REMOVED FROM THE TOULON STATION TO THE MEDITERRANEAN.—CRUIZE
OFF CANDIA, AND IN THE ADRIATIC.—ACTION AT PESARO; AND
OFFICIAL LETTERS.—CO-OPERATION WITH THE AUSTRIANS IN THE
ADRIATIC.—LETTERS FROM LORD COLLINGWOOD EXPRESSIVE OF HIS
ENTIRE SATISFACTION.
The Spartan having resumed her station off Toulon, discovered on the
morning of the 2nd of October, that five frigates and a store ship had
got out during the preceding night in a heavy gale from the N.W. Captain
Brenton concluded they were gone to Corsica, as the store ship was
constantly employed in bringing timber from that Island.
The Spartan was now released from this arduous duty by the Proserpine,
and Captain Brenton was ordered to put himself under the orders of Rear
Admiral Martin, on the coast of Sicily, and to cruize between the Faro
of Messina, and the entrance of the Adriatic. On this head, Captain
Brenton’s own notes may be used.
“Upon my arrival in the Mediterranean in the spring of 1807, I had been
stationed to watch the enemy’s fleet in Toulon, and I was continued in
that arduous service till the latter end of 1808, when I was relieved at
the joint intercession of the junior flag officers, who had represented
to the Commander in chief (though unsolicited by me) the hardship of
one person being confined to such severe service, for so long a period.
My stay there had, I believe, been protracted in the first instance,
by a little prejudice on the part of the Admiral, in consequence of my
having lost so many men, on the unfortunate occasion of the expedition
of the boats; and latterly from the expediency of keeping an officer on
so important a station, who had the advantage of local knowledge, gained
by the experience of so many months, as well of the coasts, as of the
operations of the enemy.
“I was at length removed to the coast of Calabria, and stationed between
the Island of Sicily, and the mouth of the Adriatic, with a gratifying
acknowledgement from Lord Collingwood of my having fulfilled the duties
of my last post to his satisfaction. I had still less chance of success
on this coast, than in the neighbourhood of Toulon, but the duty was not
so harassing, or the responsibility so great, and I looked for something
better.
“In the spring of 1809 I was sent to cruize on the coast of Syria and
Egypt, when I took two prizes, only one of which, however, got into port.
On my return to Malta, my excellent and warm friend, Sir Alexander Ball,
sent me to take the command of the little squadron in the Adriatic.
No situation in the Navy could have been more agreeable to my wishes,
particularly with such officers and friends under my command, as Captains
Hoste, Duncan and Waldegrave.”
Early in January, 1809, intelligence had been received that Murat, then
king of Naples, had resolved upon making a descent upon Sicily in the
month of February. Great vigilance was consequently required to prevent
any collection of troops or vessels on any point of the coast. The
Spartan was kept upon the service during the greater part of 1808-9.
Captain Brenton received a letter from Rear Admiral Martin, dated 19th
January, 1809, informing him that an attack was confidently expected to
be made by Murat, in the course of a short time, and that it was possible
the Russian squadron at Trieste would co-operate in it, recommending the
utmost vigilance for the protection of the eastern coast. He received at
the same time another letter from General Sir John Stuart, confirming the
expectation of Murat’s intended invasion.
Early in February the Commander in chief (then at Malta) having reason to
believe that no attack was likely to be made upon Sicily, ordered Captain
Brenton to join him there in the Spartan, where he arrived on the 6th.
An incident occurred at this time, which shews in a strong point of view
the superstition of the British sailors. When the Spartan was at Malta in
the early part of January, a corporal of marines had been sent on shore
to bring off one of his party, who had gone on shore without leave. A
scuffle ensued with some drunken men, and the corporal in self-defence
having drawn his bayonet, the marine was killed. The parties were
immediately taken up, and the following day after a minute examination
into all circumstances by the magistrates, the corporal was acquitted
of all blame, and sent off to his ship, which sailed in the course of
a day or two. The weather became very boisterous, a succession of gales
of wind was experienced, and not one prize taken during the cruize. All
this bad luck as it was called, was visited upon the corporal, who was
supposed to be the Jonas, having been guilty of murder; and it was an
opinion frequently expressed by the people, that no more good fortune
would attend the ship, as long as corporal Mantle was in her. This was
frequently mentioned to the Captain, who paid no attention to it. But on
his arrival at Malta he mentioned the circumstance to Lord Collingwood,
suggesting that the man should be tried by a court martial, as his
acquittal was certain, and would be the means of whitewashing him in the
eyes of his shipmates. His Lordship quite approved of this. The court
was ordered and assembled accordingly, and the corporal fully acquitted.
The spell was then broken—fine weather ensued—a prize was taken, and the
corporal was himself again. On relating this story a few days afterwards
to Captain Stewart of the Seahorse, he assured Captain Brenton that the
early part of his last cruize had been particularly unsuccessful; but
that while on the coast of Italy, it was discovered that a black cat
was on board, which at once accounted for fortune having deserted the
Seahorse. What was to be done? To throw the cat overboard was increasing
the bad omen, and aggravating the case. Captain Stewart decided at once
that he would run over to the coast of Sardinia, where pussy was landed
with every proper respect and attention, and a prize soon after set the
question at rest. The Captain was a wise man, he took the only method of
restoring good humour to his people, and was rewarded for it. It often
requires as much judgment to deal with the weaknesses as with the vices
of mankind.
In the early part of February Lord Collingwood told Captain Brenton,
that in consequence of the length of time the Spartan had been kept off
Toulon, it was his intention to give him a cruize off Egypt and Syria;
where he forthwith proceeded, remaining about six weeks, and returning
at the end of that time, having taken one prize, and lost another of
considerable value on the rocks on the east end of Candia. As there was
something singular attending the capture of both these vessels, it may
not be amiss to mention it in a few words. When the Spartan was in chase
of the first off Cape Derne, night came on, when the chase was still
seven or eight miles from the Spartan, and she was lost sight of. Captain
Brenton said to his officers, “if I were now master of that vessel, I
should keep away two points for some time, and then two more, and in the
course of three or four hours, I would then bear up before the wind, and
run for eight or ten leagues, and I think he will do so. I mean therefore
to bear up at once, and run ten leagues to leeward, and then haul to the
wind, as the best chance of seeing him in the morning”; he did so, and
the following day at noon, when standing in for the African shore, the
identical vessel was discovered coming out from the land, and by five
o’clock was in possession of the Spartan. The master acknowledged that he
had done just as Captain Brenton had imagined.
A few days afterwards a similar chase took place off the south coast of
Candia, and the vessel being lost sight of at dark, the Spartan ran 10
leagues to leeward again, and furling all her sails waited for daylight,
when the unfortunate Frenchman was seen coming down before the wind, and
on seeing the Spartan, hauled round the S.E. point of the island. A long
chase ensued; at length, the chase ran in near some broken rocks, and let
go her anchor. She was immediately boarded by the Spartan’s boats, while
driving among the breakers; and delay having taken place in cutting the
cable, she struck upon the point of a rock, and instantly sunk in deep
water, giving the boats’ crews barely time to escape. This was a serious
loss, as the vessel had a valuable cargo from Marseilles to the Levant,
and it was owing to the neglect of the boarding officer, who was ordered
to take with him a _carpenter’s_ axe, to cut the cable with, as the
sharpest; but he forgot to take _any_, and whilst hacking at the cable
with a cutlass, the vessel struck, and was lost. The accident suggested
to Captain Brenton the idea of having a chest fitted up for every boat in
the ship, which should contain all things that might be required, in case
of being separated from the ship; pistols, ammunition, carpenter’s tools,
provisions, candles, matches, sail needles, twine, compasses, &c., &c.
On the return of the Spartan to Malta, she was necessarily placed under
quarantine; and Sir Alexander Ball, the port Admiral, having directed
Captain Brenton to meet him at the quarantine office, asked him “how
long he required to be ready for sea.” The answer was, “Not an hour,
after provisions and water were sent on board.” These were ordered
immediately, and in the course of the day, the baggage of the British
Ambassador, (the unfortunate Mr. Bathurst who was afterwards supposed
to have been murdered near Ratisbon,) and that of Don L. Bardaxi, the
Spanish Ambassador both going to the Court of Vienna, were sent on board.
The Spanish Ambassador was accompanied by his lady, and a numerous suite;
with these the Spartan sailed on the following day, and reached Trieste
on the 18th of April, where the Ambassadors were landed; and Captain
Brenton, in pursuance of the orders he had received, took the squadron
consisting of the Amphion, Captain Hoste (afterwards Sir William); the
Mercury, Captain The Honourable Henry Duncan (afterwards Sir Henry); and
the Thames, Captain The Honourable W. Waldegrave, now Lord Radstock,
under his orders.
From Captain Hoste who had recently reconnoitred the enemy’s ports on
the coast of Italy, Captain Brenton received much valuable information.
At Ancona there were two French, and one Venetian frigates; at Venice,
one frigate ready for sea, and another which had just hauled out of
the basin, with three brigs; the object of this force when united was
supposed to relieve Marmont, at this time shut up in Dalmatia, and whose
view was suspected to be to make his escape to Ancona. On the 23rd April,
observing a number of vessels collected together in the port of Pesaro,
he resolved to attack them; and the following is a copy of his official
letter upon this occasion.
“SPARTAN, TRIESTE, 27th APRIL.
“MY LORD,
“I have the honour to inform your Lordship, that being with
the Amphion and Mercury off the town of Pesaro, on the 23rd
instant, I observed a number of vessels lying in the mole,
and thought it practicable to take possession of them; for
which purpose, the ships were anchored with springs upon their
cables, within half a mile of the town. The boats formed in two
divisions, the first consisting of launches with carronades,
and other boats carrying field pieces, under the orders of
Lieutenant Phillott, first of the Amphion, took a station to
the northward of the town; and the second division consisting
of rocket boats, under the orders of lieutenant Baumgardt,
second of the Spartan; both divisions being commanded by
Lieutenant George Willes, first of the Spartan. As soon as
these arrangements were made, I sent a flag of truce on shore
to demand the surrender of all the vessels, adding, that should
any resistance be made, the Governor must be answerable for the
consequences, and I gave him half an hour to deliberate.
“At half-past eleven, a.m. the officer returned with a message
that in half an hour I should receive his answer. I waited
thirty-five minutes, from the time the boat came alongside,
when observing a flag of truce on shore, but that troops
were assembling in considerable numbers in the streets, and
on the quays, and that the inhabitants were busily employed
in dismantling the vessels; I hauled down the flag of truce,
and fired one shot over the town to give warning to the women
and children; and shortly after made the signal to commence
firing, which was instantly obeyed by the ships and boats. At
thirty-two minutes after twelve, observing several flags of
truce hung out in the town, I made the signal to cease firing,
and Lieutenant Willes pushed into the harbour with the boats,
when he was informed that the Commander had made his escape
with all the military.
“I considered the place as surrendered at discretion, and
gave orders for the boats to be employed in bringing out
the vessels, and the marines to be landed to protect them.
Lieutenant Willes made the most judicious arrangements to
carry this into execution. The marines were drawn up under
Lieutenant Moore, senior Lieutenant of Marines of the Amphion;
the launches stationed in such a manner as to enfilade the
principal streets; and the other boats’ crews were employed
in rigging the vessels, and laying out warps to haul them
off with, as soon as the tide should flow. About two, p.m. I
received a letter from the Commandant, dated half-past one,
demanding another hour for deliberation. I refused him another
moment, and told him that in case of resistance, I should
destroy the town. By half-past six thirteen vessels deeply
laden as per enclosed list were brought off; several others had
been scuttled by the inhabitants, and sunk; some were still
aground dismantled, there were besides a few in ballast, and a
number of fishing vessels. I should have burned the merchant
vessels but for the apprehension of setting fire to the
town, and destroying the fishing boats. I therefore directed
Lieutenant Willes to blow up the castle at the entrance of the
harbour, and to bring off his people; this he did at seven
o’clock.
“I am happy to say we did not hear of any lives being lost in
the town, although many of the houses were much damaged. One
man was killed by the explosion of the castle. After the match
had been lighted, and our people had retreated, he approached
it; a musket was fired over him to drive him away, but he
sought refuge under the castle, and was buried in its ruins.
As the enemy made no active resistance, I can only express
my admiration at the zeal and promptitude with which Captain
Hoste, and the Honourable Henry Duncan executed the orders
which they received, and the manner in which they placed
their ships. Lieutenant Willes upon this, as upon every other
occasion, displayed the greatest energy, skill, and judgment;
the arrangements he made for the defence of his party whilst
in the harbour, and the expedition in sending out the prizes,
do him the highest credit. Lieutenant Phillott and Lieutenant
Baumgardt in the command of their respective divisions, and
Lieutenant Moore in that of the Marines, were also exemplary.
“I have, &c.
“J. BRENTON.”
“TO VICE ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD.”
LIST OF VESSELS TAKEN.
San Nicholas 38 tons Cargo, Oil and Almonds.
San Pratico 90 ” ” Oil.
L’azzardo fortunato 54 ” ” Oil.
Name unknown 130 ” ” Hides, oil and almonds.
Ditto, ditto 90 ” ” Oil and hemp.
San Antonio 120 ” ” Oil.
San Antonio 100 ” ” Plank and spars.
San Nio 56 ” ” Morocco leather, hides,
bees’ wax, &c.
Name unknown 30 ” ” Oil and hides.
Carlotta fortunata 56 ” ” Oil.
Name unknown 50 ” ” Oil.
Ditto, ditto 60 ” ” Oil, almonds, figs,
candles, &c.
Providenza 30 ” ” Oil.
----
Total 904 tons.
As the oil was all sweet oil for Gallipoli, these cargoes were very
valuable, and could not be worth less than £10,000, the value put upon
them by Sir W. Hoste in his letter to his father.—See Hoste’s Memoirs,
vol. 1. p. 340.
In consequence of intelligence received from Trieste, and the urgent
demands of the Austrian Commander in chief for the co-operation of a
frigate, Captain Brenton was under the necessity of detaching the Amphion
to the gulf of Fiume, a measure that he regretted the necessity for
extremely; as he depended much upon the assistance he should receive from
such an officer, as Captain Hoste, in his intended operations on the
coast of Italy, which he hoped to keep in a perpetual state of alarm, and
thus to prevent as much as possible any troops being detached to the army
opposed to the Arch-duke John. Captain Duncan was however still with
him, and was also a most valuable coadjutor.
On the 2nd of May, the Spartan and Mercury attacked the port of
Cesenatico, as detailed in the following letter.
“SPARTAN, OFF ROVIGNO, 5th MAY, 1809.
“MY LORD,
“On the 2nd instant, the Spartan and Mercury chased two vessels
into the port of Cesenatico, the entrance to which is very
narrow, and defended by a battery of two guns (twenty-four
pounders) and a castle. Observing at the same time several
other vessels laying there, I determined to take possession
of them if possible. The coast is so shoal that we had only
five fathoms, considerably out of gun shot of the town; I was
therefore under the necessity of sending the boats a-head, and
on each bow, with directions to make a signal when in three
fathoms.
“We were by these means enabled to anchor by noon in a quarter
three within range of grape of the battery, and very soon
silenced it, when Lieutenant Willes, first of the Spartan,
pushed in and took possession of it, turning the guns upon the
castle and town, which were soon after deserted. We captured
in the port twelve vessels, some laden with corn for Venice,
and the others being in ballast, we filled them with iron and
hemp out of the magazines for these articles, which were upon
the quay, and in which the sails and rudders of some of their
vessels were concealed. Another large vessel laden with iron,
which lay at the entrance of the harbour, scuttled, we burned;
and after blowing up the castle and magazine, destroying the
battery and spiking the guns, we came off, I am happy to
say, without the loss of a man, or any person being wounded,
although much exposed to the fire of the battery, as well as
musketry; nor was any damage done to the ships.
“The Mercury, from Captain Duncan’s anxiety to place her
as near the town as possible, took the ground, but in so
favourable a position, as gave the fullest effect to her fire.
She was however, hove off by 5 p.m. without having sustained
any damage.
“I never witnessed more zeal and energy than was evinced by
Captain Duncan upon this occasion. Lieutenant Willes displayed
great gallantry in taking possession of the battery the moment
the ships had ceased firing, and in the expedition with which
he turned the guns against the place; his exertion also in
bringing out the vessels was very great. Much credit is also
due to the officers and men of both ships for their activity.
“I have, &c.
“J. BRENTON.”
“RIGHT HONOURABLE VICE ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD.”
Captain Brenton dispatched the Mercury to convey the prizes to Trieste,
and on the following day came up with them off Rovigno. But having been
joined by the Thames, with orders for the Mercury to be sent to Trieste,
and from thence with the British Minister’s dispatches to Malta, he was
under the necessity of sending the captured vessels into Rovigno, a port
on the coast of Istria. The following letter to Lord Collingwood will
shew the state of affairs at this time in the upper part of the Adriatic,
and of the necessity for every exertion being made by the little squadron.
“SPARTAN, OFF ROVIGNO, 5th MAY, 1809.
“MY LORD,
“The Thames joined us last night, and I shall in consequence
dispatch the Mercury immediately to Trieste for Mr. Stuart’s
dispatches, and direct her Captain to proceed to Malta with
them.
“I trust your Lordship will approve of my having kept that
ship hitherto, as it was necessary to watch both sides of the
Adriatic, as well to prevent the evacuation of Dalmatia by
General Marmont’s corps—as to prevent supplies getting into
Venice; both of which purposes I hope have in a great measure
been effected.
“I have sent the Amphion to watch the motions of the French
army in Dalmatia, and to co-operate with the Austrians under
General Strokowitz. With the Spartan and Mercury I have
been on the coast of Romagna, at the express desire of His
Imperial highness the Arch-duke John, in order to cut off the
communication between its forts and Venice. I beg leave to
refer your Lordship to my letter of this day for a detail of
our proceedings on the 2nd instant, and enclose a duplicate of
that of the 27th ultimo.
“I have this moment received a letter from General L’Epine, in
which is the following passage. ‘General Marmont has given very
severe orders to arm the inhabitants of Veglia and Pago, under
the direction of some of his troops, which are expected there,
in order to oppose the Austrians; the whole population of these
islands are very averse to the project, and have the most eager
desire to see our troops take possession of their country,
therefore I have given orders immediately that a couple of
companies should be embarked in the neighbourhood from Fiume to
attack these islands, and take possession of them before the
arrival of the French. I advise you of that disposition, that
you may be in the case to assist our troops in the enterprize,
and I have no doubt that you will be disposed to do it.’
“This letter was addressed to Captain Hoste, in consequence of
my having sent him off Zara; but in order to effect the object
of it, I shall proceed instantly off those islands in the
Spartan, adding our force to that of the Amphion, and I shall
send the Thames to blockade Venice.
“I have, &c.
“J. BRENTON.”
“VICE ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD.”
A letter of the 29th April had been sent from Mr. Baird, the British
Agent at Fiume, to Mr. Jackson, the Charge’ des affaires at Trieste,
requesting he would inform the British Commander, by the earliest
opportunity, that the Austrians had entered Trau, on the coast of
Dalmatia, without finding any French there; that eighteen vessels had
gone from Zara to Pago with troops, and that it was believed General
Marmont and his staff were with them, and that his intention was probably
to get to Ancona.
About the same time, the following letter reached Captain Brenton, from
Mr. Bathurst, the British Ambassador, whom he had brought to Trieste in
the Spartan, dated Vienna, 27th April, 1809.
“I have been unable from illness to apply to any business
whatever since my arrival here, you must therefore not be
surprised at my silence.
“The turn which the war has taken upon the Danube is not
altogether favourable. The enclosed bulletin will put you
_au fait_ of the operations of the two armies. The Arch-duke
Charles has since been separated from General Hiller, and has
fallen back to the frontiers of Bohemia. General Hiller was
expected at Braunau yesterday, and will probably retire towards
Saltzburg, and the Tyrol. In this situation the Capital is
left open, but it is not imagined that the French will risk
advancing with an Austrian army on each flank.
“The Emperor is still in the vicinity of Enns.
“In every other direction the war has taken a favourable turn,
and the dispositions of the different powers of Europe seem
favourable to the Austrian cause; even Russia indicates no
desire of becoming hostile.
“The firmness of the government is not shaken, though the first
opening of the campaign has not answered their expectation.
Pray let me recommend to you the most cordial co-operation with
the Austrian army in Italy. It is probable the Arch-duke John
will for the present remain upon the defensive in the Venetian
States, your station will therefore become of the greatest
importance.
“Believe me, &c.
“R. BATHURST.”
On the 7th of May, General L’Epine writes from Trieste as follows:—
“SIR,
“Captain Flanegan, who will deliver this letter, is appointed
to have the command of the various Austrian armed vessels,
which are employed in the blockade of Venice, and is ordered to
follow your directions, as long as you intend to remain before
that place. I beg therefore you may be so good as to concert
with him such dispositions as you may think most proper to
attain the intended purpose, which is to prevent the enemy from
receiving supplies.
“By the same opportunity I have the honour to acquaint you
that I have received a dispatch from the Arch-duke John, in
which he mentions his most earnest desire, that the whole force
under your command should go as soon as possible to the coast
of Dalmatia, and particularly towards Zara, where he wishes
that an attempt might be made by the British men of war, firing
against that place, or in any other way, that might draw the
attention of the enemy, and operate a diversion, giving at the
same time a signal for the insurrection of the inhabitants to
break out, who expect nothing else than the occasion; whilst
our troops will make a resolute attack against the province on
the other side. I lose no time to let you know this intention
of the Arch-duke, being persuaded, after the disposition you
have been pleased to exert, and which are used to direct your
motions, that every exertion will be employed from your part to
answer the above proposition.
“I have the honour, &c.
“L’EPINE, MAJOR GENERAL.”
“COMMODORE BRENTON, COMMANDER OF H. B. M. FORCES, ADRIATIC.”
This letter was accompanied by another, containing a list of the
Austrian flotilla, with which Captain Brenton was desired to co-operate,
consisting of two brigs of war, and a tartane stationed between Goro
and Malamoco, with three gun boats, and five patrolling boats in the
neighbourhood of Cortelazzo. The vessels were especially intended to
prevent any supplies getting into Venice coastwise. It then added,
“In Venice the enemy have at this time 7800 men: French,
Italian, and militia. They have also
In the Lagune 4 gun boats, and 3 floating batteries.
At Malamoco 3 brigs, 3 gun boats, 3 floating batteries.
” Lido 2 brigs, 2 ”
” Treporte 1 gun boat, 1 gun pirogue.
” Venice 1 forty gun frigate, loaded with arms and
ammunition, not intended to go out,
and fifty-nine gun pirogues disposed in the remainder of the
Lagune. The Arch-duke John had got as far as Verona, but will
not probably advance further till the Arch-duke Charles shall
again take the offensive.
“Signed,
“L’EPINE, MAJOR GENERAL.”
“COMMODORE BRENTON, &c. &c.”
In consequence of the state of things as detailed in the preceding
correspondence, Captain Brenton felt much solicitude to comply, as far as
his very limited means would enable him, with the wishes of the Arch-duke
John, both as regarded the preventing supplies reaching Venice from the
coast of Romagna, as well as to give every possible annoyance to the
French army in Dalmatia. In order to effect the latter object he had
detached the Amphion to cruize between Zara and Fiume, and the Thames
was ordered to proceed off Punto Maestro, to stop all vessels attempting
to get into Venice. And as the French had seized a number of fishing
boats on the coast of Romagna, which they had laden with provisions,
with a view of their not being examined by the British cruizers; Captain
Waldegrave was directed to take all vessels of that description, and to
destroy all such as were so employed, and to warn all fishermen against
such acts of hostility, lest they should forfeit the indulgence they had
hitherto received as peaceable industrious people. Captain Waldegrave
was also ordered to take the Austrian flotilla off Cortelazzo under his
command.
Having made these arrangements, Captain Brenton proceeded in the Spartan
to the gulf of Fiume, with the intention of protecting the islands on the
coast of Croatia, still under the Austrian government, and driving the
French out of the others. The following letter to Lord Collingwood will
at once give the official detail of his operations to the 12th of May:—
“SPARTAN, OFF LUSSIN PICCOLO, 12th MAY, 1809.
“MY LORD,
“In my letter of the 6th instant I had the honour to inform
your Lordship of my intention to assist the Austrians in
getting possession of the islands on the coast of Croatia.
On approaching Veglia on the 7th, I was told that it had
surrendered the day before, and that the Austrians had gone
on to Cherso. I received at the same time information of
a French garrison consisting of 200 men, having fortified
the Island of Lussin, with a determination to hold out till
relieved. I proceeded directly for the port of Cherso, where
the imperial troops arrived a few hours before us. I proposed
to their Commandant, Lieutenant Colonel Baron Peharnick, that
a detachment should be embarked on board the Spartan, and an
attack be immediately made upon Lussin, to which he assented,
and came on board with one hundred and eighty men. We sailed
from Cherso at daylight, on the 9th, accompanied by three
trabacolos for the purpose of landing the troops. At two p.m.
we arrived off the port of Lussin, and found the enemy prepared
to receive us, having a battery on each side of the entrance of
the bay, which is not more than two cables length across. From
thence the bay runs to the S.E. about three miles in length,
and in no part more than a quarter of a mile over. The shore
on both sides high and rocky. At the extremity of the bay, the
town is situated, and immediately above it, the citadel, a
large stone building defended by eleven pieces of cannon.
“Our dispositions for the attack were immediately made, Baron
Peharnick with fifty men in the boats of the Spartan, under
the command of Lieutenant Willes, was to land to the southward
of the western battery. Lieutenant Fagan commanding the royal
marines of this ship, with his own party, and a detachment of
Austrians embarked in two of the trabacolos for the purpose of
attacking the eastern battery, whilst the ship was to run in
and engage both of them.
“This plan was put in execution at three p.m. and both
batteries carried after a very short resistance, the enemy
retreating to the citadel.
“Baron Peharnick and myself having reconnoitred the town from
an eminence, we were of opinion that the place might be taken
by an immediate attack. Accordingly the imperial troops which
were landed on the peninsula moved forward. Lieutenant Willes
in the boats, accompanied by Lieutenant Fagan’s detachment
in the trabacolos, ran up the bay accompanied by the ship.
Upon approaching the town I sent a flag of truce forward, to
summon it to surrender, but it was fired upon from the quay
and houses. Lieutenant Willes instantly pushed forward in the
most gallant manner with his boats, and found an anchorage for
the ship, within pistol shot of the town, of which I availed
myself immediately. One of the trabacolos with the marines
and imperialists was at this moment sunk by the fire from the
citadel, happily no lives were lost, and the troops landed to
the left of the town, from whence they dislodged a party of the
enemy that opposed them, the ship opening her fire upon the
citadel.
“At twenty-two minutes past five a flag of truce was hoisted
at the citadel, and the firing ceased. An officer came off to
apologize for the flag of truce being fired at by mistake, and
to know what terms we would grant. Our answer was, that the
garrison should surrender at discretion, and an hour given for
deliberation; at the expiration of which time a peremptory
refusal was returned, and the firing recommenced on both sides;
the remainder of the troops were landed, and the heights
occupied to the right and left of the town. At half-past
eight, finding the citadel silenced, I ceased firing, to give
the troops an opportunity of advancing to surround it, or to
storm it if practicable, and sent a field piece to Lieutenant
Willes to cover them. At eleven, a sharp fire of musketry took
place between the advance posts and the enemy. I immediately
ordered Lieutenant Baumgardt to move forward with a twelve
pounder carronade, and place it on an eminence to the right
of the citadel. I sent another to Lieutenant Willes on the
left, with directions for the troops to fall back upon their
guns, that the ship might renew her fire. By three a.m. the
batteries were erected within three hundred yards to the right
and left of the citadel, and Baron Peharnick sent me word that
the troops had retreated into the rear of them. A heavy fire
commenced immediately, which was returned from the citadel. At
four, a flag of truce came off with proposals to surrender,
on condition of the garrison being sent to Italy: this I
positively refused, and continued firing till five minutes
after six, when they surrendered at discretion.
“I feel particularly grateful to Lieutenant Colonel Baron
Peharnick for his active and cordial co-operation; the ability
with which he posted his troops during the night, and his
unwearied exertions do him the greatest honour. He speaks in
high terms of the officers and men belonging to H.M.S. under
my command. It is with much satisfaction I corroborate his
testimony, and add mine to the good conduct of the Imperial
officers and troops. The Chasseurs particularly distinguished
themselves.
“I have had frequent opportunities to observe the merit of
Lieutenant Willes first of the Spartan, and I do assure
your Lordship, that in every part of his duty it is truly
conspicuous. I am at a loss which to admire most, his
intrepidity, zeal, or judgment.
“The conduct of Lieutenant Baumgardt, second lieutenant, is
equally meritorious upon this occasion; both these officers had
very considerable difficulties to encounter in getting their
guns upon the height, and the activity with which this service
was performed was a subject of admiration to our allies, and of
surprise to our enemies, who deemed it impracticable.
“From Mr. Slinner, the master, I experienced the greatest
assistance, as well in working and placing the ship, as in
directing the guns, having given him the command of the main
deck in the absence of the other officers.
“The Royal Marines under Lieutenants Fagan and Fotterell
distinguished themselves so much by their steadiness and
gallantry, that Baron Peharnick gave them the advanced post
during the night within pistol shot of the enemy. It is but
just to the petty officers and ship’s company to say, that
their coolness and cheerful exertions during such a variety of
service, entitle them to my warmest approbation. They seemed to
vie with each other in supporting the honour of their country,
and fully succeeded.
“I am happy to say that we have lost no one, only two
Imperialists and one English wounded. The ship has suffered
very little, having taken such a position as to be below the
range of the enemy’s guns, while the citadel was exposed to our
fire, and nearly destroyed. The enemy had two killed and one
wounded.
“A number of merchant vessels were found in the port, but as it
did not appear that they had ever navigated under the enemy’s
flag, and are in general the property of the inhabitants, we
have given them up; two only, being Italians, were made prize
of.
“The prisoners are to proceed to Fiume, under the escort of the
Imperial troops, excepting the officers, who are on board the
Spartan to be landed at Trieste.
“I have the honour to enclose a list of the garrison, guns, &c.
and of the killed and wounded.
“I have, &c.
“J. BRENTON.”
“TO VICE-ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD.”
_List of Garrison, guns, military stores, &c. found in the
Citadel and Batteries of Lussin, 10th May, 1809._
_Infantry._
1 Captain
1 Lieutenant
1 2nd ditto
5 Serjeants
7 Corporals
2 Drummers
90 Rank and File
_Rifle Corps._
1 Captain
1 2nd Lieutenant
2 Serjeants
2 Corporals
41 Rank and File
_Artillery._
1 Captain
1 Serjeant Major
1 Serjeant
1 Bombardier
1 Corporal
14 Artillery men
Total—173.
Iron Guns 24 pounders 6
6 ” 7
4 ” 2
2 ” 1
Brass Guns 4 ” 2
--
Total 18
Muskets 568
Blunderbusses 3
Powder 30 barrels.
A quantity of shot of every description.
Forge for heating shot apparatus complete.
Provisions for garrison for 3 months.
Killed and wounded—
British wounded 2
Austrian 1
French killed—
2 Rank and File.
1 Ditto Wounded.
“J. BRENTON.”
The nature and variety of the service in getting possession of Lussin,
and the imperative duty of giving due credit to the Austrians for the
share they had in the affair, unavoidably extended this letter to a great
length. It may now, in justice to the officers and men engaged in the
expeditions, which followed each other with so much rapidity between
the 23rd of April and the 9th of May, be considered excusable to lay
before the reader, Lord Collingwood’s letter acknowledging the official
communication.
“VILLE DE PARIS, OFF TOULON, 10th JUNE, 1809.
“SIR,
“I have received your letter of the 27th April, and two of
the 5th May. The first informing me of an attack made by the
Spartan, Amphion, and Mercury, upon the town of Pesaro, on
the 23rd April, and the capture of all the vessels in that
port; the latter describing your operations which were equally
successful at the port of Cesenatico on the 2nd May.
“The dexterity and skill with which these two important
services were performed, are exceedingly satisfactory to me;
and the success with which they were attended, is an ample
proof of the judicious arrangements made, and the ability with
which the whole was conducted, and terminated without injury
to the assailants. In Captains Hoste and Duncan you had able
assistants, and the judicious conduct of Lieutenant Willes
deserves the highest commendation.
“I recommend you to have made a number of small iron wedges,
about three inches long, for the purpose of bursting guns which
you wish to destroy. Those spiked are soon restored to service
again; the wedge seldom fails to disable them entirely. The gun
must be fired with a bit of slow match, to give time to remove
out of the reach of explosion.
“I am, &c.
“Signed, COLLINGWOOD.”
On the 4th of July his Lordship gives the following answer to the
official account of the capture of Lussin.
“VILLE DE PARIS, OFF TOULON, 4th JULY, 1809.
“SIR,
“I have received your letter of the 12th May, informing me of
your having attacked and taken the citadel and defences of the
Island of Lussin, in which service Lieutenant Colonel Baron
Peharnick and one hundred and eighty Austrians had co-operated.
“The testimony you give of the zeal, enterprize, and good
judgment of Lieutenant Willes on the occasion, and the
meritorious exertions of the other officers and men of the
Spartan employed on this service, is exceedingly gratifying to
me.
“Could anything add to the satisfaction at the annoyance which
you have given to the enemy, and the credit which has attached
to His Majesty’s arms, in the present instance, it would be
the assurance you give of the active and cordial co-operation
afforded by the Commander and troops of His Imperial Majesty.
“I am, &c.
“COLLINGWOOD.”
In a letter from his Lordship to Lord Mulgrave, then First Lord of the
Admiralty, he thus adverts to this affair. “I cannot say too much to your
Lordship of the zeal and talent of Captain Brenton; of these he gives
proof whenever he is employed, and he seems to be everywhere. At Lussin
he undertook and accomplished a service which would have established a
reputation, had he never had another opportunity; and now at Cerigo his
conduct has not been less distinguished.”[14]
From Lussino the Spartan being joined by the Amphion, Captain Brenton
pushed for Trieste, and on his reaching the bay, received intelligence
that the French army having crossed the Lizonzo, on the 13th, were in
possession of the heights of Optehina, commanding Trieste; and while off
Peran, on the 18th, they had the mortification to see them enter Trieste.
The prizes which the little squadron had taken at Pesaro, were all in
that port, about six of the most valuable were seen coming out, and by
the greatest exertion of the young midshipmen who had the charge of them,
succeeded in getting under the guns of their own ships; the others of
course fell into the hands of the French, as did all those which had
been taken at Cesenatico, and had been sent into Rovigno. As the vessels
which escaped were not in a state to be sent to Malta, the two captains
with the consent of their officers and people chartered two Greek polacre
ships, on board of which they shipped their cargoes, and sent them to
Malta; whilst they remained on the coast of Istria in readiness to act
in any manner in which they could best afford assistance to the Austrian
towns, now rapidly falling into the hands of the French. The following
letter to Captain Brisbane, off Corfu, contains a detail of affairs at
the time in the Adriatic.
“SPARTAN, OFF PERAN, 19th MAY, 1809.
“SIR,
“A corps of the French army, under General Miolis, passed the
Lizonzo on the 13th; and on the 17th, occupied the heights of
Optehina, when a skirmish took place between the advanced posts
and the Austrians.
“It was reported that the enemy were prevented from entering
Trieste by the vicinity of the Austrian General Giulai, who
was at Laybach with 15,000 men, whilst General Zach, with a
detachment was in possession of the pass of Prevolt. Yesterday,
however, the enemy entered Trieste at ten a.m. from which
circumstance I fear they are no longer under apprehensions of
being attacked by the Austrian army, and that they will form
their junction with General Marmont in Dalmatia. They have also
sent another corps to take possession of Fiume.
“I think it of the highest importance that this intelligence
should reach you as soon as possible, that you may forward it
to Malta; and at the same time stop any vessels that may be on
their way to Trieste or Fiume. I cannot spare a ship, having
only the Amphion with me. I therefore send this by a trabacolo.
“The Thames is off Venice, I have sent a vessel to recall her,
and upon her joining, I trust we shall be able to prevent the
Russians[15] from going to Ancona, which (in the event of the
French having only taken possession of this country for the
purpose of pillage, and with the intention of falling back
again) I think it likely they may be obliged to attempt.
“If there are only the two French frigates at Corfu, and you
have received no further information, since your last by the
Thames, you will immediately send what sloops of war you may
have under your orders to join me between Lussino and Ancona.
“The Island of Lussin, captured by His Majesty’s ship under
my command, and two companies of Imperial troops, on the
10th instant, proves to be at this moment a most valuable
acquisition. Thither all the vessels and merchants from Istria
have repaired, and it affords a port for the Austrian flotilla.
Should there be no hopes of the Austrians regaining possession
of the coast, they will all proceed to Malta, or Sicily, for
which purpose I am particularly anxious to have some disposable
vessels of war.
“I am, &c.
“J. BRENTON.”
“TO CAPTAIN BRISBANE, (Or the Captain of any of H.M.S. off
Corfu.)”
Captain Brenton was fully aware of his very great responsibility in thus
continuing in the Adriatic, notwithstanding the order he had received
from Lord Collingwood, to leave that station; and he also well knew how
rigid his Lordship was in exacting the most implicit obedience to his
commands. He felt however that an imperative duty called upon him to give
all the aid in his power to the Austrians, with whose precise situation
the Admiral could not be acquainted. He therefore wrote the following
letter to account for his conduct.
“SPARTAN, OFF LUSSIN, 26th MAY, 1809.
“MY LORD,
“The Redwing has just joined me with your Lordship’s orders
of the 18th April, which I should have put into immediate
execution, but from the important and unexpected events which
have taken place in the vicinity, since they were written.
“The success of the Arch-duke Charles on the 21st ult. was
followed by a reverse; the left wing of the Austrian army being
defeated. The Arch-duke was in consequence obliged to retreat
towards Vienna, and the Arch-duke John, who had advanced as
far as Verona, was under the necessity of falling back first
to Cornegliano, and afterwards to Villach. The French under
General Miolis, taking advantage of this movement, passed the
Lizonzo on the 13th with the intention of taking possession of
Trieste, which occasioned a general panic in that city, and
induced many of the merchants and inhabitants to fly with their
property on board of such vessels as they could procure in the
port.
“The capture made by H.M.S. under my command, assisted by two
companies of Croatian troops, on the 10th instant, off the
Island of Lussin, (a detail of which I have the honour to
enclose for your Lordship’s information) has become of much
importance in affording them a safe harbour.
“The Spartan and Amphion arrived off Trieste on the 16th,
and found the heights of Optehina occupied by the enemy. The
Austrian flotilla consisting of two brigs, and nine gun boats
under sail in the bay, and a number of vessels of every
description in a state of utmost distress and confusion from
the precipitate departure.
“The Russian squadron was at the same time ready for sea. The
Imperial vessels anchored on the 17th in the bay of Peran in
order to complete their equipment. The French marched into
Trieste on the same day. On the 18th the Spartan and Amphion
anchored in Peran. I had dispatched the Imperial brig to recall
the Thames, which arrived on the 19th. The Imperial convoy
sailed on the 20th for Lussin, and on the 21st His Majesty’s
ships left the bay.
“Under the idea that a junction might be formed between the
Russian squadron, and that of the French in Ancona, it was my
intention to have endeavoured to burn the latter with rockets,
and accordingly directed our course towards the latter place,
but calms prevented our getting further than Rimini before
last night, when anxious lest H. M. ships might be wanted on
the coast of Dalmatia, and the wind coming to the southward,
I pushed for the place where we have just arrived, the convoy
having anchored only a few hours before us.
“The latest accounts we can procure are as follow, that
the French still occupy Trieste, and that they are hourly
expected at Fiume, which the Austrian troops and gun vessels
have quitted and gone to Segna: that General Meydick is still
successful in Dalmatia, and that General Marmont is shut up in
Zara, from whence it is probable he will, (if not relieved by
the army from Istria,) endeavour to make his escape. Colonel
Meydick commanding the Imperial flotilla at Segna, is very
urgent for the co-operation of the British frigates.
“The vessels which have taken refuge in Lussin, as well as
the island itself, are in great distress from the want of
provisions, &c. and from the state in which we left them, the
batteries are very defenceless.
“Having seriously considered all these circumstances, and the
effect which might at such a moment be produced upon the mind
of the inhabitants by that force being weakened, which they
are so accustomed to look up to for protection; I trust I
shall only anticipate your Lordship’s wishes by remaining on
the coast, until the senior officer off Corfu can be informed
of the situation of affairs.
“I wrote to Captain Brisbane on the subject, on the 19th, by
an Austrian brig, but am informed that she has only sailed for
Corfu this morning. I shall therefore dispatch the Redwing with
this, and with the Amphion and Thames use our utmost efforts
in assisting the Austrian army in fortifying the island, and
facilitating (if necessary) the evacuation of Fiume and Segna.
“Several reports corresponding in general with each other,
particularly as to dates, have lately reached us of a battle
having taken place near Schoenbrun, and that the Imperialists
had beaten the French, but little confidence is placed in
them. The pass of Prevalt is however believed to be still in
possession of General Giulai with 15,000 Croatians, which
accounts for the French not having advanced more rapidly in
that quarter.
“I have, &c.
“J. BRENTON.”
“TO VICE-ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD.”
On the 28th May, while off Lussin with the Spartan and Amphion, Captain
Brenton fell in with a squadron of line of battle ships under Captain
Hargood, consisting of the Northumberland, Excellent, and Montagu; and
no sooner had the Commander received Captain Brenton’s report of the
state of Trieste, than he decided upon making an immediate attack upon
the Russian squadron in that port, and made all sail for it, sending the
Spartan and Amphion a-head. The squadron got into the bay at day-light on
the 29th, and had the wind continued, would undoubtedly have succeeded
in their object without much loss; but the line of battle ships were
first becalmed on the south shore, and afterwards involved in one of
those extraordinary currents so common in the Adriatic, that although
apparently having sufficient way for steerage, yet with every sail full,
neither helm or sails had any power over the ships, which were to use the
common phrase among seamen, completely in irons; whilst at the same time,
the Spartan and Amphion, not a league to the northward, were perfectly
free.
This most mortifying detention continued until five o’clock in the
evening, when the sea breeze set in, and the influence of the current
was no longer felt; but the Russians and the French had made good use of
their time. They had from four o’clock in the morning a conviction that
an attack was intended; and the Russian ships were hauled close into
shore, and moored head and stern with their broadsides commanding the
entrance of the harbour. Their inside guns were landed, and batteries
made with them all along the Eastern, and Northern shores of the bay,
manned with French troops; they had also forges for heating shot, and
every preparation for a vigorous defence, which fourteen hours could
give them, assisted as they were by several thousands of French troops.
These preparations passed under the immediate notice of Captain Brenton
and Captain Hoste, who were together the whole day, and could see all
the operations of the enemy through their spy-glasses, frequently going
together on board the Commodore to make their report during the day. Both
agreed that in the early part of the day, success to the British Squadron
might be considered as certain; but they were also both of opinion that
as the day declined, the prospect was clouded over; and long before six
o’clock they had expressed their conviction to the Commodore that an
attack would be hopeless. At this hour when the sea breeze set in, the
Commodore taking Captain Brenton into his cabin, requested he would give
a decided official opinion as to the expediency of making an attempt upon
the Russian ships. To which Captain Brenton answered, “Were I in your
place commanding this squadron, I certainly would not make the attempt;
the enemy are now too strong, and the hazard to the British squadron
would be too great.” The Commodore requested the first Lieutenant might
be sent for to hear this opinion, when Captain Brenton said, “If you
will turn the hands up on the quarter deck, I will repeat what I have
said, before the whole ship’s company.” This was deemed conclusive, and
the signal was made immediately for the squadron to haul their wind.
Some dissatisfaction was manifested at this decision, and expressed to
the great annoyance of the Commodore; but a moment’s consideration would
have convinced the most ardent and intrepid officer in the navy, that not
only all chance of success was out of the question, but that the retreat
of the British Squadron from the port would have been very doubtful, if
possible. The sea breeze had set in fresh at six o’clock, and would, in
all probability, have lasted till midnight. Under such circumstances how
was a crippled ship to have made her retreat? and what must have been the
situation of the squadron, exposed to the fire of three line of battle
ships, converted into floating batteries, their guns from the side next
the shore all landed and become heavy batteries, manned with French
troops, and at least 5000 of these occupying Trieste? Captain Brenton
and Captain Hoste never ceased to congratulate themselves as having been
the means of saving the squadron from the most severe loss, if not from
destruction.
The Squadron now proceeded to the coast of Romagna, and another attack
was made upon the town of Pesaro. Captains Brenton and Hoste landed in
the command of the Marines, but troops arriving from all parts, the
Commodore found it expedient to call off the attacking party. (Note in
the Life of Sir Wm. Hoste, Vol. 1. p. 341.)
On the 5th of June the Spartan was ordered to proceed to Malta to refit,
and complete her stores and provisions, and from thence to go to Messina,
and form a part of Rear Admiral Martin’s squadron for the defence of
Sicily. In the latter end of June she left Malta; proceeded to Messina,
and was from thence ordered off Naples to join the Squadron employed
under Rear Admiral Martin, in co-operating with the British forces under
Major General Stuart, which had taken possession of the Islands of Ischia
and Procida.
Captain Brenton shortly after received the following letter from Lord
Collingwood, dated,—
“VILLE DE PARIS, OFF TOULON, 30th JULY, 1809.
“SIR,
“I have received your letter of the 26th May, stating to
me your reasons for remaining in the Adriatic, after the
receipt of my order of the 18th of April, and detailing your
proceedings. Under the circumstances you have represented,
I fully approve of your having continued in that sea, until
Captain Harwood joined, and I feel much satisfaction, Sir, in
this opportunity of signifying the high sense I entertain of
your judicious measures, and active services, both in aid of
the Austrians, and for the annoyance of the enemy, while you
were in the Adriatic sea; but there were more ships in that
quarter, than the state of the fleet would admit of, which
obliged me to recall the Spartan.
“I am, Sir, &c.
“COLLINGWOOD.”
“CAPTAIN BRENTON, H.M.S. SPARTAN.”
Captain Brenton’s mind was completely set at rest by this letter, which
not only conveyed approbation of the responsibility he had incurred,
but expressed high commendation for his conduct, and even as it were
apologized for recalling him from the Adriatic, which to those who know
Lord Collingwood, will appear as a very strong testimony of his approval.
This testimony was subsequently confirmed by the following letter.
“VILLE DE PARIS, AT SEA, 5th NOV., 1809.
“SIR,
“Having transmitted to the Secretary of the Admiralty your
letter describing the particulars of the attack made on
the fort, and defences of the Island of Lussin, and of the
surrounding Islands, I am commanded by their Lordships to
convey their sentiments of admiration at the intrepidity, zeal,
and judgment so eminently displayed on that occasion, and I
beg you will please to communicate the same to the officers,
seamen, and marines, employed under your orders on that service.
“I am, &c.
“COLLINGWOOD.”
“CAPTAIN BRENTON, H.M.S. SPARTAN.”