line, both thoroughly-worn-out armies were, I am sure, glad for the
chance to rest. I know that I, for one, was completely exhausted. The
sun had scarcely set before I had wrapped myself in my overcoat, and
with my haversack for a pillow, was sound asleep, quite oblivious of the
fact that the field of the dead was only a few steps away. In the
morning we were early astir expecting a renewal of the fight. Our men
threw away all of their old muskets, and armed themselves with the new
Springfield rifles of the improved pattern, picked up on the
battle-field. Ammunition and rations were issued, and every preparation
made to receive the enemy. All was quiet, however, and so remained for
the rest of the day. At about noon, General Franklin's Corps came up
from Harpers Ferry and took position on our right.
During that afternoon I went over the corn-field that had been the scene
of the hardest fighting the previous day. It was a sight which once seen
could never be forgotten. The dead lay as they had fallen, and in such
dreadful numbers! Several times had the ground been fought over; the
bodies of brave men were so thickly strewn over it, that one might for
rods have walked on corpses without touching the ground.
When we advanced our lines, the morning of the 19th, the enemy had
disappeared. Only his picket line still remained, and that surrendered
without resistance. These prisoners appeared to be dazed with
discouragement; many of them seemed glad to have been taken. Like the
thousands whom we had captured during the heat of the battle, they were
destitute of clothing, and their haversacks contained nothing but raw
corn.
_In Winter Quarters_
So far as we were concerned, the battle of Antietam ended active
campaigning for the winter of 1862. During the next two months we moved
about between Harpers Ferry and the mouth of Antietam Creek, doing
occasional guard duty, and for the most part passing the time
uneventfully. On October 1 President Lincoln visited our camp at
Maryland Heights. It seemed to me that he did full justice to his
reputation for homeliness. He came entirely unannounced, but we
hurriedly turned out the Regiment and presented arms. For a time, on
account of their greenness, the new regiments in camp furnished a source
of amusement. Most of them had received large bounties on enlistment,
and the old soldiers taunted them as bounty-bought; they were told that
the Government could have secured mules much cheaper.
On November 13 came my commission as First Lieutenant of Company E. This
did not materially change my position, for I had been in command of a
company ever since the battle of Antietam. On November 17 we went into
winter camp at Fairfax Station, but sometime in January removed to
Stafford Court House. In the meantime McClellan had been finally removed
from the command of the Army of the Potomac; and Burnside, who had
followed him, had in his turn, been relieved after the battle of
Fredericksburg, by General Joe Hooker.
Hooker was evidently determined to build up a thoroughly efficient army,
and spent the winter in constant efforts toward improving the condition
and effectiveness of his troops. Inspections became extremely rigid;
they extended not only to arms and equipment, but to camp and garrison
equipage, policing, and sanitation. Regiments reaching the highest
standard for general efficiency and appearance were awarded leaves of
absence for two officers at a time for fifteen days each, and furloughs
for two men at a time, in each company, for the same period. Regiments
that at first were not up to standard, were in the course of the winter
given their furloughs as they attained efficiency.
Our Regiment was one of the eleven in the entire army which, when the
first inspection was made, proved to be in the highest degree of
efficiency. Leaves of absence and furloughs commenced at once, and
before spring all who cared to go had a chance to visit their homes. The
distance to Wisconsin was too great to make it profitable for me to
return; so I visited a sister in New York State, taking advantage of
this opportunity to see the sights of New York City and Washington.
During the winter the army was gradually strengthened by the return of
convalescents. Thus our Regiment was able by spring once more to muster
about 400 muskets. Many of the permanently disabled officers were
transferred to the invalid corps, and those who were sick were
discharged, thus giving way to more vigorous and able-bodied men. The
army was now in the best condition that it had ever been in, and we all
looked forward to a successful campaign.
_Chancellorsville_
On the morning of April 27, 1863, we left our winter camp at Stafford
Court House and marched to Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock. Pontoon
bridges had been laid ahead of us, and the Eleventh Corps had already
crossed. Early on the morning of the 29th, we followed, and started at
once for Germanna Ford on the Rapidan, twelve miles off. Three corps of
the Army of the Potomac were engaged in the expedition--the Fifth,
Eleventh and Twelfth. Our Corps, the Twelfth, after crossing, pushed on
to the head of the column, and our Brigade was given the position of
honor in the advance. We carried eight days' rations and a hundred
rounds of ammunition. In addition, several pack mules laden with boxes
of cartridges followed each regiment, so that we felt sure we were out
for business. The men were in good spirits, however, and
notwithstanding the heavy loads marched rapidly.
We arrived at the ford in about four hours, without alarming the enemy.
A portion of the Regiment were deployed as skirmishers under cover of
the woods, three or four hundred yards from the river bank. At the word
of command they moved on the run down to the river. Here each man
hastily found for himself such shelter as he could, behind trees and
brush, and opened fire on the enemy who were occupying some buildings on
the opposite side. As we approached the river about a dozen Confederates
started to run up the hill back of their position, in an attempt to
escape. Our men were excellent marksmen, however, and after two had been
killed and several others wounded, the rest of the enemy hastened back
to the shelter of the buildings. Occasionally some fellow would fire at
us from a window, but the puff of smoke from his gun would make him
immediately the target for every musket within range, and that practice
was soon discouraged. In less than ten minutes from the time when the
skirmish commenced, the Southerners had hung out a white rag and
surrendered. The swift-flowing Rapidan, nearly three hundred feet wide,
separated them from us, but we compelled them to wade over. In this way,
without a casualty to ourselves, we bagged 101 prisoners, and not a man
escaped to the enemy to give warning of our approach.
We had just secured our prisoners when General Slocum came up. He
immediately took in the situation, and ordered us to cross the river and
secure the heights on the other side. We had had a good time laughing at
our prisoners as we made them cross over to us, with the water up to
their armpits; but when we had to go in ourselves, it did not seem so
funny. It was still early in the spring, and the water was icy cold from
the melting snow in the mountains. Moreover, the current was so swift
that some mounted officers and cavalry who went in ahead of us could
scarcely keep a footing. If a horse stumbled, he was washed off his feet
in an instant and carried down stream. In fact, one man was drowned in
such an accident, and several others had narrow escapes. We prepared for
crossing by placing our ammunition and provisions, and such valuables
as would be injured by the water, on the ends of the muskets or on our
heads, and plunged in. We had the small men distributed among the large
ones, and in this way crossed without serious trouble. We were followed
in the same manner by the Second Massachusetts. Once across we pushed
rapidly for the hill overlooking the ford, where we took a strong
position and threw out our pickets.
The pontoon train had by this time come up, and a bridge was soon built.
The remainder of our Corps and the Eleventh Corps then crossed and went
into camp ahead of us. We now gathered about our fires, and dried out
our clothes in order to have them once more in comfortable shape by
bed-time.
The next morning we moved to Chancellorsville, where we arrived early in
the day. It is a very big name for a very small place; at that time it
contained only one house. The position which we had thus gained
uncovered the road to United States Ford, on the Rappahannock. Here
another pontoon bridge was laid, and General Hooker crossed it with his
force. We were all in the best of spirits, for in securing this
advantage of position we thought that the victory had already been
gained.
On the morning of May 1 our Brigade engaged in a successful
reconnoissance toward Fredericksburg, in which we captured a number of
prisoners. On our return to Chancellorsville we were sent to occupy a
slight rise of ground at Hazel Grove, about a mile southwest of
Chancellor House. Here, in a sharp skirmish with the enemy,
Lieutenant-Colonel Scott was shot through the head by a chance ball and
instantly killed. During the afternoon, General Hooker rode around the
lines, jubilant over the success of his movements. Several times he
remarked that now he had got the Confederates where he wanted them, and
they would have to fight us on our own ground or be destroyed. At that
time the army still had unbounded confidence in him; but it seemed to me
a bit curious that the man who was ready at Antietam to lead 150 men to
a charge on the whole Southern army, should now get into entrenchment
when he had at his command 150,000 soldiers.
The night passed off without incident. At about ten o'clock the next
morning it was discovered that the enemy were moving wagon trains toward
the southwest. Birney's Division of the Fifth Corps, which had been in
position somewhere in our rear, was sent out at about noon to stop them.
A sharp musketry fire for a minute or two indicated to us that the
attack had been made, and soon after several hundred Southern prisoners
were sent back to us under guard. At about four in the afternoon, our
Regiment was ordered to deploy as skirmishers through the woods upon the
left of Birney, to capture Confederate stragglers who were believed to
be lurking there in large numbers. Obedient to these orders we piled up
our knapsacks, overcoats, and other baggage, behind the breastworks we
had built, and moved forward into the woods. We had advanced about half
a mile from our entrenchments, when the storm broke loose in the rear.
The army of Stonewall Jackson had struck the Eleventh Corps in the flank
and rear, and had brushed it away like a swarm of flies before a
hurricane. I was afterward told that the defeated Corps came tumbling
along through the woods, an indiscriminate mass of flying men, pack
mules with their packs turned, and stray artillery horses. Nor did they
bring up until they were stopped at Chancellorsville by three regiments
of Hooker's cavalry. However, the best troops in the world could not, if
struck in the same way, have stood against such an attack.
Our line was now halted to await developments. Very soon a Confederate
battery was in position on the hill which we had just left, and was
throwing shells over toward Chancellor House. Directly in our front, to
the south, another battery was firing in the same direction. We were
hidden from this second battery by timber and underbrush, but were so
close to it that in the intervals of the firing we could distinctly hear
the strokes of swabs and rammers as the guns were swabbed out, and the
charges rammed home. From my position I could see the battery near our
old entrenchments, as it came up and commenced firing. However, it did
not remain there long. The fire from our own batteries, near the
Chancellor House, blew up two caissons or their limber chests, and the
rest of the Southern battery sought a safer place.
The roar of artillery and musketry still continued around the Chancellor
House and to the west of it; but we could tell by the sound of the
firing that the Confederate advance had been stayed. By seven o'clock
darkness had settled over the field, bringing with it for a time
comparative quiet. We began to look around now, for a way out of the
woods, and back to our Corps. Our scouts soon found that Geary's
Division still held the entrenchments which they had built the night
before, and that we might return safely through their lines to the
Chancellor House. By nine o'clock, therefore, we were once more in line
of battle with the rest of the Brigade, in the woods west of the House.
Shortly after our return, occurred the confusion in which Stonewall
Jackson was mortally wounded. Our picket line had been driven in by the
enemy, and we had fired a volley or two into the woods on our front. At
the same time we had been fired on in the darkness by the Thirteenth New
Jersey. General Jackson was struck just at this time, in the woods into
which we had fired. It has been presumed that he was hit by his own
men, but there is a possibility that the bullet came from the Third
Wisconsin.
We secured but little sleep that night. Our artillery continued throwing
shot and shell over our heads into the woods fronting us, where the
enemy were supposed to be in force. At midnight the Confederates again
attacked us; but Birney's Division, which had been cut off from us in
the afternoon by Jackson's attack, struck them with fixed bayonets in
the flank at the same time that we opened on them in the front--and of
course we made short work of them. We had now regained the ground where
we had left our knapsacks, but for fear of another attack, the officers
would not let us go up after them. So we shivered miserably through the
night, and in the morning arose thoroughly chilled.
The enemy, however, soon gave us enough to do to warm our blood.
Birney's Division had, during the night, taken a new position in our
advance, at Hazel Grove. It was attacked early Sunday morning, and in
the course of an hour driven back with the reported loss of one of its
batteries. As Birney's men passed back over us, the enemy came on,
flushed with victory, and in some disorder. But in a few minutes we sent
them back, in worse disorder than they had come. We followed them for a
quarter of a mile, but there encountered a second line. In a short time
we had the satisfaction of seeing their backs, also, dimly in the
distance. Colonel Colgrove of the Twenty-Seventh Indiana, who was
commanding the Brigade, now ordered a bayonet charge; but before we were
fairly started, General Ruger sent orders not to advance any farther.
Soon the enemy attacked again; but after a stubborn fight we sent them
back for a third time, their ranks disorganized and the ground thickly
strewn with their dead.
It was now near nine o'clock. We had been fighting continuously for
three hours, and all of the ammunition that we carried had been
exhausted. That carried by the pack mules had been distributed, also,
and was nearly all fired away. The muskets had become so heated and foul
that it was difficult to load them. Some of the pieces were so hot that
the cartridge would explode as soon as it struck the bottom of the gun,
and before the man had been able to aim. Because of this, we were
relieved by a fresh brigade, and marched back about a mile to the rear.
From there we were sent to a position a little northeast of the
Chancellor House, where we built breastworks and remained until the army
was withdrawn across the river.
All the rest of the day we could hear the firing to our right, and the
next day, off in the direction of Fredericksburg, where Sedgwick's Corps
was engaged; but we made no move. We only sat around, wearily watching
the time pass away, until the night of the 5th, when preparations began
to be made for the withdrawal of the army to the north bank of the
river. The night was cold and rainy. Our blankets and overcoats had been
lost, for we had left them on the second night of the battle to pick up
stragglers, and fires were not permitted, lest they reveal our movement.
As we shivered through the long, dark hours, all the admiration vanished
that we had previously felt for Fighting Joe Hooker.
Toward day we silently withdrew from the entrenchments we had made, and
marched off to the river. We found when we came near, however, that the
approaches to the bridge were still crowded with the moving troops; we
had, therefore, to double-quick back to the entrenchments, and wait
until the bridge was cleared. Then we crossed over, the last of the
army, entirely unmolested except for a few shells thrown by a
Confederate battery.
We now returned to Stafford Court House, and at night pitched our tents
on the very ground we had left ten days before. We were all thoroughly
discouraged over the outcome of our expedition, and feeling, as one of
our officers expressed it, "that we had gone out for wool, and come back
shorn." The old soldiers who took part in that movement cannot think of
it, to this day, but with the strongest feelings of disgust.
The camp that we occupied on our return to Stafford Court House was one
of the best we ever had. It was an old orchard, with a vacant field near
by for a drill and parade ground. Our friends, the Second Massachusetts,
occupied one end of the orchard and we the other. Between us was a good
baseball ground, where we amused ourselves at playing ball or pitching
quoits. Every night after supper, the officers of the two regiments
would get together for a big game, while the rank and file would follow
suit, and our drill ground would present an animated sight. Thus we
whiled away the time with considerable comfort, often speculating on the
possibility of the enemy coming across the river to attack us. So many
regiments of two-year men and nine-months men were being mustered out of
the service, that we did not consider it at all likely that we would
cross the river until our ranks were filled by the conscription which
had then been ordered.
_A Cavalry Expedition_
On June 6 this easy life came to an end. The company commanders of our
Regiment were summoned to the Colonel's tent, and informed that the
Regiment had been selected to accompany a cavalry expedition. We were
instructed to leave behind all baggage not carried on the persons of the
men, and to take only those who could march thirty miles a day. The
expedition was to be composed of the two best regiments in each
corps--the Second Massachusetts and ourselves having been selected from
the Twelfth.
We left our camp at about six o'clock and marched that night to Spott
Tavern, fifteen miles away. The next day we reached Bealeton Station,
where we bivouacked in the woods until the night of the 8th, awaiting
the arrival of our cavalry. We were joined here by a number of other
regiments, the whole force being under command of General Ames. Our
State pride was highly gratified to find four Wisconsin regiments in
this detail of picked commands from every corps.
On the night of the 8th, our whole force, infantry, artillery, and
cavalry, moved down to the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford. The next
morning, a portion of the Third Wisconsin was deployed to cover the
crossing; but the enemy had not discovered us, and we passed over
without trouble. The cavalry now pushed on to Brandy Station, on the
railroad; the infantry following, with our detachment in the lead. The
cavalry were soon briskly engaged, and in a little while Colonel Davis,
their commanding officer, was brought back mortally wounded. The
infantry was now disposed on the flanks, to guard the cavalry from being
taken at a disadvantage. The fighting soon became general, being mostly
by detached companies deployed as skirmishers. At one time, in advancing
with my Company to clear out a piece of woods, I had a lively fight for
a short time; five men out of the twenty with me were severely wounded
before we drove the enemy from their shelter. At another time, Company D
succeeded in getting on the flank and rear of a North Carolina regiment,
and captured over a hundred prisoners. Some of our cavalry regiments
were pretty severely handled at the beginning of the fight, especially
before the infantry came up. On the whole, however, the expedition was a
success, resulting in the capture of the headquarters of the Confederate
cavalry leader, General J. E. B. Stuart, together with many valuable
papers and orders relating to the contemplated invasion of the North.
_Gettysburg_
We now recrossed Beverly Ford and went into camp until the 12th. Then we
learned that the Confederate army was on the move toward the North, and
that our army was marching to Manassas Junction and Centerville. We
therefore marched in the same direction, and on the 16th rejoined our
Corps near Centerville. Reaching Leesburg on the 18th, we went into
camp. We had no definite information as to the location of the
Confederate army, but rather suspected that it was moving into the
Shenandoah Valley. This suspicion was confirmed when we learned that
they had occupied Winchester and Martinsburg. We heard of them next as
crossing the Potomac at Williamsport and marching into Pennsylvania.
During our stay at Leesburg, several men from a New York regiment were
shot for desertion. They were the first executions for that crime in our
army, and for a time, they produced a great sensation. On the 26th we
crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry, and proceeded up the river to the
mouth of the Monocacy; thence we moved across to Frederick City, where
we went into camp early on the afternoon of the 28th.
During the night I learned that our Division was under marching orders
to strike for Williamsport in the morning, and destroy the bridge on
which the enemy had crossed the Potomac. We were to destroy, also, all
boats and ferries that might be used by the Confederates in a retreat.
Then we were to rejoin the army if we could; if not, to move west to
Cumberland, and rejoin as opportunity offered. With morning, however,
came a change of commanders, and with it also, a change of orders.
General Hooker had been superseded by General Meade, and now we were
ordered northward to follow the army that had gone ahead.
At noon on July 1, while we were preparing our dinner at Two Taverns,
some eight miles south of Gettysburg, the distant rumbling of artillery
to the north announced to us the opening of a great battle. The
cannonading became more and more furious as the minutes passed, until in
the distance it sounded like one continual roll of thunder. At length
came the order to march, and in five minutes we were on the road to the
front as fast as our strength could take us. As we trudged along, we met
hundreds of Confederate prisoners being sent to the rear, as well as a
good many of our own wounded, on their way to the field hospitals. Of
stragglers, there were exceptionally few.
On the run we reached Cemetery Ridge, where we learned that the First
and Eleventh corps had been compelled to fall back through the town of
Gettysburg. They had taken a new position on a ridge east of the city. A
portion of our Brigade now filed off to the right, across Rock Creek,
thence north about half a mile; and then, having deployed about half of
our Regiment as skirmishers, advanced toward the west until we were
sharply engaged with the enemy's skirmishers. Only a little over two
hours had passed from the time when we received the order to march eight
miles distant, before we were in position on the extreme right of the
line of battle, checking the advance of the enemy in that direction.
There we remained until sunset, when we were relieved by the cavalry,
and recrossed Rock Creek to the west side.
As the remainder of our Corps had come up, they took position on the
right of the First Corps. We now rejoined them there, our own right
resting on Rock Creek. Immediately we began to throw up breastworks,
and by evening had built for ourselves quite respectable entrenchments.
It rained during most of the night; but in spite of that and the enemy,
we secured a good rest for the next day's work.