=How the American Farmer is Solving His Conservation Problem=
Conservation is no new problem—it is as old as life itself. It becomes
a highly important question to the person or the nation only when the
resources scarcely supply the demands. Such is the situation in the
United States to-day. In the early days the removal of the forests
was necessary that much grain might be grown. The young Nation had
to have money, and as farming was the only means at hand to furnish
it, the natural fertility of the fields was reduced. But the money
thus supplied was merely a long-time loan on the Bank of Natural
Resources. To-day the vanishing forests and the failing fertility of
the fields bear witness that the loan is now due. Hence the problem of
conservation. Strange as it may seem, the farmer is using one material
not only to replace lumber but also, in a way, to restore the fertility
of his fields—that material is concrete.
The national and state governments and the railroads were the first to
make extensive use of concrete. Not only did the beauty and mystery
of this new construction naturally appeal to the farmer, but he
concluded that the railroads did not use it, in preference to wood,
steel and stone, merely to decorate the landscape. He knew too much
about railroads. So strongly did the railroads’ idea of economy (the
dollar argument) appeal to him that the farmer of the West is now
building practically everything about the farm of concrete. At first,
and quite naturally, land-owners in the rock and gravel regions began
using this new form of construction; but, since its cheapness in first
cost and value in lasting qualities have become generally known, a wave
of enthusiasm for farm structures of concrete has swept the entire
country. A gravel pit is now more valuable than many a gold mine.
With little help other than looking and listening, the farmer grasped
the idea of a concrete walk, and being a natural inventor and
jack-of-all-trades, improved on the method by adding a small curb
next to his flower bed to keep the dirt from washing on the white
walk. This walk was a blessing to the boy—all the time formerly given
to scrubbing and weeding the old brick walk could now be devoted
to fishing. The yard walk was extended to the barns and outlying
buildings. Wading through seas of mud and resulting tracked-up kitchen
floors became a thing of the past. By simply increasing the width of
the walk, a cellar floor was provided and the farmer had a dry cellar.
This was so clean and so odorless that he considered such a floor fit
for that most immaculate of all places—the milk house. Concrete cellar
hatchway and steps, safe under the heaviest barrel of vinegar, and
water-tight, were made in a manner similar to walks.
Brick work had long been laid up in a mixture of Portland cement and
sand. As this kept the water out, the farmer reasoned that it would
keep the water in, and he started to build cistern floors, walls and
cover of Portland cement concrete at one-third to one-half the cost of
the old brick cistern.
After a little more observation, he quit digging deep cistern-pits,
with the necessary annoyance of thawing out frozen pumps and carrying
water—he built a concrete cistern on top of the ground and made the
pumping and carrying of the water a mere matter of turning a faucet in
the kitchen and the bath room.
Several years ago corn was so cheap that in some sections it was
burned for fuel instead of coal. No consideration was then given to
the bushels wasted in muddy feed lots. If the mud became too deep, the
feeding was transferred to the blue grass pasture. To be sure, as the
sod wore out, the feeding-place had to be changed; but somebody had
advanced the idea that this particular method of feeding was good for
the soil. Many farmers had tried wooden feeding floors and had found
them a paying proposition as far as the saving of feed was concerned,
in the general health of the animal, and in the shortened time of
fattening. But two great drawbacks were the rats that infested them
and the constant need of repairs. In concrete the thoughtful farmer
saw the possibilities of an ideal floor—an easily cleaned, rat-proof,
disease-proof surface upon which his hogs, sheep, cattle and poultry
might consume the feed even to the smallest particle.
So satisfactory did the feeding floor prove that the same treatment
suggested itself as a remedy for the fly-breeding, muddy holes in the
earthen floors and the rat-infested wooden floors of the barns. But
the careful horseman held up a bit: he was afraid that stamping at
the flies, his valuable Percherons, Shires and Morgans might stiffen
up their legs. He experimented by placing concrete floors in his open
sheds, which were usually too muddy for the stock to lie down in stormy
weather, just when the straw stacks afforded no protection and when he
needed the sheds most, and found such floors satisfactory.
To-day the manure question is one of the most important considerations
of the time. The virgin soil of the prairies, of the cleared woodlands
and of the broken-up ranges, for a few years produced immense crops
of cotton and grain. To build up the decreasing productiveness of the
fields the farmer soon learned that barnyard manure was the best thing
at hand. The passing of the cattle ranch and the resulting higher price
of meats made stock raising very profitable even to the small farmer,
especially since feeding floors made it possible for him to return
to the soil, in the form of manure, all the fertility which had been
removed in the growing of grain. Leaving out the matter of foods, the
strength of manure is dependent directly upon its manner of storage.
Manure piled on the bare ground or in wooden pens loses one-third
to one-half of its fertilizing properties on account of leaching,
due to heavy rains and tramping of the stock, and later because of
fermentation or “firing” brought about by the lack of sufficient
moisture. This fertilizer usually sells at from 75 cents to $1.00 per
load.
The farmer of to-day builds a water-tight concrete cistern or pit
in which he stores the manure and keeps it as moist as need be. He
extended the concrete floors to the dairy barns with the result that
they were so clean, so odorless and so sanitary that state inspection
is now often insisting and will soon force careless dairymen to put in
such floors as a means of protecting the public health from disease
germs carried in unclean milk. The drop gutters carry all the liquids,
the richest part of the manure, formerly wasted, to the manure pits.
Consequently, one load of manure, thus properly preserved, is easily
worth two loads as ordinarily stored. By confining the manure in
pits and by paving the barn lot with concrete, the farm has been rid
of the chief breeding-place of flies, gnats, mosquitos and disease.
Moreover, such an interior court, surrounded by buildings and concrete
wind walls, forms an excellent feed and winter exercise lot.
Government statistics show that the human death-rate on the farm, in
spite of the fresh food and pure air, is greater than the death-rate in
the city. State University tests of drinking-water have shown beyond a
doubt that the waters of many ordinary shallow and unprotected wells
contain the germs of such dangerous diseases as typhoid fever. To
prevent the polluted surface waters from seeping into the well, many
people are covering their wells and walling them up with water-tight
concrete. Others are sinking “driven” wells and protecting them with
concrete housings. The principle of deep wells for pure water, among
other things, has made gasoline engines a necessity on the farm.
These engines and hydraulic rams at springs, firmly set and housed in
concrete, supply an abundance of water for the concrete reservoirs
or elevated, reinforced pressure tanks. From these places of storage
water is distributed to float-controlled, rot-proof watering tanks and
troughs of the same material. With such a water supply animals never
suffer for water. Even springs and mouths of drain tile are improved
and the water made clean and wholesome by the use of concrete.
Thus the conservative farmer of the present time gives careful
attention to the health, comfort and convenience of his family.
Moreover, the care of the animals is not neglected. A concrete dipping
vat holds the liquids which free horses, cattle, sheep and hogs of
mange, lice, mites, ticks and fleas. The Department of Agriculture is
stamping out the Texas fever and sheep scab by insisting on the use
of dipping tanks throughout all quarantined districts. A hog wallow
with concrete sides and bottoms gives the hog the pleasure afforded
by running streams and at the same time protects him from the cholera
often carried down from animals affected further up stream.
The continual rotting off of wooden fence posts, the constantly
increasing cost of new ones, and the annual expense of fence repairs,
called for the introduction of some substitute. Land is entirely
too valuable and life too short to attempt growing wooden posts.
Even before the telephone and telegraph companies had thought of the
possibilities of concrete in this line, a few venturesome farmers had
given reinforced concrete posts a trial and found their use not only
advisable from the standpoint of cheapness in first cost, but more
profitable on account of their everlasting qualities. The Department
of Agriculture at Washington has thoroughly investigated the use and
methods of making concrete posts and is furnishing a free bulletin
describing the process. Such posts are also valuable in the culture of
grapes and hops.[1]
[1] Farmers’ Bulletin 403, Concrete Fence Posts. Sent free on
application.
The use of concrete in farm buildings has gradually developed from
the ground upward. The drip soon rots out timber near the ground and
eventually crumbles away the brick foundation. At first, uselessly
making the walls as heavy as those of brick, the farmer gave concrete
a trial in foundations. Concrete is stronger than brick. As a wall it
kept the basement and back barn dry. The height of the foundation wall
increased until it supported the joists of the hay loft. Finally, after
a study of methods, of reinforcing, the entire barn—basement, walls,
floors, mangers, troughs, gutters, beams and even the shingles—became
concrete. Matches or lanterns accidentally dropped on concrete floors
in concrete barns do not cause the terror of former times. The oil will
burn until smothered out with a horse blanket, but no further damage
will be done.
Poultry raising on many farms has become well-nigh impossible on
account of rats. To free the farm of these destructive animals, as a
last resort and in spite of the assertions that the grain would spoil,
the thoroughly provoked farmer put concrete floors under his cribs
and granaries. Corn matured enough not to spoil on other floors kept
perfectly on concrete. The rats had to go; they could not get through
such floors. And so we might continue, describing how farmers have
successfully used concrete in building every class of structure from a
stepping stone to the entire group of farm buildings.
Just as there are right and wrong methods of farming, so, too, are
there right and wrong ways of using concrete. It is the aim of this
book to give such directions and information as will enable the reader
to build with concrete surely and successfully.
“CONCRETE IN THE COUNTRY” does not pretend to fully cover the
subject—the field is too large to be exhausted in one such volume. But
the publishers have attempted to deal with as wide a variety of types
of concrete construction as is possible in the space available.
Fuller details are given in other pamphlets, which will be furnished
free to anyone who will write to the address given on the first page of
this book.
=Publications issued by the Association of American Portland Cement
Manufacturers, Philadelphia, Pa.=
At the office of the above Association there are available books
dealing with concrete construction of all classes. These books describe
the construction of silos, fence posts, tanks, troughs, concrete roads,
and many other works. Upon request there will be sent a list of the
publications in print. The books, with one or two exceptions, are sent
free of cost.
What is “Concrete”?
Concrete—a manufactured stone—is made by mixing together Portland
cement, sand and stone (or gravel). Various proportions of each are
used, depending upon the use to which the concrete is put. About half
an hour after mixing these materials together, the mass begins to
stiffen, until, in from half-a-day to a day, it becomes so hard that
you cannot dent it with the hand. By a month the mass is hard like
stone—indeed, harder than most stones.