Definition. Causes: traumas, poke, stanchions, collar, yoke,
interfering, neurectomy, fractures, tumors, callus, rheumatism, gout,
violent overdistension. Lesions: nerve sheath red, swollen, exudate,
leucocytes in excess, fibroid thickening, nerve atrophy, degeneration,
axis granular, myelin in oily globules, peripheral extension. Muscular
degeneration and atrophy. Symptoms: tenderness, swelling, muscular
atony, wasting, spasms, twitching, decreased excitability, paralysis,
in section swelling on proximal end. Prognosis: disability for weeks,
months or year; response to electric current, operability of tumors,
curability of rheumatism or gout, hopeful conditions; long standing
degeneration, etc., unpromising. Treatment: rest, soothe, anodynes,
splint with soft pad, essential oils, lead and opium lotion, ice,
snow; derivatives; laxatives; diuretics, anti-rheumatics,
Faradisation.
_Definition._ Inflammation of a nerve leading to paralysis of the parts
to which it is distributed.
_Causes._ Traumatism is the most common factor. Among the common
examples are injury of the seventh nerve above the angle of the lower
jaw, by a poke worn in pasture by the horse, or by stanchions in the
cow. Hogs may suffer from blows of the triangular neck gear worn to
prevent them from breaking through fences. Blows by the yoke, incised
and contused wounds implicating the nerve, such as neurectomy, and the
blows received in interfering, and compression by tumors or bony
growths, are familiar examples. Fractures with displacement, notably
those of the sacrum and proximal end of the coccyx with caudal
paralysis, are not uncommon. In fractures of the limbs the pressure upon
or wounding of a nerve. Again, the callus on the seat of fracture may
induce neuritis by pressure, as may also the projection of the end of a
bone in luxation. Rheumatism affecting the nerve sheaths and, in birds
and swine, gout, are additional factors. Violent overdistension, and
even chronic muscular spasm, are quoted as causes.
_Lesions._ The early changes are mainly in the connective tissue sheath,
which becomes hyperæmic, red and swollen, with a gelatinoid exudate and
a great multiplication of leucocytes. Later, the interfibrillar
connective tissue is involved and the nervous substance proper undergoes
hyperæmia and degeneration. The axis cylinder undergoes granular
degeneration and the myelin breaks up into oil-like globules. The
lesions are at first limited in extent, though there may be more than
one focus, and the resulting degeneration of the nervous filaments
advances toward the periphery in accordance with Waller’s law by which
disease changes proceed rapidly in parts cut off from their trophic
cells.
The muscles supplied by the inflamed nerves also rapidly degenerate. The
fibres shrink in size, and lose their striated appearance, becoming
distinctly granular, and pale. Round cells are formed in excess in the
sarcolemma and muscular fibre, and if the morbid condition persists
there is fibroid degeneration, cirrhosis and contraction.
_Symptoms._ In the absence of the subjective element of pain, which is
the most constant symptom in man, we must rely mainly on the exquisite
tenderness on pressure along the line of the nerve, but localized at
some particular point, on the swelling at such tender point and on the
loss of muscular power or even of sensation in the tissues corresponding
to its peripheral distribution. The muscles may be hypersensitive and
are usually flaccid if not from actual paralysis, still from the pain
which attends on their contraction. In some cases they are the seat of
clonic spasms or twitching. Under a current of electricity they show a
decreased irritability which bears a direct relation to the grade of
degeneration which has occurred in the nerve fibres. In cases of
deep-seated neuritis paralysis may be the only appreciable symptom. In
traumatic injuries like bruises of the seventh nerve or fracture of the
sacrum the local swelling and tenderness are marked initial symptoms,
upon which supervene the paralysis and atrophy of the muscles cut off
from full innervation. In neurectomy the tender swelling in the stump
which is still in connection with the nerve centre may amount to a
distinct neuroma, while the peripheral and detached portion of the nerve
steadily loses its irritability as shown by electric stimulus.
_Prognosis._ This will depend on the nature of the lesion. A single
transverse section of a nerve, without loss of substance may be repaired
in a few months, while with loss or degeneration of a considerable part
of its substance it may maintain a paralysis for years or even
permanently. Lesions due to slight bruises may recover in a few weeks,
while the more severe ones will persist for months or years. The
response to electric stimulus distal of the lesion, is a guarantee of
the absence of degeneration and a feature hopeful of recovery. Pressure
by bony displacement or neoplasia must be done away with as the first
condition of improvement in such cases. Rheumatic and gouty cases will
persist until these constitutional infirmities are corrected.
If the neuritis and paralysis have lasted for any length of time, the
degeneration of the muscles will keep up a degree of muscular weakness
(and if in the limbs lameness) after the repair of the nerve has been
completed.
_Treatment._ Rest is the first consideration accompanied by soothing and
anodyne application to the inflamed nerve. When neuritis exists in a
limb a softly padded splint may be useful at first. The skin over the
inflamed nerve may be rubbed by one or a combination of the anodyne
essential oils, (oil of cajeput, oil of peppermint, oil of lavender). If
the pain and tenderness are extreme, a bag of ice or snow may give
relief and should be kept applied for a length of time. Or hot
fomentations with a lotion of lead and opium may be preferred especially
in rheumatic cases. If blisters seem to be called for, aqua ammonia and
oil of turpentine may be added to the essential oils, or muriatic acid
may be applied with a glass rod in points along the line of nerve. A
laxative of Epsom or Glauber salts will often prove of great value at
the outset and may be followed by diuretic doses of potassium iodide,
potassium nitrate or acetate, and in rheumatic cases sodium salicylate.
In these last forms, as also in gout, the carbonates and acetates of the
alkalies, colchicum, and salicylates are especially to be persisted
with. In these, too, rubefacients and blisters are often of essential
value and may be repeated again and again.
Faradism is of little account during the active stage of neuritis
excepting as a test of the progress and extent of the degeneration, but
when inflammation has subsided nothing contributes more to the
restoration of the tone and healthy nutrition of both nerve and muscle.
The current is to be sent along the line of the paretic nerve and
muscles for ten or fifteen minutes at a time and not less than once a
day.