot. It
was in the year 1327. On one side were the saddlers, and on the other
side the joiners, loriners, and painters. They met in Chepe, and in the
street of Cripplegate “strongly provided with an armed force, and
manfully began to fight,” so that many were killed or mortally wounded,
and the whole City was in alarm.
The Livery is now 102; the Corporate Income is £1300; there is no Trust
Income.
Stow describes the Joiners’ Hall as one of several “fair houses”
standing in Frier Lane. The Hall itself, but not the entrance into it
from Joiners’ Hall Buildings, was in Dowgate Ward. It was destroyed in
the Great Fire, but rebuilt. The post-Fire building is described as a
large edifice of brick, with four noble windows in elegant frames,
covered with pediments, and supported by consoles. The great Hall was
all wainscotted, and was very remarkable for a magnificent and curious
screen at its lower end. Upon this screen were “demi-savages and other
enrichments, well carved in right wainscot.” It is said to have cost
£130. The parlour was wainscotted with cedar, “with more curious
artifice and embellishments.” The ceiling was fretted with wainscot
work. The great Hall was destroyed by a fire in 1694, but the parlour,
though slightly damaged, was saved by the energy of the clerk, Mr.
Burroughs, who brought engines to play upon it from a window. It had
already been occupied as a dwelling and warehouse at the beginning of
the nineteenth century, and was afterwards pulled down, when a present
large warehouse was erected on its site. In Strype’s map a long building
appears to run down upon its western side in Joiners’ Hall Buildings.
From Joiners’ Hall Buildings, Vintry Ward, leading into the warehouse
yard, is the only remnant left of the Hall. The Company has now no Hall.
_The Leathersellers._ See p. 184.
THE LORINERS
Incorporated by Queen Anne, 1712, for a Master, 2 Wardens, and 24
Assistants, with a Livery of 69. It has now a Livery of 420, with a
Corporate Income of £1200. It has no Trust Income, and no Hall. Formerly
the Hall was at the north end of Basinghall Street. The Livery is the
largest of all the Companies, the reason being the admission of members
who merely wish to belong to a City Company for social purposes. The
Loriners’ work was the making of spurs, stirrups, horses’ bits, etc.
Their ordinances were passed and approved in 1245. They were then a Gild
or Association, and as such continued till their incorporation under
Queen Anne.
THE MAKERS OF PLAYING-CARDS
This Company was incorporated in 1628. At present it has a Livery of
100, with a Corporate Income of £50; no Trust Income, and no Hall.
THE MASONS
Nearly the whole of the records of the Worshipful Company of Masons
prior to the year 1666 appear to have been destroyed when the Hall of
the Company was burned in the Fire of London. The only documents in
existence of an earlier date are the grant of arms, dated the 12th
Edward IV., by which Clarencieux granted to the Craft and Fellowship of
Masons a coat-of-arms, which is the same as now used by the Company, and
a volume of accounts, the earliest of which is dated 1620, being the
accounts of the “Master and Wardens of the Company of Free Masons within
the City of London.” In the heading of the accounts the Company is so
styled until the year 1655-56, from which date to the present time the
accounts are headed as the accounts of “The Master and Wardens of the
Worshipful Company of Masons of the City of London.” The earliest
charter now in their possession is the 29th Charles II., A.D. 1677,
granted on a petition by the Master, Wardens, and Assistants of the
Company of Masons in London, but there is nothing to show whether or not
any earlier charter had been granted to them.
The number of the Livery is now 48; the Corporate Income is £550; there
is no Trust Income. They had a Hall in Basinghall Street, which no
longer exists. In the year 1356 (Riley, _Memorials_, p. 280) ordinances
were passed for the regulation of the trade of masons. The ordinances
show that there had been dissension between the branches of “hewers” and
“light masons and settlers.” The late date of the charter does not mean
that the Fraternity began their existence at that date. They already had
a Livery and a Gild; they returned members to the Common Council in
1376, and they were probably even at that date an ancient body.
_The Mercers._ See p. 33.
_The Merchant Taylors._ See p. 130.
THE MUSICIANS
Instituted by charter granted on April 24, 9th Edward IV. (1473), and
reconstituted by James I., 1604, for a Master, 2 Wardens, 20 Assistants,
and 31 members. The present number of members is 50; the Corporate
Income is £400; there is no Trust Income; there is no Hall.
There were always musicians or minstrels presumably, therefore the
Fraternity was ancient. And, as it was absolutely necessary for
musicians to act together, the Fraternity began as soon as different
instruments were used at the same time. This is one of the very small
Companies.
THE NEEDLEMAKERS
Incorporated by Cromwell in 1656 for a Master, 2 Wardens, 18 Assistants,
and 48 Liverymen. The number of the Livery is now 66; their Corporate
Income is £230; they have no Hall. Charles II. set aside Cromwell’s
charter and gave one of his own. This also is one of the humbler
Companies. Their charter is set out at length by Maitland. I do not know
why, nor can I find in it any special clauses which should explain this
selection.
_The Painters._ See p. 221.
_The Parish Clerks._ See p. 87.
THE PATTENMAKERS
Incorporated by Charles II., 1670, for a Master, 2 Wardens, 22
Assistants, and 46 Liverymen. The Livery at present consists of 40; its
Corporate Income is £50; its Trust Income is £13. It has no Hall.
One of the smallest of the City Companies. The Pattenmakers are a branch
of the Pouchmakers, who (Riley, _Memorials_, p. 554) petitioned the
mayor and aldermen for powers to look after the trade of making
galoches, _i.e._ pattens, as a thing invented or introduced by
themselves. This power was duly granted to the pouchmakers. Very shortly
after the Pattenmakers appear as a separate Fraternity. Probably the
trade assumed large proportions. The protection of the feet from the
mud, garbage, and filth, then lying about the streets, caused a great
demand for the new kind of shoe. The quarter where the pattenmakers
lived is marked, according to Stow, by the name of St. Margaret Pattens
Church.
THE PAVIORS
There is no record of incorporation of this Company. Pavements are
mentioned “within Newgate,” “hard by St. Nicholas Fleshameles,” “before
the Friars Minors”—all apparently meaning the same place. The earliest
record the Company possesses is a small book, dated 1597, called “The
Booke of Stattutes of the Pavioures which is used soundryes Tymes.” The
kind of pavement consisted probably of the round cobble-stones,
afterwards used everywhere. Freestone pavements were ordered after the
Fire of London, but the order was not obeyed. The Company has no Hall.
The Company possesses no Livery, though a considerable number of
freemen.
_The Pewterers._ See p. 152.
THE PINMAKERS
Incorporated by Charles I. in 1636. They had a Master, 2 Wardens, and 18
Assistants, but no Livery. The Pinners, before this incorporation, were
united first with the Wire Makers, and then with the Girdlers. They had
a Hall in St. Mary-at-Hill, whence they moved to Old Broad Street. Their
Hall was for a long time a Nonconformist chapel. It was taken down in
1787. The Company no longer exists. They had also a Hall in Addle
Street, which they sold to the Plaisterers before the time of Stow.
THE PLAISTERERS
By charter of 16 Henry VII., March 10, 1501, the King gave power to
establish the Company as the Guild or Fraternity in honour of the
Blessed Virgin Mary, of men of the Mystery or Art of Pargettors in the
City of London, commonly called Plaisterers, to be increased and
augmented when necessary, and to be governed by a Master and two
Wardens, to be elected annually. The said Master and Wardens and
brotherhood were to be a body corporate, with perpetual succession and a
common seal, and they were empowered to purchase and enjoy in fee and
perpetuity lands and other possessions in the City, suburbs, and
elsewhere. And the charter empowered the said Master and Wardens to sue
and be sued as “The master and wardens of the Guild or Fraternity of the
Blessed Mary of Pargettors, commonly called Plaisterers, London.”
The charter of Elizabeth, February 10, 1597, confirmed the privileges of
the Company, and extended the authority of the Masters and Wardens to
and over all persons exercising the Art of Plaisterers, as well English
as aliens and denizens inhabiting and exercising the said art within the
City and suburbs and liberties thereof, or within two miles of the said
City.
The charter of 19 Charles II., June 19, 1679, confirmed the privileges
granted by the previous charters, and having in view the rebuilding of
the City, forbade any person to carry on simultaneously the trades of a
mason, bricklayer, or plaisterer, and also forbade any person to
exercise or carry on the Art of a Plaisterer without having been
apprenticed seven years to the mystery. And the jurisdiction of the
Company was extended to three miles’ distance from the City.
The present Livery consists of 52; they have a Corporate Income of
£1062; a Trust Income of £33. In Stow’s time they had a Hall in Addle
Street. This was burnt down in the Great Fire, rebuilt by Sir
Christopher Wren, and again burnt in 1882. Riley gives an agreement
(_Memorials_, p. 125), dated 1317, between one Adam a Plastrer and Sir
John de Bretagne, Earl of Richmond. The Fraternity probably existed at
the same time.
THE PLUMBERS
The Company had existence as a body from a very early period, as shown
by ordinances passed in the reign of King Edward III. 1365. These
ordinances may be found in Riley’s _Memorials_, p. 321.
The earliest charter of the Company was that of King James I. in 1611,
and it is believed to be the only charter in existence. The Company is
incorporated as the “Master, Wardens, and Commonalty of the Freemen of
the Mystery of Plumbing of the City of London,” for the better ordering,
rule, and government of the men of the mystery and Company aforesaid,
and of all those who then exercised and used or thereafter should
exercise and use the art and mystery of plumbing, or the materials,
works, merchandises, or things whatsoever to the said mystery relating,
and for the utility, advantage, and relief of the good and honest, and
for the terror and correction of the evil, deceitful, and dishonest. And
also that they might have, make, and exercise the superior scrutiny,
correction, and government of all and singular the freemen of the
mystery, as also all other persons using or exercising the art or
mystery in the limits aforesaid, and of their servants and apprentices.
And also the supervision, scrutiny, correction, reformation, emendation,
government, the assaye, touch, and the trial of all and singular
workings, works, weights, beams and scales, lead, solder, materials,
wares, matters, merchandises, and of all things whatsoever touching or
concerning the aforesaid mystery in the limits aforesaid. And also to
seize, take, and place in safe custody such materials, etc., aforesaid
from time to time so found deceptive, false, insufficient, unapproved,
and unlawful, there to remain until it should be determined thereof
according to the laws of the realm of England. And further also that it
should not be lawful for any person or persons of the art and mystery,
or any other person or persons whomsoever using or who might use the art
and mystery, to make work or expose for sale any solder or leaden
weights within the limits aforesaid or within three miles thereof,
unless the same be first proved and tried by the Master and Wardens
whether they are good, sufficient, true, and lawful according to the
laws of the realm and the customs of the City or not. And upon such
trial to impress or mark with the impression, image, or sign of St.
Michael the Archangel upon the same before their use or employ.
The present Livery consists of 40. The Company has a Corporate Income of
£880; a Trust Income of £20.
In Stow’s time the Plumbers had their Hall in Anchor Lane, a turning on
the south side of Thames Street, next to Vintners’ Hall. For these
premises they were tenants to the Vintners. After the Fire of 1666 the
Plumbers left their old quarters and built a new Hall in Chequer Yard,
where it is shown in Strype’s map, at the east end of the yard, north
side. Maitland (1739) calls it a good handsome building. Malcolm,
writing in 1802, says that it had lately been pulled down, and
warehouses of great extent, called after the name of the Company,
erected on its site. At about the same time a new Hall of red brick was
built in Bush Lane (then called Great Bush Lane). It was rebuilt in
1830, but finally pulled down to make way for Cannon Street Station.
Hallam (_Constitutional History_) says that the first instance of actual
punishment inflicted on Protestant dissenters was in 1567, when a
company of more than a hundred were seized during their religious
exercises at Plumbers’ Hall (the one in Anchor Lane), which they had
hired on pretence of a wedding; fourteen or fifteen of them were sent to
prison.
THE POULTERS
The ancient market of the Poulters was around the place still called the
Poultry (see p. 11); they also sold poultry in the stocks market in
Gracechurch Street and in Newgate Street. Riley’s _Memorials_ contain
many regulations and ordinances for the sale of poultry. One remarks
that the ordinances of the City in one respect, and in one only, were
observed with the greatest care: those, namely, relating to the sale of
food.
The Poulters Company existed by prescription as early as 1345. It was,
however, incorporated by Royal Charter in the nineteenth year of Henry
VII., on February 23, 1504. The charter was renewed by Queen Elizabeth,
February 22, in the thirtieth year of her reign, confirmed by Charles
II., on June 13, in the sixth year of his reign, and also by James II.
subsequently, but these charters, like those of many of the Companies,
were destroyed in the Fire of London in 1666. The charter under which
the Company now acts was granted by William and Mary, May 6, 1692.
In the year 1763 the charter was supplemented by an Act of the
Corporation of London and by another Act of the Corporation in 1820. The
charter gives power to the Company to inspect the poultry brought to
market, but that power has long since been suspended by the Acts of the
Legislature.
Their present Livery is 126; their Corporate Income is £1020; their
Trust Income is £430; they have no Hall.
_The Saddlers._ See p. 9.
_The Salters._ See p. 111.
THE SCRIVENERS
The Company now known as the Scriveners Company had existed from a very
early period as the Fraternity or Mystery of the Scriveners or Writers
of the Court Letter of the City of London, and was “time out of mind” a
society or Company by prescription. The Company has no document showing
the probable date of the foundation of this society, but their records
extend back to 47 Edward III., being the year 1374.
The Company cannot say what were the exact circumstances in which it had
its origin, but presumes that the Scriveners of London formed themselves
into a society for the purpose of more effectually protecting their own
interests and those of the occupation or craft which they carried on.
In the year 1373 (Riley, _Memorials_, p. 372) the “Court Hand writers
and scriveners obtained their Ordinances.” These were chiefly directed
against “foreigners.”
It was incorporated by James I. in 1616 for a Master, 2 Wardens, and 24
Assistants, with a Livery of 53.
At the time of the Great Fire of London all the archives of the Company
were burnt except the ancient book called their common paper, and which
book is still extant.
Their present Livery is 50. Their Trust Income is £10. Their Corporate
Income is about £440. They have no Hall. Formerly they had a Hall in
Noble Street which they sold to the Coachmakers. “At present,” says
Maitland, 1750, “they are endeavouring by course of Law to oblige all
Attorneys of the City to become Members.” An attempt which does not seem
to have been successful.
The Scriveners’ work was much like that of solicitors of the present
day. They made wills, drew up conveyances and other legal documents.
They also wrote letters both of a business and a private nature. Some of
them became financiers and bankers. In fact, the step from drawing up
legal documents to advising on affairs of all kinds was easy and
natural.
THE SHIPWRIGHTS
The precise year of the foundation of the Company is unknown, but it is
mentioned in 1428 in the City records, from which it appears that it
existed as a Fraternity, having a trade guild or mystery and a religious
guild in connection with it, with a presumption in favour of its having
existed by prescription for some time before that period. In a parchment
book belonging to the Company there are ordinances of the religious
society, the earliest of which is dated in 1456. Additions were made
thereto in 1483, beginning, “In Dei nomine, Amen. It is not unknown to
all the brethren and sisters of the fraternitie of Saint Symon and Jude
hath been holden in London by the crafte of shipwrights of tyme out of
minde,” etc. After which follow various ordinances relating to the
taking of apprentices, and other matters, and more especially enjoining
its members “to viewe and serche that the brethren of that fraternitie
doe use in their said trades good and seasonable timber, and doe their
worke workmanlike as appertaineth.”
The Company was incorporated by James I. in 1605 for a Master, 2
Wardens, and 36 Assistants.
In 1613 commenced a dispute between the Company and the foreign
shipwrights who carried on their craft on the opposite side of the
river, at Redrithe or Rotherhithe. The foreign shipwrights (so-called
from being outside the liberties of the City) had, in the previous year,
obtained a charter of incorporation, acting upon which they sought to
exact fines from and impose duties upon the free shipwrights, at that
time working hard by at Ratcliffe, having previously been compelled to
leave the crowded part of the City by reason of the noise occasioned by
exercising their trade and from fear of fire. The free shipwrights
resented this treatment, and presented their case before the Court of
Aldermen. The City upheld the free shipwrights, and in 1620 their
ordinances were approved by the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen.
In 1631, from continued opposition, their funds were reduced so low that
they were allowed to make twelve persons free of the City by redemption;
and this number was from time to time increased. In 1638 another attempt
was made to free themselves from their rivals by representing their case
before the King in Council, which resulted in their being granted by the
King exemption from the jurisdiction of the new Corporation. This order
is dated Whitehall, March 17, 1638. In 1670 attacks were again renewed
on the free shipwrights by the new Corporation, and, their cases having
been laid before the High Court of Admiralty by Charles II., the
Attorney-General, on March 18, 1684-85, decided in favour of the
Company, which decision was approved by the King.
In 1782 a Livery was granted to the Company by the Court of Aldermen,
the number being limited to 100 and the fine to 15 guineas; in 1830 the
number was increased to 200 and the fine to 20 guineas.
Their members now number 200. Their Corporate Income is £830. They have
now no Hall.
The Company had formerly a Hall at Ratcliffe Cross, in Butcher Street,
but it has long since disappeared.
_The Skinners._ See p. 238.
THE SPECTACLE MAKERS
Incorporated by Charles I., 1629, for a Master, 2 Wardens, and 15
Assistants. The Company is numerically very strong, the Livery numbering
356. They have a Corporate Income of £1100, and a Trust Income of £45.
They have no Hall.
_The Stationers._ See p. 199.
_The Tallow Chandlers._ See p. 243.
THE TIN-PLATE WORKERS
This Company was incorporated by Charles II. in 1670 for a Master, 2
Wardens, and 20 Assistants. At present it has 80 members. There are no
particulars as to the Corporate Income, but there is a Trust Income of
£7:7s.
The history of the Company is obscure. Hazlitt thinks that it was a
branch of the Girdlers, that it was originally the Wire Workers, and
that it may also have been associated with the Wire Sellers and the Wire
Drawers. It has no Hall.
THE TURNERS
Incorporated by James I. in 1604 for a Master, 2 Wardens, and 24
Assistants, with a Livery of 144. At present there is a Livery of 193; a
Corporate Income of £700; but no Hall.
The principal work of the Turners originally was to make wooden
measures. It was therefore important that these measures should be true.
In 1310 (Riley, _Memorials_, p. 78) six turners were sworn before the
mayor and aldermen, that they would in future make no other measures
than gallons, potells (pottles, then a measure of two quarts), and
quarts, and that they would not make false measures such as “chopyns”
(chopines) and “gylles” (gills). In 1347 (Riley, _Memorials_, p. 234)
some turners were brought before the mayor and aldermen, charged with
making false measures. Our earliest introduction, therefore, to the
Fraternity of Turners is not much to their credit. It is, however,
greatly to their credit that they now hold annual exhibitions of turnery
work in the City with prizes for its encouragement.
THE TYLERS AND BRICKLAYERS
This Company was incorporated by Elizabeth in 1568 for a Master, 2
Wardens, 38 Assistants, and 103 Liverymen. At present there is a Livery
of 73; a Corporate Income of £610; a Trust Income of £170; but no Hall.
The Tylers were an ancient Fraternity dating from the time when tiles
were first employed instead of thatch for roofing houses. As bricks were
not used in English architecture before the end of the fifteenth
century, there could have been no bricklayers. The connection of the men
who put on the roof with the men who built the house was natural.
THE UPHOLDERS
This Company was incorporated by Charles I. in 1627 for a Master, 2
Wardens, and 28 Assistants, with a Livery of 131 members. At present the
Livery consists of 20 members; they have a Corporate Income of £284; a
Trust Income of £20; but no Hall. The Fripperers, Philipers, or
Upholders were the buyers and sellers of second-hand clothes, fur robes,
furniture, and other things. There seems to have been a large trade of
this kind, chiefly in the parish of St. Michael’s, Cornhill.
_The Vintners._ See p. 229.
_The Watermen._ See p. 267.
_The Wax Chandlers._ See p. 30.
THE WEAVERS
This is certainly the oldest Gild of which we have historical
information. The weavers included under one Fraternity, at first, all
the trades which belong to the manufacture and use of textile stuffs.
The history of the Gild is briefly but clearly told by Loftie in his
_History of London_.
“The weavers, again, by their superior wealth, and their superior
organisation, were constantly exciting the envy, not only of other
trades but also of the city guild itself. They had taken care to obtain
acknowledgment as early as 1130, when Robert, son of Levestan, who may
have been their alderman, paid 16£ into the treasury for them. They had
a charter, more or less formal, in which Henry I. enacted that no one
should exercise their trade in London or Southwark except he be a member
of their guild. This was confirmed by Henry II. On the establishment of
the mayoralty the weavers had a narrow escape. In 1202 the citizens
offered the king sixty marks to suppress the guild, but they had money
as well as influence, and the king only renewed their privileges, while
he increased their annual payment. ‘Although,’ as Mr. Stubbs remarks,
‘there is no positive evidence to connect them and their
fellow-guildsmen with the factions of Thomas FitzThomas and Walter
Hervey, or with the later troubles under Edward I., it is not at all
unlikely that their struggle with the governing body was a continuous
one.’ Edward gave them a charter so worded that they assumed powers of
self-government, which the city authorities could not recognise, and in
the following reign a verdict against them was obtained after long
litigation.
“It was perhaps in consequence of this verdict that the old corporation
of the weavers resolved itself or was divided by a higher power into its
constituent elements, and we henceforth hear of the drapers, tailors,
and others, but no more of the weavers till long after. There is,
however, absolute silence on the subject in the works of London
historians. The phenomena are altogether peculiar, and but few facts can
be picked out as tolerably certain. The weavers touched on one side the
trade in linen, on the other that in wool. The woollen drapers were
naturally very much divided in their interests from the linen-armourers,
and the tailors who constructed garments, as well from the vegetable as
from the animal production, were distinct from those who wove the cloth.
We find, therefore, not only great dissension at times among the
weavers, but a strong tendency to establish separate interests. The
drapers, under their Latin designation of _panarii_, very soon divided
themselves from the tailors, _cissores_; and, though there is no
evidence of their separate existence before 1299, when the tailors’
records commence, it is very probable that from time to time they both
rebelled against the tyranny of the weavers. Certain it is, that this
powerful guild, which had subsisted through all changes and chances from
the time of Henry I. at least, now suddenly and unaccountably
disappears; while from its ashes rise the tailors—to whom long after, in
the reign of Henry VII. the title of ‘Merchant Taylors’ was conceded—the
clothworkers, at first ‘shermen’ and fullers, and the drapers, all of
which preserve, more or less dimly, a tradition of their previous united
state of existence” (vol. i. pp. 168, 170).
Was the old Gild of Weavers, that licensed by Henry I. and Henry II.,
entirely dissolved in consequence of the many branches which broke off
from the parent trunk? It would appear that since the Craft of the
Weavers was one thing and that of the Drapers was another, the Gild of
the Weavers would still remain, in which case, though we cannot say that
the Company is the most ancient, it would be quite true that the Company
is descended from the most ancient Fraternity known.
It has now a Livery of 106; a Corporate Income of £1067; and a Trust
Income of £1087. It formerly had a Hall in Basinghall Street. This was
destroyed in the Great Fire, and, though subsequently rebuilt, was
pulled down in 1856, when offices were built on the site.
THE WHEELWRIGHTS
The Company was founded by a charter granted by King Charles II.,
February 3, 1670, in compliance with a petition presented by divers
wheelwrights, in and near the City of London, praying that, as “certain
foreigners undertake the profession and trade of a wheelwright,
notwithstanding they are ignorant and unskilful therein, and altogether
incapable of making the works used in and about the said city, whereby
much mischief happeneth to persons in the streets, by falling of carts
and coaches, and great damage to merchants and others in their goods, as
also loss and danger to gentlemen occasioned by the ignorance and ill
work of the said foreigners, that never served to the said profession,
and other great inconveniences and misdemeanours used and practised in
the said art and trade,” they might, for the prevention thereof, be
incorporated into a body politic.
At present they have a Livery of 120; a Corporate Income of £300; no
Trust Income, and no Hall.
THE WOOLMEN
The date of the foundation of the Company was probably about 1300.
By the 27 Edward III. c. 23, the Company had the right of appointing
licencemen to wind wools. The Company possesses a book of ordinances
allowed and confirmed to the Company of Woolmen of the City of London by
the Lord Chancellor of England and the two chief justices of either
bench in the year 1587. Sixteen of the ordinances regulate the election
of the governing body and the clerk, etc. The Company also possesses an
order of the Court of Aldermen for granting a Livery to the Woolmen’s
Company, and in the report made by the Committee of Privileges and
subsequently approved and confirmed by the said court. The Company has
existed under various names, such as Woolpackers, Woolwinders, and
Woolmen; it was designated by all these titles in a proclamation of
Charles II., but for the last three hundred years it has been known
chiefly by the style of the Company of Woolmen.
The right of the Company to appoint and license duly qualified persons,
having previously examined them, to wind wools has long ceased to exist;
the last person licensed was in the year 1779. By proclamations in the
reign of Charles II., woolcombers were obliged to be licensed by the
Company.
The Master of the Woolmen’s Company has the right to nominate to the
Court of Assistants of the Merchant Taylors Company two poor members of
the Company as pensioners under Vernon’s Charity.
The Company lost its charter and most of its documents in the Fire of
London, when the Company’s Hall was burnt down.
Their members number 20. Their Corporate Income is £376; they have no
Trust Income, and no Hall. Considering that the staple trade of England
for many centuries was that of wool, there can be little doubt of the
extreme antiquity of this Company.
APPENDIX II
MAYORS AND LORD MAYORS OF LONDON FROM 1189 TO 1900
(LORD MAYORS SINCE 1354)
1189. Henry FitzAylwin.
1190. Henry FitzAylwin.
1191. Henry FitzAylwin.
1192. Henry FitzAylwin.
1193. Henry FitzAylwin.
1194. Henry FitzAylwin.
1195. Henry FitzAylwin.
1196. Henry FitzAylwin.
1197. Henry FitzAylwin.
1198. Henry FitzAylwin.
1199. Henry FitzAylwin.
1200. Henry FitzAylwin.
1201. Henry FitzAylwin.
1202. Henry FitzAylwin.
1203. Henry FitzAylwin.
1204. Henry FitzAylwin.
1205. Henry FitzAylwin.
1206. Henry FitzAylwin.
1207. Henry FitzAylwin.
1208. Henry FitzAylwin.
1209. Henry FitzAylwin.
1210. Henry FitzAylwin.
1211. Henry FitzAylwin.
1212. Henry FitzAylwin.
1213. Roger FitzAylwin.
1214. Serle Le Mercer.
1215. William Hardel.
1216. Jacob Alderman, for part, and Salomon De Basinges, for part.
1217. Serlo Le Mercer.
1218. Serlo Le Mercer.
1219. Serlo Le Mercer.
1220. Serlo Le Mercer.
1221. Serlo Le Mercer.
1222. Serlo Le Mercer.
1223. Richard Renger.
1224. Richard Renger.
1225. Richard Renger.
1226. Richard Renger.
1227. Roger Le Duc.
1228. Roger Le Duc.
1229. Roger Le Duc.
1230. Roger Le Duc.
1231. Andrew Bukerel.
1232. Andrew Bukerel.
1233. Andrew Bukerel.
1234. Andrew Bukerel.
1235. Andrew Bukerel.
1236. Andrew Bukerel.
1237. Andrew Bukerel.
1238. Richard Renger.
1239. William Joynier.
1240. Gerard Bat.
1241. Richard De Bungeye.
1242. Ralph Eswy.
1243. Ralph Eswy.
1244. Michael Thovy.
1245. John Gyseorz.
1246. John Gisors.
1247. Peter FitzAllan.
1248. Michael Thovy.
1249. Roger FitzRoger.
1250. John Norman.
1251. Adam Basing.
1252. John Tulesan.
1253. Nicholas Bat.
1254. Ralph Hardel.
1255. Ralph Hardel.
1256. Ralph Hardel.
1257. Ralph Hardel.
1258. Ralph Hardel.
1259. William FitzRichard.
1260. William FitzRichard.
1261. Thomas FitzThomas.
1262. Thomas FitzThomas.
1263. Thomas FitzThomas.
1264. Thomas FitzThomas.
1265. Thomas FitzThomas.
1266. William FitzRichard (Warden).
1267. Alan De La Souche (Warden).
1268. Sir Stephen De Edeworthe(Warden).
1269. Sir Hugh FitzOtes (Warden).
1270. John Addrien.
1271. Walter Harvy.
1272. Walter Harvy.
1273. Henry De Waleys.
1274. Gregory De Rokesle.
1275. Gregory De Rokesle.
1276. Gregory De Rokesle.
1277. Gregory De Rokesle.
1278. Gregory De Rokesle.
1279. Gregory De Rokesle.
1280. Gregory De Rokesle.
1281. Henry Waleis.
1282. Henry Waleis.
1283. Henry Waleis.
1284. Gregory De Rokesle.
1285. Sir Ralph De Sandwich (Warden).
1286. Sir Ralph De Sandwich (Warden).
1287. Sr Ralph De Sandwich (Warden).
1288. Sir John De Bretton (Warden).
1289. Sr Ralph De Sandwich (Warden).
1290. Sr Ralph De Sandwich (Warden).
1291. Sir John De Bretton (Warden).
1292. Sir Ralph De Sandwich (Warden).
1293. Sir John Le Breton (Warden).
1294. Sir John Le Breton (Warden).
1295. Sir John Le Breton (Warden).
1296. Sir John Le Breton (Warden).
1297. Henry Waleis.
1298. Henry Waleis.
1299. Elias Russel.
1300. Elias Russel.
1301. John Le Blount.
1302. John Le Blount.
1303. John Le Blount.
1304. John Le Blount.
1305. John Le Blount.
1306. Sir John Blount.
1307. Sir John Blount.
1308. Nicholas Dc Farndon.
1309. Thomas Romeyn.
1310. Richer De Refham.
1311. John Gisors.
1312. John Gisors.
1313. Nicolas De Farndon.
1314. John Gisors.
1315. Stephen De Abingdon.
1316. John De Wengrave.
1317. John De Wengrave.
1318. John Wengrave.
1319. Hamo De Chigwell.
1320. Nicolas De Farndon.
1321. Hamo De Chigwell.
1322. Hamo De Chigwell.
1323. Nicholas De Farndone.
1324. Hamo De Chigwell.
1325. Hamo De Chigwell.
1326. Hamo De Chigwell.
1327. Hamo De Chigwell.
1328. John De Grantham.
1329. Simon Swanlond.
1330. Sir John Pountney of De Polteneye.
1331. Sir John De Polteneye.
1332. John De Prestone.
1333. Sir John Polteneye.
1334. Reginald Del Conduyt.
1335. Nicolas Wotton.
1336. Sir John De Polteneye.
1337. Henry Darcy.
1338. Henry Darcy.
1339. Andrew Aubry.
1340. Andrew Aubry.
1341. John of Oxenford (died), and Simon Fraunceis.
1342. Simon Fraunceis.
1343. John Hamond.
1344. John Hamond.
1345. Richard Lacere.
1346. Geffrey Whyting.
1347. Thomas Legge.
1348. John Lovekyn.
1349. Walter Turk.
1350. Richard Kylsyngby.
1351. Andrew Aubrey.
1352. Adam Fraunceys.
1353. Adam Fraunceys.
1354. Thomas Legge.
1355. Simon Fraunceys.
1356. Henry Picard.
1357. John Stodeye.
1358 John Lovekyn.
1359. Simon Dolcelle.
1360. Sir Thomas Wroth.
1361. John Pecche.
1362. Stephen Caundyssh.
1363. John Notte.
1364. Adam of Bery.
1365. Adam of Bery.
John Lovekyn.
1366. John Lovekyn.
1367. James Andrew.
1368. Simon Morden.
1369. John Chichester.
1370. John Bernes.
1371. John Bernes.
1372. John Pyell.
1373. Adam of Bery.
1374. William Walworth.
1375. John Warde.
1376. Adam Stable.
Nicholas Brembre.
1377. Nicholas Brembre.
1378. John Philpot.
1379. John Hadley.
1380. William Walworth.
1381. John Northampton.
1382. John Northampton.
1383. Nicholas Brembre.
1384. Nicholas Brembre.
1385. Nicholas Brembre.
1386. Nicolas Exton.
1387. Nicolas Exton.
1388. Nicolas Twyford.
1389. William Venor.
1390. Adam Bamme.
1391. John Hende.
1392. William Staundon.
1393. John Hadley.
1394. John Frossh.
1395. William More.
1396. Adam Bamme (died).
Richard Whityngton.
1397. Richard Whytyngton.
1398. Drew Barentyn.
1399. Thomas Knolles.
1400. John Fraunceys.
1401. John Schadworth.
1402. John Walcote.
1403. William Askham.
1404. John Hende.
1405. John Wodecok.
1406. Richard Whytyngton.
1407. William Staundon.
1408. Drew Barantyn.
1409. Richard Merlawe.
1410. Thomas Knolles.
1411. Robert Chicheley.
1412. William Waldern.
1413. William Crowmere.
1414. Thomas Fauconer.
1415. Nicholas Wotton.
1416. Henry Barton.
1417. Richard Merlawe.
1418. William Sevenok.
1419. Richard Whytyngton.
1420. William Cambregge.
1421. Robert Chycheley.
1422. William Waldern.
1423. William Crowmere.
1424. John Michell.
1425. John Coventry.
1426. John Reynwell.
1427. John Gedeney.
1428. Henry Barton.
1429. William Estfield.
1430. Nicolas Wotton.
1431. John Welles.
1432. John Parveys.
1433. John Brokle.
1434. Roger Otle.
1435. Henry Frowyk.
1436. John Michell.
1437. William Estfield.
1438. Stephen Broun.
1439. Robert Large.
1440. John Paddisle.
1441. Robert Clopton.
1442. John Hatherle.
1443. Thomas Catworth.
1444. Henry Frowik.
1445. Simon Eyre.
1446. John Olney.
1447. John Gidney.
1448. Stephen Broun.
1449. Thomas Chalton.
1450. Richard Wifold.
1451. William Gregory.
1452. Godfrey Feldyng.
1453. John Norman.
1454. Stephen Forster.
1455. William Marche.
1456. Thomas Canynge.
1457. Geffrey Boleyne.
1458. Thomas Scot.
1459. William Hewlyn.
1460. Richard Lee.
1461. Hugh Wich.
1462. Thomas Coke.
1463. Matthew Philip.
1464. Ralph Joslyn.
1465. Ralph Verney.
1466. Sir John Yong.
1467. Thomas Holgrave.
1468. William Tailor.
1469. Richard Lee.
1470. Sir John Stokton.
1471. William Edward.
1472. Sir William Hampton.
1473. John Tate.
1474. Sir Robert Drope.
1475. Robert Basset.
1476. Sir Ralph Joslyn.
1477. Humphrey Hayford.
1478. Richard Gardener.
1479. Sir Bartholomew Jamys.
1480. John Browne.
1481. William Heriet.
1482. Sir Edmund Shaa.
1483. Sir Robert Billesdon.
{Sir Thomas Hill
1484. {Sir William Stocker.
{John Ward.
1485. Hugh Brice.
1486. Henry Colet.
1487. Sir William Horne.
1488. Robert Tate.
1489. William White.
1490. John Mathew.
1491. Hugh Clopton.
1492. William Martin.
1493. Sir Raph Astrie.
1494. Richard Chawry.
1495. Henry Colet.
1496. Sir John Tate.
1497. William Purchase.
1498. Sir John Percevall.
1499. Nicholas Aldwine.
1500. William Rennington.
1501. Sir John Shaa.
1502. Bartholomew Rede.
1503. Sir William Capell.
1504. Sir John Winger.
1505. Sir Thomas Kniesworth.
1506. Sir Richard Haddon.
1507. William Browne.
1508. Sir Stephen Jannings.
1509. Thomas Bradbury.
1510. Sir Henry Kebble.
1511. Sir Roger Acheley.
1512. Sir William Copinger in part, and Sir Richard Haddon for the
rest.
1513. Sir William Browne.
1514. Sir George Monox.
1515. Sir William Butler.
1516. Sir John Rest.
1517. Sir Thomas Exmewe.
1518. Sir Thomas Mirfine.
1519. Sir James Yardford.
1520. Sir John Brug or Bruges.
1521. Sir John Milborne.
1522. Sir John Mundy.
1523. Sir Thomas Baldrie.
1524. Sir William Bailey.
1525. Sir John Allen.
1526. Sir Thomas Seymer.
1527. Sir James Spencer.
1528. Sir John Rudstone.
1529. Sir Ralph Dodmer.
1530. Sir Thomas Pargitor.
1531. Sir Nicholas Lambert.
1532. Sir Stephen Peacock.
1533. Sir Christopher Askew.
1534. Sir John Champneis.
1535. Sir John Allen.
1536. Sir Ralph Warren.
1537. Sir Richard Gresham.
1538. Sir William Forman.
1539. Sir William Holleis.
1540. Sir William Roche.
1541. Sir Michael Dormer.
1542. John Cotes.
1543. Sir William Bowyer for part, and Sir Ralph Warren for the rest.
1544. Sir William Laxron.
1545. Sir Martin Bowes.
1546. Sir Henry Hobberthorne.
1547. Sir John Gresham.
1548. Henry Amcotes.
1549. Sir Rowland Hill.
1550. Sir Andrew Jud.
1551. Sir Richard Dobbes.
1552. Sir George Barne.
1553. Sir Thomas White.
1554. Sir John Lyon.
1555. Sir William Garret or Garrard.
1556. Sir Thomas Offley.
1557. Sir Thomas Curteis.
1558. Sir Thomas Leigh.
1559. Sir William Hewet.
1560. Sir William Chester.
1561. Sir William Harper.
1562. Sir Thomas Lodge.
1563. Sir John White.
1564. Sir Richard Mallory.
1565. Sir Richard Champion.
1566. Sir Christopher Draper.
1567. Sir Roger Martin.
1568. Sir Thomas Rowe.
1569. Sir Alexander Avenon.
1570. Sir Roland Heyward.
1571. Sir William Allen.
1572. Sir Lionell Ducket.
1573. Sir John Rivers.
1574. James Hawes.
1575. Ambrose Nicholas.
1576. Sir John Langley.
1577. Sir Thomas Ramsey.
1578. Sir Richard Pipe.
1579. Sir Nicholas Woodrofe.
1580. Sir John Branch.
1581. Sir James Harvie.
1582. Sir Thomas Blancke.
1583. Edward Osborne.
1584. Sir Thomas Pullison.
1585. Sir Wolstane Dixie.
1586. Sir George Barne.
1587. Sir George Bond.
1588. Sir Martin Calthrop for part, and Sir Richard Martin for the
rest.
1589. Sir John Hart.
1590. Sir John Allot for part, and Sir Rowland Heyward for the rest.
1591. Sir William Webb.
1592. Sir William Roe.
1593. Sir Cuthbert Buckle for part, and Sir Richard Martin for the
rest.
1594. Sir John Spencer.
1595. Sir Stephen Slany.
1596. Sir Thomas Skinner for part, and Sir Henry Billingsley for the
rest.
1597. Sir Richard Saltenstall.
1598. Sir Stephen Some.
1599. Sir Nicholas Mosley.
1600. Sir William Rider.
1601. Sir John Garrard.
1602. Robert Lee.
1603. Sir Thomas Bennet.
1604. Sir Thomas Lowe.
1605. Sir Leonard Halliday.
1606. Sir John Wats.
1607. Sir Henry Rowe.
1608. Sir Humphrey Weld.
1609. Sir Thomas Campbell.
1610. Sir William Cravon.
1611. Sir James Pemberton.
1612. Sir John Swinnerton.
1613. Sir Thomas Middleton.
1614. Sir Thomas Hayes.
1615. Sir John Jolles.
1616. Sir John Leman.
1617. George Bolles.
1618. Sir Sebastian Harvey.
1619. Sir William Cockain.
1620. Sir Francis Jones.
1621. Sir Edward Barkham.
1622. Sir Peter Proby.
1623. Sir Martin Lumley.
1624. Sir John Goare.
1625. Sir Allen Cotton.
1626. Sir Cuthbert Hacket of Aket.
1627. Sir Hugh Hammersley.
1628. Sir Richard Deane.
1629. Sir James Campbell.
1630. Sir Robert Ducy.
1631. Sir Robert Whitmore.
1632. Sir Nicholas Raynton.
1633. Sir Ralph Freeman for part, and Sir Thomas Moulson for the rest.
1634. Sir Robert Parkhurst.
1635. Sir Christopher Cletherow.
1636. Sir Edward Bromfield.
1637. Sir Richard Fenn.
1638. Sir Maurice Abbott.
1639. Sir Henry Garway.
1640. Sir William Acton, Knight and Baronet, discharged by the House
of Commons and Sir Edmund Wright, substituted.
1641. Sir Richard Gurney, Knight and Baronet, discharged by Parliament
August 12, and succeeded by Isaac Pennington.
1642. Sir Isaac Pennington.
1643. Sir John Woollaston.
1644. Sir Thomas Atkin.
1645. Sir Thomas Adams.
1646. Sir John Gayer.
1647. Sir John Warner.
1648. Sir Abraham Reynardson, imprisoned; Thomas Andrews for rest of
the year.
1649. Thomas Foot.
1650. Thomas Andrews.
1651. John Kendrick.
1652. John Fowke.
1653. Thomas Vyner.
1654. Christopher Pack.
1655. John Dethick.
1656. Robert Titchborne.
1657. Richard Chiverton.
1658. Sir John Ireton.
1659. Sir Thomas Alleyne, Knight and Baronet.
1660. Sir Richard Brown, Baronet.
1661. Sir John Frederick.
1662. Sir John Robinson, Knight and Baronet.
1663. Sir Anthony Bateman.
1664. Sir John Lawrence.
1665. Sir Thomas Bludworth.
1666. Sir William Bolton.
1667. Sir William Peake.
1668. William Turner.
1669. Sir Samuel Starling.
1670. Sir Richard Ford.
1671. Sir George Waterman.
1672. Sir Robert Hanson.
1673. Sir William Hooker.
1674. Sir Robert Vyner, Knight and Baronet.
1675. Sir Joseph Sheldon.
1676. Sir Thomas Davies.
1677. Sir Francis Chaplin.
1678. Sir James Edwards.
1679. Sir Robert Claydon.
1680. Sir Patience Ward.
1681. Sir John Moore.
1682. Sir William Pritchard.
1683. Sir Henry Tulse.
1684. Sir James Smith.
1685. Sir Robert Geffery.
1686. Sir John Peake.
1687. Sir John Shorter, died. Sir John Eyles appointed by the Crown.
1688. Sir John Chapman, died March 17, 1689.
Sir Thomas Pilkington.
1689. Sir Thomas Pilkington.
1690. Sir Thomas Pilkington.
1691. Sir Thomas Stampe.
1692. Sir John Fleet.
1693. Sir William Ashurst.
1694. Sir Thomas Lane.
1695. Sir John Houblon.
1696. Sir Edward Clarke.
1697. Sir Humphrey Edwin.
1698. Sir Francis Child.
1699. Sir Richard Levet.
1700. Sir Thomas Abney.
1701. Sir William Gore.
1702. Sir Samuel Dashwood.
1703. Sir John Parsons.
1704. Sir Owen Buckingham.
1705. Sir Thomas Rawlinson.
1706. Sir Robert Bedingfield.
1707. Sir William Withers.
1708. Sir Charles Duncombe.
1709. Sir Samuel Garrard.
1710. Sir Walter Heathcote, Baronet.
1711. Sir Robert Beachcroft.
1712. Sir Richard Hoare.
1713. Sir Samuel Stainer.
1714. Sir William Humphreys, Knight and Baronet.
1715. Sir Charles Peers.
1716. Sir James Bateman.
1717. Sir William Lewen.
1718. Sir John Ward.
1719. Sir George Thorold.
1720. Sir John Fryer, Baronet.
1721. Sir William Stewart.
1722. Sir Gerard Conyers.
1723. Sir Peter Delmé
1724. Sir George Merttins.
1725. Sir Francis Forbes.
1726. Sir John Eyles.
1727. Sir Edward Becher.
1728. Sir Robert Baylis.
1729. Sir Richard Brocas.
1730. Humphrey Parsons.
1731. Sir Francis Child.
1732. John Barber.
1733. Sir William Billers.
1734. Sir Edward Bellamy.
1735. Sir John Williams.
1736. Sir John Thompson.
1737. Sir John Barnard.
1738. Micjah Perry.
1739. Sir John Salter.
1740. Humphrey Parsons.
1741. Sir Robert Godschall, died June 26, 1742.
George Heathcote.
1742. Robert Willmot.
1743. Sir Robert Westley.
1744. Sir Henry Marshall.
1745. Sir Richard Hoare.
1746. William Benn.
1747. Sir Robert Ladbroke.
1748. Sir William Calvert.
1749. Sir Samuel Pennant, died May 20, 1750.
John Blachford.
1750. Francis Cokayne.
1751. Thomas Winterbottom, died June 4, 1752.
Robert Alsop.
1752. Sir Crisp Gascoyne.
1753. Edmund Ironside, died November 27, 1753.
Thomas Rawlinson.
1754. Stephen Theodore Janssen.
1755. Slingsby Bethell.
1756. Marshe Dickinson.
1757. Sir Charles Asgill, Baronet.
1758. Sir Richard Glyn, Knight and Baronet.
1759. Sir Thomas Chitty.
1760. Sir Matthew Blackiston.
1761. Sir Samuel Fludyer, Knight and Baronet.
1762. William Beckford.
1763. William Bridgen.
1764. Sir William Stephenson.
1765. George Nelson.
1766. Sir Robert Kite.
1767. Hon. Thomas Harley.
1768. Samuel Turner.
1769. William Beckford, died June 21, 1770.
Barlow Tregothick.
1770. Brass Crosby.
1771. William Nash.
1772. James Townsend.
1773. Frederick Bull.
1774. John Wilkes.
1775. John Sawbridge.
1776. Sir Thomas Halifax.
1777. Sir James Esdaile.
1778. Samuel Plumbe.
1779. Brackley Kennett.
1780. Sir Watkin Lewes.
1781. Sir William Plomer.
1782. Nathaniel Newnham.
1783. Robert Peckham.
1784. Richard Clarke.
1785. Thomas Wright.
1786. Thomas Sainsbury.
1787. John Burnell.
1788. William Gill.
1789. William Pickett.
1790. John Boydell.
1791. John Hopkins.
1792. Sir James Saunderson.
1793. Paul Le Mesurier.
1794. Thomas Skinner.
1795. Sir William Curtis, Baronet.
1796. Sir Brook Watson, Baronet.
1797. Sir John William Anderson, Baronet.
1798. Sir Richard Carr Glyn, Knight and Baronet.
1799. Harvey Christian Combe.
1800. Sir William Staines.
1801. Sir John Earner.
1802. Sir Charles Price, Baronet.
1803. John Perring.
1804. Peter Perchard.
1805. James Shaw.
1806. Sir William Leighton.
1807. James Ansley.
1808. Sir Charles Flower, Baronet.
1809. Thomas Smith.
1810. Joshua Jonathan Smith.
1811. Sir Claudius Stephen Hunter, Baronet.
1812. George Scholey.
1813. Sir William Domville, Baronet.
1814. Samuel Birch.
1815. Sir Matthew Wood, Baronet.
1816. Sir Matthew Wood, Baronet.
1817. Christopher Smith.
1818. John Atkins.
1819. George Bridges.
1820. John Thomas Thorpe.
1821. Christopher Magnay.
1822. William Heygate.
1823. Robert Waithman.
1824. John Garratt.
1825. William Venables.
1826. Anthony Brown.
1827. Matthias Prime Lucas.
1828. William Thompson.
1829. John Crowder.
1830. Sir John Key, Baronet.
1831. Sir John Key, Baronet.
1832. Sir Peter Laurie.
1833. Charles Farebrother.
1834. Henry Winchester.
1835. William Taylor Copeland.
1836. Thomas Kelly.
1837. Sir John Cowan, Baronet.
1838. Samuel Wilson.
1839. Sir Chapman Marshall.
1840. Thomas Johnson.
1841. Sir John Pirie, Baronet.
1842. John Humphrey.
1843. Sir William Magnay, Baronet.
1844. Michael Gibbs.
1845. John Johnson.
1846. Sir George Carroll.
1847. John Kinnersley Hooper.
1848. Sir James Duke, Knight and Baronet.
1849. Thomas Farncomb.
1850. Sir John Musgrove, Baronet.
1851. William Hunter.
1852. Thomas Challis.
1853. Thomas Sidney.
1854. Sir Francis Graham Moon, Baronet.
1855. Sir David Salomons, Baronet.
1856. Thomas Quested Finnis.
1857. Sir Robert Walter Carden, Baronet.
1858. David Williams Wire.
1859. John Carter.
1860. William Cubitt.
1861. William Cubitt.
1862. Sir William Anderson Rose.
1863. Sir William Lawrence.
1864. Warren Stormes Hale.
1865. Sir Benjamin Samuel Phillips.
1866. Sir Thomas Gabriel, Baronet.
1867. William Ferneley Allen.
1868. Sir J. C. Lawrence, Baronet.
1869. Robert Besley.
1870. Sir Thomas Dakin.
1871. Sir Sills John Gibbons, Baronet.
1872. Sir Sydney Hedley Waterlow, Baronet.
1873. Sir Andrew Lusk, Baronet, M.P.
1874. David Henry Stone.
1875. W. J. R. Cotton, M.P.
1876. Sir Thomas White.
1877. Sir T. S. Owden.
1878. Sir C. Whetham.
1879. Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott.
1880. Sir William M’Arthur.
1881. Sir J. W. Ellis, Baronet.
1882. Sir Henry Edmund Knight.
1883. Sir R. Nicholas Fowler, Baronet, M.P.
1884. George Swan Nottage, and Sir R. N. Fowler on his death.
1885. Sir John Staples.
1886. Sir Reginald Hanson, Baronet.
1887. Sir Polydore De Keyser.
1888. Sir James Whitehead, Baronet.
1889. Sir H. Aaron Isaacs.
1890. Sir Joseph Savory, Baronet.
1891. Sir David Evans.
1892. Sir Stuart Knill, Baronet.
1893. Sir G. R. Tylor, Baronet.
1894. Sir Joseph Renals, Baronet.
1895. Sir Walter H. Wilkin.
1896. Sir G. Faudel-Phillips.
1897. Lieut.-Col. Sir H. D. Davies.
1898. Sir John Voce Moore.
1899. Sir Alfred J. Newton, Baronet.
1900. Sir Frank Green.
APPENDIX III
A CALENDAR OF THE MAYORS AND SHERIFFS OF LONDON FROM 1189 TO 1900
MAYORS
Abbot, Sir Maurice 1638
Abingdon, Stephen de 1315
Abney, Sir Thomas 1700
Acheley, Sir Roger 1511
Acton, Sir William 1640
Adams, Sir Thomas 1645
Addrien, John 1270
Alderman, Jacob 1216
Aldwine, Nicholas 1499
Allen, Sir John 1525
„ „ 1535
„ Sir William 1571
Alleyne, Sir Thomas 1659
Allot, Sir John 1590
Amcoates, Henry 1548
Anderson, William 1862
Andrew, James 1367
Andrews, Thomas 1650
Ansley, James 1807
Asgill, Sir Charles 1757
Ashurst, Sir William 1693
Askham, William 1403
Astrie, Sir Ralph 1493
Atkin, Sir Thomas 1644
Atkins, John 1818
Aubry, Andrew 1339
„ „ 1340
„ „ 1351
Avenon, Sir Alexander 1569
Bailey, Sir William 1524
Baldrie, Sir Thomas 1523
Bamme, Adam 1390
Bamme, Adam 1396
Barber, John 1732
Barentyn, Drew 1398
„ „ 1408
Barkham, Sir Edward 1621
Barnard, Sir John 1737
Barne, Sir George 1552
„ „ 1586
Barton, Henry 1416
„ „ 1428
Basing, Adam 1251
Basset, Robert 1476
Bat, Gerard 1240
Bat, Nicholas 1253
Bateman, Sir Anthony 1663
Bateman, Sir James 1716
Baylis, Sir Robert 1728
Becher, Sir Edward 1727
Beckford, William 1762
„ „ 1769
Bedingfield, Sir Robert 1706
Bellamy, Sir Edward 1734
Benn, William 1746
Bennet, Sir Thomas 1603
Bernes, John 1371
Bery, Adam of 1364
„ „ 1365
„ „ 1373
Besley, Robert 1869
Bethell, Slingsby 1755
Billers, Sir William 1733
Billesdon, Sir Robert 1483
Billingsley, Sir H. 1596
Birch, Samuel 1814
Blakiston, Sir Matthew 1760
Blancke, Sir Thomas 1582
Blount, John le 1301
„ „ 1302
„ „ 1303
„ „ 1304
„ „ 1305
„ „ 1306
„ „ 1307
Boleyne, Geffrey 1457
Bolles, George 1617
Bolton, Sir William 1666
Bond, Sir George 1587
Bowes, Sir Martin 1545
Bowyer, Sir William 1543
Boydell, John 1790
Bradbury, Thomas 1509
Branch, John 1580
Brembre, Nicholas 1377
„ „ 1383
„ „ 1384
„ „ 1385
Breton Le, Sir John 1293
„ „ 1294
„ „ 1295
„ „ 1296
Bretton De, Sir John 1288
„ „ 1291
Brice, Hugh 1485
Bridgen, William 1763
Bridges, George 1819
Brocas, Sir Richard 1729
Brokle, John 1433
Bromfield, Sir Edward 1621
Broun, Stephen 1438
„ „ 1448
Brown, Anthony 1826
Brown, John 1480
Brown, Sir Richard 1660
Browne, William 1507
Browne, Sir William 1513
Brug, Sir John 1520
Buckingham, Sir Owen 1704
Buckle, Sir Cuthbert 1393
Bukerel, Andrew 1231
„ „ 1232
„ „ 1233
„ „ 1234
„ „ 1235
„ „ 1236
„ „ 1237
Bull, Frederick 1773
Bungeye, Reginald de 1241
Burrell, John 1787
Butler, Sir William 1515
Calthrop, Sir Martin 1588
Calvert, Sir William 1748
Cambell, Sir Thomas 1609
Cambell, Sir James 1629
Cambregge, William 1420
Canynge, Thomas 1456
Capell, Sir William 1503
Carr, Sir Richard 1798
Carroll, Sir George 1846
Carter, John 1859
Catworth, Thomas 1443
Caundyssh, Stephen 1362
Challis, Thomas 1852
Chalton, Thomas 1449
Champion, Sir Richard 1565
Champneis, Sir John 1534
Chaplin, Sir Francis 1677
Chapmann, Sir John 1688
Chawry, Richard 1494
Chester, Sir William 1560
Chicheley, Robert 1421
Chichester, John 1369
Chigwell, Hamo de 1319
„ „ 1321
„ „ 1322
„ „ 1324
„ „ 1325
„ „ 1326
„ „ 1327
Child, Sir Francis 1698
„ „ 1731
Chitty, Sir Thomas 1759
Chiverton, Richard 1657
Chycheley, Robert 1421
Clark, Richard 1784
Clarke, Sir Edward 1696
Clayton, Sir Robert 1679
Cletherow, Sir Christopher 1635
Clopton, Robert 1441
Clopton, Hugh 1491
Cockain, Sir William 1618
Cokayne, Francis 1750
Coke, Thomas 1462
Colet, Henry 1486
Colet, Henry 1495
Combe, Henry Christian 1799
Conyers, Sir Gerard 1722
Copinger, Sir William 1512
Cotes, John 1542
Cotton, Sir Allen 1625
Cotton (M.P.), W. J. R. 1875
Coventry, John 1425
Cowan, Sir John 1837
Craven, Sir William 1610
Crosby, Brass 1770
Crowder, James 1829
Crowmere, William 1413
Crowmere, William 1423
Cubitt, William 1860
„ „ 1861
Curteis, Sir Thomas 1557
Curtis, Sir William 1795
Dakin, Thomas 1870
Darcy, Henry 1337
„ „ 1338
Dashwood, Sir Samuel 1702
Davies, Sir H. D. 1897
Davies, Sir Thomas 1676
Deane, Sir Richard 1628
De Keyser, Sir Polydore 1887
Delme, Sir Peter 1723
Dethick, John 1655
Dickinson, Marshe 1756
Dixie, Sir Wolstane 1585
Dobbes, Sir Richard 1551
Dodmer, Sir Ralph 1529
Dolcelle, Simon 1359
Domville, Sir William 1813
Dormer, Sir Michael 1541
Drope, Sir Robert 1474
Duc, Roger le 1227
„ „ 1228
„ „ 1229
„ „ 1230
Ducket, Sir Lionell 1572
Ducy, Sir Robert 1630
Duke, Sir James 1848
Duncombe, Sir Charles 1708
Eamer, Sir John 1801
Edward, William 1471
Edwards, Sir James 1678
Edwin, Sir Humfrey 1697
Ellis, Sir J. W. 1881
Endeworthe, Sir Stephen 1268
Esdaile, Sir James 1777
Estfeld, William 1429
„ „ 1237
Eswy, Ralph 1242
„ „ 1243
Evans, David 1891
Exmewe, Sir Thomas 1517
Exton, Nicolas 1386
„ „ 1387
Eyles, Sir John 1726
Eyre, Simon 1465
Farncomb, Thomas 1849
Farndon, Nicholas de 1308
„ „ 1313
„ „ 1320
„ „ 1323
Fauconer, Thomas 1414
Faudel-Phillips, Sir G. 1896
Feldyng, Godfrey 1452
Fenn, Sir Richard 1637
FitzAylwin, Henry 1189
„ „ 1190
„ „ 1191
„ „ 1193
„ „ 1194
„ „ 1195
„ „ 1196
„ „ 1197
„ „ 1198
„ „ 1199
„ „ 1200
„ „ 1201
„ „ 1202
„ „ 1203
„ „ 1204
„ „ 1205
„ „ 1206
„ „ 1207
„ „ 1208
„ „ 1209
„ „ 1210
„ „ 1211
„ „ 1212
„ „ 1213
Fitz Otes, Sir Hugh 1269
Fitz Richard, William 1258
„ „ 1259
Fitz Richard, William 1260
„ „ 1266
Fitz Thomas, Thomas 1261
„ „ 1262
„ „ 1263
„ „ 1264
„ „ 1265
Finnis, Thomas Quested 1856
Fleet, Sir John 1692
Flower, Sir Charles 1808
Fludyer, Sir Samuel 1761
Foot, Thomas 1649
Forbes, Sir Francis 1725
Ford, Sir Richard 1670
Forman, Sir William 1538
Forster, Stephen 1454
Fowler, R. Nicholas 1883
Fraunceys, Adam 1352
„ „ 1353
Fraunceys, Simon 1355
Freeman, Sir Ralph 1633
Frederick, Sir John 1661
Frossh, John 1394
Frowik, Henry 1444
Frowyk, Henry 1435
Fryer, Sir John 1720
Gabriel, Sir Thomas 1866
Gardener, Richard 1478
Garrard, Sir James 1601
Garrard, Sir Samuel 1709
Garratt, John 1824
Garret, Sir William 1555
Garway, Sir Henry 1634
Gascoyne, Sir Crisp 1752
Gayer, Sir John 1646
Gedeney, John 1427
Geffrey, Sir Robert 1655
Gibbon, Sills John 1871
Gibbs, Michael 1844
Gidney, John 1447
Gill, William 1788
Gisors, John 1246
„ „ 1311
„ „ 1312
„ „ 1314
Glyn, Sir Richard 1758
Glyn, Sir R. Carr 1798
Goare, Sir John 1624
Godschall, Sir R. 1741
Gore, Sir William 1701
Graham, Sir Francis 1854
Grantham, John de 1328
Green, Sir Frank 1900
Gregory, William 1451
Gresham, Sir Richard 1537
Gresham, Sir John 1547
Gurney, Sir Richard 1641
Gyseorz, John 1245
Hacket or Aket, Sir Charles 1626
Haddon, Sir Richard 1506
Hadley, John 1379
Hadley, John 1393
Hale, W. S. 1864
Halifax, Sir Thomas 1776
Halliday, Sir Leonard 1605
Hammorsley, Sir Hugh 1627
Hampton, Sir William 1472
Hanson, Sir Reginald 1886
Hanson, Sir Robert 1672
Hardel, William 1215
Hardel, Ralph 1254
„ „ 1255
„ „ 1256
„ „ 1257
Harper, Sir William 1561
Hart, Sir John 1559
Harvey, Sir Sebastian 1618
Harvie, Sir James 1581
Harvy, Walter 1271
„ „ 1272
Hawes, James 1574
Hayes, Sir Thomas 1614
Hayford, Humphrey 1477
Heathcote, Sir Gilbert 1710
Hende, John 1391
„ „ 1404
Heriet, William 1481
Hewet, Sir William 1359
Hewlyn, William 1459
Heygate, William 1822
Heyward, Sir Rowland 1870
Hill, Sir Thomas 1484
Hoare, Sir Richard 1712
„ „ 1745
Holgrave, Thomas 1467
Holles, Sir William 1839
Hooker, Sir William 1673
Hooper, John Kinnersley 1847
Hopkins, John 1791
Horne, Sir William 1487
Houblon, Sir John 1695
Humphrey, J. 1842
Humphreys, Sir W. 1714
Ireton, Sir John 1658
Ironside, Edward 1753
Isaacs, Sir H. Aaron 1889
Jamys, Sir Bartholomew 1479
Janssen, S. T. 1754
Jennings, Sir Stephen 1508
Johnson, Thomas 1840
Johnson, John 1845
Jolles, Sir John 1615
Jones, Sir Francis 1620
Joslyn, Ralph 1464
Joslyn, Sir Ralph 1476
Joynier, William 1239
Jud, Andrew 1580
Kebble, Sir Henry 1510
Kelly, Thomas 1836
Kendrick, John 1651
Key, Sir John 1830
„ „ 1831
Kniesworth, Sir Thomas 1505
Knight, Henry Edmund 1882
Knill, Sir Stuart, Baronet 1892
Knolles, Thomas 1399
„ „ 1410
Kylsyngby, Richard 1350
Lacere, Richard 1345
Ladbroke, Sir Robert 1747
Lambert, Sir Nicholas 1531
Lane, Sir Thomas 1694
Langley, Sir John 1576
Large, Robert 1349
Laurie, Sir Peter 1832
Lawrence, Sir John 1664
Lawrence, William 1863
Lawrence, J. C. 1868
Laxton, Sir William 1544
Lee, Richard 1460
„ „ 1469
Lee, Robert 1602
Legge, Thomas 1347
„ „ 1345
Leigh, Sir Thomas 1558
Leighton, Sir William 1806
Leman, Sir John 1616
Levet, Sir Richard 1699
Lewen, Sir W. 1717
Lewes, Sir Watkin 1780
Lovekyn, John 1345
„ „ 1358
„ „ 1366
Lodge, Sir Thomas 1562
Lowe, Sir Thomas 1604
Lumley, Sir Martin 1632
Lusk, Andrew 1837
M’Arthur, William 1880
Magnay, Christopher 1821
Magnay, Sir William 1843
Mallory, Sir Richard 1564
Marche, William 1455
Marshall, Sir H. 1744
Marshall, Sir Chapman 1839
Martin, William 1492
Martin, Sir Roger 1567
Mathew, John 1490
Mercer, Serle le 1214
„ „ 1217
„ „ 1218
„ „ 1219
„ „ 1220
„ „ 1221
„ „ 1222
Merlawe, Richard 1409
Mertinns, Sir G. 1724
Mesurier, Paul le 1793
Michell, John 1424
„ „ 1436
Middleton, Sir Thomas 1613
Milborne, Sir John 1521
Mirfine, Sir Thomas 1518
Monox, Sir G. 1514
Moore, Sir John 1681
Moore, Sir J. Voce 1898
Mordon, Simon 1368
More, William 1395
Mosley, Sir Nicholas 1599
Mundy, Sir John 1522
Musgrave, Sir John 1850
Nash, William 1771
Nelson, George 1765
Newnham, Nathaniel 1782
Newton, Sir Alfred J. 1899
Nicholas, Ambrose 1575
Norman, John 1250
Norman, John 1453
Northampton, John 1381
„ „ 1382
Nottage, G. Swan 1884
Notte, John 1363
Offley, Sir Thomas 1556
Olney, John 1446
Osborne, Edward 1583
Otle, Roger 1434
Owden, T. S. 1877
Oxenford, John of 1341
Pack, Christopher 1654
Paddisle, John 1440
Pargitor, Sir Thomas 1530
Parkhurst, Sir Robert 1634
Parsons, Sir John 1703
Parsons, Humphrey 1730
„ „ 1740
Parveys, John 1432
Peacock, Sir Stephen 1532
Peake, Sir William 1667
Peake, Sir John 1686
Pecche, John 1361
Peckham, Robert 1783
Peers, Sir Charles 1715
Pemberton, Sir James 1611
Pennant, Sir Samuel 1749
Pennington, Sir Isaac 1642
Percevall, Sir John 1498
Perchard, Peter 1804
Perring, John 1803
Perry, Micajah 1738
Picard, Henry 1356
Pickett, William 1789
Pilkington, Sir Thomas 1689
„ „ 1690
Pipe, Sir Richard 1578
Pirie, Sir John 1841
Philip, Matthew 1463
Philpot, John 1378
Plomer, Sir William 1781
Plumbe, Samuel 1778
Polteneye, Sir J. de 1331
„ „ 1333
Polteneye, Sir J. de 1336
Pountney, Sir John 1330
Prestone, John de 1332
Pritchard, Sir William 1682
Proby, Sir Peter 1622
Pullison, Sir Thomas 1584
Purchase, William 1497
Pyell, John 1372
Ramsey, Sir Thomas 1577
Rawlinson, Sir Thomas 1705
Raynton, Sir N. 1632
Rede, Bartholomew 1502
Refham, Richard de 1310
Remington, William 1500
Renals, Sir Joseph 1894
Renger, Richard 1223
„ „ 1224
„ „ 1225
„ „ 1226
„ „ 1238
Rest, Sir John 1516
Reynardson, Sir Abraham 1648
Reynwell, Joseph 1426
Rider, Sir William 1600
Rivers, Sir John 1573
Robinson, Sir John 1662
Roche, Sir William 1540
Roe, Sir William 1592
Roew, Sir Thomas 1568
Rokesle, Gregory de 1274
„ „ 1275
„ „ 1276
„ „ 1277
„ „ 1278
„ „ 1279
„ „ 1280
„ „ 1284
Romeyn, Thomas 1309
Rudstone, Sir John 1528
Russel, Elias 1299
„ „ 1300
Sainsbury, Thomas 1786
Salomons, David 1855
Saltenstall, Sir Richard 1597
Salter, Sir John 1739
Sanderson, Sir Joseph 1792
Sandwich, Sir Ralph de 1285
„ „ 1286
Sandwich, Sir Ralph de 1287
„ „ 1289
„ „ 1290
„ „ 1292
Savory, Sir Joseph 1890
Sawbridge, John 1775
Schadworth, John 1401
Scot, Thomas 1458
Seymer, Sir Thomas 1526
Shaa, Sir Edmund 1452
Shaa, Sir John 1501
Shaw, James 1805
Sheldon, Sir Joseph 1675
Shorter, Sir John 1687
Sidney, Thomas 1853
Skinner, Sir Thomas 1596
Skinner, Thomas 1794
Slany, Sir Stephen 1595
Smith, Thomas 1809
Smith, Christopher 1817
Smith, Sir Joseph 1684
Some, Sir Richard 1598
Souche, Alan de la 1267
Spencer, Sir John 1594
Stable, Adam 1376
Stainer, Sir Samuel 1713
Staines, Sir William 1800
Stampe, Sir Thomas 1691
Staptes, John 1885
Starling, Sir Samuel 1669
Staundon, William 1392
„ „ 1407
Stephenson, Sir William 1764
Stewart, Sir William 1721
Stodeye, John 1357
Stokton, Sir John 1470
Stone, D. H. 1874
Swanlond, Simon 1329
Swinnerton, Sir John 1612
Tailor, William 1468
Tate, John 1473
Tate, Robert 1488
Tate, Sir John 1496
Thompson, Sir John 1736
Thompson, William 1828
Thorold, Sir George 1719
Thorpe, J. T. 1820
Thovy, Michael 1244
„ „ 1248
Titchborne, Robert 1656
Townsend, Joseph 1772
Truscott, Sir F. W. 1879
Tulesan, John 1252
Tulse, Sir Henry 1683
Turke, Walter 1349
Turner, William 1668
Turner, Samuel 1768
Twyford, Nicolas 1388
Tylor, Sir G. R. 1893
Venables, William 1825
Venor, William 1389
Verney, Ralph 1465
Vyner, Thomas 1653
Vyner, Sir Robert 1674
Waithman, Robert 1823
Walcote, John 1402
Waldern, William 1422
Waleys, Henry de 1273
„ „ 1281
„ „ 1282
„ „ 1283
„ „ 1297
„ „ 1298
Walworth, William 1374
Walworth, William 1380
Ward, Sir Patience 1680
Ward, Sir John 1718
Ward, John 1484
Warde, John 1375
Warner, Sir John 1647
Warren, Sir Ralph 1536
Waterlow, Sir S. H. 1872
Waterman, Sir G. 1671
Wats, Sir John 1606
Watson, Sir Brooke 1796
Webb, Sir William 1591
Webb, Sir Henry 1608
Welles, John 1431
Wengrave, John de 1316
„ „ 1317
„ „ 1318
Westley, Sir Robert 1743
Whetham, Sir C. 1878
White, William 1489
White, Sir Thomas 1553
White, Sir John 1563
White, Sir Thomas 1876
Whitehead, Sir J., Baronet 1888
Whitmore, Sir George 1631
Whyting, Geffery 1346
Whytyngton, Richard 1397
„ „ 1406
„ „ 1419
Wich, Hugh 1461
Wifold, Richard 1450
Wilkin, Sir Walter H. 1895
Williams, Sir John 1735
Willmot, Robert 1742
Wilson, Samuel 1838
Winchester, Henry 1834
Winger, Sir John 1504
Winterbottom, Thomas 1751
Wire, D. W. 1858
Withers, Sir William 1707
Wodecok, John 1405
Wood, Sir Matthew 1815
Wood, Sir Matthew 1816
Woollaston, Sir John 1643
Wotton, Nicolas 1335
„ „ 1415
„ „ 1430
Wright, Thomas 1785
Wroth, Sir John 1360
Yardford, Sir James 1519
Yong, Sir John 1466
SHERIFFS
(FROM 1889 THE SHERIFFS WERE SHERIFFS OF THE CITY ONLY)
Abbot, John 1428
Abbott, Maurice 1627
Abdy, Arthur 1630
Abell, William 1636
Abingdone, Stephen de 1314
„ Symonde 1319
Abney, Thomas 1693
Acton, William 1628
Adams, Thomas 1639
Addrien, John 1258
„ „ 1265
„ „ 1266
„ „ 1267
„ „ 1269
Adrian, John 1277
Ailmer, Lawrence 1501
Alate, John 1580
Alderman, Jukel 1195
„ Jacob 1200
Aldermanebyri, Simon de 1201
Aldernes, Robert 1512
Alderson, Sir George 1817
Alexander, Sir John 1802
Aleyn, Thomas 1414
Aleyne, John 1471
Allen, John 1518
Allen, William 1562
Allen, Edward 1620
Allen, William Ferneley 1837
Alley, Ralph 1545
Alley, Richard 1452
Alleyne, Thomas 1654
Alliston, Frederick Pratt 1898
Alsop, Robert 1732
„ „ 1746
Altham, Edward 1531
Altham, James 1557
Ambrose, Sir Thomas 1718
Amcoates, Henry 1542
Anderson, Henry 1601
Anderson, John William 1791
Andrewe, Jacob 1632
Andrews, Henry 1632
„ Thomas 1642
Ansley, John 1809
Antioch, Gerard de 1196
Arnold, Robert 1426
Arnentiers, D’, John 1299
Arras, Ralph de 1276
Asgill, Sir Charles 1752
Ashurst, William 1691
Askew, Christopher 1525
Askham, William 1397
Atherley, John 1431
Atkins, John 1809
Atkyn, Thomas 1637
Aubray, John 1373
Aubri, Andrew 1331
Aumesberry, Martyn 1293
Austrie, Ralph 1484
Austyn, Thomas 1388
Avenon, Alexander 1561
Avery, Samuel 1647
Ayleph, Sir John 1548
Aylesham, John 1343
Acheley, Roger 1504
Alwine, Nicholas 1494