[164] See _The Psychology of Peoples_ and _The Crowd_.
[165] _Origin and Development of Religious Belief_, i. pp. 343-8.
[166] _History of European Morals_, ii. pp. 107-10. For a careful
description of the monastic discipline in its more normal aspects, see
Bingham's Works, vol. ii. bk. vi. Gibbon gives his usual brilliant
summary of the movement in chapter xxxvii. of the _Decline and Fall_. A
host of facts similar to those cited by Lecky will be found in _The Book
of Paradise_, 2 vols., trans. by Wallis Budge. Lea's _History of
Sacerdotal Celibacy_ gives the classical and authoritative account of
the moral consequences of the practice of celibacy. For a vivid picture
of the psychology of the ascetic, see Flaubert's great romance, _St.
Antony_.
[167] Cited by Lecky, ii. p. 131.
[168] Dean Milman, _Hist. of Latin Christianity_, ii. pp. 81-2.
[169] Lecky, ii. pp. 134-5.
[170] _Hereditary Genius_, 1869, p. 357.
[171] Lea, p. 109.
[172] Lea, p. 332.
[173] See Lea, pp. 353-4.
[174] For a fine sketch of Roman municipal life, see Dill's _Roman
Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius_, chap. ii.
[175] _Hist. of Latin Christianity_, i. pp. 317-8.