as far westward as _Greece_ and _Libya_, and the trade of the _Red Sea_
being richer; the _Tyrians_ traded on the _Red Sea_ in conjunction with
_Solomon_ and the Kings of _Judah_, 'till after the _Trojan_ war; and so
also did the Merchants of _Aradus_, _Arvad_, or _Arpad_: for in the
_Persian Gulph_ [97] were two Islands called _Tyre_ and _Aradus_, which had
Temples like the _Phœnician_; and therefore the _Tyrians_ and _Aradians_
sailed thither, and beyond, to the Coasts of _India_, while the _Zidonians_
frequented the _Mediterranean_: and hence it is that _Homer_ celebrates
_Zidon_, and makes no mention of _Tyre_. But at length, [98] in the Reign
of _Jehoram_ King of _Judah_, _Edom_ revolted from the Dominion of _Judah_,
and made themselves a King; and the trade of _Judah_ and _Tyre_ upon the
_Red Sea_ being thereby interrupted, the _Tyrians_ built ships for
merchandise upon the _Mediterranean_, and began there to make long Voyages
to places not yet frequented by the _Zidonians_; some of them going to the
coasts of _Afric_ beyond the _Syrtes_, and building _Adrymetum_,
_Carthage_, _Leptis_, _Utica_, and _Capsa_; and others going to the Coasts
of _Spain_, and building _Carteia_, _Gades_ and _Tartessus_; and others
going further to the _Fortunate Islands_, and to _Britain_ and _Thule_.
_Jehoram_ Reigned eight years, and the two last years was sick in his
bowels, and before that sickness _Edom_ revolted, because of _Jehoram_'s
wicked Reign: if we place that revolt about the middle of the first six
years, it will fall upon the fifth year of _Pygmalion_ King of _Tyre_, and
so was about twelve or fifteen years after the taking of _Troy_: and then,
by reason of this revolt, the _Tyrians_ retired from the _Red Sea_, and
began long Voyages upon the _Mediterranean_; for in the seventh year of
_Pygmalion_, his Sister _Dido_ sailed to the Coast of _Afric_ beyond the
_Syrtes_, and there built _Carthage_. This retiring of the _Tyrians_ from
the _Red Sea_ to make long Voyages on the _Mediterranean_, together with
the flight of the _Edomites_ from _David_ to the _Philistims_, gave
occasion to the tradition both of the ancient _Persians_, and of the
_Phœnicians_ themselves, that the _Phœnicians_ came originally from the
_Red Sea_ to the coasts of the _Mediterranean_, and presently undertook
long Voyages, as _Herodotus_ [99] relates: for _Herodotus_, in the
beginning of his first book, relates that the _Phœnicians_ coming from the
_Red Sea_ to the _Mediterranean_, and beginning to make long Voyages with
_Egyptian_ and _Assyrian_ wares, among other places came to _Argos_, and
having sold their wares, seized and carried away into _Egypt_ some of the
_Grecian_ women who came to buy them; and amongst those women was _Io_ the
daughter of _Inachus_. The _Phœnicians_ therefore came from the _Red Sea_,
in the days of _Io_ and her brother _Phoroneus_ King of _Argos_, and by
consequence at that time when _David_ conquered the _Edomites_, and made
them fly every way from the _Red Sea_; some into _Egypt_ with their young
King, and others to the _Philistims_ their next neighbours and the enemies
of _David_. And this flight gave occasion to the _Philistims_ to call many
places _Erythra_, in memory of their being _Erythreans_ or _Edomites_, and
of their coming from the _Erythrean_ Sea; for _Erythra_ was the name of a
City in _Ionia_, of another in _Libya_, of another in _Locris_, of another
in _Bœotia_, of another in _Cyprus_, of another in _Ætolia_, of another in
_Asia_ near _Chius_; and _Erythia Acra_ was a promontory in _Libya_, and
_Erythræum_ a promontory in _Crete_, and _Erythros_ a place near _Tybur_,
and _Erythini_ a City or Country in _Paphlagonia_: and the name _Erythea_
or _Erythræ_ was given to the Island _Gades_, peopled by _Phœnicians_. So
_Solinus_, [100] _In capite Bæticæ insula a continenti septingentis
passibus memoratur quam Tyrii a rubro mari profecti Erytheam, Pœni sua
lingua Gadir, id est sepem nominarunt._ And _Pliny_, [101] concerning a
little Island near it; _Erythia dicta est quoniam Tyrii Aborigines eorum,
orti ab Erythræo mari ferebantur._ Among the _Phœnicians_ who came with
_Cadmus_ into _Greece_, there were [102] _Arabians_, and [103] _Erythreans_
or Inhabitants of the _Red Sea_, that is _Edomites_; and in _Thrace_ there
settled a People who were circumcised and called _Odomantes_, that is, as
some think, _Edomites_. _Edom_, _Erythra_ and _Phœnicia_ are names of the
same signification, the words denoting a red colour: which makes it
probable that the _Erythreans_ who fled from _David_, settled in great
numbers in _Phœnicia_, that is, in all the Sea-coasts of _Syria_ from
_Egypt_ to _Zidon_; and by calling themselves _Phœnicians_ in the language
of _Syria_, instead of _Erythreans_, gave the name of _Phœnicia_ to all
that Sea-coast, and to that only. So _Strabo_: [104] ‛Οι μεν γαρ και τους
Φοινικας, και τους Σιδονιους τους καθ' ‛ημας αποικους ειναι των εν τωι
Ωκεανωι φασι, προστιθεντες και δια τι Φοινικες εκαλουντο, ‛οτι και ‛η
θαλαττα ερυθρα. _Alii referunt Phœnices & Sidonios nostros esse colonos
eorum qui sunt in Oceano, addentes illos ideo vocari Phœnices _[puniceos]_
quod mare rubrum sit._
_Strabo_ [105] mentioning the first men who left the Sea-coasts, and
ventured out into the deep, and undertook long Voyages, names _Bacchus_,
_Hercules_, _Jason_, _Ulysses_ and _Menelaus_; and saith that the Dominion
of _Minos_ over the Sea was celebrated, and the Navigation of the
_Phœnicians_ who went beyond the Pillars of _Hercules_, and built Cities
there, and in the middle of the Sea-coasts of _Afric_, presently after the
war of _Troy_. These _Phœnicians_ [106] were the _Tyrians_, who at that
time built _Carthage_ in _Afric_, and _Carteia_ in _Spain_, and _Gades_ in
the Island of that name without the _Straights_; and gave the name of
_Hercules_ to their chief Leader, because of his labours and success, and
that of _Heraclea_ to the city _Carteia_ which he built. So _Strabo_: [107]
Εκπλεουσιν ουν εκ της ‛ημετερας θαλαττης εις την εξω, δεξιον εστι τουτο·
και προς αυτο Καλπη [Καρτηια] [108] πολις εν τετταρακοντα σταδιοις
αξιολογος και παλαια, ναυσταθμον ποτε γενομενη των Ιβηρων· ενιοι δε και
Ηρακλεους κτισμα λεγουσιν αυτην, ‛ων εστι και Τιμοσθενης· ‛ος Φησι και
Ηρακλειαν ονομαζεσθαι το παλαιον· δεικνυσθαι τε μεγαν περιβολον, και
νεωσοικους. _Mons Calpe ad dextram est e nostro mari foras navigantibus, &
ad quadraginta inde stadia urbs Carteia vetusta ac memorabilis, olim statio
navibus Hispanorum. Hanc ab Hercule quidam conditam aiunt, inter quos est
Timosthenes, qui eam antiquitus Heracleam fuisse appellatam refert,
ostendique adhuc magnum murorum circuitum & navalia._ This _Hercules_, in
memory of his building and Reigning over the City _Carteia_, they called
also _Melcartus_, the King of _Carteia_. _Bochart_ [109] writes, that
_Carteia_ was at first called _Melcarteia_, from its founder _Melcartus_,
and by an _Aphæresis_, _Carteia_; and that _Melcartus_ signifies _Melec
Kartha_, the King of the city, that is, saith he, of the city _Tyre_: but
considering that no ancient Author tells us, that _Carteia_ was ever called
_Melcarteia_, or that _Melcartus_ was King of _Tyre_; I had rather say that
_Melcartus_, or _Melecartus_, had his name from being the Founder and
Governor or Prince of the city _Carteia_. Under _Melcartus_ the _Tyrians_
sailed as far as _Tartessus_ or _Tarshish_, a place in the Western part of
_Spain_, between the two mouths of the river _Bœtis_, and there they [110]
met with much silver, which they purchased for trifles: they sailed also as
far as _Britain_ before the death of _Melcartus_; for [111] _Pliny_ tells
us, _Plumbum ex Cassiteride insula primus apportavit Midacritus_: And
_Bochart_ [112] observes that _Midacritus_ is a _Greek_ name corruptly
written for _Melcartus_; _Britain_ being unknown to the _Greeks_ long after
it was discovered by the _Phœnicians_. After the death of _Melcartus_, they
[113] built a Temple to him in the Island _Gades_, and adorned it with the
sculptures of the labours of _Hercules_, and of his _Hydra_, and the Horses
to whom he threw _Diomedes_, King of the _Bistones_ in _Thrace_, to be
devoured. In this Temple was the golden Belt of _Teucer_, and the golden
Olive of _Pygmalion_ bearing _Smaragdine_ fruit: and by these consecrated
gifts of _Teucer_ and _Pygmalion_, you may know that it was built in their
days. _Pomponius_ derives it from the times of the _Trojan_ war; for
_Teucer_, seven years after that war, according to the Marbles, arrived at
_Cyprus_, being banished from home by his father _Telamon_, and there built
_Salamis_: and he and his Posterity Reigned there 'till _Evagoras_, the
last of them, was conquered by the _Persians_, in the twelfth year of
_Artaxerxes Mnemon_. Certainly this _Tyrian Hercules_ could be no older
than the _Trojan_ war, because the _Tyrians_ did not begin to navigate the
_Mediterranean_ 'till after that war: for _Homer_ and _Hesiod_ knew nothing
of this navigation, and the _Tyrian Hercules_ went to the coasts of
_Spain_, and was buried in _Gades_: so _Arnobius_ [114]; _Tyrius Hercules
sepultus in finibus Hispaniæ_: and _Mela_, speaking of the Temple of
_Hercules_ in _Gades_, saith, _Cur sanctum sit ossa ejus ibi sepulta
efficiunt_. _Carthage_ [115] paid tenths to this _Hercules_, and sent their
payments yearly to _Tyre_: and thence it's probable that this _Hercules_
went to the coast of _Afric_, as well as to that of _Spain_, and by his
discoveries prepared the way to _Dido_: _Orosius_ [116] and others tell us
that he built _Capsa_ there. _Josephus_ tells of an earlier _Hercules_, to
whom _Hiram_ built a Temple at _Tyre_: and perhaps there might be also an
earlier _Hercules_ of _Tyre_, who set on foot their trade on the _Red Sea_
in the days of _David_ or _Solomon_.
_Tatian_, in his book against the _Greeks_, relates, that amongst the
_Phœnicians_ flourished three ancient Historians, _Theodotus_, _Hysicrates_
and _Mochus_, _who all of them delivered in their histories, translated
into _Greek_ by _Latus_, under which of the Kings happened the rapture of
_Europa_; the voyage of _Menelaus_ into _Phœnicia_; and the league and
friendship between _Solomon_ and _Hiram_, when _Hiram_ gave his daughter to
_Solomon_, and furnished him with timber for building the Temple: and that
the same is affirmed by _Menander_ of _Pergamus__. _Josephus_ [117] lets us
know that the Annals of the _Tyrians_, from the days of _Abibalus_ and
_Hiram_, Kings of _Tyre_, were extant in his days; and that _Menander_ of
_Pergamus_ translated them into _Greek_, and that _Hiram_'s friendship to
_Solomon_, and assistance in building the Temple, was mentioned in them;
and that the Temple was founded in the eleventh year of _Hiram_: and by the
testimony of _Menander_ and the ancient _Phœnician_ historians, the rapture
of _Europa_, and by consequence the coming of her brother _Cadmus_ into
_Greece_, happened within the time of the Reigns of the Kings of _Tyre_
delivered in these histories; and therefore not before the Reign of
_Abibalus_, the first of them, nor before the Reign of King _David_ his
contemporary. The voyage of _Menelaus_ might be after the destruction of
_Troy_. _Solomon_ therefore Reigned in the times between the raptures of
_Europa_ and _Helena_, and _Europa_ and her brother _Cadmus_ flourished in
the days or _David_. _Minos_, the son of _Europa_, flourished in the Reign
of _Solomon_, and part of the Reign of _Rehoboam_: and the children of
_Minos_, namely _Androgeus_ his eldest son, _Deucalion_ his youngest son
and one of the _Argonauts_, _Ariadne_ the mistress of _Theseus_ and
_Bacchus_, and _Phædra_ the wife of _Theseus_; flourished in the latter end
of _Solomon_, and in the Reigns of _Rehoboam_, _Abijah_ and _Asa_: and
_Idomeneus_, the grandson of _Minos_, was at the war of _Troy_: and _Hiram_
succeeded his father _Abibalus_, in the three and twentieth year of
_David_: and _Abibalus_ might found the Kingdom of _Tyre_ about sixteen or
eighteen years before, when _Zidon_ was taken by the _Philistims_; and the
_Zidonians_ fled from thence, under the conduct of _Cadmus_ and other
commanders, to seek new seats. Thus by the Annals of _Tyre_, and the
ancient _Phœnician_ Historians who followed them, _Abibalus_, _Alymnus_,
_Cadmus_, and _Europa_ fled from _Zidon_ about the sixteenth year of
_David_'s Reign: and the _Argonautic_ Expedition being later by about three
Generations, will be about three hundred years later than where the
_Greeks_ have placed it.
After Navigation in long ships with sails, and one order of oars, had been
propagated from _Egypt_ to _Phœnicia_ and _Greece_, and thereby the
_Zidonians_ had extended their trade to _Greece_, and carried it on about
an hundred and fifty years; and then the _Tyrians_ being driven from the
_Red Sea_ by the _Edomites_, had begun a new trade on the _Mediterranean_
with _Spain_, _Afric_, _Britain_, and other remote nations; they carried it
on about an hundred and sixty years; and then the _Corinthians_ began to
improve Navigation, by building bigger ships with three orders of oars,
called _Triremes_. For [118] _Thucydides_ tells us that the _Corinthians_
were the first of the _Greeks_ who built such ships, and that a
ship-carpenter of _Corinth_ went thence to _Samos_, about 300 years before
the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, and built also four ships for the
_Samians_; and that 260 years before the end of that war, that is, about
the 29th Olympiad, there was a fight at sea between the _Corinthians_ and
the _Corcyreans_ which was the oldest sea-fight mentioned in history.
_Thucydides_ tells us further, that the first colony which the _Greeks_
sent into _Sicily_, came from _Chalcis_ in _Eubœa_, under the conduct of
_Thucles_, and built _Naxus_; and the next year _Archias_ came from
_Corinth_ with a colony, and built _Syracuse_; and that _Lamis_ came about
the same time into _Sicily_, with a colony from _Megara_ in _Achaia_, and
lived first at _Trotilum_, and then at _Leontini_, and died at _Thapsus_
near _Syracuse_; and that after his death, this colony was invited by
_Hyblo_ to _Megara_ in _Sicily_, and lived there 245 years, and was then
expelled by _Gelo_ King of _Sicily_. Now _Gelo_ flourished about 78 years
before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war: count backwards the 78 and the
245 years, and about 12 years more for the Reign of _Lamis_ in _Sicily_,
and the reckoning will place the building of _Syracuse_ about 335 years
before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war, or in the tenth Olympiad; and
about that time _Eusebius_ and others place it: but it might be twenty or
thirty years later, the antiquities of those days having been raised more
or less by the _Greeks_. From the colonies henceforward sent into _Italy_
and _Sicily_ came the name of _Græcia magna_.
_Thucydides_ [119] tells us further, that the _Greeks_ began to come into
_Sicily_ almost three hundred years after the _Siculi_ had invaded that
Island with an army out of _Italy_: suppose it 280 years after, and the
building of _Syracuse_ 310 years before the end of the _Peloponnesian_ war;
and that invasion of _Sicily_ by the _Siculi_ will be 590 years before the
end of that war, that is, in the 27th year of _Solomon_'s Reign, or
thereabout. _Hellanicus_ [120] tells us, that it was in the third
Generation before the _Trojan_ war; and in the 26th year of the Priesthood
of _Alcinoe_, Priestess of _Juno Argiva_: and _Philistius_ of _Syracuse_,
that it was 80 years before the _Trojan_ war: whence it follows that the
_Trojan_ war and _Argonautic_ Expedition were later than the days of
_Solomon_ and _Rehoboam_, and could not be much earlier than where we have
placed them.
The Kingdom of _Macedon_ [121] was founded by _Caranus_ and _Perdiccas_,
who being of the Race of _Temenus_ King of _Argos_, fled from _Argos_ in
the Reign of _Phidon_ the brother of _Caranus_. _Temenus_ was one of the
three brothers who led the _Heraclides_ into _Peloponnesus_, and shared the
conquest among themselves: he obtained _Argos_; and after him, and his son
_Cisus_, the Kingdom of _Argos_ became divided among the posterity of
_Temenus_, until _Phidon_ reunited it, expelling his kindred. _Phidon_ grew
potent, appointed weights and measures in _Peloponnesus_, and coined silver
money; and removing the _Pisæans_ and _Eleans_, presided in the Olympic
games; but was soon after subdued by the _Eleans_ and _Spartans_.
_Herodotus_ [122] reckons that _Perdiccas_ was the first King of _Macedon_;
later writers, as _Livy_, _Pausanias_ and _Suidas_, make _Caranus_ the
first King: _Justin_ calls _Perdiccas_ the Sucessor of _Caranus_; and
_Solinus_ saith that _Perdiccas_ succeeded _Caranus_; and was the first
that obtained the name of King. It's probable that _Caranus_ and
_Perdiccas_ were contemporaries, and fled about the same time from
_Phidon_, and at first erected small principalities in _Macedonia_, which,
after the death of _Caranus_, became one under _Perdiccas_. _Herodotus_
[123] tells us, that after _Perdiccas_ Reigned _Aræus_, or _Argæus_,
_Philip_, _Æropus_, _Alcetas_, _Amyntas_, and _Alexander_, successively.
_Alexander_ was contemporary to _Xerxes_ King of _Persia_, and died _An._
4. Olymp. 79, and was succeeded by _Perdiccas_, and he by his son
_Archelaus_: and _Thucydides_ [124] tells us that there were eight Kings of
_Macedon_ before this _Archelaus_: now by reckoning above forty years
a-piece to these Kings, Chronologers have made _Phidon_ and _Caranus_ older
than the Olympiads; whereas if we should reckon their Reigns at about 18 or
20 years a-piece one with another, the first seven Reigns counted backwards
from the death of this _Alexander_, will place the dominion of _Phidon_,
and the beginning of the Kingdom of _Macedon_ under _Perdiccas_ and
_Caranus_, upon the 46th or 47th Olympiad, or thereabout. It could scarce
be earlier, because _Leocides_ the son of _Phidon_, and _Megacles_ the son
of _Alcmæon_, at one and the same time courted _Agarista_, the daughter of
_Clisthenes_ King of _Sicyon_, as _Herodotus_ [125] tells us; and the
_Amphictyons_, by the advice of _Solon_, made _Alcmæon_, and _Clisthenes_,
and _Eurolycus_ King of _Thessaly_, commanders of their army, in their war
against _Cirrha_; and the _Cirrheans_ were conquered _An._ 2. Olymp. 47.
according to the Marbles. _Phidon_ therefore and his brother _Caranus_ were
contemporary to _Solon_, _Alcmæon_, _Clisthenes_, and _Eurolycus_, and
flourished about the 48th and 49th Olympiads. They were also contemporary
in their later days to _Crœsus_; for _Solon_ conversed with _Crœsus_, and
_Alcmæon_ entertained and conducted the messengers whom _Crœsus_ sent to
consult the Oracle at _Delphi_, _An._ 1. Olymp. 56. according to the
Marbles, and was sent for by _Crœsus_, and rewarded with much riches.
But the times set down in the Marbles before the _Persian_ Empire began,
being collected by reckoning the Reigns of Kings equipollent to
Generations, and three Generations to an hundred years or above; and the
Reigns of Kings, one with another, being shorter in the proportion of about
four to seven; the Chronology set down in the Marbles, until the Conquest
of _Media_ by _Cyrus_, _An._ 4, Olymp. 60, will approach the truth much
nearer, by shortening the times before that Conquest in the proportion of
four to seven. So the _Cirrheans_ were conquered _An._ 2, Olymp. 47,
according to the Marbles, that is 54 years before the Conquest of _Media_;
and these years being shortened in the proportion of four to seven, become
31 years; which subducted from _An._ 4, Olymp. 60, place the Conquest of
_Cirrha_ upon _An._ 1, Olymp. 53: and, by the like correction of the
Marbles, _Alcmæon_ entertained and conducted the messengers whom _Crœsus_
sent to consult the Oracle at _Delphi_, _An._ 1, Olymp. 58; that is, four
years before the Conquest of _Sardes_ by _Cyrus_: and the Tyranny of
_Pisistratus_, which by the Marbles began at _Athens_, _An._ 4, Olymp. 54,
by the like correction began _An._ 3, Olymp. 57; and by consequence _Solon_
died _An._ 4, Olymp. 57. This method may be used alone, where other
arguments are wanting; but where they are not wanting, the best arguments
are to be preferred.
_Iphitus_ [126] presided both in the Temple of _Jupiter Olympius_, and in
the Olympic Games, and so did his Successors 'till the 26th Olympiad; and
so long the victors were rewarded with a _Tripos_: but then the _Pisæans_
getting above the _Eleans_, began to preside, and rewarded the victors with
a Crown, and instituted the _Carnea_ to _Apollo_; and continued to preside
'till _Phidon_ interrupted them, that is, 'till about the time of the 49th
Olympiad: for [127] in the 48th Olympiad the _Eleans_ entered the country
of the _Pisæans_, suspecting their designs, but were prevailed upon to
return home quietly; afterwards the _Pisæans_ confederated with several
other _Greek_ nations, and made war upon the _Eleans_, and in the end were
beaten: in this war I conceive it was that _Phidon_ presided, suppose in
the 49th Olympiad; for [128] in the 50th Olympiad, for putting an end to
the contentions between the Kings about presiding, two men were chosen by
lot out of the city _Elis_ to preside, and their number in the 65th
Olympiad was increased to nine, and afterwards to ten; and these judges
were called _Hellenodicæ_, judges for or in the name of _Greece_.
_Pausanias_ tells us, that the _Eleans_ called in _Phidon_ and together
with him celebrated the 8th Olympiad; he should have said the 49th
Olympiad; but _Herodotus_ tells us, that _Phidon_ removed the _Eleans_; and
both might be true: the _Eleans_ might call in _Phidon_ against the
_Pisæans_, and upon overcoming be refused presiding in the Olympic games by
_Phidon_, and confederate with the _Spartans_, and by their assistance
overthrow the Kingdom of _Phidon_, and recover their ancient right of
presiding in the games.
_Strabo_ [129] tells us that _Phidon_ was the tenth from _Temenus_; not the
tenth King, for between _Cisus_ and _Phidon_ they Reigned not, but the
tenth from father to son, including _Temenus_. If 27 years be reckoned to a
Generation by the eldest sons, the nine intervals will amount unto 243
years, which counted back from the 48th Olympiad, in which _Phidon_
flourished, will place the Return of the _Heraclides_ about fifty years
before the beginning of the Olympiads, as above. But Chronologers reckon
about 515 years from the Return of the _Heraclides_ to the 48th Olympiad,
and account _Phidon_ the seventh from _Temenus_; which is after the rate of
85 years to a Generation, and therefore not to be admitted.