found that the barium carbonate would kill them, but if calcium
carbonate was mixed with the barium the rats survived, suggesting an
antidotal action. This apparent antagonism deserves further study and
may lead to practical results.[230] A somewhat similar antagonism for at
least a part of the action of barium has been claimed to exist between
barium and potassium.[231] However, extracts of ashed plants, treated
with acetic acid, which contained calcium and potassium, caused death in
the experiments of the writer, but no work has yet been done by him as
to the antidotal action of calcium carbonate on barium. Then, too, as
Lüdeking[232] pointed out, large quantities of calcium chlorid may
interfere with the precipitation of barium as a sulphate. It is well
known that the presence of various salts influences the solubility of
barium sulphate in water,[233] and the fact that barium has been found
in solution in the urine in the presence of sulphates shows that the
precipitation of barium as a sulphate in the body is not so simple as in
test-tube experiments.[234] Again, in very dilute solutions, such as
must necessarily occur at any one time in the stomach, the precipitate
with sulphates only slowly forms and the barium may be absorbed before
the insoluble compound can be formed.[235] Evidently an important point
to be considered in the antidotal treatment of locoed animals with
sulphates is the possibility of inducing a gastritis, with its attendant
loss of weight. It therefore seems apparent that the proper treatment at
present is preventive--that is, removal from the plants.
Lewin[236] has suggested the possibility of acquiring some immunity to
barium, but our experiments point against the production of any
practical immunity.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[228] Mendel, L. B., and Sicher, D. F., l. c., p. 148.
[229] Mayo, N. S. Some Observations upon Loco. Kans. State
Agric. Coll. Bul. 35, p. 119. 1893.
[230] Storer, F. H. Experiments on Feeding Mice with
Painter's Putty and with Other Mixtures of Pigments and Oils.
Bul. of Bussey Institute, vol. 2, p. 274. 1884.
[231] Brunton, T. L., and Cash, J. T. Contribution to Our
Knowledge of the Connection between Chemical Constitution,
Physiological Action, and Antagonism. Philos. Trans. Royal
Soc. London, I, vol. 175, p. 229. 1884.
[232] Lüdeking, C. Analyse d. Barytgruppe. Zeits. f. Anal.
Chem., vol. 29, p. 556. 1890.
[233] Fraps, G. S. Solubility of Barium Sulphate in Ferric
Chloride, Aluminum Chloride, and Magnesium Chloride. Amer.
Chem. Journ., vol. 27, p. 288. 1902.
[234] Santi has paid special attention to the solubility of
barium in the body.
[235] Fresenius, C. G. Man. of Qualitat. Chem. Anal. Tr. by
H. L. Wells, 1904, p. 148.
[236] Lewin, L. Nebenwirkungen d. Arzneimittel, 2 ed., p.
439. 1893.
=ACTION OF BARIUM ON DOMESTIC AND FARM ANIMALS.=
Barium in the form of barium chlorid has been recently introduced into
veterinary therapeutics by Dieckerhoff[237] in the treatment of
constipation, but Winslow[238] says that "the doses required to produce
catharsis in the horse are almost toxic," and he advises against the
intravenous use of this remedy.
Fröhner[239] has carefully summarized the literature on the use of
barium chlorid in veterinary work, and reports that its use in the
Zürich clinic has recently been so unsatisfactory that it is now seldom
employed and that in the last ten years the preponderance of reports in
the literature are unfavorable to the use of this agent in colic.
After the administration per os, much of the barium must be carried off
in the diarrheal stools. A number of deaths in horses have been
attributed to the use of this agent. No doubt the presence of sulphates,
etc., derived from the food would render the barium insoluble in the
gastro-intestinal tract, and this would explain the lack of poisonous
action in certain of the cases in which large doses of barium proved
harmless.
Husard and Biron administered daily doses of 8 grams of barium chlorid
to one horse, and the same amount of barium carbonate to a second horse,
for several days. A fortnight later the first horse unexpectedly died,
and the second a few days later. The post-mortem examination was
negative.[240] A third horse fed with barium carbonate also died
suddenly. Recently barium occurring in brine has given rise to acute
poisoning in stock.[241]
In a case reported by Stietenroth[242] the horse died after the
injection of 0.5 gram of barium chlorid into the jugular vein. A number
of sudden deaths in horses after the intravenous injection of 0.7 gram
and over of barium chlorid have been collected by Fröhner.[243] The
lethal dose by mouth for acute poisoning with barium chlorid in horses
lies between 8 to 12 grams, while cattle require much larger doses (40
grams)[244] to induce death.
Dieckerhoff advises against the use of barium chlorid in the treatment
of constipation in sheep.
After a dose of 6 grams of barium chlorid a 2-year-old healthy ram
appeared perfectly well, but the following day he was depressed, refused
to eat, staggered, and became so weak that he was unable to stand. The
muscles of the extremities were paralyzed and the animal died. "The
post-mortem examination revealed oedema of the lungs, slight
cloudiness of the heart muscles, numerous small hemorrhagic spots on the
mucous membrane of the small intestine, and stagnation of the blood in
the vessels of the small and large intestines. Similar symptoms and
lesions were found in a lamb 4 months old which was given per os 6.0
grams of barium chlorid dissolved in 200 grams of distilled water."[245]
Poisonings with barium carbonate have also been reported in pigs.[246]
Domestic animals pastured in the neighborhood of barite deposits soon
succumb,[247] and accidental cases of poisoning are reported in cows.
Poisoning in dogs has also been reported after the subcutaneous use of
this agent.[248] Linossier says that if the barium salts are used for
any time the salts are deposited in various organs, largely in the
kidneys, brain, and medulla, but especially in the bones.[249]
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[237] Dieckerhoff. Ueber d. Wirkung d. Chlorbaryum bei
Pferden, Rindern und Schafen. Berliner Thierärztl. Woch., p.
265; see also pp. 313 and 337, 1895; Abstract In Vet. Mag.,
vol. 2, p. 360. 1895.
[238] Winslow, K. Vet. Materia Medica and Therapeutics, p.
152. 1901.
[239] Fröhner, E. Lehrb. d. Arzneimittellehre, p. 399. 1906.
Fröhner gives a detailed account of these cases.
Original note in Ehrhardt, J. Erfahrungen ü. ältere u. neue
Arzneimittel. Schweizer Archiv. f. Thierheilk., vol. 41, p.
44. 1899.
[240] Pelletier. Observations on Strontian. Journ. Nat.
Philos., vol. 1, p. 529. 1797; original in Annales de Chimie,
vol. 21, p. 127. 1797.
[241] Howard, C. D. Occurrence of Barium in the Ohio Valley
Brines and Its Relation to Stock Poisoning. W. Va. Univ.
Agric. Exper. Sta. Bul. 103. 1906.
[242] Stietenroth. Ueber Chlorbarium bei der Kolik der
Pferde. Berliner Thierärztl. Woch., p. 16. 1899.
[243] Fröhner, E. Lehrb. d. Toxikol., 2 ed., p. 116. 1901.
[244] Fröhner, E., l. c., p. 116.
See similar reports in Veterinarian, vol. 68, p. 572, 1895,
and vol. 69, p. 228, 1896; Zeits. f. Veterinärk., vol. 8, pp.
99 and 211, 1896; Nagler, F., Berliner Thierärztl. Woch., p.
65. 1896.
[245] Dieckerhoff, W. Vet. Mag., vol. 2, p. 362. 1895.
[246] Kabitz, H. Ueber d. Wirkung einiger Baryumsalze beim
Schwein. Deutsch. Thierärztl. Woch., vol. 13, p. 317. 1905.
[247] Parkes. Chem. Essays, vol. 2, p. 213. Quoted by
Christison, R., in Treatise on Poisons, Edinburgh, 4 ed., p.
581, 1845.--Fuchs, C. J. Vergiftungsfälle durch salzsäuren
Baryt beim Rindvieh. Thierärztl. Mittheil., vol. 5, pp. 133,
154. 1870.
[248] Falk. Zur Vergift. von Hunden mit Chlorbarium. Berliner
Thierärztl. Woch., p. 40. 1897.--Schirmer,
Chlorbariumvergift. beim Hunde. Berliner Thierärztl. Woch.,
vol. 23, p. 268. 1897.
[249] Linossier, G. De la Localisation du Baryum dans
l'Organisme à la Suite de l'Intoxication Chronique par un Sel
de Baryum. Comp. Rend. Hebd. Soc. de Biol., 8 s., vol. 4, p.
123. 1887.
NOTE.--Other cases of poisoning in animals may be found in
Marder, Beitrag z. Giftwirkung des Baryum chloratum. Berliner
Thierärtzl. Woch., vol. 37, p. 436. 1897; Absichtliche
Vergift. mit Chlorbarium. Zeits. f. Veterinärk., vol. 9. p.
72. 1897.
=APPLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS TO THE RANGE.=
It has been calculated that a medium estimate of food for cattle on
green fodder is about 60 pounds (30 kilos) a day.[250] Calculating this
entirely in terms of _Aragallus lamberti_ and allowing 10 per cent of
moisture for these plants (Sayre) would make 27 kilos of dry loco eaten
by each animal per diem. In the analysis of the writer of one _Aragallus
lamberti_ from Hugo, Colo., it was found to yield 12.44 per cent of ash,
and the barium content corresponded to 2.6 milligrams BaSO_{4} in each
gram of the ash. This would correspond to 10.24 grams of barium acetate
(Ba(C_{2}H_{3}O_{2})_{2} + H_{2}O) or 9.15 grams of barium chlorid
(BaCl_{2} + 2H_{2}O) per diem. This amount daily administered would,
theoretically, readily produce chronic poisoning owing to the
accumulation in the system, as was shown in the case of rabbits.
There is, however, some question as to whether this full theoretical
amount of loco plants is eaten on the range, and the estimate has been
made that one-sixth of this amount only would be actually taken. It must
be remembered, as Stalker pointed out, that locoed animals develop an
especial taste for these plants and after a time reject other food, so
that while the number of loco plants at first taken may be small, yet
later, perhaps, it is greater. A part of this barium, however, may not
be taken up by the system, but may pass out undissolved. No actual
experiments have yet been made with cattle by feeding small doses of the
pure salt.
No doubt more of the pure barium salts will be required to produce
symptoms of poisoning in animals than would be necessary in the case of
the form of barium found in the plant, as in the loco-weed the barium is
probably better protected from precipitation than are the barium salts
when dissolved in water alone.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[250] Lane, C. B. Soiling Crop Experiments. N. J. Agric.
Exper. Sta. Bul. 158, p. 18. 1902.--Woll, F. W. One Hundred
American Rations for Dairy Cows. Univ. Wis. Agric. Exper.
Sta. Bul. 38, p. 12. 1894.--N. J. State Agric. Exper. Sta.,
20th Ann. Rept. (1899), p. 193. 1900.
CONCLUSIONS.[251]
(1) Conditions analogous to those met with in locoed animals occur in
other portions of the world, especially Australia.
(2) The main symptoms described in stock on the range can be reproduced
on rabbits by feeding extracts of certain loco plants. Those especially
referred to here under the term "loco plants" are _Astragalus
mollissimus_ and _Aragallus lamberti_.
(3) The production of chronic symptoms in rabbits is a crucial test of
the pharmacological activity of these plants.
(4) The inorganic constituents, especially barium, are responsible for
this action, at least in the plants collected at Hugo, Colo. Perhaps in
other portions of the country other poisonous principles may be found.
(5) A close analogy exists between the clinical symptoms and
pathological findings in barium poisoning and those resulting from
feeding extracts of certain loco plants. Small doses of barium salts may
be administered to rabbits without apparent effect, but suddenly acute
symptoms set in analogous to what is reported on the range.
(6) The administration of sulphates, especially epsom salts, to form
insoluble barium sulphate would be the chemical antidote which would
logically be inferred from the laboratory work, but of necessity this
would have to be frequently administered and its value after
histological changes in the organs have occurred remains to be settled.
But even the treatment of acute cases of barium poisoning in man is not
always successful, even when sulphates combined with symptomatic
treatment are employed. The conditions under which the sulphates fail to
precipitate barium must be considered. At present it seems best to rely
on preventive measures rather than on antidotal treatment.
(7) Loco plants grown on certain soils are inactive pharmacologically
and contain no barium. In drying certain loco plants the barium
apparently is rendered insoluble so that it is not extracted by water,
but can usually be extracted by digestion with the digestive ferments.
(8) The barium to be harmful must be in such a form as to be dissolved
out by digestion.
(9) In deciding whether plants are poisonous it is desirable not merely
to test the aqueous or alcoholic extract, but also the extracts obtained
by digesting these plants with the ferments which occur in the
gastro-intestinal tract.
(10) It is important that the ash of plants, especially those grown on
uncultivated soil, as on our unirrigated plains, be examined for various
metals, using methods similar to those by which rocks are now analyzed
in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey.
(11) It is desirable to study various obscure chronic conditions, such
as lathyrism, with a view to determine the inorganic constituents of
lathyrus and other families of plants.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[251] Résumé of the results of the loco-weed investigations
carried on by the Bureau of Plant Industry was issued as
Bulletin 121, part 3, Bureau of Plant Industry, on January
28, 1908, in the form of papers by C. Dwight Marsh and Albert
C. Crawford, respectively, under the titles "Results of
Loco-Weed Investigations in the Field" and "Laboratory Work
on Loco-Weed Investigations."
INDEX.
Page.
Abortion, cows, caused by loco poisoning, 13
rabbits, caused by loco and barium poisoning, 41, 42, 62
Acid, acetic, found in loco-weed, 26
Acqua, C., reference to work, 52
Africa, South, goat disease, 17
Alfalfa, extract, experiments, 28
Alkali deposits, supposed to cause loco disease, 11
Alkaloidal reactions, loco plants, 20, 23, 27, 28
Amaranthus graecizans, supposed cause of loco disease, 10
American Pharmaceutical Association, proceedings, reference, 10
Ammonia obtained from loco plants, 26
Ammonium sulphid precipitate, effect on rabbits, 50
Anæmia, progressing, fundamental characteristic of loco disease,
16, 19
Analyses of loco plants, 21, 22, 23, 32
Anderson, F. W., references to work, 10, 12, 14, 18, 19
Animals, carnivorous and herbivorous, varying immunity to loco
disease, 23
domestic, barium poisoning, effects, 72
experiments with barium salts in laboratory, 57-62
farm, barium poisoning, effects, 72
locoed, autopsies, 18-19, 24, 26, 30, 34, 36-43, 45
clinical symptoms, 12-16
pathological conditions as described on the range,
18-19
poisoned by barium, autopsies, 57-61, 64, 67, 73, 74
young, susceptibility to loco poisoning, 15
Antelopes, susceptibility to loco disease, 12
Antidote to loco poison, theoretical, 71-72
Aragallus lamberti, ash determination, 54
barium determination, 54, 56
extracts, uses in laboratory experiments, feeding
animals, 20, 23-25, 37, 42, 44-49, 66-68, 70
properties, investigations, 20-21, 23-25, 32
spicatus, study and experiments, 33
spp., cause of loco disease, 10, 20-34
uses, medicinal and toxic properties, 35
Arsenic poisoning, references, 49
Ash determinations of loco plants, 54-55
extract from loco plants, experiments, 48-52
loco plants, barium determinations, 55-57
importance of analysis, 76
Astragalus bigelowii, extract, fatal to rabbit, 38
bisulcatus, extract fatal to rabbit, 38
decumbens, extracts, feeding experiments with rabbits, 70
Astragalus exscapus, barium reported by C. Sprengel, 53
hornii, poisonous properties, study, 19
lentiginosus, poisonous properties, study, 19
menziesii, stock poisoning, 20
missouriensis, ash content and barium determination, 56
extracts, feeding experiments with
rabbits, 68-69
mollissimus, distillate, composition, 26
extracts, experiments in feeding animals,
22, 23-25, 27-33, 36-49, 70
investigations, experiments, and
analyses, 21-34
physiological action, 22, 24-25
mortoni, a deadly sheep poison, 20
nitidus extracts, feeding experiments with rabbits, 38, 69
spp., cause of loco disease, 10, 19-34
total ash determinations, 54-55
uses, medicinal and toxic properties, 35
varieties containing no barium, 57
Australia, disease similar to loco poison, description, 16-18
Autopsies on animals after barium poisoning, 57-61, 67, 73, 74
loco poisoning,
18-19, 24, 26, 30, 34, 36-43, 45
Bachem, C., reference to work, 50
Bailey, F. M., reference to work, 17
Barium acetate, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory, 57-62
action on farm and domestic animals, 72-74
carbonate, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory, 61, 62
rats, 71
hypodermic injection, cats, fatal results, 62
chlorid, effects on human beings, 63-65
feeding experiments with animals in laboratory, 60-62
use in veterinary therapeutics, dangers, 72-73
content of rocks in Rocky Mountains, 54
determination in ash of loco plants, 54, 55-57
discovery in loco plants, feeding experiments, 5
feeding experiments with range cattle, desirability, 71
harmful when in soluble form, 76
in brine, poisoning stock, 73
well water in England, 57
insoluble after drying loco plants, extraction with digestive
ferments, 76
nitrate, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory, results,
61, 62
phosphate, analysis by Bureau of Chemistry, 69
poisoning, experimental, pathological lesions, 65
horses, sheep, and pigs, 73, 74
man, symptoms, results, 62-65
presence in certain vegetable substances, 53
salts, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory, 57-62
toxicity of different solutions, 64
relation of altitude, climate, and varying
combinations, 65
use in medicine, 62-65, 72-73
sulphate, nontoxic on account of insolubility, 53
Barrows, D. P., reference to work, 35
Bary, A., references to work, 53, 59, 60
Baum, reference to work, 64
Beech, barium present, 53
Beer, Mexico, use of "crazy weed", 20
Bellisari, G., reference to work, 64
Beryllium chlorid, effect on rabbits, 50
Binet, P., reference to work, 59
Birch, barium present, 53
Birdsall, W. R., experiments with Aragallus lamberti, 20
Blankinship, J. W., references to work, 11, 34
Blood, clots on brain, 18, 26, 37, 42, 65
Boehm, R., reference to work, 58
Böhm, C. R., reference to work, 50
Bray, W. C., reference to work, 53
Brewer, W. H., reference to work, 20
Brine, barium content, producing acute poisoning in stock, 73
Brodie, B. C., reference to work, 61
Brunton, T. L., reference to work, 72
Burgassi, G., reference to work, 52
Cæsium chlorid, experiments on rabbits, 51
occurrence in plants, toxicity, 51
Calcium acetate, experiments on rabbits, 52
carbonate, antidotal to barium, 71
experiments on rabbits, 52
occurrence in loco plants, 25, 27
Cambier, J., experiments with loco plants, 26-28
Canada, disease caused by eating ragwort, 17
freedom from loco disease, 9
Cannabis sativa, supposed cause of locoed conditions in Mexico, 10
Caprioides aureum, supposed cause of loco disease, 10
Carpenter, J. S., references to work, 63, 64
Cash, J. T., reference to work, 72
Cats, barium injection experiments, 62
loco-plant experiments, 22, 24, 30
_See also_ Kittens.
Cattle, barium feeding experiments under range conditions,
desirability, 71
daily ration of green fodder, toxic effects of loco plants, 74
loco poisoning, notes, 12, 19, 20, 22, 28
locoed, flesh harmless, 65
poisoned with barium chlorid, flesh harmless, 65
range, barium feeding experiments, desirability, 71
susceptibility to loco disease, 12
Cerium chlorid, experiments on rabbits, 50
Chemical experiments with loco plants, 46-57
Chemicals in aqueous solution, effects on rabbits, 50-52
Chemistry, Bureau, ash and barium determinations, loco plants, 54, 56
Chesnut, V. K., references to work, 10, 11, 33
Chevallier, A., reference to work, 64
Christison, R., references to work, 62, 63
Coffee substitute, use of seeds of Astragalus boeticus, 35
Collier, Peter, study of loco plants, 21
Colorado, loco disease experiments, results, 5
loss of stock from loco disease, 1898, 9
Constipation, treatment of animals with barium, danger, 73
Cotyledon ventricosa, cause of nenta, a goat disease, 17
Courtin, reference to work, 64
Cows, abortion caused by loco poisoning, 13
autopsies after loco poisoning, 18
locoed, symptoms, 25
susceptibility to loco disease, 12
Crawford, Albert C., loco investigations, reference to published
paper, 75
Crazy weed. _See_ Loco plants.
Crotalaria sagittalis, cause of loco disease, chemical
study, 10, 26-27
experiments with horses, 26-27
Curtice, C., reference to work, 31
Cyon, M., reference to work, 59
Cyprus, loco disease of cattle, sheep, and goats, 22
Darling pea, effects on horses and sheep in Australia, 16
feeding sheep, effects similar to loco poisoning, 16-17
Day, M. G., experiments with Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus
lamberti, 15, 23-26
Delphinium spp., supposed cause of loco disease, 10
Demoussy, E., reference to work, 53
Didymium chlorid, experiments on rabbits, 51
Dieckerhoff, W., references to work, 72, 74
Digestion of loco plants, experiments, 66, 67, 68, 70
Diuretic, use of Astragalus glycophyllus, 35
Dogs, barium feeding experiments, results, 62
poisoning, subcutaneous injection, 74
loco-plant feeding experiments, 22, 23, 30, 53
Donkeys, susceptibility to loco disease, 12
Dworzak, H., reference to work, 53
Dyrenforth, reference to work, 54
Eastwood, A., references to work, 10, 12
Eckard, G. E., reference to work, 53
Ehrhardt, J., reference to work, 73
Emory, W. H., reference to work, 19
Eschricht, reference to work, 64
Experiments, laboratory, with barium salts, 57-62
loco plants, 36-56, 66-71
loco poisoning and barium feeding, results, 5
Extracts of loco plants, digestion with pepsin and pancreatin,
experiments, 66-68
testing, importance, 76
use in laboratory experiments, varying
toxicity, 36-49, 66-71
Falk, reference to work, 74
Faust, E. S., reference to work, 31
Faville, reference to work, 18
Felletar, E., reference to work, 62
Ferguson, J. C., reference to work, 63
Filippi, E., reference to work, 62
Fletcher, J., reference to work, 10
Fleurot, reference to work, 35
Folin, O., reference to work, 56
Food, use of loco plants, 35, 74
Forage, use of Astragalus nuttallianus and A. crassicarpus, 35
Forchhammer, J. G., reference to work, 53
Foster, F. B., reference to work, 26
Frankforter, G. B., reference to work, 35
Fraps, G. S., reference to work, 72
Fresenius, C. G., reference to work, 72
Fritillaria pudica, supposed cause of loco disease, 10
Frogs, loco-plant experiments, 17, 22, 24
poisoning, 17, 24
Fröhlich, A., reference to work, 65
Fröhner, E., reference to work, 73
Fuchs, C. J., references to work, 65, 74
Funaro, A., reference to work, 64
Garbanzillo, Spanish name for Astragalus mollissimus, derivation, 11
Gibbons, H., reference to work, 21
Givens, A. J., references to work, 10, 35
Glands, swelling, in locoed animals, note, 63
result of use of barium on human beings, 63
Glover, R. M., reference to work, 61
Goat disease, South Africa, note, 17
Goats, loco poisoning, 22
susceptibility to loco disease, 12
Gordon, P. R., reference to work, 17
Grass staggers, Texas loco disease, symptoms, description, 11
Greshoff, M., reference to work, 35
Guinea pig, autopsy after loco poisoning, 43
pigs, loco-plant feeding experiments, 32, 43
Guthrie, F. B., reference to work, 17
Hairs on plants cause of loco disease, suggestion, 22, 28
Hallucinations caused by loco poison, 13
Hare, H. A., reference to work, 63
Harkins, W. D., reference to work, 49
Hayes, M. H., description of Texas grass staggers, 11
Hefftner, A., reference to work, 58
Heilborn, F., reference to work, 59
Hill, J. R., reference to work, 22
Hillebrand, method of determination of barium in ash of loco
plants, 56
statement as to barium content of rocks in Rocky
Mountains, 54
Hoffmann, F., reference to work, 26
Hogs, susceptibility to loco disease, 12
Holmes, E. M., reference to work, 35
Hornberger, R., reference to work, 53
Horses, autopsies after barium poisoning, 73
loco poisoning, 18, 26
barium poisoning, 73
disease caused by feeding on Darling pea (Swainsona
galegifolia), 16
loco-plant experiments, 33
loco poisoning, notes, 16, 19, 20, 26
locoed, symptoms, 13
susceptibility to loco disease, 12
Hough, W., reference to work, 35
Howard, C. D., reference to work, 73
Hugo, Colo., soils, analysis for traces of barium, 57
Hunt, Reid, study of and experiments with loco plants, 33-34
Hurd, H. M., reference to work, 35
Husemann, T., reference to work, 62
Hydrocyanic acid, presence in loco plants, suggestion, 29
Indigo disease, similarity to loco disease, 16-17
Ingersoll, study of loco disease, 30
Injections, subcutaneous, experiments with barium salts, 62, 73, 74
loco extracts, 43
Insanity, treatment, use of Astragalus mollissimus, 35
"Insect Life," reference to work, 31
Intoxication caused by loco plants, 13, 16, 21, 22
Jaksch, J. v., references to work, 51, 62
Janvier, reference to work, 11
Kabitz, H., reference to work, 74
Kansas, loss of stock from loco disease in 1883, 9