[144] _Idem_, p. 42.
[145] _Report_, p. 43.
[146] The Circular of the 7th September, 1903, has reference to
the “prohibition” to despatch armed soldiers in charge of black
non-commissioned officers, and not, as would appear from the
incorrect copy produced by the Consul, to the “instruction.”—(Annex
VII. of the _Report_, p. 80.)
_Memorandum_
Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of the 19th April, 1904, a copy of
which was handed to the Congo Government on the 27th April by his
Excellency Sir Constantine Phipps, calls for certain remarks.
With regard to the opinion to which this dispatch takes exception,
“that the interests of humanity have been used in this country as a
pretext to conceal designs for the abolition of the Congo State,”
it will be well to remember that a Member of the House of Commons
declared that he would prefer “to see the Valley of the Congo
pass into the hands of a foreign Power,” and that some pamphlets
described the “disruption of the Congo Free State,” the “partition
of the Congo Free State among the Powers,” as absolute and immediate
necessities, and even went so far as to suggest the bases of such a
partition; while the organs of the English press contemplated one of
two alternatives, either that “advocated by the more thorough-going
critics of the present Administration, namely, the disruption of the
Congo Free State,” or “the partition of the Congo territory among the
great Powers whose possessions in Africa border those of the Congo
Free State,” or declared that “what Europe ought to do, under the
leadership of Great Britain, is summarily to sweep the Congo Free
State out of existence.” The Congo State Note of the 17th September
has called attention to these suggestions, of which we merely point
out the tenor in this instance, and which all aimed at despoiling
the Sovereign-King, and at dispossessing him of the State which was
his own creation—suggestions which are entirely incompatible with
respect for rights and treaties, and with the motives of a purely
humanitarian and philanthropic nature by which the enemies of the
State allege themselves to be exclusively animated in the passionate
campaign which they are conducting against it.
In reply to the objections raised by His Majesty’s Government against
the communication of the entire text of Mr. Casement’s Report, the
Government of the Congo State points out that it has asked for the
complete Report precisely with a view to transmitting it to the
competent judicial and administrative authorities, without which
this communication would be purportless. The anxiety to obtain
an impartial inquiry and the rights of the defence render it an
imperative necessity that the men accused should be informed, in a
precise and fully detailed manner, of the acts laid to their charge;
the fear that the persons accused might be able, by means of the
knowledge they would have of the details, to influence or suppress
evidence, does not appear to be justified by the mere fact that the
natives, who, in the Epondo case, had given mendacious information
to the Consul, subsequently avoided presenting themselves before the
Magistrate presiding over the inquiry; the flight of these witnesses
is explained more naturally by the fact that they were conscious of
the grave fault they had committed in wittingly deceiving the English
Consul. If the Congo Government be permitted to give an assurance,
which it does willingly, that any case of suborning witnesses, or
any attempt to do so, would form the subject of a prosecution, it
is evidently not within its power to prejudice or quash such legal
measures as persons who might find themselves wrongfully accused
might consider it necessary to take, either in the interests of their
honour or their dignity.
The Government of the Congo State regrets that His Majesty’s
Government does not deem it necessary to communicate to it the other
previous Consular Reports to which Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of the
8th August, 1903, alluded. As was stated in the notes of the 12th
March last, these reports possessed the interest of having been
written at a date anterior to the inception of the present discussion.
A copy of this Memorandum will be addressed to the Powers to whom
copies of Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of the 19th April last was
transmitted.
ADMINISTRATION, CONGO FREE STATE, BRUSSELS,
May 14, 1904.
FEATURES OF THE LAND SYSTEM IN THE AFRICAN COLONIES OF GERMANY,
GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND PORTUGAL
The following notes are taken from the _Bulletin Officiel_ of June,
1903, reporting to the Sovereign the accounts of the Congo Free State
for the nineteenth year of its existence. The apt comparisons and
pointed remarks upon the land system of the State are the work of
M. le Chevalier de Cuvelier, Secretary of State for the Congo Free
State, an official of great executive ability, to whose tremendous
energy is due much of the later prosperity and progress which the
Congo State enjoys to the chagrin of its detractors. Chevalier de
Cuvelier has been engaged twenty years in the work of creating and
developing the State. His official utterances have the quality of
long experience behind them.
* * * * *
“During the twenty years that the rule of the State possession of
vacant lands has been inscribed in the laws of the Congo State, not
one of the Powers Signatory of the Berlin Act has pointed it out as
being contrary to that International Act, either at the time of the
publication in the _Official Bulletin_ of the regulation of 1885, or
on the occasion of any of the public applications made by the State
on successive occasions either in exploiting _en régie_ certain
lands of the Domain with the object of assuring to the Treasury
indispensable resources, or in granting concessions to certain
societies for the purpose of carrying out works of general utility
and contributing towards the public expenses.
“It can be said on the contrary that the Powers which, together
with the Congo State, are in possession of territory in the zone of
commercial liberty—France, Germany, Great Britain, Portugal—have
followed the same principles, and considered, like it, that the
Berlin Act no more excluded the right of property on the part of the
State than it excluded that of private individuals.
“In German East Africa the regulation of 1st September, 1891, says:
“‘ARTICLE 1.—The Government alone has the right to take possession
of vacant lands in the limits of the German sphere of influence in
East Africa fixed by the Anglo-German Convention of 1st July, 1890,
excepting for the length of the coast strip which was formerly part
of the Zanzibar sultanate, and in the provinces of Usambara, Nguru,
Usegua, Ukami, and the island of Mafia.’
“By the prior arrangement of 20th November, 1890, between the
Imperial Government and the _Deutsch Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft_,
the vacant lands of these latter regions were already found to be
assigned to that Company. The produce of the exploitation of the
forests throughout these territories, in the terms of Article 4 of
the contract of 5th February, 1894, was to be shared in equal halves
between the [German] Government and the Company.
“The [German] regulation of the 26th November, 1895, readmits the
principle:
“‘ARTICLE 1.—Under reserve of the rights of property, or of other
real rights that individuals or judicial persons, native chiefs
or villages, may advance, as well as rights of occupation by
third parties resulting from contracts effected with the Imperial
Government, all vacant land in German East Africa belongs to the
Crown.’
“The circular of the Imperial Governor von Liebert, dated 29th April,
1900, explains that:
“‘By the transference to the Empire of the sovereignty, all
pretensions to landed property derived from the sovereign rights,
real or apparent, of chiefs, sultans, etc., have passed to the
Empire. All land which has not been proved to be the private property
of an individual, or of a community, is to be considered as the
property of the Crown.’
“Under the powers of the regulations of 1895, concessions have
been granted in the terms taken, for example, from the acts of the
concession for the Urangi Society (1896) and the Gold Syndicate of
Usinja (1899):
“‘The Society receives the right to acquire under the prescriptions
of the land regulation of 26th November, 1895, a superficies of 100
square kilometres, either by contract with the natives, or by taking
provisional possession of vacant lands.’
“In the Cameroons, the south-east portion of which forms part of the
zone of liberty of commerce, there exists a regulation of the German
Emperor of 15th June, 1896, the first article of which is identical
with the first article of the regulation of 26th November, 1895, for
German East Africa.
“The Society of the South Cameroons has obtained there, 16th January,
1899, a charter of concession which grants it the property of the
domain lands situated between the 12th degree of West longitude, the
4th degree of North latitude, and the political frontiers of the
Cameroons to the South and to the East.
“In the French Congo, Article 19 of the order of the Government
Commissioner General of 26th September, 1891, decrees:
“‘Waste lands and abandoned lands, to the ownership of which no one
can legitimately lay claim, will be considered as belonging to the
State and will form part of the colonial domain. They can under that
head be alienated or conceded in the terms of the 5th and following
articles. Lands considered waste are those which are neither legally
occupied nor utilised in reality by any one.’
“Decrees passed in 1899 granted a totality of some forty concessions
_embracing almost the whole of the French territory_.
“In British East Africa, the powers given by the Royal Charter, 3d
September, 1888, to the Imperial British East Africa Company, whilst
Article 16 forbids it to grant any commercial monopoly, confer upon
it the right to ‘concede all lands for a period or in perpetuity, by
right of pledging them or otherwise.’
“After the British Protectorate was substituted for the Company,
the question of vacant lands was regulated in the following manner,
in accordance with the terms of the report of Mr. (now Sir) H. H.
Johnston, Her Britannic Majesty’s Special Commissioner, dated 27th
April, 1900:
“‘The land question may now be considered as partially solved over
the greater part of the Uganda Protectorate. Over all the more
thickly-inhabited countries the waste or unoccupied lands belong to
Her Majesty the Queen, having been transferred to the Crown, in most
cases by agreement with the chiefs, after payment of indemnities;
in some other cases, as in Unyoro, as the result of conquest....
By Proclamation it has been forbidden to any foreigner to acquire
land from the natives in any part of the Uganda Protectorate without
the prior assent of the Uganda Administration.... A large area of
the Kingdom of Uganda is guaranteed to the possession of its native
occupants. The rest of the land, including the forests, has now been
transferred by agreement to the Crown on behalf of, and in trust for,
the administration of the Uganda Protectorate.’
“Finally the land _régime_ in the Portuguese Colonies, especially
in Angola, is regulated by the decree of 9th May, 1901, the first
article of which stipulates:
“‘The State domain in the countries beyond the sea are all lands
which at the date of the publication of this law do not constitute
a private property, acquired according to the terms of Portuguese
legislation.’
“The Congolese law protects the natives in the enjoyment of the
lands that they occupy, and in fact not only are they not disturbed
in that enjoyment, but it even extends their cultivation and their
plantations in proportion with their necessities. Manifold are the
measures taken by the Congo State in order to safeguard the natives
against all spoliation:
“‘No one has the right to dispossess the natives of the lands which
they occupy.’ (Order of 1st July, 1885, Article 2.)
“‘The lands occupied by native populations under the authority of
their chiefs shall continue to be governed by local customs and
uses.’ (Decree of 14th September, 1886, Article 2.)
“‘All acts or conventions which would tend to expel the natives
from the lands that they occupy, or to deprive them, directly or
indirectly, of their liberty, or of their means of existence are
forbidden.’ (Decree of 14th September, 1886, Article 2.)
“‘When native villages are surrounded by alienated or leased lands,
the natives shall be able, as soon as the official measurement has
been effected, to extend their cultivation without the consent of the
proprietor, or the lessee, over the vacant lands which surround their
villages.’ (Decree of 9th April, 1893, Article 6.)
“‘The members of the Commission of Lands will specially examine
whether the lands asked for should not be reserved either for
requirements of public utility, or in view of permitting the
development of native cultivation.’ (Decree of 2nd February, 1898,
Article 2.)
“‘The other Powers have not understood otherwise than the Congo State
the obligations which are imposed upon them in this require in favour
of the natives. So the decrees of concessions in the French Congo
contain in the 10th Article the clause that:
“‘The Society having the concession cannot exercise the rights of
enjoyment and exploitation which are accorded to it except outside
villages occupied by natives, and the lands reserved to them for
purposes of cultivation, pasturage, or as forest. The surroundings
of these lands shall be fixed by the decisions of the Governor of
the Colony, which shall equally determine the lands over which the
natives shall preserve the rights of hunting and fishing.’
“In German East Africa, the regulation of the 27th November, 1895,
Article 2, stipulates:
“‘ARTICLE 2.—If on fixed lands, chiefs, villages, or other native
communities assert rights based upon a pretended sovereignty, or
if these rights belong to them, it will be necessary to take them
into account so far as possible, and to endeavour before anything to
arrive at a friendly arrangement in virtue of which the territory
necessary for the existence of the community shall be reserved, and
the remainder placed at the disposal of the Government.
“‘If this arrangement is not brought about, the Governor decides.’
“Commenting upon this arrangement, the circular of 29th April, 1900,
of the Imperial Governor von Liebert [Germany] gives the following
instructions:
“‘In principle there should only be left to the natives the lands of
which they have absolute need for their system of exchange, and for
the existence of their village communities. Nevertheless, in order
not to give rise to political complications, care will be taken
provisionally, in the practical execution of this rule, not to show
too much rigour, and especially is it recommended not to extend the
taking possession of property without an owner except in regions
which are under a strong administration.’
“The Portuguese decree of 9th May, 1901, says:
“‘ARTICLE 2.—The right of natives to lands habitually cultivated
by them, which are comprised in the sphere of the concessions,
is recognised; a certain extent of land shall be reserved for the
habitation and the agricultural work of those residing there.’”
CONCESSIONAIRES, PRIVATE FIRMS, AND COMMERCIAL TRADING COMPANIES IN
THE CONGO FREE STATE
There are at present over four hundred commercial establishments
carrying on trade in the Belgian Congo, among which are the following:
* * * * *
Société Anonyme Belge pour le Commerce du Haut-Congo, 31
establishments; Abir, 28; Nieuwe Afrikaansche Handels Vennootschap,
28; Société Anversoise du Commerce au Congo, 22; Comité Spécial du
Katanga, 21; Hatton & Cookson [Liverpool], 16; Comptoir Commercial
Congolais, 13; Valle & Azevedo, 12; Magasins Généraux, 12; Compagnie
du Congo Portugais, 10; Compagnie du Lomami, 9; Freitas & Barreira,
9; Produits Végétaux du Haut-Kasai, 8; Plantations de la Lukula, 7;
Crédit Commercial Congolais, 7; L’Enterprise Africaine, 7; Société
Isangi, 7; La Helgika, 6; Shanu, 6; L’Equatoriale Congolaise, 5; La
Congolia, 4; La Loanje, 4; Produits du Mayumbe, 4; La Lulonga, 4;
Comptoirs Congolais Velde, 4; Les Produits du Congo, 4; Samuel, 4;
Shanusi Agbabiaka, 4; Les Plantations Lacourt, 3; Société Forestière
et Commerciale du Haut-Congo, 3; Plantations du Lubefu, 3; Ferreira
Viegas, 3; La Djuma, 3; Syndicat Commercial et Agricole du Mayumbe,
3; Mouture et Panification, 2; Ikelemba, 2; Société d’Agriculture
et de Plantations au Congo, 2; Compagnie Agricole du Mayumbe, 2;
Ferreira Frères, 2; Traffic Congolais, 2; Société Africa, 2; Société
l’est du Kwango, 2; Dana Bernabe, 2; Carrico Frères, 2; Ribiero, 2;
Ferreira & Figueiredo, 2; Vicoso & Martins, 2; A. N. Figueiredo, 2;
Plantations Coloniales la Luki, 1; Compagnie Sucrière Européene et
Coloniale, 1; La Mayumbienne, 1; L’Urselia, 1; La Kassaïenne, 1;
Citas, 1; Compagnie Française du Haut-Congo, 1; Compagnie Bruxelloise
pour le Commerce du Haut-Congo, 1; La Centrale Africaine, 1; Harms &
Marcus, 1; D’Heygere, 1; Lemos et Irmôo, 1; Compagnie Franco-Belge,
1; Rocha Santos et Cie., 1; Agme, 1; Docteur Villa, 1; Messageries
Fluviales, 1; Folgosa, 1; Joao da Fonseca, 1; Rebello Luiz, 1;
Felgueiras, 1; Branca da Giovanni, 1; Gomez, 1; Nogueira, 1; Shanu,
1; Sabaï Smith, 1; Thomas, 1; Disu Aremu, 1; Smithe, 1; Adiolo
Balawao, 1; John Andrew, 1; Mana, 1; Somano Fayamo, 1; Radji Ibadan,
1; Davidson Williams, 1; Macole, 1; Georges Southey, 1; Lania, 1;
Abondu Ramano, 1; Mamadu Adejene, 1; Moses Williams, 1; John Sani,
1; J. W. Davis, 1; John David, 1; John Uriah, 1; Toki, 1; Adekule, 1;
Mabadu Vango, 1; N’chiama Lello, 1; Choko Malo, 1; Mafonda N’Baka,
1; Simpson, 1; Sacra Mancoga, 1; Latete Bako, 1; Peto N’Foa, 1;
Malenda Longo, 1; Chioma Moundoungou, 1; Sacra Shimbanda, 1; Hall
Chamberlain, 1.
PRINCIPAL CONGO OFFICIALS IN BRUSSELS, CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION
_Ministers of State_: Baron VAN EETVELDE, Chevalier DESCAMPS.
_Treasurer-General_: M. H. POCHEZ.
_Secretaries-General_: M. le Chevalier A. DE CUVELIER, Department of
Foreign Affairs and Justice; M. H. DROOGMANS,
Department of Finances; Commandant C. H.
LIEBRECHTS, Department of the Interior.
_Directors_: M. A. BAERTS, Chef de Cabinet; M. N. ARNOLD,
Auditor; M. ED. KERVYN, Director of the
Department
of Foreign Affairs; M. DE KEUZER,
Director of the Department of Finances; Le
Major LOMBARD, and Commandant F. LEBRUN,
Directors of the Department of the Interior.
_Chief of Division_: M. G. OLYFF, Chief of Division of the
Department of Foreign Affairs.
OFFICIALS OF THE LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONGO FREE STATE
_Governor-General_: Général Baron WAHIS.
_Vice-Governors-General_: FUCHS, WANGERMÉE, COSTERMANS.
_Secretary-General_: VAN DAMME.
_Directors_: Of Justice: A. GOHR.
Of Finance: DELHAYE.
Of Agriculture: BROHÉE.
Of Public Works: ITTEN.
_Court of Appeal_: President, Interior Administration: Baron
G. NISCO.
Judges: HORSTMANS, A. GOHR.
_Court of First Instance_: Judge: T. BEECKMAN.
_Prosecuting Attorney_: F. WALEFFE.
_Magistrates_ (_Territorial Judges and Substitutes_): See Chapter XXII.
_Public Force_: Commander-in-Chief: Major WARNANT.
_Chief of the District_ of Boma, COSTERMANS.
Banana, Dr. CASSÉ.
Matadi, DERACHE.
The Cataracts, DELHAYE.
Stanley Pool, MAHIEU.
Lake Leopold II., STORMS.
The Equateur, STEVENS.
The Bangalas, GÉRARD.
The Ubanghi, BERTRAND.
The Uelle, WACQUEZ.
_Chief of the Zone_: Rubi Uelle, POURBAIX.
Uere Bomu, HOLM.
Bomokandi, SAROLÉA.
Gurba Dungu, SAMAES.
Enclave of Lado, SERESCHE.
_Chief of the District_ of the Aruwimi, PIMPURNIAUX.
Lualaba, CHENOT.
Kwango, DUVIVIER.
Oriental Prov., DE MEULEMEESTER.
_Chief of the Zone_ of Haut-Ituri, ENGH.
Ponthierville, CORDELLA.
Manyema, VERDICK.
Stanley Falls, FEDERSPIEL.
Ruzizi-Kivu, TOMBEUR.
THE BELGIAN MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES
Baron LUDOVIC MONCHEUR, Belgian Legation, Washington, D.C.
Baron Moncheur graduated at the University of Louvain (Belgium) in
philosophy, letters, and law, with the highest honours. He entered
the diplomatic service of Belgium at the age of twenty-five, and was
successively Attaché to the Belgian Legation at The Hague in 1883;
Second Secretary, Belgian Legation at Vienna, 1885; First Secretary,
Belgian Legation at Berlin, 1887; Counsellor of the Belgian Legation
at Rome, 1892; Chargé d’Affaires at Luxembourg, 1897; Minister
Resident of Belgium to Mexico, 1898; Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of Belgium to the United States, 1901. He is a member
of the Geographical Society of Antwerp, and author of _La Terre
chaude Mexicaine_ and _From Tampico to the Pacific_.
The Baroness Moncheur is a daughter of the Hon. Powell Clayton,
United States Minister to Mexico.
INDEX
A
A. B. I. R., 608
Aborigines’ Protection Society, 369, 374;
damaging estimate of its work and methods, _note_, 376 _et seq._,
451 _et seq._, 456, 478
Africa, formerly called the “Dark Continent,” 2;
its value unrecognised, _ibid._;
diamonds in, _ibid._;
its climate once thought to be fatal to Europeans, _ibid._;
portioned by Europe in eighteenth century to facilitate slave
trade, 129
Africa, Central, slavery in, 5;
creation of International Association for its exploration and
civilisation, 12;
its healthfulness insisted upon by Livingstone and Stanley, 17;
large sections claimed by England, France, Portugal, and Germany,
_ibid._;
review of, 64 _et seq._;
nomadic habits of its people, 223;
their superstition, _ibid._;
its consequences, 224;
the iron horse in, 252;
its real curse, 289
African Exploration Fund, 29;
London Geographical Society contributes £250, _ibid._;
Belgian Committee collects 500,000 francs, _ibid._
African explorers, Gladstone’s opinion of, 4
Albert Edward, Lake, 56, 208
Albert Nyanza, Lake, 52, 56
Albertville, 58
Alcohol, in Congo Free State, 138;
its prohibition, 273;
in Lagos, _note_, 289, 311
Alvensleben, Count Von, 136;
speech at second Brussels Conference, 143
American Baptist Missionary Union, 299, 300;
fifteen grants of land to, 387
American Congo Mission, two grants of land to, 387
American Indians, Wheaton on their political status, 71
American Secretary of State (Mr. Fish) on political status of
savages, 72
Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, treaty of, 553 _et seq._;
its ratification by United States, 559
Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
it is quashed, _ibid._
Anti-slavery meeting at Cologne, 131
Anti-Slavery Society, of Belgium, founded by Cardinal Lavigerie, 91
Arab slave-traders, 5
Armstrong, Rev. W. D. _See_ Epondo.
Arnot, Mr. Frederick Stanley, on native punishments, 426
Arntz, Prof. Égide, 105;
argument by, 516
Aruwimi, 52, 179
Ascenso, Signor, Italian physician, remarks on Congo Free State,
428 _et seq._
Askaris, a Congolese tribe employed by Stanley as carriers, 39
Atrocities, Congo, 578, 595 _et seq._
Austria-Hungary, 68
Avakubi, 219, 220, 221
Azandés, 158
B
Bacon on progress of States, 18
Bacteriological Institute, 268
Bahr-Djur, 213
Bahr-el-Ghazal, France objects to Great Britain leasing it to Congo
Free State, 208, 210;
British scheme to break lease, 210, 211, 213;
vast mineral wealth discovered there, 214
Baker, Sir Samuel, employed by Khedive of Egypt, 4;
discovers Lake Albert, _ibid._
Bakumu, cannibal tribe, 46;
Stanley’s encounters with, _ibid._
Balolo, the “men of iron,” 46
Bangala, 74
Bankes, Mr. J. Eldon, K. C., 341
Banning, M. Emile, 136
Bantu race, 309
Banzyville, 53
Baoilis, 153
Baptist Missionary Society of London, 299, 300
Baraka, 59
Barbour, Rev. Thomas S., presents memorial to Congress, 387
_et seq._, 396
Baron A. Descamps. _See_ Descamps, Baron A.
Baron de Courcel. _See_ Courcel.
Baron Dhanis. _See_ Dhanis.
Baron Gericke d’Herwijen. _See_ D’Herwijen.
Baron Lambermont. _See_ Lambermont, Baron.
Baron Nisco. _See_ Nisco, Baron.
Baron Van Eetvelde. _See_ Eetvelde, Baron Van.
Batetelas, 52;
their grievance, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222;
their revolt crushed, 222
Baudouinville, 58, 59
Beernaert, M., Belgian Minister of Finance, speech by, 97
Belgian and French boundary, 46
Belgian Anti-Slavery Society, raises volunteer corps to protect
individual liberty, 200;
despatches three missionary expeditions to Congo, _ibid._
Belgian Society of the Upper Congo, 178
_Belgique, La_, twin-screw steamer employed by Stanley, 39
Bena Kalunga, 194
Benedetti, M. Antoine, 373;
appointed chief commissary of Congo State, 376;
pretends he is opposed to Congo Government, 377
Bergamoyo, 33
Berlin Conference, 23, 26, 94, 308, 309;
the General Act of, its full text, 530 _et seq._
Bernard, Montague, on _de jure_ and _de facto_ governments, 69
Besche, De, 218
Bia, Lieutenant, 47
Bigwood, Mr., 353
Bird, Strode & Bird, Messrs., solicitors, 341
Bishop Taylor Self-Supporting Mission, 300;
seven grants of land to, 387
Bismarck, Prince, convenes International Conference at Berlin to
regulate “African Question,” 23;
speech, _ibid._;
speech, 26;
speech at close of Berlin Conference, 94
_Black and White_ comments upon Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of
August 8, 1903, 459
Blood-brotherhood, 160
Blue Mountains, 52, 53
Bluntschli, M., on the rights of new States, 527
Bokala, 50
Boma, a native fort, 187, 188, _note_;
description of, by Dr. Hinde, 191
Bosco, M. Gennaro, public prosecutor. _See_ Epondo.
Bosoko, 179
Boston Peace Conference, 389
Boula Matari, native name for Stanley, 235
Boulger, Mr. Demetrius C., 165, _note_, 188
Bourée, M., 136
Bourne, Mr. Fox, Secretary Aborigines’ Protection Society, 372, 373,
386
Bowara, 54
Brabant, Duke of (_see_ Leopold II.), 4, 65
Brassem, Lieut., 47
Brazza, De, 262
Britain, Great, recognises Portugal’s claims to Congo River, 20;
declines to aid Stanley, 65;
appeals to King Leopold to call conference at Brussels to concert
measures for suppression of slavery on East Coast of Africa, 132;
land system of its African colonies, 612 _et seq._
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 610
British Baptist Society Corporation, fifteen grants of land to, 387
British colonies, crown lands in, 329;
system of government attacked, 589
British expedition to Congo, 43
Brussels, International Conference of Geographers (1876) at, 7, 134;
Brussels Second Conference (1889-90), declaration of General
Act of, 552 _et seq._;
ratification by United States, 559 _et seq._
Bruyn, De, 181, 183
Bryon, M., 34
Bull, John, paints the map red, 19;
some of his traits, 366 _et seq._;
his missionaries at work for his merchants, 388
Burdo, M., 36
Burrows, Captain Guy, is charged by Belgian officers with libel,
340 _et seq._;
claims to have silenced Captain Salusbury, 348;
is announced to contribute series of articles on Congo Free State
to
_Wide World Magazine_, 351;
agrees with R. A. Everett & Co. as to publication of book about
Congo, _ibid._;
his agreement with Mr. John George Leigh, 353
Burton, Sir Richard, discovers Lake Tanganyika, 4, 58
Busira-Momboya River, 335
C
Cambier, Lieut., 32;
assumes command of Belgian expedition, 33;
reaches Mirambo’s territory, _ibid._;
becomes “blood-brother” of Mirambo, _ibid._;
founds station on Lake Tanganyika, 34;
learns of death of Wautier, _ibid._;
hands over command to Captain Ramaeckers, 36, 253, 256
Cameron, Commander Lovett, on native punishments, 425
Campbell, Mr. John, M.P., derides anti-Congo agitation, 370
Canada, British, concessions in, 328
Canisius, M., 349
Cannibalism, 161;
State circular on repression of, 566 _et seq._
Caoutchouc. _See_ Rubber.
Cape-to-Cairo Railway, 208
Cardinal Lavigerie, 90
Carlyle, Thomas, his philosophy, 63
Carriers, their insubordination, 34
Casement, Mr. Roger, his Britannic Majesty’s consul, 175, 234;
Congo Government’s reply to his report refused publication by
London editors, 369;
suppression of parts of his report favourable to Congo Free State,
371, 465, 475 _et seq._, 477;
notes by Congo Administration on his report, 591 _et seq._
Cassart, Lieut., 185
Cataracts of Mokoangi, 54
Cataracts Railway, 252;
cost of travelling upon, 255
Cataracts of Zongo, 54
_Catholic Herald_, 371 _et seq._
Cattle, 269
Central Africa. _See_ Africa, Central.
Chaltin, Commandant, 190;
strikes severe blow at Dervishes, 201, 219;
his action for libel against Captain Guy Burrows, 340 _et seq._
Charing Cross Hospital, London, 267
Chieftaincies, native, 239
Chige, battle at, 182, 183
Chimay, Prince de, 135
Christian and Missionary Alliance, 300
Christy, Dr., English physician, remarks on Congo Free State,
430 _et seq._
_Chronique_, 461
Cicatrisation, 156
Cinnamon, 268
Clarke, Sir Edward, K.C., 341;
his speech in case against Captain Guy Burrows and Messrs. R. A.
Everett & Co., 342 _et seq._, 363, 364
Cloves, 269
Coal, discovery of, 291
Cocoa, 268;
State reward for native cultivation of, 269
Coffee, 53, 268;
State reward for native cultivation of, 269
Cologne, anti-slavery meeting at, 131
Colonel Strauch. _See_ Strauch.
_Comité d’ Études du Haut-Congo_ formed at Brussels, 29;
its name changed to International Association of the Congo, 39;
Stanley enters its service, _ibid._
Commerce, Chamber of, of Manchester (England), correspondence with
British Secretary for Foreign Affairs _re_ Upper Congo, 529 _et
seq._
Commerce, Chamber of, of State of New York, resolution of, 528 _et
seq._
Concessionary companies, 116;
their contracts with the State and their operations, 322 _et seq._
Congo Bololo Mission, 299;
seven grants of land to, 387
Congo, Conventional Basin of the, its limits, 206
Congo Free State, its evolution, 2;
conceived by King of the Belgians and Stanley, 22;
its flag, 26;
extent, 44;
boundary with North-eastern Rhodesia, 47;
its natural wealth, 51;
early legislation in, 66;
a properly organised government previous to General Act of Berlin
Congress, 67;
recognised as such by Powers previous to that Act, _ibid._;
declaration concerning, by General Sanford, 79;
recognised as a friendly government by American Secretary of State
Frelinghuysen 80;
makes treaties with United States in 1884 and 1885, 92;
freedom of trade established in, by General Act of Berlin
Conference, _ibid._;
treaties with various powers, 93;
attacked by Sir Charles Dilke in British Parliament, 96;
develops land, 115;
_concessionaire_ companies in, 116;
alcohol in, 138;
import duties, 140;
cost of founding the State, 145;
bequeathed by Sovereign to Belgium, 149;
population, 151;
origin of races, 152 _et seq._;
Public Force, 164;
prohibits trade in firearms, gunpowder, and other explosives, 200;
regulates contracts of service, _ibid._;
creates volunteer corps to protect individual liberty, _ibid._;
delimitation of its territory, 206;
its enemies, 223;
displacement of population, 225;
internal administration, 228;
nationality of its servants, 230;
Department of Justice, 231,
intrigues against, 235;
its means of communication with Europe, 249;
scientific stations in, 264;
climate, 265;
influx of Europeans and Americans, _ibid._;
trade and revenue, 277;
receives from King Leopold annual subsidy of 1,000,000 francs, 278;
exports and imports, 280-286;
Herr Eberhard Von Schkopp on trade of, 287;
declining trade with England, 290;
discoveries of gold, coal, and copper in, 291;
revenue, 292;
expenditure, 294 _et seq._;
monetary system, _ibid._;
missions in, 299;
schools, 301;
origin of land system, 313;
unappropriated lands declared property of, 314;
dealings with foreign squatters upon lands in Congo Basin, 316;
adopts Torrens Act system of transferring land titles, 317;
appoints Land Commission, 318;
authorises natives to work mines on own account, 319;
recognises certain local customs as valid, 320;
its various land tenures, 322;
traders’ alleged grievances against, 330 _et seq._;
domain of the crown, its extent, 335 _et seq._;
its forests finest in the world, 336;
its mining laws, _ibid. et seq._;
campaign against, begun in America, 387;
its value generally recognised, 447;
replies to Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of August 8, 1903, 458;
reception of reply by British press, 460;
instructions respecting officials and natives, 569;
text of reply to British dispatch of August 8, 1903, 577 _et seq._;
official correspondence with Great Britain, 590;
notes on Mr. Casement’s report, 591 _et seq._;
concessionaires, private firms, and trading companies therein,
616 _et seq._;
principal officials in Brussels, 617;
principal local officials, _ibid._
Congo, Lower, 201;
charted by buoys, 250, 252
Congo, Middle, 46, 201
Congo Question, 3
Congo Reform Association (of Liverpool), its specious arguments, 315;
letter to, from editor of _Catholic Herald_, _note_, 371, 374, 452;
establishes its American headquarters at Boston, 467
Congo Reform Association, Secretary of, 372;
enters into correspondence with Mr. Benedetti, and requests
interview
with him, 378, 379;
introduces Mr. Benedetti to Mr. John Holt, 380;
his agreement with Mr. Benedetti, 381 _et seq._;
receives letter from Mr. Benedetti, 383, 384, 386;
presents memorial to President Roosevelt, asking for American
intervention in affairs of Congo Free State, 388;
abuses King Leopold at Boston Peace Congress, 395;
is estimated by Major James Harrison, 409 _et seq._;
publishes book attacking government of French Congo, 447 _et seq._;
ceases hostility to French Congo, _ibid._;
the Congo coroner, 468;
specimen of his vituperative fanfaronade, 470 _et seq._
Congo River, its source, 45;
discovered by Livingstone, _ibid._;
its harbours and shipping, 250;
Sir Travers Twiss on free navigation of, 502;
navigation of, as provided for in General Act of Berlin Conference,
536 _et seq._
Congo, Upper, 44, 187;
slavery finally extinguished on, 201, 252
Copal, 272
Copper, discovery of, 291
Coquilhat, Captain, 165
_Corriere Toscano_, 463
Count Van der Straeten Ponthoz. _See_ Ponthoz.
Courcel, Baron de, speech at International Conference, Berlin, 27
Cranborne, Viscount. _See_ Salisbury, Marquess of.
Crespel, Captain, commands first Belgian expedition, 32;
arrives at Zanzibar, _ibid._;
his death, _ibid._
Crispe, Mr., K. C., 341, 357
Cromer, Lord, reports upon migratory habit of Soudan population,
226, 454
Crystal Mountains, 47
_Curse of Central Africa, The_, title of book by Captain Guy
Burrows, 353
Curzon, Viscount, Viceroy and Governor-General of India, his
opinion of the Congo Free State Government, 422
Cuvelier, Chevalier de., Secretary of State of Congo Free State, 293
D
_Daily Chronicle_, letter to, from Sir Harry Johnston, 401 _et seq._
_Daily News_, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374
_Daily Telegraph_ (London), Stanley’s letters to, 38
D’Arenberg, Prince F., 453
Davis, Mr. Alexander, his opinion of the Congo Free State Government,
extracted from his book, _The Native Problem in South Africa_,
418 _et seq._
Defence of Congo Free State, 577 _et seq._
Dekere, 54
De Keyser, Captain Henri Joseph Leon, his action for libel against
Captain Guy Burrows, 340 _et seq._;
is awarded £500 damages and costs, 363
Delcommune, Lieut., 47, 55, 184, 185
Delecourt, Lieut., 220
Derscheid, Lieut., 47
Descamps, Baron A., his work entitled _New Africa_, 74;
exposition of international law, 81;
on _Government Civilisation in New Countries_, 110, 257, 293;
exposition of early Congolese policy, 309;
analysis of theory of State ownership of vacant lands, 315
Dhanis, Lieut. (afterwards Baron), 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185,
186, 187, _note_ 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194;
his final report on Arab campaign, 195, 219, 220, 221, 222
D’Herwijnen, Baron Gericke, 141
Diego Cam, discoverer of the Congo, 42
Dilke, Sir Charles, attacks Congo Free State in British Parliament,
96, 370, 447, 455
Dirfi, 220
Doorme, Lieut., 187
Doumergue, M. Gaston (French Colonial Minister), decree consolidating
legislation for French West Africa, 338 _et seq._
Droeven, 218
Dubreucq, Commandant, his action for libel against Captain Guy
Burrows,
340 _et seq._
Duchesne, Lieut., 182
Dufile, railroad to Redjaf, 256
Dufourny, A., President of the Federation for the Defence of Belgian
Interests Abroad, 395
Dupont, Professor, assistant at Court of Inquiry, 476
Dutalis, Lieut., 35
Dutrieux, Dr., 33
E
Edward, King of England, visits Paris, 448
Eetvelde, Baron Van, 136;
report on conscription, 168;
report on civilisation of native races, 202;
reviews complete work of Congo Free State, 203
Egypt, Khedive of, employs Sir Samuel Baker, 4;
is coerced by Europe to suppress slave-trading on the Upper Nile,
6;
employs Sir Samuel Baker and General Gordon to govern the Soudan,
_ibid._
Ekongo, King of, 42;
his conversion to Christianity, _ibid._;
old kingdom of, 43
Elephants, Indian, experiment with, 35;
abundant in Kivu forest, 57, 272
Emin Pasha, 53, 60, 188
Employees, dismissed, misrepresentations by, 580
_En Avant_, steamer employed by Stanley, 39
England, claims large sections of Africa, 17;
decreasing trade with Congo Free State, 290;
its cause, _ibid._
Epondo case, 595 _et seq._
Equateurville, 46, 50
Etienne, M. Eugène, dissertation on the French Congo and Congo Free
State, 324 _et seq._
_Étoile Belge_, 346, 355
_Evening Transcript_, 463 _et seq._
Everett, Messrs. R. A. & Co., London publishers, legal action against
for libel, 340 _et seq._;
letter from, to Secretary of State of Congo Free State, 351 _et
seq._
Expedition, British, to Congo, 43
Exports from Congo Free State, 1903 (statistics of), 280;
value of, _ibid._;
comparison with previous years, 281
F
Fashoda, 212, 213
Favereau, Baron de, 478
Federation for the Defence of Belgian Interests Abroad, 389;
address to President Roosevelt, 390, 479
Fetish doctor, 223, 224, 225
Fiji Islands, 610
_Force Publique_, 216
Foreign Christian Missionary Society, 300
Forfeit, Mr. William, remarks on Congo Free State, 427 _et seq._
Flanders, Count of, becomes President of National Committee of
International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of
Central Africa, 13
France, war with Germany, 4;
claims large sections of Africa, 17;
sets up her flag at Brazzaville, 19;
denounces Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
recognises International Association as a friendly Government, 22;
land system of its African colonies, 612 _et seq._
Franciscans, 301
Francqui, Lieut., 47, 59, 184
Fraud, A gross, 157
Frelinghuysen, F. F., American Secretary of State, recognises Congo
Free State as a friendly Government, 80
French and Belgian boundary, 46
French Sheldon, Mrs., on atrocities in Congo Free State, 445
Frere, Sir Bartle, becomes Governor of the Cape, 12;
letter to, from Mr. H. Nixon, on baneful influence of Aborigines’
Protection Society, 377
Fuchs, M., reports on Public Force, 170;
suggests (in his capacity of Vice-Governor-General) plan to control
migration of natives, 226;
report of July, 1904, 229;
report on routes for motor cars, 263
G
Gandu, 181, 217, 218
Garenganze Evangelical Mission, 300
_General Anzeiger_, 461
Germaine, Mr., K. C., 341
Germany, war with France, 4;
claims large sections of Africa, 17;
wants part of East Africa, 19;
denounces Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
recognises International Association as a friendly Government, 22;
invites Powers to confer in Berlin, _ibid._;
land system of its African colonies, 612 _et seq._
Ghent, Sisters of Charity, 301
Gibbons, Cardinal, 438;
letter to Secretary Congo Reform Association, 439 _et seq._
Gibbons, Major H. H., opinion of Congo State, 583
Gillain, Commandant, 187, 194, 217, 218
Ginger, 268
Gladstone, his opinion of African explorers, 4
_Globe, The_, letter from Lord Mountmorres to, 441 _et seq._
Gois Kapopa, 184
Gold, discovery of, 291
Goldsmid, Sir Frederic, his report on Portuguese claims, 21
Gongo Lutete. _See_ Lutete.
Gongo Machoffe, 219
_Goodwill_, English Baptist mission steamer, 300
Gordon, General, is employed by Khedive of Egypt to govern Soudan, 6;
appointed by King Leopold to chief command on the Congo, 41;
British Government claim his services, _ibid._
Gortchakoff, Prince, 68
Grant discovers sources of the Nile and Lake Victoria, 4
Granville, Lord, 20;
on development of trade in Central Africa, 530
Great Britain. _See_ Britain, Great.
Grégoire, M., assistant at Court of Inquiry, 476
Grenfell, Mr. George, English missionary, remarks on Congo Free State,
427;
on administration of justice in, 568 _et seq._
Grey, Mr., English civil engineer, remarks on Congo Free State,
435 _et seq._
Grison, Rev. Father, missionary in charge of St. Gabriel’s, Stanley
Falls, 301;
extracts from his diary, 302;
his strenuous life, 306, 307
Guinness, Dr. H. Grattan, lectures in Scotland on atrocities in Congo
Free State, 424 _et seq._, 427
Guinness, Mrs. H. Grattan, her testimony different from that of her
husband, 425
H
_Hamburgische Börsen Halle, Neue_, its estimate of British opinion of
Congo Free State, 333 _et seq._
Hamed-ben-Mohamed, _note_, 179
Hanssens, Captain, 40
Harbey, Rev. C. H., testifies as to lying proclivities of natives,
600. _See_ Epondo.
Harrison, Major James, 369, 374;
letter to London _Times_, 404 _et seq._;
remarks upon side issue raised by Secretary of Congo Reform
Association, 409 _et seq._
Head, Mr. George, M.A., demolishes arguments of Secretary of Congo
Reform Association at Boston Peace Congress, 396
Head tax, in British colonies, 582
Health committees, 268
Heffter, his theory of the existence of a State, 528
Henderson, Mr. John, his comments on Consul Casement’s report,
466 _et seq._
Henry, Commandant, 220, 221, 222
Heusch, De, Lieut., 194;
is killed in battle, _ibid._
Heuval, Dr. Van den, 35
Heymans, Captain, 54
Hinde, Dr. Sidney, 179, 183, _note_, 188;
his description of a boma, _note_, 191
Hodister, 178
Holland, Queen of, 143
Holt, Mr. John, Liverpool merchant, 373;
pays Mr. Benedetti £40, 383, 384;
his trading company loses its case against the _Compagnie Française
du Congo Occidental_ before the Council of Appeal at Libreville,
450
Horses, 269
Hospital for Natives, Boma, 268
Humanitarianism, pretext of, 578
Hut tax, in British colonies, 582, 605
Hygienic Commission, Boma, 265
I
Import duties, 140
Imports into Congo Free State, 1903, 282, 283, 284, 286;
compared with imports of previous years, 286
_Independance Belge_, 352, 353, 374
Influenza, 187
International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of
Central Africa, creation of, 12;
General Sanford (United States Minister at Brussels) becomes
member, 13;
receives influential support, _ibid._;
receives report of Commission of Eight, 25;
founds station on Lake Tanganyika, 34;
stations created by, 491;
its recognition by United States as a friendly Government
recommended by Senator Morgan, 492;
treaties with Germany, Great Britain, France, and Portugal,
544 _et seq._;
declaration exchanged with Belgium, _ibid._
International Missionary Alliance, 300;
eleven grants of land to, 387
Irebu, 56
Itembo, 52
Itimbiri, 251
Ituri, forest of, 52
Ivory, tax on, 178, 272;
export duty on, 278
J
Janssen, M. Camille, 165
Janssens, M., president of Committee of Inquiry, 476
Japan, domainal system of, 334
Jesuits, 301
Johnston, Sir Harry, G. C. M. G., 152;
quotation from his book, _The Uganda Protectorate_, 400 _et seq._
Juan II., King of Portugal, 42
Junker, Dr., German explorer, 53;
on native punishments, 425
Jürgens, 218
K
Kabambari, 191
Kabinda, 43;
attacked by Batetelas, 217, 218
Kabindas, a Congolese tribe employed by Stanley as carriers, 39
Kakongos, 153
Kalengo. _See_ Epondo.
Karema, 34
Kassai, 50
Kassali, Lake, 48
Kasson, Mr., United States Plenipotentiary, 107
Kassongo, 47, 181, 182, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 221
Katanga, 48;
copper deposits in, _ibid._;
soon to be reached by railroad, 48, 184
Katué, 221
Khartoum, 214
Khedive of Egypt employs Sir Samuel Baker, 4
Kibala Mountains, the African Switzerland, 48
Kiranga-cha-gungo, largest inland volcano in world, 57
Kirk, Sir John, 136, 426
Kipango, 186
Kivu, Lake of, 57
_Kleine_ Journal, 462
Konings, 218
Kwango, 50
L
_La Liberté_, 460
La Lulonga Society. _See_ Epondo, 608
Labour, question of native, 581
Labudi, 47
Lado, Enclave of, 210
Lado territory, 219
Laeken, Brussels, King Leopold’s palace, 248
Lagos, British colony of, its revenue, 1898-1901, _note_, 289;
sixty-five per cent. of revenue derived from alcoholic liquor, 311;
wasteful methods of dealing with rubber and timber, 323;
decline of prosperity in, _ibid._, 374, 468;
its revenue reviewed by the Lagos _Standard_, 469 _et seq._
Lake Albert Edward, 56
Lake Albert Nyanza, 52, 56
Lake Kassali, 48
Lake Kivu, 57
Lake Leopold II., discovered by Stanley, 56
Lake Matumba, 46, 53
Lake Moero, 49
Lake Tanganyika. _See_ Tanganyika.
Lambermont, Baron, attends Brussels Conference (1876), 8;
reports upon safeguards for native races, 26;
drafts final act of International Conference, _ibid._;
on slavery, 89;
his definition of free trade, 111;
presides over Second Brussels Conference, 136
Land system, features of the, in the African colonies of Germany,
Great Britain, France, and Portugal, 612 _et seq._ (_See_ Congo
Free State, 586)
Lange, De, Belgian officer, 192
Lansdowne, Marquess of, 450;
his dispatch to the Powers Signatory to the Berlin Act,
457 _et seq._;
its reception by British press, 460, 465;
dispatch to the Powers Signatory of the General Act of Berlin
respecting alleged cases of ill-treatment of natives and the
existence of trade monopolies in Congo State, 573 _et seq._
Launay, Count de, 298
Laveleye, M. Emile, 105
Lavigerie, Cardinal, 90;
founds Belgian Anti-Slavery Society, 91;
visits Belgium, 134, 426
Lawrence, William Beach, on what constitutes a State, 528
Le Marinel, Lieut., 178, 179
Leigh, Mr. John George, his agreement with Captain Guy Burrows, 353
Leopold II. (King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Congo Free
State), his accession to Belgian throne, 2;
believes Africa promising outlet for surplus European population, 3;
his magnificent physique and personal accomplishments, _ibid._;
perceives opportunity to civilise Central Africans and found Belgian
colony, _ibid._;
his scheme disregarded, _ibid._;
speech before Belgian Senate in 1860, 4;
his philanthropy, 6;
considers how the slave trade in Africa can be abolished, _ibid._;
convenes an international conference of geographers in Brussels
(1876)
to discuss the subject, 7;
his circular letter, _ibid._;
his speech, 8;
becomes President of International Association for the Exploration
and
Civilisation of Central Africa, 12;
speech before National Committee, 14;
his desire for new markets for Belgian manufactures, 17;
his prescience, _ibid._;
spends largely of his private fortune to suppress slavery, 18;
appeal to British Government, 21;
recognised by Powers as Sovereign ruler of Congo Free State, 28;
becomes honorary President of the _Comité d’Études du Haut-Congo_,
29;
invites Stanley to Brussels, 39;
induces him to enter service of International Association of the
Congo
(new name of the _Comité d’Études du Haut-Congo_), _ibid._;
plans campaign of exploration, 60;
a true friend to Stanley, 65;
his early declaration, _ibid._;
letter to his ministers, 99;
authorised by Belgian Chamber to assume sovereignty of Congo Free
State, 101;
his acknowledgment, _ibid._;
receives congratulations and is visited by Lord Mayor of London,
101, 102;
is appealed to by British Government to call conference at Brussels
to concert measures for suppression of slavery on East Coast of
Africa, 132;
letter to M. Beernaert, 147;
bequeaths sovereignty of Congo Free State to Belgium, 149;
_note_, 179;
confers title of Baron on Captain Dhanis, 195;
his plans to suppress slavery excite little interest, 197;
depletes his fortune to achieve his object, 198;
receives scant support outside Belgium, _ibid._;
his Majesty’s mandate, _ibid._;
his first object realised, 205;
his political foresight, 210;
his energy and industry, 248;
Laeken, his palace at Brussels, _ibid._;
his châlet at Ostend, _ibid._;
his immense expenditure on Congo State, 276;
impossible to recover, 277;
grants annual subsidy of 1,000,000 francs to Congo State, 278;
his early declarations consistently carried out, 320;
Captain Guy Burrows dedicates book to, 347;
is abused by Secretary of Congo Reform Association at Boston Peace
Congress, 395;
Congo Free State likely to fulfil his expectations, 447
Leopoldville, 46;
fortnightly communication with Stanley Falls, 251;
treaty of, 489
Leroi, Captain, 219, 220
Leslie, Rev. W. H., of American Baptist Missionary Union, 411;
contributes article on Congo to _Missionary Review of the World_,
414
Liebrechts, Mr., Secretary-General of Congo Free State, letters to
from
Captain Burrows, 347 _et seq._
Lindi, 221
Lindt, Van, Lieut., 189
Lippens, 181, 183
Livingstone, Dr., enters Congo region, 1860, and discovers lakes Moero
and Bangweolo, 4;
found by Stanley in 1871, _ibid._;
says white man can live in Central Africa, 17, 197
Livingstone Inland Mission, 299
Lomami, 49, 50, 51, 181, 182, 183, 217, 218
Lopori, 49
Lothaire, Commandant, 194, 217, 218, 219
Lua, 54
Luahilimta, 57
Lualaba, 47, 177, 186, 251
Lualaba-Kassai, 201
Luapula, 47
Lubefu, 50, 335
Lubuga, 57
Lubukine, 194
Lufila, 47
Lufupa, 47
Lukenie River, 335
Lulongo, 49, 50
Luluabourg, 74, 201;
outbreak of Batetelas at, 216, 218
Lumber, 272
Lunda country, 74
Lusambo, 179, 201, 217
Lusana, 183
Lutete, Gongo, 179;
his personality, 180, 181, 182, 184;
is court-martialled and shot, 190;
disastrous consequences of that event, 191, 216
M
Mabode, 52
Maes, Dr., 32;
his death, _ibid._
Maguire, Dr., English missionary, remarks on Congo Free State,
429 _et seq._
Mahagi, 212
Malet, Sir Edward, attends International Conference at Berlin, 24;
speech, 27
Maloney, Mr. J. A., on native punishments, 426
Malumba, Batetela mutineer, murdered by one of his followers, 221
Manning, Cardinal, 131
Manyema, collectors of ivory, 59, 182;
country of, 191, 218, 221
Marès, M. Roland de, 384
Marno, M., 32
Marriage, Christian, among natives, 273
Martens, Prof., 136
Martin of Bohemia, cosmographer 42
Matadi, 47, 252, 253;
trains from, 255
Matumba, Lake, 46, 53, 56
Mayombés, 153
Mayumbe Railway, 256
Mbomu, 54, 208, 209, 210
Meshra-er-Rek, 213
Mfini, 56
Mgonda-Mkali, 33
Michaux, Captain, 182, 183, 184, 218
Middle Congo, 46, 48
Mirambo, 33;
his conflict with Simba, 36
Missionaries, 299, 300, 301, 385, 387, 411, 424, 425, 427, 429;
deceived by native witnesses, 233
Missions, Protestant, 299
_Modes et Robes à la Congo_, 154
Moero, Lake, 49;
south-eastern boundary between British territory and Congo Free
State, 59
Moharra, Munie, 181, 184, 185, 186
Mohun, Mr., formerly United States Consul at Boma, 411;
his opinion of Congo Free State Government, 415 _et seq._
Mokoangi, Cataracts of, 54
Molieka, 52
Moltke, Von, 180
Moncheur, Baron, Belgian Minister to United States, 389;
career, 618
Mongalla, 52
Moore, English naturalist, 57;
discovers zoölogical remains of a dead sea, 59
Morgan, Senator, of Alabama, presents memorial to Congress, 388;
submits Report from Committee on Foreign Relations recommending
United States to recognise International African Association as
friendly government, 492
_Morning Advertiser_, comments upon Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of
August 8, 1903, 458 _et seq._;
betrays some British desires, 459
_Morning Post_, 369;
letter to from Major James Harrison, 409;
from Mr. Grey, 435 _et seq._
Morrison, Rev. Mr. W. M., of Lexington, Va., 385;
fails to obtain land concessions and special privileges, 386;
his statements compared with facts, 387, 388, 396, 456
Mountains, Blue, 52, 53
Mountains, Crystal, 47
Mountains, Kibala, 48
Mountains, Pallaballa, 252, 253
Mountmorres, Lord, 374;
starts on journey through Congo Free State, 440;
letter from, to London _Globe_, 441 _et seq._
Mpala, 37
Msiri, 48
Münster _Westphal_, 462
Musserongés, 153
Mwadi, 184
Mwana Mkwanga, Arab camp at, 191
N
Natives, Commission for Protection of, report of first meeting,
572 _et seq._;
alleged to be ill-treated, 573 _et seq._
Nerincx, Professor A., coadjutor of Baron Moncheur, 389
Netherlands, Prince Henry of,
becomes President of the National Committee of the International
Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa,
13
_New York Herald_, Stanley’s letters to, 38
_New York Press_, 464
Neyn, M. De, assistant at Court of Inquiry, 476
Niadi Kwilu Basin explored, 73
Niadi, treaty with King of, 490
Niam-Niam, tribe inhabiting Bahr-el-Ghazal country, 214
Niangara, 53
Niger, navigation of the, as provided for in General Act of Berlin
Conference, 541 _et seq._
Nisco, Baron, President of Court of Appeal, 232;
member of Court of Inquiry, 476
Nôtre Dame, Sisters of, 301
Nutmegs, 269
Nyangwe, 45, 52, 59, 181, 182, 186, 187, 188, 217, 221
Nys, M. Ernest, 77
Nzilo, 47
O
Obi, 220
Omdurman, battle of, 213
Ordeal by poison, 159;
State Circular on repression of, 566 _et seq._
Ostend, King Leopold’s châlet at, 248
_Our Lady of Perpetual Help_, Roman Catholic Mission steamer, 300
Ourroussof, Prince, 136
P
Padrão Foreland, 42
Pallaballa Mountains, 252, 253
Palmerston, Lord, on recognition of States by British Government, 528
Panga Falls, 53
Parliament, British, debate in, 580
Partition of Congo State, 578 _et seq._, 610
_Peace_, English Baptist Mission steamer, 300
Pepper, 268
_Petit Bleu_, interview with Stanley published in, 397
_Phare de la Loire_, 461
_Philippeville, SS._, 477
Phipps, Sir Constantine, his Britannic Majesty’s minister at Brussels,
dispatch on protection of natives, 561 _et seq._
Photographs, faking of, 371 _et seq._, 602 _et seq._
Pigmies, 156
Poison, ordeal by, 159
Polidori, Signor, Italian physician, remarks on Congo Free State,
428 _et seq._
Poll tax, in British colonies, 582
Polygamy, 163, 273
Ponthier, Captain, 190, 191, 193
Ponthoz, Count Van der Straeten, on safeguarding native races, 26
Pope Leo XIII., encyclical on abolition of slavery in Brazil, 90;
receives Central African Christian Negroes, _ibid._;
his speech, _ibid._
Popelin, Captain, commands second Belgian expedition, 35;
death of, 37
Population, displacement of, 225;
diminution of, 591 _et seq._
Portugal, claims large sections of Africa, 17;
claims Congo River, 19;
land system of its African colonies, 612 _et seq._
Postal Service, 244
Prémontré Fathers, 301
_Prestation_, natives’ contribution of labour towards support of
State, 294
Public Force, 164
_Public Ledger_, 465
Puttkamer, Herr Von, Governor of the Cameroons, his opinion of the
navigation of the Congo River, 252
Q
Queen of Holland, 143
R
Ramaeckers, Captain, commands fourth Belgian expedition, 36;
joins his colleagues at Tanganyika, _ibid._;
takes over command from Cambier, _ibid._;
death of, 37
Rashid, 179, 189, 190, 194
Redemptionists, 301
Redjaf, 201;
railroad to Dufile, 256
_Reed, Henri_, American Baptist Mission steamer, 300
Rejoinder of Congo State to charges in Consul Casement’s Report,
590 _et seq._
Reply of Congo State to British Dispatch, Aug. 8, 1903, denying that
Administration involves systematic cruelty to natives, 577 _et seq._
Revenue, various sources of, 279
Rhodes, Cecil, 208;
prophetic utterance by, 454
Rhodesia, North-eastern, and Congo Free State boundary, 47;
taxes in, 605 _et seq._
Riba Riba, 178
Ridley, Mr. Justice, tries suit for libel brought by Belgian officers
against Messrs. R. A. Everett & Co. and Captain Guy Burrows, in
London, 340 _et seq._;
his charge to jury, 358
Roger, M., 36
Roman Catholic Mission, forty-four grants of land to, 387
Roosevelt, President, 388, 389
_Royal_, steamer employed by Stanley, 39
Rubber (caoutchouc), its cultivation and collection, 270;
its varieties, 272;
export duty on, 278;
decrease in export of, from eight British colonies, 324 _et seq._
Rubi, 52
Rudolph, Archduke, of Austria, becomes President of National Committee
of International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation
of Central Africa, 13
Ruki, 50
Rumeliza, chief of Ujiji, 191, 193, 194
Rusisi, 57
S
Sacred Heart of Mary, Sisters of the, 301
Sacred Heart, Priests of the, 301
Salisbury, Marquess of, his opinion of the Congo Free State
Government,
423, 456, 584
Salisbury, Marquess of (the late), his opinion of the Congo Free State
Government, 423
Salusbury, Captain, his allegations against Congo Free State denied by
Captain Guy Burrows, 346
Sambas Plateau, 50
Sanford, General (United States Minister at Brussels), becomes member
of International Society for the Exploration and Civilisation of
Central Africa, 13;
declaration by, 79;
founds, with M. Georges Brugmann, Exploring Expedition, 276
Sankuru, 50, 179, 336
Sannaes, Lieut., 221
San Salvador, 43
Scherlink, Lieut., 183
Scheut Fathers, 301
Schkopp, Herr Eberhard Von, his remarks upon Congolese trade, 287
School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, 267
Schumacher, Dr. De, member of Court of Inquiry, 476, 478
Scott, Mr. G. A., 341
Sefu, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190
Semlika, boundary between British and Belgian possessions, 56
Semliki, 221
Seyyid Burghash, Sultan, 32
Shanu, British subject of Lagos, tries to induce Mr. Benedetti to join
anti-Congo campaign, 377 _et seq._
Sierra Leone, convictions for maltreatment of natives in, 582
Simba, his conflict with Mirambo, 36
Sir Bartle Frere. _See_ Frere, Sir Bartle.
Sir Charles Dilke. _See_ Dilke, Sir Charles.
Sir Frederic Goldsmid. _See_ Goldsmid, Sir Frederic.
Sir Harry Johnston. _See_ Johnston, Sir Harry.
Sir John Kirk. _See_ Kirk, Sir John.
Sir Travers Twiss. _See_ Twiss, Sir Travers.
Slavery in Central Africa, 5;
slavery defined, 83;
antiquity of, _ibid._;
Christ the first liberationist, 84;
first awakening to infamy of slavery, _ibid._;
England’s traffic in slaves, _ibid._;
her retribution, 85;
America’s civil war to abolish, _ibid._;
still extant in some countries, _ibid._;
England’s efforts to suppress, 86;
horrors of, 87;
Baron Lambermont on, 89;
Pope Leo XIII.’s encyclical on, 90;
its strange uses before the founding of Congo Free State, 274;
Congo State accused of, 294;
declaration concerning, in General Act of Berlin Conference,
535 _et seq._
Sleeping sickness, 225;
no known cure for, 266
Smallpox, 187, 221, 225, 266
Smet de Naeyer, Count de, 478
Soudan, migratory habit of its population, 226
South Africa, British punitive expeditions in, for collection of taxes
from natives, 607
Spain, King of, becomes President of National Committee of
International
Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa,
13
Speke, Captain, discovers Lake Tanganyika, and sources of the Nile and
Lake Victoria, 4, 58
St. Paul de Loanda, 43
_Standard, The_, comments upon Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of
August 8, 1903, 459
Stanley Falls, 46, 52, 179, 181, 194, 220, 221;
fortnightly communication with Leopoldville, 251
Stanley, Henry Morton, Sir, discovers Dr. Livingstone, 4;
says white man can live in Central Africa, 17;
visits Congo in interest of King Leopold, 20;
demonstrates importance of Congo River in letters to _New York
Herald_ and London _Daily Telegraph_, 39;
founds and fortifies station at Vivi, 40;
constructs road from Vivi to Isanghila, _ibid._;
founds a station at Manyanga, _ibid._;
learns of French founding Brazzaville, and replies by founding
Leopoldville, _ibid._;
goes to Brussels to report progress, _ibid._;
returns to Central Africa, February, 1883;
his achievements impossible without King Leopold’s aid, 65, 197;
Boula Matari, native name for, _note_, 235;
insists upon necessity of railroad round the thirty-two cataracts,
253, 262, 274, 275;
on a common measure of civilisation, 277;
writes introduction to book by Captain Guy Burrows, 347;
the true motive of the anti-Congo campaign, 370;
his opinion of Congo Free State Government, 397 _et seq._;
Congo Free State likely to fulfil his expectations, 447
Stanley Pool, 50, 252
Stanleyville, railroad from, to Great Lakes, 256
Stephanieville, treaty of, 490
Stokes, executed for selling arms to State’s enemies in time of war,
originally Protestant missionary, 307, 373, 452
Storm, Lieut., founds station at Mpala, 37
Strauch, Colonel, President of the _Comité d’Études du Haut-Congo_,
29, 67
Sugar, 53, 272
Svensson, 218
Swanton, Mr., 341
Swedish Missionary Society, 300;
nine grants of land to, 387
T
Tanganyika, Lake, effort to found station at, 34;
the first station of the International Association for the
Exploration
and Civilisation of Central Africa, _ibid._;
partitioned equally between Congo Free State and German East
Africa, 58;
discovered in 1858 by Burton and Speke, _ibid._;
first circumnavigated by Stanley, _ibid._, 191, 194, 200, 208
Taxation, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain ridicules native exoneration from,
581 _et seq._;
defends theory of, 582
Taxation of natives, 114;
their migration to avoid, 224;
personal, the bases of, 293;
reduction of direct, _ibid._
Telegraph, 59
Telegraph service, 245
Telephone, 59
Telephone service, 245
Terrell, Mr., 136
Tervueren, Brussels, Museum, containing objects illustrating Central
African life, 265
Thomas, Mr. Lewis, 341
Thys, Lieut., 256
_Times, The_, 373, 384;
letter from Major James Harrison, 404 _et seq._, 459;
French criticism of, 460
Tippo Tip, 59, _note_, 179, 180, 181, 183, 189, 194
Tobacco, 53, 272
Tobback, M., resident for Congo Free State at Stanley Falls, 189
_To-Day_, 466
Trappistines, 301
Trappists, 301
Tuckey, James Kingston, British explorer, 43
Twiss, Sir Travers, 105;
on free navigation of the Congo, 502
U
Ubanghi, 53, 208, 251
Uelle, 53, 177, 201, 208, 209
Uelle Railway, proposed extension, 54
Uganda Protectorate. _See_ Harrison, Major.
Ujiji, 191
United States, particulars of their origin recorded, 1;
recognises International Association as a friendly Government, 22;
makes treaties with Congo Free State in 1884 and 1885, 92, 199
Upper Congo, 44;
Belgian Society of the, 178
Uranga, 49
Usamba Plateau, 49
V
Van Dorpe, Captain, 165
Van Gele, 53
Vanilla, 269
Vattel on manner of acquiring sovereignty of free country, 527
Vivi, first station founded by Stanley, 40;
road from, to Isanghila made by Stanley, _ibid._;
treaty of, 487
Vivian, Lord, 136; speech at Second Brussels Conference, 142
Vohsen, Consul, 453
Von Bornhaupt, Herr, 453
Von Gotzen, Count, discoverer of volcano Kiranga-cha-gungo, 57
Von Moltke. _See_ Moltke, Von.
W
Waddas, 53
Wagenia, a riverain tribe, 186, 187
Wahis, Colonel (afterwards General Baron Wahis), 253;
speech describing Congolese conditions twenty years ago, 479 _et
seq._
Washington, Mr. Booker, 424
Wauters, A. J., _note_, 188
Wautier, Lieut., 33;
his death, 34
_West Africa_, journal of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce,
450 _et seq._
Wheaton, on recognition of States, 69;
on political status of American Indians, 71
White Fathers, 301
Whiteley, Mr. James Gustavus, of Baltimore, his opinion of the Congo
Free State Government, 411 _et seq._
Widows, strangling, 158
Wingate, Sir Reginald, 454
Winton, Sir Francis de (Governor-General of Congo during absence of
Stanley), formulates land system, 313
Wissmann, 262
Wissmann Falls, 50
Wolf, Eugène, admonition from, 462
Wouters, De, Lieut., 185, 188, 193, 194;
his death, 195
Wulfers, Rev. Father, of the Romee Mission, Yanonghi, 302;
extracts from his diary, 303-305
Y
Yambuya, 52
_Young Africa_, one-screw barge employed by Stanley, 39
Z
Zanzibar, Englishmen murdered by brigands at, 35
Zongo, Cataracts of, 54
[Illustration: CENTRAL AFRICA
TO ACCOMPANY THE
“STORY OF THE CONGO FREE STATE”
By Henry Wellington Wack]
Transcriber’s Notes
pg xiii Changed: Soldiers’ Mess, Suruango, 1903 (Uelle) 189
to: Soldiers’ Mess, Suruango, 1903 (Uelle) 186
pg vii Changed: Preface v
to: Preface iii
pg 19 Changed: her desire for huge territorities
to: her desire for huge territories
pg 85 Changed: because of the strangely prevalent opinon
to: because of the strangely prevalent opinion
pg 128 Changed: a crime of high treason againt humanity.
to: a crime of high treason against humanity.
pg 140 Changed: King Leopold’s rapid acheivements
to: King Leopold’s rapid achievements
pg 156 Changed illustration: Native to Death for Canibalism
to: Native to Death for Cannibalism
pg 286 Changed: English Possessions (East Coast, Africa) 5,210.079
to: English Possessions (East Coast, Africa) 59,210.73
pg 387 Changed: The campaign against the Cong
to: The campaign against the Congo
pg 425 Changed: written by Mrs. H. Gratten Guinness
to: written by Mrs. H. Grattan Guinness
pg 604 Changed: by work on the social condtion
to: by work on the social condition