[1] Dowling, “Introduction to Study of Eccl. Hist.; its
Progress and Sources.” Lond., 1838.
Smedt, “Introd. generalis ad Hist. Eccl. critice
tractandam.” Gandavi, 1876.
[2] See Sermon on The Pharisees in Mozley’s “Univ. Sermons.”
Lond., 1876; also
Schürer, Div. II., vol. ii., pp. 1-43, “Pharisees and
Sadducees.”
[3] See Lightfoot, _Ep. to the Col._, 5th ed., Lond., 1880,
Diss. on “Essenes, their Name, Origin, and Relation to
Christianity.” pp. 349-419; also
Schürer, Div. II., vol. ii., pp. 188-218, “The Essenes.”
[4] Nutt, _Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma, and
Literature_. Lond., 1874.
[5] On Philo, see Schürer, Div. II., vol. iii., pp. 321-381.
[6] J. Bannerman, “The Church of Christ.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1868.
Jacob, “Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament.”
Lond., 1871.
Hatch, “The Organization of the Early Chr. Churches.”
Lond., 1881; 2nd ed., 1883.
D. D. Bannerman, “The Doctrine of the Church.”
Edin., 1887.
Hodge, “The Church and its Polity.” Edin., 1879.
Binnie, “The Church.” Edin., 1882.
Pressensé, “Life and Pract. of Early Church.” Lond., 1879.
Lightfoot, “Comm. on Philip.” “Essay on Christian
Ministry.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881, pp. 181-269.
[7] Mommsen, “De collegiis et sodaliciis Rom.” Kiel, 1843.
Foucart, “Les associat. relig. chez les Grecs.”
Paris, 1873.
Hatch, “Organization of Early Chr. Churches.” pp. 26-39.
[8] Lightfoot, “Epistle to Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881,
p. 95. Detached notes on the synonyms “bishop” and
“presbyter.” “Diss. on Christian Ministry.”
pp. 187-200.
[9] Blondel, “Apologia pro sententia Hieron. de episcop. et
presbyt.” Amst., 1646.
[10] The φίλημα ἅγιον of Rom. xvi. 16; 1 Cor. xvi. 20.
[11] Of these we probably find fragments in Eph. ii. 14;
1 Tim. iii. 16; 2 Tim. ii. 11-13; and perhaps also in
1 Tim. iii. 1, 16; Jas. i. 17; Rev. i. 4; iv. 11; v. 9;
xi. 15; xv. 3; xxi. 1; xxii. 10.
[12] Acts ii. 4, 6; xx. 7.
[13] John xx. 26; Acts xx. 7; 1 Cor. xvi. 2; Rev. i. 10.
[14] Acts ii. 39; xvi. 33; 1 Cor. vii. 14.
[15] Acts viii. 17; vi. 6; xiii. 3; 1 Tim. iv. 14.
[16] On the subject of this section consult:
Pressensé, “Early Years of Christianity.” Vol. 2,
“Apostolic Age.” Lond., 1879, pp. 361-381.
Lechler, “Apostolic and Post Apostolic Times.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1886; Vol. i., pp. 37-67, 130-144.
[17] Burton, “Heresies of the Apostolic Age.” Oxford, 1829.
[18] As authorities for this period consult:
Moshemii, “Commentarii de reb. Christianor. ante
Constant.” Helmst., 1753.
Baur, “First Three Centuries of the Christian Church.”
Lond., 1877.
Milman, “Hist. of Chr. to Abol. of Pag. in Rom. Emp.”
3 vols., Lond., 1840.
Pressensé, “Early Years of Christianity.” 4 vols.,
Lond., 1879.
[19] Consult:
Killen, “The Ancient Church.” Edin., 1859; “The Old
Catholic Church.” Edin., 1871.
Lechler, “Apost. and Post-Apost. Times.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1886; Vol. ii., pp. 260-379.
Robertson, “Hist. of Chr. Church.” Vol. i., (A.D. 64-590),
Lond., 1858.
[20] Although the Post-Apostolic and Old Catholic Ages are
sharply enough distinguished from one another in point
of time and of contents along many lines of historical
development, and are rightly partitioned off from each
other, so that they might seem to require treatment as
independent periods; yet, on the one hand, passing over
from the one to the other is so frequent and is for the
most part of so liquid and incontrollable a nature, while
on the other hand, the opposition of and the distinction
between these two periods and the œcumenical Catholic
Imperial Church that succeeds are so thorough-going,
that we prefer to embrace the two under one period and
to point out the boundary lines between the two wherever
these are clearly discernible.
[21] Inge, “Society in Rome under the Cæsars.” Lond., 1887.
[22] Uhlhorn, “Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism.”
Steere, “Account of the Persecutions of the Church under
the Roman Emperors.”
[23] Renan, “Antichrist.” Lond., 1874.
Merivale, “Hist. of Rom. Emp.” Vols. v. vi.,
Lond., 1856, 1858.
Farrar’s “Early Days of Christianity.” Lond., 1884;
Bk. I., pp. 1-44.
Mommsen, “Hist. of Rome.” 6 vols., Lond., 1875 ff.
[24] Renan, “Marcus Aurelius.” Lond., 1883.
Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
[25] Lightfoot, “Ignatius.” Vol. i., pp. 469-476.
[26] “Kirchengesch. v. Dtschl.” I. 94.
[27] Mason, “The Persecution of Diocletian.” Cambridge, 1876.
[28] Cotterill, “Peregrinus Proteus.” Edin., 1879; Engl.
Transl. of Lucian’s works, by Dr. Francklin, 4 vols.,
Lond., 1781.
[29] Baur, “Christian Church in First Three Centuries.”
Lond., 1877.
“Celsus and Origen.” in vol. iv. of Froude’s “Short
Studies.”
[30] Philostratus, “Life of Apollonius of Tyana.” First 2 bks.,
Transl. by Blount, Lond., 1680.
Newman, “Hist. Sketches.” Vol. i., chap. ii., “Apollonius
of Tyana.”
[31] The works of Plotinus consist of 54 treatises arranged
in 6 Enneads, “Opera Omnia.” ed. Creuzer, 3 vols.,
Oxon., 1835. Several of the treatises transl. into
English by H. Taylor, Lond., 1794 and 1817.
[32] Zeller, “History of Eclecticism in Greek Philosophy.”
Lond., 1831.
Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” Lond., 1872; Vol. i.,
pp. 240-252.
[33] “Narratio orig. rituum et error. Christianor. S. Joannis.”
Rom., 1652.
[34] Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Lond., 1886; Vol. viii., p. 120.
[35] In de Sacy’s “Chrestom. Arabe.” 2 ed., I. 333.
[36] 1 Cor. xvi. 3; 2 Cor. viii. 19; Gal. ii. 9.
[37] Burton, “Heresies of the Apostolic Age.” Oxford, 1829.
Zeller, “Acts of the Apostles.” 2 vols., London,
1875, 1876.
Pressensé, “Apostolic Age.” London, 1879, pp. 66-73;
318-330.
[38] Neander’s “First Planting of Christianity and
Antignostikus.” (Bohn), 2 vols., Lond., 1851.
Mansel, “Gnostic Heresies of First and Second Centuries.”
Ed. by Bishop Lightfoot, Lond., 1875.
King, “Remains of the Gnostics.” Lond., 1864;
new ed., 1887.
Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” 2 vols., Lond., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 280-290.
[39] These are published among the works of Origen. Recently
Caspari discovered an admirable Latin translation of them
made by Rufinus, and published it in his “Kirchenhist.
Anecdota.” I., (Christ., 1883).
[40] Lipsius, “Valentinus and his School.” in Smith’s “Dict.
of Biography.” Vol. iv., Lond., 1887.
[41] In Cureton’s “Spicil. Syr.” Lond., 1855.
[42] In its extant Coptic form, ed. by Petermann, Brl., 1851.
In a Latin transl. by Schwartze, Brl., 1853.
In English transl. in King’s “Remains of the Gnostics.”
Lond., 1887.
[43] Yet the school of Baur regard this Gospel of Marcion as
the original of Luke. Hilgenfeld thinks that both our
Luke and Marcion drew from one earlier source. Hahn
has sought to restore the Marcionite Gospel in Thilo’s
“Cod. Apoc. N.T.” I. 401.
Sanday, “Gospels in the Second Century.” London, 1876.
[44] Salmon, “Introd. to the N.T.” London, 1885, pp. 242-248.
Reuss, “Hist. of N.T.” Edin., 1884, §§ 291, 246, 362, 508.
[45] Lightfoot, “Comm. on Galatians.” Camb., 1865; Diss.
“St. Paul and the Three.”
[46] Lechler, “Apost. and Post-Apostol. Times.” Vol. ii.,
p. 263 ff.
Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Lond., 1886, Vol. viii.,
p. 152.
[47] Ewald, “Hist. of Israel.” Vol. viii., p. 122.
[48] We possess this work in the original Greek. The first
complete edition was that of Cotelerius in his “Pp.
Apost.” The latest and most careful separate ed., is by
Lagarde, Lps., 1865; Eng. transl. in Ante Nicene Lib.,
Edin., 1871.
[49] Existing only in the Latin transl. of Rufinus. Published
in Cotelerius, “Pp. Apost.”
Separate ed. by Gersdorf, Lps., 1838; Eng. transl.
Ante-Nicene Lib., Edin., 1867.
[50] See de Sacy, “Mem. sur diverses antiqu. de la Perse.”
Par., 1794.
The most important of these Arabic works are the Literary
History of An-Naddim, Kitab al Fihrist, ed. Flügel and
Roediger, Lps., 1871; then
Al-Shurstani’s “Hist. of relig. and phil. sects.” ed.
Cureton, Lond., 1842; and
Al-Biruni’s “Chron. d. Orient Völker.” ed. Sachau,
Lps., 1878.
[51] Among the Mandeans _mana rabba_ means one of the highest
æons, and is thus perhaps identical with the name
Paraclete borrowed from the Christian terminology,
which Manes assumed.
[52] Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” 2 vols., Lond., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 290-325. Patristic. Phil. down to Council of Nicæa.
[53] Donaldson, “Apostolic Fathers.” Lond., 1874.
Lightfoot, “Clement of Rome.” 2 vols., Lond., 1869, 1877;
Ignatius and Polycarp, 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
Sanday, “The Gospels in the Second Century.” Lond., 1876.
[54] Luke i. 1; § 32, 4; 36, 7; 59, 1.
[55] “Patrum Apost. Opera.” Ed. Gebhardt, Harnack and Zahn,
3 vols., Lps., 1876 ff.
“Apostolic Fathers.” Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Library,
Edin., 1867.
Donaldson, “Apostolic Fathers.” Edin., 1874.
[56] At Constantinople, 1875.
[57] Comp. Lightfoot, “St. Clement of Rome, An Appendix.” etc.,
Lond., 1877.
[58] Donaldson, “History of Christian Literature.” Vol. i.,
Lond., 1864.
Cunningham, “Dissertation on Epistle of St. Barnabas.”
Lond., 1877.
[59] “Hermæ Pastor.” ed. Hilgenfeld, 2 ed., Lps., 1881. Down
to the middle of the 19th century it was known only in
a Latin translation, but since then the Greek original
has been accessible in two recensions, as well as
in an ancient Ethiopic translation (ed. d’Abbadie,
Lps., 1860). One of the Greek recensions almost complete
was found in the monastery of Athos; and an older, but
less perfect one, was found in the _Codex Sinaiticus_.
Schodde, “Hermâ Nabî; The Ethiopic version of Pastor
Hermæ examined.” Lps., 1876.
[60] Comp.
Harnack in _Expositor_ for March, 1886, pp. 185-192.
Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” Lond., 1885, vol. ii.,
pp. 433-470.
[61] Cureton, “Corpus Ignatianum.” (Rom., Eph., and Ep. to
Polyc.), Lond., 1819.
[62] Against their genuineness:
Dallæus, “De scrr. quæ sub Dionysii et Ignatii nom.
circumfer.” Gen., 1666.
Killen, “Ignatian Epistles entirely Spurious.”
Edin., 1886.
In favour:
Pearson, “Vindiciæ St. Ignat.” Cantab., 1672.
Lightfoot, “Ignatius and Polycarp.” 3 vols., Lond., 1885.
[63] Salmon, “Introd. to the New Testament.” Lond., 1885,
pp. 104-126.
Sanday, “Gospels in Second Century.” Lond., 1876.
[64] Schaff, “The Oldest Church Manual.” Edin., 1886.
Hitchcock and Brown, “Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.”
New York, 1884.
Taylor, “The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles with Illus.
from the Talmud.” Cambr., 1886.
_Expositor_, April and June, 1886, pp. 319 f. and
401 ff.; Nov., 1887, pp. 359-371.
[65] Donaldson, “Hist. of Chr. Lit. from death of App. to Nic.
Council.” 3 vols., Lond., 1864, Vols. ii. and iii.,
“The Apologists.”
[66] The Syriac translation of a treatise of Melito’s given
in Cureton’s “Spicileg. Syr.” Lond., 1853, which gives
itself out as an address delivered before Antoninus
Cæsar, is not identical with his Apology to Antoninus
Pius, of which Eusebius has preserved three fragments,
as these passages are not found in it.
[67] The fragments of Melito’s works are collected by Routh,
“Reliquiæ Sacr.” L., Oxon., 1814.
[68] “Opera.” ed. Otto, 3 vols., Jena, 1876; Engl. transl. in
Ante-Nicene Library, Edin., 1867.
Semisch, “Just. Mart.” 2 vols., Edin., 1843.
Kaye, “Writings and Opin. of Just. Mart.” Lond., 1853.
[69] Salmon, “Introd. to New Test.” On Tatian, pp. 96-104.
Wace on “Zahn’s Tatian’s Diatessaron.” in _Expositor_
for Sept. and Oct., 1882.
[70] Bigg, “The Christian Platonists of Alexandria.” Bampton
Lect. for 1886, Oxf., 1886.
Kingsley, “Alexandria and her Schools.” Camb., 1854.
[71] “Opera.” ed. Harvey, Cantab., 1857; Introd. II.
“Life and Wr. of Irenæus.” Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene
Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1868, 1869.
Lightfoot, “Churches of Gaul.” in _Contemp. Review_,
Aug. 1876.
Lipsius, “Irenæus.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.”
III., pp. 253-279.
[72] Many works ascribed to him have been lost; whatever fragments
of these exist have been collected by Fabricius and Lagarde.
These were:
_Exeget._, a Com. on Daniel;
_Apolog._, Πρὸς Ἰουδαίους;
_Polem._,
against Gnostics and Monarchians,
against the Asiatic Observance of Easter (§ 37, 2);
_Dogmat._,
Περὶ τῆς τοῦ πάντος οὐσίας,
Περὶ τοῦ Ἀντιχρίστου,
Περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως (§ 22, 4),
Περὶ χαρισμάτων;
Hist.-chron.,
Chronicle, and Easter-Canon.
On Philosophoumena:
Döllinger, “Hippolytus and Callistus.” Edin., 1876.
[73] “Opera.” ed. Dindorf, 4 vols., Oxon., 1868.
“Supplementum Clementinum, in Zahn’s Forsch.” Vol. iii.,
Engl. transl. in Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols., Edin., 1867.
Bigg, “Chr. Plat. of Alex.” Lectt. II. III., Oxf., 1886.
Kaye, “Clement of Alexandria.” London, 1855.
Reuss, “Hist of Canon.” Edin., 1884, pp. 112-116.
[74] Jerome reckons them at 2,000; Epiphanius at 6,000; these
must include the thousands of separate epistles and
homilies.
Bigg, “Chr. Platonists of Alex.” Lectt. IV.-VI.,
Oxf., 1886.
[75] _Hexaplorum quæ supersunt._ Ed. Field, Oxon., 1871.
[76] Ed. Selwyn, Cantab., 1876; Engl. transl. of C. Celsum
and De Principiis, in Ante-Nicene Library, 2 vols.,
Edin., 1869-1872.
[77] “Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius of Alex. and Archelaus.”
transl. by Prof. Salmond, Edin., 1871.
[78] Neander, “Antignosticus, or the Spirit of Tertull.”
appended to “Hist. of Planting of Chr. Church.”
2 vols., Lond., 1851.
Kaye, “Eccles. Hist. of 2nd and 3rd Cents. illustr. from
Wr. of Tertull.” 2 ed., Camb., 1829.
Tertullian, “Works.” 3 vols., Ante-Nicene Lib.,
Edin., 1869.
[79] “Cyprian’s Treatises and Epistles.” Lib. of Fathers,
2 vols., Oxf., 1839, 1844.
“Writings of Cyprian.” Ante-Nicene Lib., 2 vols.,
Edin., 1868.
Poole, “Life and Times of C.” Oxf., 1840.
Pressensé, “Martyrs and Apologists.” Lond., 1879,
pp. 414-438.
[80] Dillmann, “Pseudepigraph. des A. Ts.” Herzog, xii. 341.
Reuss, “Hist. of the N. T.” Edin., 1884.
Salmon, “Introd. to N. T.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1886.
[81] “Fabricius, Codex pseudepigr. V.T.” Ed. 2., Hamb., 1722.
[82] Drummond, “Jewish Messiah.” Lond., 1877.
Lawrence, “Book of Enoch.” Oxf., 1821.
Schodde, “Bk. of Enoch.” Andover, 1882.
Schurer, “Hist. of Jew. Peo. in Times of J. Chr.”
Div. II., Vol. 3., pp. 59 ff., 73 ff., 93 ff., 134 ff.;
(Enoch, Assumptio, Ezra, Bk. of Jub.).
Bensly, “Missing Fragment of Lat. Transl. of 4th Bk. of
Ezra.” Cambr., 1875.
[83] Sinker, “Test. XII. Patriarchum.” Cambr., 1869;
Appendix, 1879.
Malan, “Book of Adam and Eve.” Lond., 1882.
Hort on Bks. of Adam, in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Biog.”
Lond., 1877.
[84] Salmon, “Introd. to N.T.” Lond., 1885; Lect. XII.,
“Apoc. and Her. Gospels.” pp. 226-248.
[85] Nicholson, “The Gosp. acc. to the Hebrews.” Lond., 1879.
[86] Giles, “Cod. Apoc. N. T.” 2 vols., Lond., 1852.
Tischendorf, “Evv. Apocr.” Ed. 2, Lps., 1876.
[87] Wright, “Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles.” Syriac and
English, 2 vols., Lond., 1871.
Malan, “The Conflicts of the Holy Apostles.” Lond., 1871.
Tischendorf, “Acta app. Apocr.” Lps., 1851.
[88] Phillips, “Addai the Apostle.” Syriac and English,
Lond., 1876.
[89] Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881; “Diss.
on Paul and Seneca.” pp. 270-328; “Letters of Paul
and Seneca.” pp. 329-333.
Lightfoot, “Comm. on Col.” 5 ed., Lond., 1880;
pp. 274-300, “The Epistle from Laodicea.”
[90] Dorner, “Hist. of Dev. of Doctr. of Person of Chr.”
5 vols., Edin., 1862.
Pressensé, “Heresy and Christian Doctrine.” Lond., 1879.
[91] Deut. xviii. 15; Isa. liii. 3; Matt. xii. 32; Luke i. 35;
John viii. 40; Acts ii. 22; 1 Tim. ii. 5.
[92] Tertullian says: _Ita duo negotia diaboli Praxeas Romæ
procuravit, prophetiam expulit et hæresim intulit,
paracletum fugavit et patrem crucifixit._--Ps.-Tertull.:
_Hæresim introduxit, quam Victorinus corroborare
curavit._
[93] Dorner, “Person of Christ.” Vol. ii.
[94] Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.”
Lond., 1872.
[95] Hatch, “The Organization of the Early Christian
Churches.” Lond., 1881; “The Growth of Church
Institutions.” Lond., 1887.
Bannerman, “Doctr. of the Church.” 2 vols., Edin., 1858;
espec. vol. i., pp. 277-480.
Lightfoot, “Comm. on Phil.” 6th ed., Lond., 1881:
“Dissertat. on Chr. Ministry.”
Papers in _Expositor_, 1887, on “Origin of Chr. Ministry.”
by Sanday, Harnack and others.
[96] We are not carried further than this by Irenæus, iii. 3.
Similarly, too, Cyprian, _De Unitate Ecclesiæ_, iv.
Tertullian also does not accept the Roman tradition
as of supreme authority, but prefers that of Asia
Minor in regard to the Easter Controversy, and, in the
_De Pudicitia_, he opposes with bitter invective the
penitential discipline of the Roman bishop Zephyrinus or
Callistus. So, too, Cyprian repudiates the Roman practice
in regard to heretics’ baptism (§ 35, 5); and on the same
subject Firmilian of Cæsarea in Cappadocia hesitates not
to write: _Non pudet Stephanum, Cyprianum pseudo-christum
et pseudo-apostolum et dolosum operarium dicere:
qui omnia in se esse conscius prævenit, ut alteri
per mendacium objiceret, quæ ipse ex merito audire
deberet._--Consult:
Blondel, “Traité hist. de la primauté.” Gen., 1641.
Salacious, “De Primatu Papæ.” Lugd. Bat., 1645.
Kenrick, “The Primacy of the Apostolic See Vindicated.”
New York, 1848.
“The Pope and the Council.” by Janus, Lond., 1869.
[97] Wall, “Hist. of Infant Baptism.” with Gale’s Reflections,
and Wall’s Defence, 4 vols., Oxf., 1836.
Wilberforce, “Doctr. of Holy Baptism.” Lond., 1849.
[98] Funk’s assertion that the ἀκροᾶσθαι and the γονυκλίνειν
were not stages in the Catechumenate, but penal ranks
in which offending Catechumens were placed, and that
there was only one order of Catechumens is untenable
for these reasons:
1. Because the penitential institution presupposes a
falling away from the grace of baptism;
2. Because the Canon of Neo-Cæsarea with its
κατηχούμενος ἁμαρτάνων, ἐὰν μὲν γονυκλίνων, ἀκροάσθω,
necessarily implies that γονυκλίνειν is a stage in
the Catechumenate;
3. Because this Canon provides that after the first
penal procedure, not after passing through two
penitential orders, the sinner will be expelled;
4. Finally, because the γονυκλίνειν of the Catechumens,
just like that of the congregation in prayer, is
even in expression something quite different from
the ὑπόπτωσις of the penitents.--Consult:
Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.”
Lond., 1879, pp. 5-36, 333.
[99] Pressensé, “Life and Practice in the Early Church.”
pp. 201-216, 263-286.
Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apost. Times.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1886; Vol. ii. 298.
Jacob, “Ecclest. Polity of N. T.” Lond., 1871,
pp. 187-319.
[100] Jacob, “Ecclest. Polit. of N.T.” Lond., 1871, Lect. vii.,
“The Lord’s Supper.”
Waterland, “Review of the Doctrine of the Eucharist.”
Lond., 1737.
[101] See, _De Doctr. Christiana._ II. ii. 15.--“Old Latin
Biblical Texts.” Edited by John Wordsworth, Bp. of
Salisbury, Oxford, 1885, etc.
[102] Lechler, “Apostolic and Post-Apostolic Times.”
Edin., 1886, Vol. ii., pp. 301-310.
[103] Bosio, “Roma Sotteranea.” Rom., 1632.
De Rossi, “Roma sott. crist.” 3 vols., Rome, 1864-1877.
Northcote and Brownlow, “Roma Sotteranea.” Lond., 1869.
Withrow, “The Catacombs of Rome.” Lond., 1876.
[104] Marriott, “Testimony of the Catacombs.” Lond., 1877.
[105] Zöckler, “The Cross of Christ.” Lond., 1877.
Allen, “Early Christian Symbolism.” Lond., 1887.
Didson, “Chr. Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
[106] Schmidt, “The Social Results of Early Christianity.”
Lond., 1886.
Brace, “Gesta Christi.” Lond., 1883.
Uhlhorn, “Chr. Charity in the Ancient Church.”
Edin., 1883.
Pressensé, “Life and Practice in Early Church.”
Lond., 1879, pp. 345-477.
Ryan, “Hist. of the Effects of Relig. upon Mankind.”
Dublin, 1820.
[107] Morinus, “De discipl. in administr. s. pœnitentiæ.”
Par., 1651.
Marshall, “Penitential Discipline of the Prim. Church for
the First Four Centuries.” Lond., 1844 (1st ed., 1718).
Tertullian, “De Pœnitentia.” See Transl. in Library of
Fathers, Tertullian, vol. i., “Apologetic and Practical
Treatises.” Oxf., 1843; XI. Of Repentance, with long
and valuable notes by Dr. Pusey, pp. 349-408.
[108] J. de Soyres, “Montanism and the Primitive Church.”
Cambr., 1878.
Cunningham, “The Churches of Asia.” Lond., 1880,
p. 159 ff.
[109] Bunsen, “Hippolytus and his Age.” Lond., 1854.
Wordsworth, “St. Hippolytus and the Church of Rome.”
Lond., 1852.
Döllinger, “Hippolytus and Callistus.” Edin., 1876
(orig. publ. 1853).
[110] “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1843, Cyprian’s Treatises:
v.“On Unity of the Church.” vi. “On the Lapsed.” with
prefaces.
Also, “Epp. of S. Cyprian.” (1844) xli.-xlv., lii.
and lix.
[111] “Library of Fathers.” Oxf., 1844; “Epp. of S. Cyprian.”
Ep. lii., also Ep. lv.
[112] Merivale, “Conversion of the Roman Empire.” Lond., 1864.
Milman, “Hist. of Christianity to Abol. of Pag. in Rom.
Emp.” 3 vols., Lond.
Lecky, “Hist. of Eur. Morals.” Vol. ii., “From Constantine
to Charlemagne.”
[113] Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle
Ages.” Lond., 1871.
[114] Original source is Eusebius, “Life of Constantine.”
Trans. Lond., 1842.
See interesting lect. on Constantine in Stanley’s “Hist.
of Eastern Church.” Lond., 1861.
Madden, “Christian Emblems on Coins of Constantine I.”
Lond., 1878.
[115] Neander, “The Emperor Julian and his Generation.”
Lond., 1850.
G. H. Rendall, “The Emperor Julian.” Lond., 1879.
Newman, “Miracles in Eccl. Hist.” Oxf., 1842.
Bp. Wordsworth, “Julian.” in Smith’s Dict. of Biog.,
vol. iii., pp. 484-523.
[116] On this whole period consult: Histories of Theodoret,
Sozomen, Socrates, and Evagrius (containing much
fabulous matter, but useful as contemporary records
extending down to A.D. 594). Transl. in 4 vols.,
Lond., 1812-1846.
For Theodosius I. see Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.”
vol. ii., p. 341 ff., Edin., 1876.
[117] A careful reconstruction of the whole as far as
possible has been attempted by Neumann (Leipz., 1880),
accompanied by prolegomena and a German translation.
[118] Hefele, “Hist. of Church Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 1-48.
Pusey, “Councils of Ch. from A.D. 51 to A.D. 381: their
constit., obj., and history.” Oxf., 1857.
[119] Its original form is probably preserved in a Syriac
translation; see Bunsen’s “Analecta Antenicæna.”
ii. 45-338, Lond., 1854.
[120] First published in the Greek original by Bickell under
the title, inapplicable to the first part: Αἱ διαταγαὶ
αἱ διὰ Κλήμεντος καὶ κανόνες ἐκκλησιαστικοὶ τῶν ἁγίων
ἀποστόλων.
[121] Maitland, “The Dark Ages.” Lond., 1844.
Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization in 5th Cent.” Transl.
by Glyn, 2 vols.
Montalembert, “Monks of the West, from Benedict to
Bernard.” 7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.
[122] Stephens, “Chrysostom: his Life and Times.” 3rd ed.,
London, 1883, pp. 59 ff., 294 ff.
[123] Hatch, “Organization of the Early Christian Churches.”
London, 1881, pp. 124-139.
Hatch, “Ordination.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Bibl. Antiq.”
Vol. ii.
[124] Hatch, “Organization of Chr. Ch.” p. 161.
Bede, “Eccles. Hist.” iv. 1.
[125] Dale, “Synod of Elvira, and Christ. Life in the 4th cent.”
London, 1882.
Lea, “Hist. of Sacerdotal Celibacy.” Philad., 1867.
Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” London, 1877, Vol. ii.,
pp. 328 ff.
Hefele, “Hist. of Christ. Councils.” Edin., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 150, 380, 435.
[126] Neale, “Hist. of the Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols.,
London, 1847-1873.
Stanley, “Lect. on the Eastern Church.” London, 1861.
[127] Greenwood, “Cathedra Petri: Pol. Hist. of Great Latin
Patriarchate from 1st to 16th cent.” 6 vols., London,
1856 ff.
[128] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876,
pp. 231 ff., 483 ff.
[129] Comp. Döllinger, “Fables Respecting the Popes of the
Middle Ages.” Lond., 1871.
[130] Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.
[131] Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” 2 ed.,
Cambr., 1869.
Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. i.
[132] Kellett, “Pope Gregory the Great and his Relations with
Gaul.” (Cambridge Essays, No. ii.), Cambridge, 1889.
[133] Engl. Transl.:
“Eccles. Hist. with Life of Euseb. by Valesius.”
Lond., 1843.
“Theophania, or Div. Manifest. of the Lord.” from Syr.
by Dr. Sam. Lee, Lond., 1843.
“Life of Constantine.” Lond., 1844.
“Life of Eusebius.” by Bright, prefixed to Oxf. ed.
of Eccl. Hist. of 1872.
[134] “Festal Epp. of Athanasius.” (transl. from Syriac
discovered in 1842 by Tattam, and first edited by
Cureton in 1848), Oxf., 1854.
[135] “Treatises against Arians.” 2 vols., Oxf., 1842 (new ed.,
1 vol., 1877).
“Historical Tracts.” Oxf., 1843; “Select Tracts,” with
Newman’s Notes, 2 vols., Lond., 1881.
[136] Newman’s, “Hist. Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. v; Sketches
of Basil, Gregory, etc. Originally publ. under title
“Church of the Fathers.” Lond., 1842.
[137] Ullmann, “Gregory Nazianzen.” Oxford, 1855; and Newman
“Church of the Fathers.”
[138] Cyril’s Comm. on Luke is transl. from the Syriac by
Dr. Payne Smith, Oxf., 1859.
[139] A very full and admirable account of Synesius and his
writings is given by Rev. T. R. Halcomb in Smith’s
“Dict. of Chr. Biog.” Vol. iii., pp. 756-780.
[140] Neander, “Life of Chrysostom.” Lond., 1845.
Stephens, “Life of Chrysostom.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1883.
Chase, “Chrysostom: a Study.” Cambr., 1887.
His Homilies and Addresses are transl. in 15 vols. in
the “Lib. of the Fathers.” Oxf., 1839-1851.
Various Eng. translations of the tract “On the
Priesthood.”
[141] Newman’s “Historical Sketches.” Vol. ii., chap. i.,
“Theodoret.”
[142] Translated by Dean Church in “Lib. of the Fathers.”
Oxf., 1838; with interesting and instructive Preface
by Newman.
[143] Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Lond., 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 349-352.
Colet, “On the Hierarchies of Dionysius.” ed. by
Lupton, Lond., 1869.
Wescott, “Dionysius the Areopagite.” in _Contemp.
Review_ for May, 1867.
[144] Etheridge, “The Syrian Churches: their Early Hist.,
Liturg. and Lit.” Lond., 1846.
[145] Morris, “Select Writings of Ephraim the Syrian.”
Oxford, 1817.
Burgess, “Repentance of Nineveh, Metrical Homily by
Ephraem.” Lond., 1853.
“Select Metrical Hymns and Homilies of Eph. Syr.”
Lond., 1853.
[146] Newman, “Church of the Fathers.” 2nd ed., London, 1842.
Reprinted in Hist. Sketches, vol. ii.
Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.
[147] “Lib. of Fathers.” in vol. of Cyprian’s Epps., Oxf., 1844,
pp. 318-384. For phrase quoted, see p. 322.
[148] A good account of the writings of Jerome is given by the
late Prof. William Ramsay in Smith’s “Dict. of Grk. and
Rom. Biogr.” Vol. ii., p. 460.
Milman, “Hist. of Chr.” Vol. iii., ch. xi.
Cutts, “St. Jerome.” Lond., 1877.
Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1844.
[149] Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” London, 1844.
[150] Newman’s “Arians of the 4th Century.” London, 1838.
Gwatkin, “Studies of Arianism.” Camb., 1882.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vols. i. ii., Edin.,
1872, 1876.
Newman’s “Tracts Theolog. and Eccles.” Chap. ii.; Doctrinal
Causes of Arianism.
“Select Treatises of Athanasius.” Ed. by Newman, 2 vols.,
London, 1881, Vol. 2 containing notes on Arius,
Athanasius, etc.
[151] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” I., pp. 231-447.
Kaye, “Hist. of Council of Nicæa.” London, 1853.
Tillemont, “Hist. of Arians and Council of Nice.”
London, 1721.
[152] Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 196 f.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. ii., Edin., 1876, p. 193.
[153] Newman’s “Select Treat. of Athanasius.” Vol. ii., p. 282 ff.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 217.
[154] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., pp. 340-373.
Hort, “Two Dissertations.” ii., On the Constantinople Creed
and other Eastern Creeds of the 4th cent., Camb., 1874.
[155] Swete, “The Hist. of the Doctr. of the Procession of the
Holy Spirit from Apost. Age to Death of Charlemagne.”
Cambr., 1876.
Pusey, “On the clause ‘And the Son.’” Oxf., 1876.
[156] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 348 ff., § 97, The
Tome and the Creed.
[157] Stephens, “Chrysostom.” pp. 287-305.
Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” ii., p. 430 ff.
[158] The most useful and complete account of Chrysostom is
that of Stephens. Consult also Milman, “Hist. of Chr.”
Vol. iii., pp. 206 ff.
[159] Dorner, “Hist. of the Development of the Doctr. of the
Person of Christ.” 5 vols., Edin., 1861.
[160] Newman, “Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical.”
Chap. iii., Apollinarianism.
[161] Hefele, “Hist. of Councils.” Vol. iii., pp. 1-156.
[162] Most informing about all these transactions is Hefele, “Hist.
of Councils.” iii., Edin., 1883; (Robber Synod, p. 241 ff.;
Chalcedon, p. 451 ff.).
Perry, “Second Council of Ephesus.” London, 1877.
Bright, “Hist. of Church from A.D. 313-451.” Cambr., 1869.
[163] Butler, “Ancient Coptic Churches.” 2 vols., London, 1884.
[164] Döllinger, “Fables respecting the Popes of the Middle
Ages.” Lond., 1871.
Willis, “Pope Honorius and the New Roman Dogma.” Lond., 1879.
Bottalla, “Pope Honorius before the Tribunal of Reason and
History.” London, 1868.
[165] Wiggers, “Augustinianism and Pelagianism.” Andover, 1840.
Müller, “Chr. Doctrine of Sin.” 2 vols., Edin., 1868.
Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justific. and
Reconciliation.” Edin., 1872.
[166] Laidlaw, “The Bible Doctrine of Man.” Edin., 1879.
Heard, “Tripartite Nat. of Man.” 3rd ed., Edin., 1870,
pp. 189-200.
Delitzsch, “Biblical Psychology.” 2nd ed., Edin., 1869,
pp. 128-142.
Beck, “Outlines of Biblical Psychology.” Edin., 1877, p. 10.
[167] For an entirely different representation of the Augustinian
system see Cunningham, “S. Austin and his Place in Hist.
of Chr. Thought.” Lond., 1886; esp. chaps. ii. and iii.,
pp. 45-107.
A good outline and defence in Hodge’s “System. Theol.”
Edin., 1874, Vol. ii., pp. 333-353.
Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” ed. by Dr. J. S. Reid, Lond., 1880,
p. 210, notes 3 and 4; (pt. II., chap. v., § 25.)
Mozley, “Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination.”
Lond., 1855.
[168] Hodge, “Systematic Theology.” Vol. ii., pp. 166-168.
[169] Lardner, “Credibility of the Gospel Hist.” Vol. iv.,
London, 1743.
[170] Butcher, “The Ecclesiastical Calendar.” London.
Hampson, “Medii Ævi Kalend.”
[171] Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Edinburgh, 1848,
Vol. ii., pp. 141-145.
[172] Tyler, “Image Worship of Ch. of Rome contrary to Scripture
and the Prim. Ch.” London, 1847.
[173] Tyler, “Worship of Virgin Mary contrary to Script. and
Faith of Ch. of first 5 Cents.” London, 1851.
Clagett, “Prerogatives of Anna the Mother of God.”
London, 1688. Also by same: “Discourse on Worship of
Virgin and Saints.” London, 1686.
[174] Cosin, “Scholastic History of Popish Transubstantiation.”
Lond., 1676.
[175] Reuss, “History of the N.T. Scriptures.” Edin., 1884,
§ 377.
Keil, “Introduction to the O.T.” Edin., 1870, Vol. ii.,
pp. 201-203.
[176] Swainson, “The Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds.” Camb., 1875.
Westcott, “The Historic Faith.” Lond., 1883, note iii.,
the Creeds.
Harvey, “Hist. and Theology of the three Creeds.”
Camb., 1854.
Hort, Two Dissertations: II. “The Constantinopolitan Creed
and the Eastern Creeds of 4th cent.” Camb., 1876.
Schaff, “Creeds of Christendom.” Edin., 1877, vol. i.
Lumby, “History of the Creeds.” Camb., 1873.
Waterland, “Crit. Hist. of Athanasian Creed.” Camb., 1724.
Heurtley, “The Athanasian Creed.” Oxf., 1872.
Ommaney, “Ath. Creed: an Exam. of Recent Theories
respecting its Date and Origin.” Lond., 1875.
[177] Neale, “Hymns of the Eastern Church.” Lond., 1863.
“Mediæval Hymns and Sequences.” Lond., 1863.
Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” Vol. iii., p. 353.
[178] Hawkins, “History of Music.” Lond., 1853.
[179] Hammond, “Ancient Liturgies.” Oxf., 1878.
Neale and Littledale, “Translations of Primitive Liturgies.”
Lond., 1869.
Neale, “Essays on Liturgiology.” Lond., 1867.
[180] Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum: Origin and gradual
development of Dress of Holy Ministry of Church.”
Lond., 1868.
[181] Woltmann and Woermann, “History of Painting.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1886; vol. i., “Anc., Early Chr. and Mediæval
Painting.” ed. by Prof. Sidney Colvin.
“Handbook of Painting: Italian Schools. Based on Kügler’s
Handbook.” by Eastlake; new ed. by Layard, 2 vols.,
Lond., 1886.
[182] Ozanam, “Hist. of Civilization during the 5th Century.”
2 vols.
Lecky, “Hist. of European Morals.” Vol. ii.
[183] Smith’s “Dictionary of Christian Biography.” vol. iii.,
p. 367.
[184] Gilly, “Vigilantius and his Times.” Lond., 1840.
[185] Gieseler, “Eccl. Hist.” ii. 148.
[186] Ludolphus, “History of Ethiopia.” London, 1684.
[187] Malan, “Gregory the Illuminator: his Life and Times.”
London, 1868.
Article by Lipsius on Eznik in Smith’s “Dictionary of Chr.
Biography.” Vol. ii., p. 439.
[188] Muir, “Life of Mohammed and Hist. of Islam.” 4 vols., Lond.
Bosworth Smith, “Mohammed and Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1874.
Mühleisen-Arnold, “Islam, its Hist., Chr. and Rel. to
Christianity.” 3rd ed., Lond., 1874.
Deutsch, “Literary Remains: Islam.” Lond., 1874.
Stephens, “Christianity and Islam.” Lond., 1877.
Mills, “Hist. of Mohammedanism.” Lond., 1817.
[189] Muir, “Annals of the Earlier Khalifate.”
[190] Finlay, “Hist. of Greece from Rom. Conquest.” 7 vols.,
Lond., 1864, new ed., 1877; vols. ii. and iii.
Bower’s “Lives of Popes.” Vols. iii. and iv., Lond., 1754.
Comber, “Disc. on 2nd Council of Nicæa.” Reprinted in
Gibson’s “Preserv. from Popery.” Lond., 1848.
Didron, “Christian Iconography.” 2 vols., Lond., 1886.
[191] Mendham, “The Seventh General Council, the Second of
Nicæa.” in which the worship of images was established.
[192] Allatius, “De eccl. occid. et orient. perpetua
consensione.” Colon., 1669.
Swete, “Hist. of the Procession of the Holy Spirit.”
Camb., 1876.
Ffoulkes, “Christendom’s Divisions.” London.
Neale, “Holy Eastern Church.” 5 vols., London, 1847.
[193] Popoff, “Hist. of Council of Florence.” Transl. from
Russian by Neale, London, 1861.
[194] Lupton, “St. John of Damascus.” London, 1882.
[195] Badger, “The Nestorians and their Rituals.” 2 vols.,
London, 1852.
[196] Baring-Gould, “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.”
Lond., 1881.
[197] Murawieff, “Hist. of the Church of Russia.” Trans. from
the Russ., Lond., 1842.
Romanoff, “Sketches of the Rites and Customs of the
Græco-Russian Church.” Lond., 1869.
[198] Potthast, “Biblioth. Hist. Modii Ævi.” Berol., 1862, with
suppl. in 1868.
D’Achery, “Vett. Script. Spicilegium.” (1655), 3 vols.,
Par., 1783.
Eccard, “Corpus Hist. Medii Ævi.” 2 vols., Lps., 1723.
Du Chesne, “Hist. Francorum Serr.” 5 vols., Par., 1636.
Parker, “Rer. Brit. Serr. Vetust.” Lugd. B., 1587.
Gale, “Hist. Brit., Saxon., Anglo-Dan. Scrr.” 2 vols.,
Oxf., 1691.
Wharton, “Anglia Sacra.” 2 vols., Lond., 1691.
Wilkins, “Conc. Brit. et Hib.” 4 vols., Lond., 1737.
Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccles. Documents.”
(Revision of Wilkins), Lond., 1879 ff.
Maitland, “The Dark Ages: Essays on the State of Relig. and
Lit. in 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Centuries.” Lond., 1844.
[199] Bryce, “The Holy Roman Empire.” Lond., 1866.
Ranke, “History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations.”
Lond., 1886.
[200] Ebrard, “Christian Apologetics.” 3 vols., Edin., 1886-1887,
Vol. ii., p. 407; “The Religion of the Germans and that
of the Slavs.”
[201] Mallet, “Northern Antiquities.” London, 1848.
Hallam, “Europe during the Middle Ages.”
Guizot, “Hist. of Civiliz. in Europe.”
[202] Hodgkin, “Italy and her Invaders: A.D. 376-476.” 2 vols.,
London, 1880.
[203] Scott, “Ulfilas, the Apostle of the Goths.” Cambr., 1885.
Douse, “Introduction to the Gothic of Ulfilas.” London, 1886.
Bosworth’s “Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Gospels.” Oxf., 1874.
[204] Gibbon, “Decline and Fall of Roman Empire.” Chaps. xxxiii.,
xxxvi., xxxvii.
[205] Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 3rd series, Lond.; “The Goths
at Ravenna.”
[206] Ussher, “Brit. Eccl. Antiqu.” Lond., 1639.
Perry, “Hist. of English Church.” i., Lond., 1882.
Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” 4 vols., 2nd ed.,
Dublin, 1829.
Stokes, “Ireland and the Celtic Ch.” Lond., 1886.
Lingard, “Hist. and Antiqu. of Anglo-Sax. Ch.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1845.
Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Edinb., 1865.
Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864.
Skene, “Celtic Scotland.” 3 vols., Edin., 1876; 2 ed., 1886.
Bright, “Chapters of Early Eng. Ch. Hist.” Oxf., 1878.
Pryce, “Ancient British Church.” Lond., 1886.
[207] Todd, “Life of St. Patrick.” Dublin, 1864.
Cusack, “Life of St. Patrick.” Lond., 1871.
O’Curry, “Lects. on Anc. Irish History.” Dublin, 1861.
Writings of St. Patrick. Transl. and ed. by Stokes and
Wright, Lond., 1887.
[208] Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 145-205.
Adamnan, “Life of Columba.” Ed. by Dr. Reeves, Dublin, 1857.
Smith, “Life of Columba.” Edin., 1798.
Forbes, “Lives of Ninian, Columba, Kentigern.” in series of
Historians of Scotland.
[209] Ussher, “Discourse of the Religion anciently Professed by
the Irish and British.” Lond., 1631.
Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 239-250.
Warren, “Ritual and Liturgy of the Celtic Church.”
Oxf., 1881.
[210] Soames, “The Anglo-Saxon Church.” 4th ed., Lond., 1856.
Stanley, “Historical Memorials of Canterbury.” Lond., 1855.
Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. i.
Sharon Turner, “Hist. of Anglo-Saxons to the Roman
Conquest.” 6 ed., 3 vols., Lond., 1836.
[211] Lappenburg, “Anglo-Saxon Kings.” Lond., 1845.
Bede, “Eccles. History.” Book III.
Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” Pp. 217-238.
[212] Gildas († A.D. 570), “De excidio Britanniæ.” Engl. transl.
by Giles, London, 1841.
Bede († A.D. 735), “Eccles. Hist. of Engl.” Transl. by
Giles, London, 1840.
[213] Lanigan, “Eccl. Hist. of Ireland.” iii., ch. 13.
Innes, “Ancient Inhab. of Scotland.” in the Series of
Historians of Scotland.
[214] Maclauchlan, “Early Scottish Church.” p. 435.
Reeves, “The Culdees of the British Islands.” Dublin, 1864.
Robertson, “Scotland under her Early Kings.” Edin.,
2 vols., 1862.
[215] Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.”
London, 1866.
Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”
[216] That he first received the Latin name after his consecration
as bishop in A.D. 723 is rendered more than doubtful by
the fact that it is found in letters of earlier date. It
is probably only a Latinizing of the Anglo-Saxon Winfrid
or Wynfrith (from Vyn=fortune, luck, health; frid or
frith=peace; therefore: peaceful, wholesome fortune)
into the name, widely spread in Christian antiquity, of
_Bonifatius_ (from _bonumfatum_, Greek: Eutyches, good
luck). But the transposition into the form Bonifacius
which might seem the equivalent of the Anglo-Saxon word
“Benefactor” of the German people, is first met with,
although even then only occasionally, in the 8th century,
but afterwards always more and more frequently, and then
is given to the popes and other earlier bearers of the name.
By the 15th century the original and etymological style of
writing the name and that used in early documents had been
completely discarded and forgotten, till modern philology,
diplomatics and epigraphies have again clearly vindicated
the earlier form.
[217] Wright, “Biog. Britannica Literaria.” Lond., 1842.
Cox, “Life of Boniface.” Lond., 1853.
Hope, “Boniface.” London, 1872.
Maclear, “Apostles of Mediæval Europe.”
[218] Trench, “Lectures on Mediæval Church History.” Lond., 1877.
Hardwick, “History of Christian Church during Middle Ages.”
[219] Mosheim, “Eccl. Hist.” Ed. by Reid, London, 1880, p. 285,
Cent. viii., pt. ii., ch. 5.
Wright, “Biographia Brit. Literaria.” London, 1842.
[220] Milman, “Hist. of Latin Christianity.” Vol. ii., Trench’s
“Lectures on Mediæval Church History.”
[221] “William of Malmesbury’s Chronicle of Kings of England.”
Bk. I., ch. 4.
[222] Freeman, “Historical Essays.” 2nd series: “The Southern
Slavs.”
[223] Adam of Bremen, “Gesta Hammaburgensia.” A.D. 788-1072.
Pontoppidan, “Annales Eccles. Danicæ.” Copenhag., 1741.
Merivale, “Conversion of the Northern Nations.”
London, 1865.
[224] Geijer, “History of the Swedes.” Transl. by Turner,
Lond., 1847.
[225] Muir, “Annals of Early Khalifate.”
Ockley, “Hist. of Saracens and their Conquests in Syria,
Persia and Egypt.”
[226] Condé, “History of Dominion of Arabs in Spain.” 3 vols.
Freeman, “Hist. and Conquests of the Saracens.” 2nd ed.,
Lond., 1876.
Abd-el-Hakem, “History of the Conquest of Spain.” Tr. from
Arabic by Jones, Gött., 1858.
[227] Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton.” Lectures in Univ. of Cambr.:
“The Popes and the Lombards.”
[228] Crakenthorp, “The Defence of Constantine, with a Treatise
on the Pope’s Temporal Monarchy.” Lond., 1621.
[229] Platina, “Lives of Popes.” Under John VII.
Bower, “Lives of Popes.” Vol. iv.
Blondel, “Joanna Papissa.” Amst., 1657.
Hase, “Church History.” New York, 1855, p. 186.
[230] Cunningham, “Discussions on Church Principles.”
Edin., 1863, pp. 101-163; “Temporal Supremacy of the Pope
and Gallican Liberties.”
Barrow, “Pope’s Supremacy.” London, 1683.
[231] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. viii., National
Churches, pp. 139-154.
[232] Hefele, “History of Councils.” iii. 69, 131, 149.
Field, “Of the Church.” Reprint by Eccl. Hist. Society,
5 vols., London, 1847; vol. iii., pp. 7, 245 ff.
Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” ch. vii., The
Metropolitan, pp. 128-135.
[233] Lea, “Studies in Church History.” Philad., 1869.
Lecky, “History of European Morals.” 3rd ed., 2 vols.,
London, 1877.
[234] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” London, 1887,
p. 43.
[235] Marriott, “Vestiarium Christianum.” P. 187 ff.,
London, 1868.
[236] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. v., The Parish,
pp. 89-97.
[237] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. ix., The
Canonical Rule, pp. 157-172; Ch. x., The Cathedral
Chapter, pp. 175-190.
[238] Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Instit.” Ch. xi., The Chapter of the
Diocese, pp. 193-208.
Stubbs, “Constit. Hist. of England.” Vol. iii.
[239] Walcott, “Cathedralia.”
_Ibid._, “Sacred Archæology.”
Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. iii., Fixed
Tenure of Parish Priest; Ch. iv., The Benefice.
[240] Lecky, “Hist. of Europ. Morals.” ii., 183-248.
Montalembert, “Monks of West from Benedict to Bernard.”
7 vols., Edin., 1861 ff.
[241] Hatch, “Growth of Church Institutions.” Ch. vi., Tithes and
their Distribution, pp. 101-117.
[242] Roth, however, regards this _divisio_ as putting a complete
stop to the secularization of church property.
[243] Hatch, “Growth of Ch. Institutions.” Ch. iv., The Benefice,
pp. 61-77.
Art. “Benefice.” in Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiquities.”
[244] Ayliffe, “Parergon Juris Canonici.” Lond., 1726.
Guizot, “Hist. of Civilization.” Transl. by Hazlitt,
Lond., 1846.
Walcott, “Sacred Archæology.”
[245] Blondel, “Pseudo-Isid. et Turrianus vapulantes.”
Genev., 1628.
[246] Hopkins, “The Organ, its hist. and construct.” Lond., 1855.
[247] Guest, “History of English Rhythms.” Vol. ii.,
London, 1838.
Wright, “Biogr. Brit. Lit. Anglo-Saxon Period.”
London, 1842.
Thorpe, “Cædmon’s Paraphrase in Anglo-Saxon with Engl.
Transl.” London, 1832.
Conybeare, “Illustr. of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.” London, 1827.
[248] Evans, “Treatise on Chr. Doct. of Marriage.” New
York, 1870.
Hammond, “On Divorces.” In his Works, vol. i.,
London, 1674.
Cosin, “Argument on the Dissolution of Marriage.” Works,
vol. iv., Oxf., 1854.
Tertullian, Treatise in “Lib. of Fath.” Oxf., 1854, with
two Essays by Pusey, “On Second Marriages of the Clergy.”
and “On Early Views as to Marriage after Divorce.”
[249] Babington, “Influence of Chr. in promoting the Abolition
of Slavery in Europe.” London, 1864.
Edwards, “Inquiry into the State of Slavery in the Early
and Middle Ages of the Christian Era.” Edin., 1836.
[250] Smith’s “Dict. of Chr. Antiq.” Vol. i., pp. 785-792; Arts.:
“Hospitality, Hospitals, Hospitium.”
[251] Haddan and Stubbs, “Councils and Eccl. Documents.”
Vol. iii., Oxf., 1871.
[252] Barington, “Lit. Hist. of the Middle Ages.” Lond., 1846.
Hallam, “Europe in Middle Ages.” 2 vols., Lond., 1818.
Trench, “Lect. on Med. Ch. Hist.” Lond., 1877.
[253] Lorentz, “Life of Alcuin.” Transl. by Slee, Lond., 1837.
[254] Kingsley, “Roman and Teuton: Paulus Diaconus.”
[255] Hampden, “The Scholastic Philosophy in its rel. to Chr.
Theology.” Oxf., 1833.
Ueberweg, “Hist. of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 358-365.
[256] Mullinger, “Schools of Charles the Great and Restoration
of Education in the 9th cent.” Cambr., 1877.
[257] Cassiodorus’ work in 12 bks., _De rebus gestes Gotorum_,
has indeed been lost, but about A.D. 550 Jornandes, who
also used other documents, embodied this work in his
_De Getarum orig. et reb. gestis_.
[258] Gildas wrote about A.D. 560 his: _Liber querulis de
excidio Britanniæ_ (Eng. transl. in “Six Old English
Chronicles.” London, Bohn).
[259] Nennius wrote about A.D. 850 his: _Eulogium Britanniæ s.
Hist. Britonum_ (Engl. transl. in “Six Old Engl. Chron.”).
[260] Collected Ed. of Alfred’s works, by Bosworth, 2 vols.,
Lond., 1858.
Fox, “Whole Wks. of Alfred the Great, with Essays on Hist.,
Arts and Manners of 9th cent.” 3 vols., Oxf., 1852.
Spelman, “Life of Alfred the Great.” Oxf., 1709.
Pauli, “Life of Alfred the Gt.” transl. with Alfred’s
Orosius, Lond., 1853.
Hughes, “Alfred the Great.”
Giles, “Life and Times of King Alfred the Great.”
Lond., 1848.
[261] Robertson, “Hist. of Chr. Church.” Vol. ii., London, 1856;
pp. 154 ff.
Dorner, “Hist. Development of Person of Chr.” Div. II.,
vol. i.
[262] Ussher, “Gotteschalci et controv. ab eo motæ hist.”
Dubl., 1631.
[263] Principal authorities for last two sections:
Adam of Bremen, “Gesta Hamburg eccl. Pontificum.” and
Saxo Grammaticus, “Hist. Danica.”
[264] Snorro Sturleson’s, “Heimskringla, or Chronicle of the
Kings of Norway.” Transl. from the Icelandic by Laing,
3 vols., London, 1844.
[265] Cosmas of Prague [† A.D. 1125], “Chronicon Prag.”
[266] “The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian.” Edited with
Commentary by Col. Yule, 2 vols., London, 1871.
[267] Michaud, “History of the Crusades.” Transl. by Robson,
3 vols., London, 1852.
Mill, “History of the Crusades.” 2 vols., London, 1820.
“Chronicles of the Crusades: Contemporary Narratives of
Richard Cœur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey
de Vinsauf, and of the Crusade of St. Louis, by Lord
John de Joinville.” London (Bohn).
Gibbon, “History of Crusades.” London, 1869.
[268] _Pulleni dicuntur, vel quia recentes et novi, quasi pulli
respectu Surianorum reputati sunt, vel quia principaliter
de gente Apuliæ matres habuerunt. Cum enim paucas mulieres
adduxissent nostri, qui in terras remanserunt, de regno
Apuliæ, eo quod propius esset aliis regionibus, vocantes
mulieres, cum eis matrimonia contraxerunt._
[269] Stubbs, “Chronicle and Memorials of Richard I.”
London, 1864.
[270] Prescott, “History of Ferdinand and Isabella.” Good edition
by Kirk, in 1 vol., London, 1886.
Geddes, “History of Expulsion of Moriscoes.” In “Miscell.
Tracts.” Vol. i., London, 1714.
McCrie, “Hist. of Prop. and Suppr. of Reformation in Spain.”
London, 1829.
Ranke, “History of Reformation.” Transl. by Mrs. Austin,
vol. iii., London, 1847.
[271] Milman, “History of the Jews.” Book xxiv. 1, “The Feudal
System.”
[272] “De sua conversione.” In Carpzov’s edit. of the “Pugio
Fidei” of Raimund Martini, § 103, 9.
[273] Milman, “History of the Jews.” 3 vols., London, 1863;
bks. xxiv., xxvi.
Prescott, “Ferdinand and Isabella.” Pt. I., ch. xvii.
[274] Bryce, “The Holy Roman Empire.” London, 1866.
O’Donoghue, “History of Church and Court of Rome, from
Constantine to Present Time.” 2 vols., London, 1846.
Bower’s “History of the Popes.” Vol. v.
[275] For Lanfranc, see Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of
Canterbury.” Vol. ii., London, 1861.
[276] Bowden, “Life and Pontificate of Gregory VII.” 2 vols.,
London, 1840.
Villemain, “Life of Gregory VII.” Transl. by Brockley,
2 vols., London, 1874.
Stephen, “Essays in Ecclesiastical Biography.” 2 vols.,
London, 1850.
Hallam, “Middle Ages.” Vol. i., London, 1840.
Milman, “Latin Christianity.” Vol. iii., London, 1854.
[277] Church, “St. Anselm.” London, 1870.
Rule, “Life and Times of St. Anselm.” 2 vols., London, 1883.
Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Canterbury.” Vol. ii., London,
1879, pp. 169-276.
[278] “Vita et Epistolæ Thomæ Cantuari.” Edited by Giles, 4 vols.,
London, 1846.
Morris, “Life and Martyrdom of Thomas à Becket.”
London, 1859.
Robertson, “Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury.”
London, 1859.
“Materials for Life of Thomas à Becket.” 2 vols.,
London, 1875.
Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. ii.,
London, 1879, pp. 354-507.
Stanley, “Memorials of Canterbury.” London, 1855.
Freeman, “Historical Essays.” First Series, Essay IV.
[279] On Stephen Langton see
Pearson, “History of England during Early and Middle Ages.”
Vol. ii.
Milman, “History of Latin Christianity.” Vol. iv.,
London, 1854.
Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. ii.,
4th edition, London, 1879, pp. 657-761.
Maurice, “Lives of English Popular Leaders. 1. Stephen
Langton.” London.
[280] Kingston, “History of Frederick II., King of the Romans.”
London, 1862.
[281] Stubbs, “Memorials of St. Dunstan. Collection of six
Biographies.” London, 1875.
Soames, “Anglo-Saxon Church.” London, 1835.
Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Canterbury.” Vol. i., pp. 382-426,
London, 1860.
[282] Luard, “Roberti Grosseteste, Episcopi quondam Lincolniensis
Epistolæ.” London, 1862.
[283] According to Giordano of Giano, who himself was there, the
number of brothers present was about 3,000, and the people
of the neighbourhood supplied them so abundantly with food
and drink that they had at last to put a stop to their
bringing. But soon the tradition of the order multiplied
the 3,000 into 5,000, and transformed the quite natural
account of their support into a “_miraculum stupendum_,”
parallel to the feeding of the 5,000 in the wilderness
(Matt. xiv. 15-21).
[284] Trench, “The Mendicant Orders.” in “Lectures on Mediæval
Church History.” London, 1878.
[285] Milman, “History of Latin Christianity.” Vol. v.
Wadding, “Annales Minorum Fratrum.” 8 vols., Lugd., 1625.
Stephen, “St. Francis of Assisi.” In “Essays in
Ecclesiastical Biography.” London, 1860.
[286] “Annales Ordinis Prædicatorum.” Vol. i., Rome, 1746.
[287] Gieseler, “Ecclesiastical History.” § 72, Edin., 1853,
vol. iii., pp. 268-276.
[288] Addison, “History of the Knights Templars.” etc.,
London, 1842.
[289] Taafe, “Order of St. John of Jerusalem.” 4 vols.,
London, 1852.
[290] Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 355-377.
Hampden, “The Scholastic Philosophy considered in its
relation to Christian Theology.” Oxford, 1832.
Maurice, “Mediæval Philosophy.” London, 1870.
Harper, “The Metaphysics of the School.” London, 1880 f.
[291] Kirkpatrick, “The Historically Received Conception of a
University.” London, 1857.
Hagenbach, “Encyclopædia of Theology.” Transl. by Crooks
and Hurst, New York, 1884, § 18, pp. 50, 51.
[292] Cunningham, “Historical Theology.” Edinburgh, 1870,
vol. i., ch. xv., “The Canon Law.” Pp. 426-438.
[293] Räbiger, “Theological Encyclopædia.” Vol. i., p. 28,
Edin., 1884.
[294] Maitland, “The Dark Ages: a Series of Essays, to Illustrate
the State of Religion and Literature in the Ninth, Tenth,
Eleventh, and Twelfth Centuries.” London, 1844.
[295] The Aelfric Society founded in 1842 has edited his
Anglo-Saxon writings and those of others. The Homilies
were edited by Thorpe in 2 vols., in 1843 and 1846.
“Select Monuments of Doctrine and Worship of Catholic
Church in England before the Norman Conquest, consisting
of Aelfric’s Paschal Homily.” Etc., London, 1875.
On Aelfric and Ethelwold see an admirable sketch, with
full references to and appropriate quotations from
early chronicles, in Hook’s “Lives of the Archbishops
of Canterbury.” Vol. i., pp. 434-455.
[296] Macpherson on “Anselm’s Theory of the Atonement; its Place
in History.” In _Brit. and For. Evang. Review_ for 1878,
pp. 207-232.
[297] Church, “St. Anselm.” London, 1870.
Rule, “Life and Times of St. Anselm.” 2 vols., London, 1883.
[298] On Anselm’s and Abælard’s theories of atonement, see
Ritschl, “History of Christian Doctrine of Justification
and Reconciliation.” Pp. 22-40., Edin., 1872.
[299] Berington, “History of the Lives of Abælard and Heloise.”
London, 1787.
Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 386-397,
London, 1872.
[300] Neander, “St. Bernard and his Times.” London, 1843.
Morison, “Life and Times of St. Bernard.” London, 1863.
[301] Räbiger “Theological Encyclopædia.” Vol. i., p. 27,
Edin., 1884.
[302] Westcott, “Epistles of St. John.” London, 1883.
Dissertation on “The Gospel of Creation.” Pp. 277-280.
Bruce, “Humiliation of Christ.” Edin., 1876,
pp. 354 ff., 487 f.
[303] This work is entitled _Contra quatuor labyrinthos Franciæ,
Seu contra novas hæreses, quas Abælardus, Lombardus,
Petrus Pictaviensis, et Gilbertus Porretanus libris
sententiarum acuunt limant, roborant Ll. IV._
[304] Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” London, 1872, Vol. i.,
pp. 405-428.
Ginsburg, “The Kabbalah, its doctrines, development, and
literature.” London, 1865.
Palmer, “Oriental Mysticism.” A treatise on the Suffistic
and Unitarian Theosophy of the Persians, compiled from
native sources, London, 1867.
[305] Sighart, “Albert the Great: his Life and Scholastic
Labours.” Translated from the French by T. A. Dixon,
London, 1876.
[306] Hampden, “Life of Thomas Aquinas: a Dissertation of the
Scholastic Philosophy of the Middle Ages.” London, 1848.
Cicognani, “Life of Thomas Aquinas.” London, 1882.
Townsend, “Great Schoolmen of the Middle Ages.” London, 1882.
Vaughan, “Life and Labours of St. Thomas of Aquino.”
2 vols., London, 1870.
[307] “Monumenta Franciscana.” in “Chronicles and Memorials of
Great Britain and Ireland.” Edited for the “Master of the
Rolls Series.” By Brewer, London, 1858.
In addition to the _Opus Majus_ referred to above, Brewer
has edited _Fr. Rogeri Bacon Opera quædum inedita_,
vol. i., containing _Opus Tertium_, _Opus Minus_, and
_Compendium Philosophiæ_.
[308] Neubauer, “Jewish Controversy and the ‘Pugio Fidei.’” In
_Expositor_ for February and March, 1888.
[309] Hodge, “Systematic Theology.” Vol. iii., pp. 492-497.
[310] Preuss, “The Romish Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
traced from its Source.” Edinburgh, 1867.
[311] Maccall, “Christian Legends of Middle Ages, from German of
von Bulow.” London.
Cox and Jones, “Popular Romances of the Middle Ages.”
London.
Baring Gould, “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.”
London, 1884.
“The Legend of St. Ursula and the Virgin Martyrs of
Cologne.” London, 1860.
[312] “Liturgical Poetry of Adam of St. Victor.” With transl. into
English, and notes, by Wrangham, 3 vols., London, 1881.
Bird, “The Latin Hymns of the Church.” In the _Sunday
Magazine_ for 1865, pp. 530 ff., 679 ff., 776 ff.
Trench, “Sacred Latin Poetry.” London, 1849.
Neale, “Mediæval Hymns.”
[313] “Christus ist erstanden von der Marter Banden.”
[314] Eastlake, “History of the Gothic Revival.” London, 1872.
Norton, “Historical Studies of Church Building in the
Middle Ages.” New York, 1880.
Didron, “History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages.”
London, 1851.
[315] Kügler, “Handbook of Painting: Italian Schools.” Translated
by Eastlake, London, 1855.
Warrington, “History of Stained Glass.” London, 1850.
[316] Kingsley, “The Saint’s Tragedy.” London, 1848. A dramatic
poem founded on the story of St. Elizabeth’s life.
[317] On Hilarius, an English monk, author of several plays,
see Morley’s “Writers before Chaucer.” London, 1864,
pp. 542-552.
[318] Delepierre, “History of Flemish Literature from the 12th
Century.” London, 1860.
[319] Cooper, “Flagellation and the flagellants.” London, 1873.
[320] Perrin, “History of the Vaudois.” London, 1624.
Muston, “Israel of the Alps.” 2 vols., Glasgow, 1858.
Monastier, “History of the Vaudois Church from its Origin.”
New York, 1849.
Peyran, “Historical Defence of the Waldenses or Vaudois.”
London, 1826.
Todd, “The Waldensian Manuscripts.” London, 1865.
Wylie, “History of the Waldensians.” London, 1880.
Comba, “History of the Waldenses.” London, 1888.
[321] Sismondi, “History of Crusades against the Albigenses of
the 13th Century.” London, 1826.
[322] Limborch, “History of the Inquisition.” 2 vols.,
London, 1731.
Lea, “History of the Inquisition.” 3 vols., Philad. and
London, 1888.
Baker, “History of Inquisition in Portugal, Spain, Italy.”
Etc., London, 1763.
Prescott, “History of Ferdinand and Isabella.” Pt. i.,
ch. vii.
Llorente, “Histoire critique de l’Inquisition d’Espagne.”
Paris, 1818.
Rule, “History of Inquisition.” 2 vols., London, 1874.
[323] Creighton, “History of the Papacy during the Reformation.”
Vols. i.-iv., A.D. 1378-1518, London, 1882 ff.
Gosselin, “The Power of the Popes during the Middle Ages.”
2 vols., London, 1853.
Reichel, “See of Rome in the Middle Ages.” London, 1870.
[324] On Boniface VIII. see a paper in Wiseman’s “Essays on
Various Subjects.” London, 1888.
[325] Lenfant, “History of the Council of Constance.” 2 vols.,
London, 1730.
[326] Jenkins, “The Last Crusader; or, The Life and Times of
Cardinal Julian of the House of Cesarini.” London, 1861.
Creighton, “History of the Papacy.” Vol. ii., “The Council
of Basel: the Papal Restoration, A.D. 1418-1464.”
[327] Creighton, “History of the Papacy.” Vols. iii. and iv.,
“The Italian Princes, A.D. 1464-1518.”
[328] Roscoe, “Life and Pontificate of Leo X.” 4 vols.,
Liverpool, 1805.
[329] Salmon, “The Infallibility of the Church.” London, 1888.
[330] Haye, “Persecution of the Knights Templars.” Edin., 1865.
[331] Kettlewell, “Thomas à Kempis and the Brothers of the Common
Life.” 2 vols., London, 1882.
[332] Hook, “Lives of Archbishops of Canterbury.” Vol. iv.,
“Bradwardine.”
[333] Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 460-464.
[334] Luther’s Catholic opponents said, _Si Lyra non lyrasset,
Lutherus non saltasset_. This saying had an earlier
form: “Si Lyra non lyrasset, nemo Doctorum in Biblia
saltasset;” “Si Lyra non _lyrasset, totus mundus
delirasset_.”
[335] Dalgairns, “The German Mystics in the 14th Century.”
London, 1850.
Vaughan, “Hours with the Mystics.” 3rd ed., 2 vols.,
London, 1888.
[336] See an admirable account of Eckhart by Dr. Adolf Lasson in
Ueberweg’s “History of Philosophy.” Vol. i., pp. 467-484.
[337] Winkworth, “Life and Times of Tauler, with Twenty-five
Sermons.” London, 1857.
Herrick, “Some Heretics of Yesterday.” London, 1884.
[338] Kettlewell, “The Authorship of the ‘Imitation of Christ.’”
London, 1877.
Kettlewell, “Thomas à Kempis and the Brothers of the Common
Life.” 2 vols., London, 1882.
Ullmann, “Reformers before the Reformation.” Vol. ii.,
Edin., 1855.
Cruise, “Thomas à Kempis: Notes of a Visit to the Scenes
of his Life.” London, 1887.
[339] Baring-Gould, “Mediæval Preachers: Some Account
of Celebrated Preachers of the 15th, 16th, and
17th Centuries.” London, 1865.
[340] “Biblia Pauperum.” Reproduced in facsimile from MS. in
British Museum, London, 1859.
[341] Douce, “The Dance of Death.” London, 1833.
[342] Symonds, “Renaissance in Italy.” 2 vols., London, 1881.
[343] Church, “Dante and other Essays.” London, 1888.
Plumptre, “Commedia, etc., of Dante, with Life and Studies.”
2 vols., London, 1886-1888.
Oliphant, “Dante.” Edinburgh, 1877.
Ozanam, “Dante and the Catholic Philosophy of the
13th Century.” London, 1854.
Barlow, “Critical, Historical, and Philosophical
Contributions to the Study of the _Divina Commedia_.”
London, 1884.
Botta, “Dante as Philosopher, Patriot, and Poet.”
New York, 1865.
M. F. Rossetti, “A Shadow of Dante.” Boston, 1872.
[344] Reeve, “Petrarch.” Edinburgh, 1879.
Simpson, article on Petrarch in _Contemporary Review_
for July, 1874.
[345] Wratislaw, “Life and Legend of St. John Nepomucen.”
Lon., 1873.
[346] Gairdner and Spedding, “Studies in English History.” I.,
“The Lollards.”
[347] Baker, “History of the Inquisition in Portugal, Spain,
Italy.” Etc., London, 1763.
Llorente, “History of the Inquisition from its Establishment
to Ferdinand VII.” Philadelphia, 1826.
Mocatta, “Jews in Spain and Portugal, and the Inquisition.”
London, 1877.
[348] Lewis, “Hist. of Life and Sufferings of John Wiclif.”
Lond., 1720.
Vaughan, “John de Wycliffe. A Monograph.” London, 1853.
Lechler, “John Wiclif and his English Precursors.” 2 vols.,
London, 1878.
Buddensieg, “John Wyclif, Patriot and Reformer; his Life
and Writings.” London, 1884.
Burrows, “Wiclif’s Place in History.” London, 1882.
Storrs, “John Wycliffe and the first English Bible.”
New York, 1880.
[349] Gillet, “Life and Times of John Huss.” Boston, 2 vols., 1870.
Wratislaw, “John Huss.” London, 1882.
[350] Palacky, “Documenta Mag. J. H., Vitam, Doctrinam, Causam.”
Etc., illust., Prag., 1869.
Gillett, “Life and Times of John Huss.” 2 vols., Boston, 1863.
Loserth, “Wiclif and Huss.” London, 1884.
[351] On these three consult
Ullmann, “Reformers before the Reformation.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1855.
Brandt, “History of the Reformation in the Low Countries.”
Vol. i., London, 1720.
[352] Heraud, “Life and Times of Savonarola.” London, 1843.
Villari, “History of Savonarola.” 2 vols., London, 1888.
Madden, “The Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola.” 2 vols.,
London, 1854.
MacCrie, “History of Reformation in Italy.” Edin., 1827.
Roscoe, “Lorenzo de Medici.” London, 1796.
See also chapters on Savonarola in Mrs. Oliphant’s “Makers
of Florence.” London, 1881.
Milman, “Savonarola, Erasmus.” Etc., Essays, London, 1870.
[353] Roscoe, “Leo X.” London, 1805.
[354] Villari, “Niccolo Macchiavelli, and his Times.” 4 vols.,
Lond., 1878.
[355] Strauss, “Ulrich von Hutten.” Trans. by Mrs. Sturge,
London, 1874.
Hausser, “Period of the Reformation.” 2 vols., London, 1873.
[356] A young Minorite, =Conrad Pellicanus= of Tübingen, had
as early as A.D. 1501 composed a very creditable guide
to the study of the Hebrew language, under the title _De
modo legendi et intelligendi Hebræum_, which was first
printed in Strassburg in A.D. 1504. Amid inconceivable
difficulties, purely self taught, and with the poorest
literary aids, he had secured a knowledge of the Hebrew
language which he perfected by unwearied application to
study and by intercourse with a baptized Jew. He attained
such proficiency, that he won for himself a place among the
most learned exegetes of the Reformed Church as professor
of theology at Basel in A.D. 1523 and at Zürich from
A.D. 1525 till his death, in A.D. 1556. His chief work
is _Commentaria Bibliorum_, 7 vols. fol., 1532-1539.
[357] Strauss, “Ulrich von Hutten.” London, 1874, pp. 120-140.
[358] Erasmus, “Colloquies.” Trans. by Bailey, ed. by Johnson,
Lond., 1877.
“Praise of Folly.” Trans. by Copner, Lond., 1878.
Seebohm, “Oxford Reformers of 1498: Colet, Erasmus, and
More.” Lond., 1869.
Drummond, “Erasmus, His Life and Character.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1873.
Pennington, “Life and Character of Erasmus.” Lond., 1874.
Strauss, “Ulrich von Hutten.” Lond., 1874, pp. 315-346.
Dorner, “Hist. of Prot. Theology.” 2 vols., Edin., 1871,
vol. i., p. 202.
[359] Seebohm, “Oxford Reformers.” Lond., 1869.
Walter, “Sir Thomas More.” Lond., 1840.
Mackintosh, “Life of Sir Thomas More.” Lond., 1844.
[360] Beard, “The Reformation of the 16th Cent. in its Relation
to Modern Thought and Knowledge.” Lond., 1883.
Wylie, “History of Protestantism.” 3 vols., Lond., 1875.
Merle d’Aubigné, “History of Reformation in the 16th Cent.
in Switzerland and Germany.” 5 vols., Lond., 1840.
D’Aubigné, “History of Reformation in Times of Calvin.”
8 vols., Lond., 1863.
Ranke, “History of Reformation in Germany.” 3 vols.,
Lond., 1845.
Häusser, “The Period of the Reformation.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1873.
Hagenbach, “History of the Reformation.” 2 vols.,
Edinburgh, 1878.
Köstlin, “Life of Martin Luther.” Lond., 1884.
Bayne, “Martin Luther: his Life and Work.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1887.
Rae, “Martin Luther, Student, Monk, Reformer.” Lond., 1884.
Dale, “Protestantism: Its Ultimate Principle.” Lond., 1875.
Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” 2 vols.,
Edinburgh, 1871.
Cunningham, “Reformers and the Theology of the Reformation.”
Edinburgh, 1862.
Tulloch, “Leaders of the Reformation.” Edinburgh, 1859.
[361] Ledderhose, “Life of Melanchthon.” Trans. by Krotel,
Philad., 1855.
[362] Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i.,
pp. 98-113.
“The First Principles of the Reformation Illustrated
in the Ninety-five Theses and Three Primary Works of
Martin Luther.” Edited with historical and theological
introductions by Wace and Bucheim, Lond., 1884.
[363] Morris, “Luther at the Wartburg and Coburg.” Philad., 1882.
[364] Weber, “Luther’s Treatise, _De Servo Arbitrio_.” In _Brit.
and For. Evan. Review_, 1878, pp. 799-816.
[365] Myconius, “Vita Zwinglii.” Basel, 1536.
Hess, “Life of Zwingli, the Swiss Reformer.” London, 1832.
Christoffel, “Zwingli; or, The Rise of the Reformation in
Switzerland.” Edin., 1858.
Blackburn, “Ulrich Zwingli.” London, 1868.
[366] Blackburn, “William Farel (1487-1531): The Story of the
Swiss Reformation.” Edin., 1867.
[367] Burrage, “History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland.”
Philad., 1882.
[368] Cunningham, “Reformers and Theology of the Reformation.”
Edin., 1862, pp. 212-291; “Zwingli and the Doctrine of
the Sacraments.”
[369] Calvin, “Tracts relating to the Reformation, with Life of
Calvin by Beza.” 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1844-1851.
Henry, “Life of John Calvin.” 2 vols., London, 1849.
Audin (Cath.), “History of Life, Writings, and Doctrines
of Calvin.” 2 vols., London, 1854.
Dyer, “The Life of John Calvin.” London, 1850.
Bungener, “Calvin: his Life, Labours, and Writings.”
Edinburgh, 1863.
[370] M’Crie, “The Early Years of John Calvin, A.D. 1509-1536.”
Ed. by W. Fergusson, Edinburgh, 1880.
[371] “English Translation of Calvin’s Works.” By Calvin
Translation Society, in 52 vols., Edinburgh, 1842-1853.
For a more sympathetic and true estimate of Calvin as a
commentator, see Farrar, “History of Interpretations.”
London, 1886.
Also papers by Farrar on the “Reformers as Commentators.”
In _Expositor_, Second Series.
[372] See Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i.,
pp. 384-414, for a much truer outline of Calvin’s
doctrine from another Lutheran pen.
[373] Cunningham, “Reformers and Theology of the Reformation.”
Essay vii., “Calvin and Beza.” Pp. 345-412, Edin., 1862.
[374] Butler, “The Reformation in Sweden, its Rise, Progress, and
Crisis, and its Triumph under Charles IX.” New York, 1883.
Geijer, “History of the Swedes.” Trans. from the Swedish by
Turner, Lond., 1847.
[375] Pontoppidan, “Annales eccles. Dan.” ii., iii., Han., 1741.
Ranke, “History of the Reformation.” Vol. iii.
[376] The chief documentary authorities for the whole period are
the State Papers edited by Brewer and others. See also
Froude, “History of England from Fall of Wolsey till Death
of Elizabeth.” 12 vols., Lond., 1856-1869.
Burnet, “History of Reformation of Church of England.”
2 vols., Lond., 1679.
Blunt, “Reformation of the Church of England.” 4th ed.,
Lond., 1878.
Strype, “Ecclesiastical Memorials.” 3 vols., Lond., 1721.
“Annals of the Reformation.” 4 vols., 1709-1731.
Foxe, “Acts and Monuments.” (Pub. A.D. 1563), 8 vols.,
Lond., 1837-1841.
[377] Demaus, “Life of William Tyndal.” London, 1868.
Fry, “A Bibliographical Description of the Editions of the
N.T., Tyndale’s Version in English, etc., the notes in
full of the Edition of 1534.” London, 1878.
“Facsimile Edition of Tyndale’s first printed N.T.” Edited
by Arber, London, 1871.
[378] Gasquet, “Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries.”
2 vols., London, 1888.
[379] Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Canterbury.” Vols. vi., vii.
Bayly, “Life and Death of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester.”
London, 1655.
Dixon, “History of Church of England.” London, 1878,
vol. i., “Henry VIII.”
Froude, “History of England.” Vols. i.-iii.
[380] Heppe, “The Reformers of England and Germany in the
Sixteenth Century; their Intercourse and Correspondence.”
London, 1859.
[381] Phillip, “History of the Life of Reg. Pole.” 2 vols.,
London, 1765.
Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Cant.” Vol. viii.
Lee, “Reginald Pole, Cardinal-Archbishop of Canterbury:
an Historical Sketch.” London, 1888.
[382] Demaus, “Life of Latimer.” London, 1869.
[383] Hayward, “Life of Edward VI.” London, 1630.
Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Cant.” Vols. vii. and viii.
Froude, “History of Eng.” Vols. iv. and v.
Strype, “Life of Cranmer.” London, 1694.
Norton, “Life of Archb. Cranmer.” New York, 1863.
Foxe, “Acts and Monuments.”
Maitland, “Essays on the Reformation in England.”
London, 1849.
[384] Procter, “History of Book of Common Prayer.” Cambr., 1855.
Hole, “The Prayer Book.” London, 1887.
Hardwick, “History of the Articles of Religion.”
Cambr., 1851.
Stephenson, “Book of Common Prayer.” 3 vols., London, 1854.
Burnet, “Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles.”
London, 1699.
Browne, “Exposition of Thirty-Nine Articles.” London, 1858.
[385] Froude, “History of England.” Vols. vi.-xii.
Hook, “Lives of Archb. of Cant.” Vol. ix.
[386] Killen, “Ecclesiastical History of Ireland from Earliest
to Present Times.” 2 vols., Lond., 1875.
Mant, “Hist. of Church of Ireland from Reformation.”
London, 1839.
Ball, “Hist. of the Church of Ireland.”
[387] Lorimer, “Patrick Hamilton, First Preacher and Martyr of
the Scottish Reformation.” Edinburgh, 1857.
[388] It was certainly at St. Andrews that the execution took
place. The best and fullest account of Walter Mill is
given by Mr. Scott, of Arbroath, in his “Martyrs of Angus
and Mearns.” London, 1885, pp. 210-271.
For George Wishart, see same book, pp. 99-209; and
Rogers, “Life of George Wishart.” Edinburgh, 1876.
[389] Strickland, “Life of Mary Stuart.” 5 vols., Lond., 1875.
Hosack, “Mary Queen of Scots and Her Accusers.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1874.
Schiern, “Life of James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, from the
Danish.” Edin., 1880.
Skelton, “Maitland of Lethington and the Scotland of Mary
Stuart.” 2 vols., Edin., 1887 f.
[390] “The Works of John Knox.” Collected and edited by David
Laing, 7 vols., Edin., 1846-1864.
M’Crie, “Life of Knox.” 2 vols., Edin., 1811.
Lorimer, “John Knox and the Church of England.” Lond., 1875.
Calderwood, “History of Church of Scotland.” Lond., 1675.
Stuart, “History of Reformation in Scotland.” Lond., 1780.
Cook, “History of Church of Scot. from Ref.” 3 vols.,
Edin., 1815.
M’Crie, “Sketches of Scottish Church History.” 2 vols.,
Lond., 1841.
Cunningham, “History of the Church of Scotland.” 2 vols.,
Edin., 1859.
Lee, “Lectures on History of Church of Scotland from Ref.
to Rev.” 2 vols., Edin., 1860.
General Histories of Scotland:
“Robertson.” 2 vols., Edin., 1759.
“Tytler.” 9 vols., Edin., 1826.
“Burton.” 8 vols., Edin., 1873.
“Mackenzie.” Edin., 1867.
[391] Brandt, “History of the Reformation in the Low Countries.”
4 vols., Lond., 1720.
Motley, “Rise of the Dutch Republic.” 3 vols., Lond., 1856.
[392] Bersier, “Coligny: the Earlier Life of the Great Huguenot.”
Lond., 1884.
White, “The Massacre of St. Bartholomew.” 2 vols.,
London, 1868.
Lord Mahon, “Life of Louis, Prince of Condé.”
New York, 1848.
Baird, “History of the Rise of the Huguenots.” 2 vols.,
London and New York, 1880.
[393] The following have been translated into English:
“Treatise on the Church.” London, 1579.
“The Truth of the Christian Religion, partly by
Sir Phil. Sydney.” London, 1587.
“On the Eucharist.” London, 1600.
[394] De Felice, “History of Protestants in France from Beginning
of Reformation to the Present Time.” London, 1853.
Jervis, “History of the Gallican Church from A.D. 1516 to
the Revolution.” 2 vols., London, 1872.
Baird, “Huguenots and Henry of Navarre.” 2 vols.,
New York, 1886.
Ranke, “Civil Wars and Monarchy in France in the 16th and
17th Centuries.” 2 vols., London, 1852.
Smedley, “History of the Reformation in France.” 3 vols.,
London, 1832.
Weiss, “History of the Protestant Reformation in France.”
2 vols., London and New York, 1854.
“Memoirs of Duke of Sully, Prime Minister to Henry IV.”
4 vols., London (Bohn).
[395] Dalton, “John à Lasco: His Earlier Life and Labours.”
London, 1886.
Krasinski, “Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress,
and Decline of the Reformation in Poland.” 2 vols.,
London, 1838.
[396] “History of Persecutions in Bohemia from A.D. 894 to
A.D. 1632.” London, 1650.
[397] Bauhoffer, “History of the Protestant Church of Hungary,
from the beginning of the Reformation to 1850, with
Reference also to Transylvania.” Trans. by Dr. Craig of
Hamburg, with introd. by D’Aubigné, Lond., 1854.
[398] Bochmer, “Spanish Reformers, Lives and Writings.” 2 vols.,
Strassburg, 1874.
M’Crie, “History of the Progress and Suppression of
Reformation in Spain.” Edin., 1829.
De Castro, “The Spanish Protestants, and their Persecutions
by Philip II.” Lond., 1852.
Prescott, “History of the Reign of Philip II.” 3 vols.,
Boston, 1856.
[399] M’Crie, “History of the Progress and Suppression of the
Reformation in Italy.” 2nd ed., Edinburgh, 1833.
Wiffen, “Life and Writings of Juan Valdez.” London, 1865.
Young, “Life and Times of Aonio Paleario.” 2 vols.,
London, 1860.
[400] Benrath, “Bernardius Ochino of Siena.” London, 1876.
Gordon, “Bernardius Tommassini (Ochino).” In _Theological
Review_ for October, 1876, pp. 532-561.
[401] Bonnet, “Life of Olympia Morata: an Episode of the
Renaissance and the Reformation in Italy.” Edin., 1854.
[402] Krauth, “The Conservative Reformation and its Theology.”
Philadelphia, 1872.
Döllinger, “The Church and the Churches.” Lond., 1862.
[403] Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i.,
pp. 338-383.
[404] Calvin, “Institutes.” Bk. iii., ch. xi. 5-12.
Ritschl, “History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification
and Reconciliation.” Edin., 1872, pp. 214-233.
[405] All the hymns of Luther quoted above are translated by
George Macdonald in his “Luther the Singer.” Contributed
to the _Sunday Magazine_ for 1867.
[406] On Speratus, Decius, and Eber, see an interesting paper by
the late Dr. Fleming Stevenson in _Good Words_ for 1863,
p. 542.
[407] All the hymns referred to above, as well as those which
are given in the next paragraph, are translations by
Miss Winkworth in “Lyra Germanica.” New edition,
London, 1885.
[408] Warneck, “Outlines of the History of Protestant Missions
from the Reformation to the Present Time.” Edinburgh,
1884.
[409] Hodge, “The Church and its Polity.” Edin., 1879, page 114.
[410] Morley, “Clement Marot.” London, 1871.
[411] Lee, “The Church under Queen Elizabeth.” 2 vols.,
London, 1880.
M’Crie, “Annals of English Presbytery from the Earliest
Period to the Present Time.” London, 1872.
[412] Neal, “History of the Puritans.” 4 vols., London, 1731.
Paul, “Life of Whitgift.” London, 1699.
Brook, “Lives of the Puritans.” 3 vols., London, 1813.
Marsden, “The Early Puritans.” London, 1852; “The Later
Puritans.” London, 1853.
Hopkins, “The Puritans.” 3 vols., London, 1860.
Walker, “History of Independency.” 3 vols., London, 1648.
Hanbury, “Memorials relating to the Independents.” 3 vols.,
London, 1839.
Fletcher, “History of Independ. in England.” 4 vols.,
London, 1862.
Waddington, “Congregational History.” London, 1874.
Dexter, “The Congregationalism of the last Three Hundred
Years, as seen in its Literature.” London, 1880.
Marshall, “History of the Mar-Prelate Controversy.”
London, 1845.
Robinson, “Apologie, or Defence of Christians called
Brownists.” 1604.
Ashton, “Works of John Robinson, Pastor of Pilgrim Fathers,
with Memoir and Annotations.” 3 vols., London, 1851.
Mather, “Ecclesiastical History of New England, from its
Planting in 1620 till 1698.” London, 1702.
Doyle, “The English in America: The Puritan Colonies.”
2 vols., London, 1888.
Bancroft, “History of the United States.”
[413] Parkman, “Pioneers of France in the New World.”
London, 1885.
Baird, “Rise of the Huguenots of France.” Vol. i.,
p. 291 ff.
[414] The “Heidelberg Catechism” was translated into English,
and published at Oxford, 1828.
Ursinus’ expositions of the catechism have been translated:
“The Summe of Christian Religion.” Etc., Lond., 1611.
[415] An English translation of Erastus’ treatise was published
in 1699, and re-issued with a preface by Dr. Rob. Lee,
Edin., 1844.
One of the fullest and ablest statements on “The Erastian
Controversy” is that given in chap. xxvii. of Principal
Cunningham’s “Historical Theology.” (Edin., 1870),
vol. ii., pp. 557-587.
[416] Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i.,
pp. 182-189: “The False Theoretical Mystics: Schwenkfeld.”
Ritschl, “History of the Chr. Doctr. of Justification and
Reconciliation.” Edinburgh, 1872, p. 292.
[417] Morley, “Life of Agrippa von Nettesheim.” 2 vols.,
London, 1856.
[418] Symmonds, “The Age of the Despots.”
Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. i.,
pp. 191-195.
See also two articles in the July and October parts of the
_Scottish Review_ for 1888, pp. 67-107, 244-270: “Giordano
Bruno before the Venetian Inquisition,” and “The Ultimate
Fate of Giordano Bruno.”
[419] More, “Mystery of Godliness.” Bk. vi., chaps. xii.-xviii.
Also _Enthusiasmus Triumphatus_ in his “Coll. Phil.
Works.” London, 1662.
Rutherford, “A Survey of the Spiritual Antichrist, opening
the Secrets of Familism and Antinomianism.” London, 1648.
[420] Mosheim, “Ecclesiastical History.” Cent. xvi., sect. iii.,
part ii., chap. iii.
Ranke, “History of the Reformation.” Vol. iii., bk. vi.,
chap. ix.
Brandt, “History of the Reformation in the Low Countries.”
Vol. i.
[421] Burrage, “History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland.”
Philadelphia, 1882.
[422] Wallace, “Antitrinitarian Biography.” 3 vols., London, 1850.
Dorner, “Hist. Dev. of Doctr. of Person of Christ.”
Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justification.” P. 289.
[423] The sketch of Servetus given above is based upon the
one-sided and wholesale eulogies of his resolute apologist
Tollin.
A thoroughly impartial and objective statement of his
doctrinal system is given by Dorner, “History of Prot.
Theology.” Vol. i., pp. 189-191.
Principal Cunningham, in a very thorough manner, examines
the grounds upon which his enemies seek to fix upon
Calvin the odium of Servetus’ death in “Reformers and
Theology of Reformation.” Essay VI., pp. 314-333.
Rilliet, “Calvin and Servetus.” Trans. by Dr. Tweedie,
Edinburgh, 1846.
Drummond, “Life of Servetus.” London, 1848.
Willis, “Servetus and Calvin.” London, 1876.
[424] Aretius, “History of Val. Gentilis, the Tritheist, put to
Death at Bern.” London, 1696.
[425] Toulmin, “Memoirs of the Life, Char., etc., of Faustus
Socinus.” London, 1777.
[426] Ritschl, “Hist. of Chr. Doctr. of Justification.”
Pp. 298-309.
Cunningham, “Historical Theology.” Chap. xxiii., “The
Socinian Controversy,” pp. 155-236.
Stillingfleet gives an account of the Racovian Catechism
in the preface to his work on “Christ’s Satisfaction.”
2nd ed., London, 1697.
[427] Ranke, “History of the Popes.” Bk. ii., “Beginnings of a
Regeneration of Catholicism.”
[428] Pasquino was a statue which shortly before had been dug up
and placed on the spot where formerly had stood the booth
of a cobbler of that name, dreaded for his pungent wit.
It was used for the posting up of “pasquins” of every
sort, especially about the popes and the curia.
[429] An admirable paper by Hase on Theiner’s “Acts of the
Council of Trent” has been translated in the _Brit.
and For. Evan. Review_ for 1876, pp. 358-369.
Mendham, “Memoirs of the Council of Trent.” London, 1834.
Father Paul Sarpi’s “History of the Council of Trent.”
3rd ed. fol., London, 1640.
Bungener, “History of the Council of Trent.” Edin., 1852.
Buckley, “Canons and Decrees of Council of Trent.”
London, 1851.
Buckley, “Catechism of Council of Trent.” London, 1852.
[430] Mendham, “The Life and Pontificate of Pius V.” London, 1832.
[431] Hübner, “The Life and Times of Sixtus V.” Trans. by
Jerningham, 2 vols., London, 1872.
[432] In “Spanish Mystics.” (London, 1886), there is an admirable
sketch of Theresa, pp. 39-86, and of John of the Cross,
pp. 106-113.
[433] “Spanish Mystics.” P. 7, note.
[434] “Life of St. Philip Neri, Apostle of Rome, and Founder of
the Congregation of the Oratory.” 2 vols., London, 1847.
[435] Coleridge, “Life of Ignatius Loyola.” London, 1872.
Ranke, “History of the Popes.” Vol. i.
[436] Rose, “Ignatius Loyola, and the Early Jesuits.” London, 1870.
Nicolini, “History of the Jesuits.” Edin., 1853.
Sir James Stephens on “The Founders of Jesuitism.” In his
“Essays on Ecclesiastical Biography.” Vol. i., p. 249.
[437] Cartwright, “The Jesuits, their Constitution and Teaching.”
London, 1876.
[438] Griesinger, “The Jesuits: from the Foundation of the Order
to the Present Time.” London, 1885.
Pascal, “Provincial Letters.” Translated by Dr. M’Crie,
Edin., 1851.
“The Jesuits’ Morals, collected out of the Jesuit’s own
Books.” London, 1670.
[439] Gibbings, “An Exact Reprint of the Roman Index
Expurgatorius.” The only Vatican Index of this kind ever
published. Dublin, 1837.
[440] Butler, “Life of Cardinal Borromeo.” London, 1835.
Martin, “Life of Borromeo.” London, 1847.
[441] Venn, “Missionary Life and Labours of Xavier.” Lond., 1863.
[442] Legge, “Christianity in China: Nestorianism, Roman
Catholicism, Protestantism; with the Chinese and
Syriac Texts of the Nestorian Monument of Hsi-an-Fû.”
London, 1888.
[443] Adams, “History of Japan from the Earliest Period.”
2 vols., London, 1874.
On the religion of Japan before the introduction of
Christianity, see Ebrard, “Apologetics.” Vol. iii.,
pp. 66-73, Edin., 1887.
[444] Helps, “Life of Barth. de las Casas.” 2nd ed., Lond., 1868.
Prescott, “History of Conquest of Mexico.” London, 1886,
pp. 178-184.
[445] Merimée, “The Russian Impostors: the False Demetrius.”
London, 1852.
[446] Neale, “History of the Holy Eastern Church.” Vol. ii.,
p. 356 ff.
Cyrillus Lucaris, “_Confessio Christianæ Fidei_.”
Geneva, 1633.
Smith, “_Collectanea de Cyrillo Lucario_.” London, 1707.
[447] Stevens, “Life and Times of Gustavus Adolphus.”
New York, 1884.
Trench, “Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, and other Lectures
on the Thirty Years’ War.” London.
Gardiner, “The Thirty Years’ War” in “Epochs of Modern
History.” London, 1881.
[448] Bray, “Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes.”
London, 1870.
Poole, “History of the Huguenots of the Dispersion.”
London, 1880.
Agnew, “Protestant Exiles from France in the Reign of
Louis XIV.” 3 vols., London, 1871.
Weiss, “History of French Protestant Refugees.”
London, 1854.
[449] Macaulay, “History of England from the Accession of
James II.” London, 1846.
Hassencamp, “History of Ireland from the Reformation to
the Union.” London, 1888.
Adair, “Rise and Progress of the Presbyterian Church of
Ireland from 1623 to 1670.” Belfast, 1866.
Hamilton, “History of Presbyterian Church in Ireland.”
Edin., 1887.
[450] Butler, “Life of Hugo Grotius.” London, 1826.
Motley, “John of Barneveld.” Vol. ii., New York, 1874.
[451] “An Exposition of the Doctrine of the Catholic Church in
Matters of Controversy.” London, 1685.
“Variations of Protestantism.” 2 vols., Dublin, 1836.
Butler, “Some Account of the Life and Writings of Bishop
Bossuet.” London, 1812.
[452] “The Work of John Durie in behalf of Christian Union in
the Seventeenth Century.” By Dr. Briggs in _Presbyterian
Review_, vol. viii., 1887, pp. 297-300. To which is
attached an account by Durie himself, never before
published, of his own union efforts from July, 1631, till
September, 1633. See pp. 301-309.
[453] Clarendon, “History of the Rebellion in England,
1649-1666.” 3 vols., Oxford, 1667.
Burnet, “History of his Own Time, 1660-1713.” 2 vols.,
London, 1724.
Guizot, “History of English Revolution of 1640.”
London, 1856.
Gardiner, “History of England, 1603-1642.” 10 vols.,
London, 1885.
Marsden, “History of Early and Later Puritans, down to
the Ejection of the Nonconformists in 1662.” 2 vols.,
London, 1853.
Masson, “Life of Milton.” 4 vols., London, 1859 ff.
[454] Mitchell, “The Westminster Assembly.” London, 1882.
Mitchell and Struthers, “Minutes of Westminster Assembly.”
Edinburgh, 1874.
Macpherson, “Handbook to Westminster Confession.” 2nd ed.,
Edinburgh, 1882.
Hetherington, “History of Westminster Assembly.” 4th ed.,
Edinburgh, 1878.
[455] Carlyle, “Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches.” 2 vols.,
London, 1845.
Guizot, “Life of Cromwell.” London, 1877.
Paxton Hood, “Oliver Cromwell.” London, 1882.
Picton, “Oliver Cromwell.” London, 1878.
Harrison, “Oliver Cromwell.” London, 1888.
Barclay, “The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the
Commonwealth.” London, 1877.
[456] Guizot, “Richard Cromwell and the Restoration of
Charles II.” 2 vols., London, 1856.
Macpherson, “History of Great Britain from the
Restoration.” London, 1875.
[457] Bargraves, “Alexander VII. and His Cardinals.” Ed. by
Robertson, London, 1866.
[458] Cunningham, “Discussions on Church Principles.”
Edin., 1863, chap. v.: “The Liberties of the Gallican
Church.” Pp. 133-163.
[459] Von Gebler, “Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia.” Transl.
by Sturge, London, 1879.
Madden, “Galileo and the Inquisition.” London, 1863.
Brewster, “Martyrs of Science.” Edin., 1841.
Von Gebler denies that any condemnation _ex cathedra_
was given.
[460] Wilson, “Life of Vincent de Paul.” London, 1874.
[461] Marsolier, “Life of Francis de Sales.” Translated by
Coombes, London, 1812.
[462] “Golden Thoughts from the ‘Spiritual Guide’ of Molinos.”
With preface by J. H. Shorthouse, London, 1883.
[463] Upham, “Life, Religious Opinions, and Experience of
Madame de la Mothe Guyon, with an account of Fénelon.”
London, 1854.
Brooke, “Exemplary Life of the Pious Lady Guion.”
Bristol, 1806.
Butler, “Life of Fénelon.” London, 1810.
[464] Beard, “Port Royal.” 2 vols., London, 1861.
St. Amour, “Journal in France and Rome, containing Account
of Five Points of Controversy between Jansenists and
Molinists.” London, 1664.
Schimmelpenninck, “Select Memoirs of Port Royal.” Fourth
edition, 2 vols., London, 1835.
[465] Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii.,
pp. 98-251.
[466] Bruce, “Humiliation of Christ.” P. 131, Edin., 1876.
[467] Dowding, “German Theology during the Thirty Years’ War:
Life and Correspondence of G. Calixt.” 2 vols.,
Oxford, 1863.
[468] Wildenhahn, “Life of Spener.” Translated by Wenzel,
Philadelphia, 1881.
Guericke, “Life of A. H. Francke.” London, 1847.
[469] Jennings, “The Rosicrucians: their Rites and Mysteries.”
London, 1887.
[470] Martensen, “Life and Works of Jacob Boehme.” London, 1886.
[471] All the translations of hymns referred to in this and the
preceding section are from Miss Winkworth’s “_Lyra
Germanica_.” London, 1885.
[472] The “Works of Arminius.” Transl. by Nicholls, to which
are added Brandt’s “Life of Arminius.” Etc., 3 vols.,
London, 1825.
Scott, “Translation of Articles of Synod of Dort.”
London, 1818.
Hales, “Letters from the Synod of Dort.” Glasgow, 1765.
Calder, “Life of Simon Episcopius.” New York, 1837.
Cunningham, “Reformation and Theology of Reformation.”
Essay VIII., “Calvinism and Arminianism.” Pp. 412-470.
Motley, “John of Barneveldt.” 2 vols., London, 1874.
[473] Barclay, “The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the
Commonwealth.” Second ed., London, 1877.
Dr. Stoughton’s “History of Religion in England from
Opening of Long Parliament to End of Eighteenth Century.”
London.
[474] See Macpherson, “Presbyterianism.” (Edin., 1883), pp. 8-10,
where charges of intolerance such as those made against
Presbyterianism in the text are repudiated.
[475] Masson, “Life of John Milton.” 4 vols., London, 1859.
Pattison, “Milton.” In “English Men of Letters” series,
London, 1880.
[476] “_Relquiæ Baxterianæ_: Baxter’s Narrative of most Memorable
Passages in his own Life.” London, 1696.
Orme, “Life and Times of Richard Baxter, with Critical
Examination of his Writings.” London, 1830.
Stalker, “Baxter” in “Evangelical Succession Lectures.”
Second series, Edinburgh, 1883.
[477] Froude disputes this, and says, p. 12, that probably he
was on the side of the Royalists. Brown has shown it to
be almost certain that in 1644, not 1642, Bunyan, then
in his sixteenth year, joined the Parliamentary forces.
See Brown’s “Life.” Pp. 42-52.
[478] Brown, “Life of Bunyan.” London, 1885.
Autobiography in “Grace Abounding.” 1622.
Southey, “Life of John Bunyan.” London, 1830.
Macaulay, “Essay on Bunyan.” In _Edinburgh Review_, 1830.
Froude, “Bunyan,” in “English Men of Letters.” London, 1880.
Nicoll, “Bunyan,” in “Evangelical Succession Lectures.”
Third series, Edinburgh, 1883.
[479] “Life of John Eliot, Apostle of the Indians.” By John
Wilson, afterwards of Bombay, Edin., 1828.
[480] Crosby, “History of the English Baptists.” 4 vols.,
London, 1728.
Ivimey, “History of the English Baptists from 1688-1760.”
2 vols., London, 1830.
Cramp, “History of the Baptists to end of 18th Century.”
3 vols., London, 1872.
[481] Backus, “History of the English-American Baptists.”
2 vols., Boston, 1777.
Cox and Hoby, “The Baptists in America.” New York, 1836.
Hague, “The Baptists Transplanted.” Etc., New York, 1846.
[482] Of special importance for the early history of the
Quakers are,
“Letters of Early Friends.” Edited by Robert Barclay,
a descendant of the Quaker apostle, London, 1841.
“Fox’s Journal; or, Historical Accounts of his Life,
Travels, and Sufferings.” London, 1694.
Penn, “Summary of History, Doctrines, and Discipline of
Friends.” London, 1692.
Tallack, “George Fox; the Quakers and the Early Baptists.”
London, 1868.
Bickley, “George Fox and the Early Quakers.” London, 1884.
Stoughton, “W. Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania.” London, 1883.
[483] Sewel, “History of the Quakers.” 2 vols., London, 1834.
Cunningham, “The Quakers, from their Origin in 1624 to the
Present Time.” London, 1868.
Barclay, “Apology for the True Christian Divinity: a
Vindication of Quakerism.” 4th ed., London, 1701.
Clarkson, “A Portraiture of Quakerism.” 3 vols.,
London, 1806.
Rowntree, “Quakerism, Past and Present.” London, 1839.
[484] Heard, “The Russian Church and Russian Dissent.”
London, 1887.
Mackenzie Wallace, “Russia.” Chaps. xiv., xx., 2 vols.,
London, 1877.
Palmer, “The Patriarch and the Tsar.” 6 vols., London,
1871-1876.
[485] Ueberweg, “History of Philosophy.” Vol. ii., pp. 31-135.
Pünjer, “History of the Christian Philosophy of Religion
from the Reformation to Kant.” Edin., 1887.
Pfleiderer, “Philosophy of Religion.” Vol. i., London, 1887.
Erdmann’s “History of Philosophy.” 3 vols., London, 1889.
[486] “Bacon’s Works.” Ed. by Spedding, Ellis, and Heath,
14 vols., London, 1870.
Spedding, “Letters and Life of Lord Bacon.” 2 vols.,
London, 1862.
Macaulay on Bacon in _Edinburgh Review_ for 1837.
Church, “Bacon,” in vol. v. of “Collected Works.”
London, 1888.
Nichol, “Bacon: Life and Philosophy.” 2 vols., Edin., 1888.
[487] “Descartes’ Method, Meditations, and Principles of
Philosophy.” Transl. by Prof. Veitch, Edin., 1850 ff.
Fischer, “Descartes and his School.” London, 1887.
[488] Willis, “Spinoza: his Ethics, Life, and Influence on Modern
Thought.” London, 1870.
Pollock, “Spinoza: his Life and Philosophy.” London, 1880.
Martineau, “Spinoza.” London, 1882.
“Spinoza, Four Essays by Land, Von Floten, Fischer, and
Renan.” Edited by Prof. Knight, London, 1884.
[489] “Locke’s Complete Works.” 9 vols., London, 1853.
Cousin, “Elements of Psychology: a Critical Examination of
Locke’s Essay.” Edin., 1856.
Webb, “Intellectualism of Locke.” London, 1858.
[490] Guhrauer, “Leibnitz: a Biography.” Transl. by Mackie,
Boston, 1845.
[491] Leland, “View of Principal Deistical Writers in England.”
2nd ed., 2 vols., London, 1755.
Halyburton, “Natural Religion Insufficient; or, A Rational
Inquiry into the Principles of the Modern Deists.”
Edin., 1714.
Tulloch, “Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in
England in the 17th Century.” 2 vols., Edin., 1872.
Cairns, “Unbelief in the 18th Century.” Chap. ii.,
“Unbelief in the 17th Century.” Edin., 1881.
[492] Lecky, “History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of
Rationalism in Europe.” 2 vols., London, 1873.
Hagenbach, “German Rationalism.” Edin., 1865.
Hagenbach, “History of Church in 18th and 19th Centuries.”
2 vols., London, 1870.
Leslie Stephen, “History of English Thought in the
18th Century.” 2 vols., London, 1876.
Cairns, “Unbelief in the 18th Century.” Edin., 1881.
[493] Wilson, “The Christian Brothers, their Origin and Work.
With a Sketch of the Life of their Founder, the Venerable
Jean Baptiste de la Salle.” London, 1883.
[494] Neale, “History of the so called Jansenist Church of
Holland.” Oxford, 1858.
[495] Cairns, “Unbelief in the Eighteenth Century.” Chap. iv.,
“Unbelief in France.” Edinburgh, 1881.
Morley, “Diderot and the Encyclopedists.” 2 vols.,
London, 1878.
Morley, “Voltaire.” London, 1872.
Lange, “History of Materialism.” 3 vols., London, 1877.
[496] This saying is usually attributed to Voltaire. He used the
expression in attacking Pierre Bayle.
Erdmann’s “Hist. of Phil.” Vol. ii., p. 158.
Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.” Vol. ii., p. 125.
[497] Pressensé, “The Church and the Revolution.” London, 1869.
Jervis, “The Gallican Church and the Revolution.”
London, 1882.
[498] Hagenbach, “History of Church in the 18th and
19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 109, 116; 2 vols.,
New York, 1869.
Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii., p. 208.
[499] Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii.,
pp. 208-227.
[500] Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii.,
pp. 266-279.
Hagenbach, “History of Church in 18th and 19th Centuries.”
Vol. i., pp. 117-127.
[501] Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii.,
pp. 259-261.
Geffcken, “Church and State.” 2 vols., Lon., 1887; vol. i.,
pp. 456-503.
[502] Burney, “Life of Handel.” London, 1784.
[503] Kelly, “Life and Work of Von Bogatsky: a Chapter from the
Religious Life of the Eighteenth Century.” London, 1889.
[504] Hough, “The History of Christianity in India.” 5 vols.,
London, 1839.
Sherring, “History of Missions in India.” Edited by Storrow.
London, 1888.
Pearson, “Memoirs, Life, and Correspondence of Chr. Fr.
Schwartz.” Etc., 2 vols., London, 1834.
[505] Hagenbach, “History of the Christian Church in the 18th
and 19th Centuries.” New York, 1869; Lectures XVIII.
and XIX., pp. 398-445.
[506] Spangenberg, “Life of Count Zinzendorf.” London, 1838.
[507] Spangenberg, “Account of Manner in which the _Unitas
Fratrum_ Propagate the Gospel, and Carry on their
Missions among the Heathen.” London, 1788.
Holmes, “Historical Sketch of the Missions of the United
Brethren for the Propagation of the Gospel among the
Heathen from their Commencement down to 1817.”
London, 1827.
[508] “Tersteegen: Life and Character, with Extracts from His
Letters and Writings.” London, 1832.
Winkworth, “Christian Singers of Germany.” London, 1869.
[509] For a slightly different account see Tyerman, vol. i.,
p. 66.
[510] Wesley himself continued to preach in the open air till
nearly the end of the year 1790.
[511] Further details as to the organization of the societies
are given in Tyerman, 1st ed., vol. i., pp. 444, 445.
[512] Southey, “Life of John Wesley.” London, 1820.
Isaac Taylor, “Wesley and Wesleyanism.” London, 1851.
Tyerman, “Wesley’s Life and Times.” 2 vols., 4th ed.,
London, 1877.
Urlin, “Churchman’s Life of Wesley.” London, 1880.
Abbey and Overton, “English Church in 18th Century.”
2 vols., London, 1879.
Lecky, “History of England in the 18th Century.” 2 vols.,
London, 1878.
Stoughton, “History of Religion in England to End of
18th Century.” 6 vols., London, 1882.
Jackson, “Life of Charles Wesley.” 2 vols., London, 1841.
Tyerman, “Life of Whitefield.” 2 vols., London, 1877.
Macdonald, “Fletcher of Madeley.” London.
Smith, “History of Methodism.” 3 vols., London, 1857.
Stevens, “History of Methodism.” 3 vols., New York, 1858.
Stevens, “History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the
United States.” 4 vols., New York, 1864.
Bangs, “History of the Methodist Episcopal Church.” 4 vols.,
New York, 1839.
[513] Hagenbach, “History of Church in 18th and 19th Centuries.”
Vol. i., pp. 159-164.
[514] Hagenbach, “History of the Church in the 18th and
19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 168-175.
[515] Tafel, “Documents concerning the Life and Character of
Swedenborg.” 3 vols., London, 1875.
White, “Emanuel Swedenborg, his Life and Writings.”
2 vols., London, 1867.
[516] Evans, “Shakers: Compendium of Origin, History, Principles,
and Doctrines of the United Society of Believers in
Christ’s Second Coming.” New York, 1859.
Dixon, “New America.” 2 vols., 8th ed., London, 1869.
Nordhoff, “The Communistic Societies of the United States.”
London, 1874.
[517] Pusey, “Historical Inquiry into the Causes of the Prevalence
of Rationalism in Germany.” London, 1828.
Rose, “The State of Protestantism in Germany.” Oxford, 1829.
Saintes, “A Critical History of Rationalism in Germany, from
its Origin till the Present Time.” London, 1849.
Lecky, “History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of
Rationalism in Europe.” 2 vols., London, 1873.
Farrar, “Critical History of Free Thought in Reference to
the Christian Religion.” London, 1863.
Hagenbach, “German Rationalism.” Edinburgh, 1865.
Hurst, “History of Rationalism.” New York, 1865.
Gostwick, “German Culture and Christianity, their
Controversy, 1770-1880.” New York, 1882.
[518] Stephen, “History of English Thought in the 18th Century.”
2 vols., London, 1876.
Cairns, “Unbelief in the 18th Century.” Edinburgh, 1881.
Pünjer, “History of Christian Philosophy of Religion from
Reformation to Kant.” § 5, “The English Deists.”
Edinburgh, 1887.
[519] Halliwell, “The Early History of English Freemasonry.”
London, 1840.
[520] Ritschl, “History of Christian Doctr. of Justification and
Reconciliation.” Pp. 347-426.
Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii.,
pp. 277-292.
Hagenbach, “History of The Church in The 18th and
19th Centuries.” Vol. i., pp. 251-321.
[521] Chalybæus, “Historical Development of Speculative
Philosophy, from Kant to Hegel.” Edin., 1854.
Räbiger, “Theological Encyclopædia.” Vol. i., pp. 73-76.
[522] Stahr, “Lessing: his Life and Works.” Translated by
G. Evans, 2 vols., Boston, 1866.
Sime, “Lessing, his Life and Writings.” 2 vols.,
London, 1877.
Zimmern, “G. E. Lessing: his Life and Works.” London, 1878.
Smith, “Lessing as a Theologian.” In the _Theological
Review_, July, 1868.
[523] Russell, “A Short Account of the Life and History of
Pestalozzi.” Based on De Guemp’s “_L’Histoire de
Pestalozzi_.” London, 1888. To be followed by a complete
English translation of De Guemp’s work.
[524] Marshman, “Life and Times of Marshman, Carey, and Ward.”
2 vols., London, 1859.
Smith, “Life of William Carey.” London, 1886.
Wilson, “Missionary Voyage of the Ship _Duff_.”
London, 1799.
Morison, “Fathers and Founders of the London Missionary
Society.” London, 1844.
[525] Baur, “Religious Life in Germany.” London, 1872,
pp. 177-196.
[526] Kahnis, “Internal History of German Protestantism since
the Middle of Last Century.” Edin., 1856.
[527] Hagenbach, “History of Church in Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries.” Vol. ii., pp. 413-416.
[528] Mombert, “Faith Victorious, being an Account of the Life,
Labour, and Times of Dr. J. W. Ebel, 1714-1861, compiled
from authentic sources.” London, 1882.
Dixon, “Spiritual Wives.” London, 1868.
[529] Strack, “The Work of Bible Revision in Germany.” In
_Expositor_, third series, vol. ii., pp. 178-187.
[530] See papers by Driver, Cheyne, Davidson, Kirkpatrick, in
_Expositor_ for 1886-1888, on various books in Revised
Old Testament.
Westcott, “Some Lessons of Revised Version of New
Testament.” In _Expositor_, third series, vol. v.,
pp. 81, 241, 453.
Jennings and Lowe, “Revised Version of Old Testament:
a Critical Estimate.” In _Expositor_, third Series,
vol. ii., pp. 57, etc.
[531] “Schleiermacher’s Life in Letters.” Translated by Rowan,
London, 1860.
Baur, “Religious Life in Germany.” London, 1872, pp. 197 ff.
Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” Vol. ii.,
pp. 374-395.
[532] Cheyne, “Life and Works of Heinrich Ewald.” In _Expositor_,
third series, vol. iv., pp. 241 ff., 361 ff.
[533] There are English translations of his “Life of Christ.”
“First Planting of Christianity.” “Antignostikus.”
“History of Christian Dogmas.” “Christian Life in the
Early and Middle Ages.” All published by Bohn.
[534] Zeller, “David Frederick Strauss, in his Life and
Writings.” London, 1874. Translations: “Life of Jesus
Critically Treated.” 1846; “Life of Jesus for the German
People.” 1865; “The Old Faith and the New.” 1874; “Ulrich
von Hutten.” 1874.
[535] Simon, “Isaac August Dorner.” In _Presbyterian Review_ for
October, 1887, pp. 569-616.
[536] Rothe, “Still Hours.” Translated by Miss Stoddart, with
Introductory Essay on Rothe by Rev. J. Macpherson.
London, 1886.
[537] Galloway, “The Theology of Ritschl.” In _Presbyterian
Review_ for April, 1889, pp. 192-209.
[538] Series of papers in _Good Words_ for 1860, pp. 377 ff.
[539] Fleming Stevenson, “The Blue Flag of Kaiserswerth.” In
_Good Words_ for 1861, pp. 121 ff., 143 ff.
[540] Owen, “History of the First Ten Years of the Bible
Society.” 3 vols., London, 1816.
[541] Wiseman, “Recollections of the Last Four Popes.” 3 vols.,
London, 1853.
Mendham, “Index of Prohibited Books by order of
Gregory XVI.” London, 1840.
[542] Legge, “Pius IX. to the Restoration of 1850.” 2 vols.,
London, 1872.
Trollope, “Life of Pius IX.” 2 vols., London, 1877.
Shea, “Life and Pontificate of Pius IX.” New York, 1877.
[543] Geffcken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 269-293: “The
Italian Question and the Papal States.”
[544] Geffcken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 236-238.
[545] Bridges, “Life of Martin Boos.” London, 1836.
[546] Hamberger, “Sketch of the Character of the Theosophy
of Baader.” Translated in _American Presbyterian and
Theological Review_, 1869.
[547] Laing, “Notes on the Rise, Progress, etc., of the German
Catholic Church of Ronge and Czerski.” London, 1845.
[548] Manning, “The True History of the Vatican Council.”
London, 1877.
Pomponio Leto, “The Vatican Council, being the impressions
of a contemporary (Card. Vitelleschi), translated from
the Italian with the original documents.” London, 1876.
Quirinus, “Letters from Rome on the Council.” London, 1870.
Janus, “The Pope and the Council.” London, 1869.
Bungener, “Rome and the Council in the Nineteenth Century.”
Edinburgh, 1870.
Arthur, “The Pope, the Kings, and the People, a History
of the Movement to make the Pope Governor of the World,
1864-1871.” 2 vols., London, 1877.
Acton, “History of the Vatican Council.” London, 1871.
Friedrich, “_Documenta ad illum. Conc. Vat._” Nördling, 1871.
Martin (Bishop of Paderborn), “_Omnium Conc. Vat. quæ ad
doctr. et discipl. pertin. docum. Collectio_.” 1873.
[549] Geffcken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 501-531.
Smith, “The Falk Legislation from the Political Point of
View.” In the _Theological Review_ for October, 1875.
[550] Geffcken, “Church and State.” 2 vols., London, 1877;
vol. ii., pp. 488-531.
[551] The Austrian May Laws were in some respects more sweeping
than the Prussian (§ 197, 5); but the former were framed
with reference to the police, the latter with reference to
the law. In Prussia the decision, judgment, and sentence in
all cases of contravention and collision were assigned to
the court of law; in Austria they were assigned to the court
of administration, in the last instance to the minister. The
Austrian laws could thus be urged and ignored at pleasure.
[552] Geffeken, “Church and State.” Vol. ii., pp. 469-488.
[553] R. J. Sandeman, “Alexander Vinet.” In “Evangelical
Succession Lectures.” Third Series, Edinburgh, 1884.
Dorner, “History of Protestant Theology.” ii., 470, 478.
[554] Cairns, “The Present Struggle in the National Church of
Holland.” In _Presbyterian Review_ for January, 1888,
pp. 87-108.
Wicksteed, “The Ecclesiastical Institutions of Holland.”
London.
[555] Lumsden, “Sweden, its Religious State and Prospects.”
London, 1855.
[556] Stoughton, “Religion in England during the First Half of
the Present Century, with a Postscript on Subsequent
Events.” 2 vols., London, 1876.
Molesworth, “History of England from 1830 to 1874.”
3 vols., London.
[557] Littledale, “Church Parties.” Art. in the _Contemporary
Review_ for July, 1874, pp. 287-320.
Mozley, “Reminiscences of Oriel College.” London, 1882.
[558] Newman, “_Apologia pro Vita Sua_.” London, 1864.
Weaver, “Puseyism, a Refutation and Exposure.” London, 1843.
[559] The very confused, wholly inadequate, and in some points
positively incorrect statements in the above paragraph
may be supplemented and amended by reference to the
following literature:
Buchanan, “Ten Years’ Conflict.” 2 vols., Edin., 1852.
Moncrieff, “Vindication of the Claim of Right.” Edin., 1877.
Moncrieff, “The Free Church Principle: its Character and
History.” Edin., 1883.
Mackerrow, “History of the Secession Church.” Glasgow, 1841.
[560] Smith’s appointment was to the Lord Almoner’s Professorship,
with a merely nominal salary; but he was afterwards elected
to the more remunerative office of University librarian, and
more recently has succeeded Prof. Wright in the Chair of
Arabic in the University.
[561] Jarvis, “The Gallican Church and the Revolution.”
Pp. 324-395, London, 1882.
[562] Borrow, “The Bible in Spain.” 2 vols., London, 1843.
[563] Lendrum, “_Ecclesia Pressa_: or, the Lutheran Church in the
Baltic Provinces.” In _The Theological Review and Free
Church College Quarterly_, vol. ii., 310-330.
C. H. H. Wright, “The Persecution of the Lutheran Church
in the Baltic Provinces of Russia.” In the _British and
Foreign Evangelical Review_, January, 1887.
[564] Baird, “Religion in the United States.” Glasgow, 1844.
“Progress and Prospects of Christianity in the United
States.” London, 1851.
Gorrie, “Churches and Sects in the United States.”
New York, 1850.
[565] Stevens, “History of the Episcopal Methodist Church in
North America.” Philadelphia, 1868.
Gorrie, “History of the Episcopal Methodist Church in the
United States.” New York, 1881.
[566] A full account of the recent development of Protestantism
in Brazil is given in an article in the _Presbyterian
Review_ for January, 1889, pp. 101-106: “The Organization
of the Synod of Brazil,” by Dr. J. Aspinwall Hodge.--On
15th November, 1889, the emperor was expelled and a
republic proclaimed.
[567] Hepworth Dixon, “Free Russia.” 2 vols., London, 1870.
Heard, “The Russian Church and Russian Dissent.” 2 vols.,
London, 1887.
[568] Rowntree, “Quakerism Past and Present.” London, 1859.
[569] Dixon, “New America.” 2 vols., 8th edition, London, 1869.
Nordhoff, “The Communistic Societies of the United States.”
London, 1874.
[570] Oliphant, “Life of Ed. Irving.” 3rd edition, London, 1865.
Carlyle, in “Miscellaneous Essays.”
Brown, “Personal Reminiscences of Ed. Irving.” in
_Expositor_, 3 ser., vol. vi., pp. 216, 257.
Miller, “History and Doctrine of Irvingism.” 2 vols.,
London, 1878.
[571] Darby, “Personal Recollections.” London, 1881.
[572] Stenhouse, “An Englishwoman in Utah, the story of a Life’s
Experience in Mormonism.” 2nd ed., London, 1880.
Gunnison, “The Mormons.” New York, 1884.
Burton, “The City of the Saints.” London, 1861.
[573] Wilson, “The ‘Ever-Victorious Army:’ a History of the
Chinese Campaign under Lieut.-Col. C. G. Gordon, and of
the Suppression of the Taeping Rebellion.” Edinburgh.
[574] Edmonds, “American Spiritualism.” 2 vols., New York, 1858.
Cox, “Spiritualism answered by Science.” London, 1872.
Crookes, “Spiritualism and Science.” London, 1874.
Wallace, “A Defence of Spiritualism.” London, 1874.
Owen, “The Debatable Land.” New York, 1872.
Carpenter, “Mesmerism, Spiritualism, etc., Historically and
Scientifically Considered.” London, 1877.
Mahan, “The Phenomena of Spiritualism Scientifically
Explained and Exposed.” London, 1875.
Horne, “Incidents in His Life.” London, 1863.
“Lights and Shadows of Spiritualism.” London, 1877.
[575] Sinnett, “Esoteric Buddhism.” London, 1883.
[576] Sargent, “Rob. Owen and his Social Philosophy.”
London, 1860.
Nordhoff, “Communistic Societies in the United States.”
London, 1875.
[577] Onslow-Yorke, “The Secret History of the International
Working-Men’s Association.” London, 1872.
Lissagaray, “History of the Commune of 1871.” Translated
by Aveling, London, 1886.
[578] From the fifteenth century the numbering of the General
Councils is so variable and uncertain that even Catholic
historians are not agreed upon this point. They are at
one only about this, that the anti-papal councils claiming
to be œcumenical, of Pisa A.D. 1409, Basel A.D. 1438,
and Pisa A.D. 1511, should be designated schismatical
“_Conciliabula_.” Hefele, in his “History of the Councils,”
counts eighteen down to the Reformation. He makes the
Constance Council in its first and last sessions the
sixteenth, but does not count the middle session held
without the pope. He makes that of Basel the seventeenth
down to A.D. 1438 with its papal continuation at Ferrara
and Florence. Finally, as eighteenth he gives the fifth
Lateran Council of A.D. 1512-1517. But others strike
Basel and Constance out of the list altogether; and many,
especially the Gallicans, reject also the fifth Lateran
Council, because occupied with matters of slight or merely
local interest.