CHAPTER XIII._Sir William Johnson and the Six Nations

JOHNSON’S FAMILY; LAST DAYS; EUTHANASIA.

WHILE the brown Lady Johnson, Mollie Brant, presided over the mansion,

and her dusky brood attended the manor school, the daughters of Johnson

and of Catharine Wisenberg were trained under the care of a governess

who made them familiar with the social graces of London and the polite

accomplishments and standard literature of England. Mary Brant, though

not only an Indian, but a Mohawk Indian in spirit, was to her dying day,

in the old English and Hebrew sense of the word, a virtuous woman. She

had the virile qualities of worth, excellence, and abilities, and not

only managed her household to the satisfaction of her lord, but kept

herself well informed and interested in the two worlds in which lived

the people of the Long House and those of Christendom. More than one

English lady visiting at the Hall was surprised to find this Iroquois

woman so cultivated, refined, and alert, not only with womanly

intuition, but equipped with information as to the life and thoughts in

which they and their husbands moved.

Johnson was happy in the careers of his children born in wedlock, so far

as he lived to witness them. His first-born child, John, was the

especial pride of his father, though he never won the regard of his

neighbours. He had the misfortune to be the son of a great man, and to

be constantly compared with his father. He was educated under Domine

Vrooman and other clergymen of the Dutch Reformed and Anglican Churches.

He often accompanied his father on his journeys, notably the adventurous

one to Detroit in 1761. Later he was placed in command of three hundred

Iroquois; but these unfortunately deserted their commander, who had not

the power, like his father, to sweeten the rigours of discipline by

magnetic personality and system. He had considerable experience in the

field with the militia, but never won much personal popularity. Visiting

England to complete his education, he was presented at court, and

knighted at St. James’s, Nov. 22, 1765. He later became a member of the

Assembly, being pitted against Colonel Schuyler, who rightly or

wrongly—more probably the latter—imagined the father to be prodding

the son or using him for a cat’s-paw.

On the 29th of June, 1773, Sir John was married to Miss Mary Watts, of

New York City, the wedding being at the bride’s house. The bridal tour

was a trip up the Hudson River when Nature was dressed in her glorious

summer robes. A stay at Albany marked by brilliant social attentions,

and the ride up the loveliest of valleys, completed the journey. Johnson

Hall was then embosomed in a wealth of foliage and flowers, and bright

with the pageantry which manor life could on special occasions display.

Sir John, on the death of his father, succeeded to an estate which, with

the exception of that of the founder of Pennsylvania, was probably the

largest ever held by a private individual in America. At the request of

the Indians to Johnson, and of the latter to the king, Col. Guy Johnson

was made Superintendent of Indian Affairs, assisted by Colonel Claus;

but Sir John succeeded to the office of major-general of the militia. To

tell the story of his Tory career in the Revolution is no part of our

plan. “The Life and Misfortunes and Military Career of Brig.-Gen. Sir

John Johnson, Baronet,” has been ably written by Gen. J. Watts De

Peyster. In this book a list of Sir William Johnson’s descendants are

given.

Johnson usually called Anne, his first daughter, Nancy, and often wrote

to her while away from home. A son of one of the Palatine Germans,

Daniel Claus, a noted Indian fighter, captain of militia, and a man of

considerable culture in German, English, and the Iroquois languages, and

withal a favourite of Sir William, fell in love with Miss Nancy, and

married her in July, 1762. The nuptials were celebrated at Johnson Hall

with great rejoicing. Claus assisted his father-in-law and Joseph Brant

in translating and preparing the Book of Common Prayer in the Mohawk

language. In thus following up and completing the work of Domine

Barnhardus Freeman, of Schenectady, a manual of devotion was prepared

for the Mohawks which was in use until near the second half of the

present century. As colonel of militia, Claus saw long and varied

service in New York, Canada, and the West.

Mary Johnson, the baronet’s second daughter, married in March, 1763, her

cousin Guy, a nephew of Sir William and his private secretary. Guy

Johnson was later an active member of the Assembly from Tryon County,

and was always a helpful assistant of his uncle. Their daughter Mary

became wife of Sir Colin Campbell, and mother of Gen. Sir Guy Campbell.

Guy Johnson’s career in devastating the valleys of New York during the

Revolution is too well known to need repetition here.

The absorption of Johnson’s mind in his multifarious labours and in the

interests of the community in which he lived, scarcely gave him time to

study carefully the great political movements leading to the Revolution.

The time had now come when the continued folly of the king and

Parliament acting as irritant and stimulant upon people in whom a love

of freedom was inborn, was to result in independence. The long training

in the border wars had educated a generation of soldiers who did not

fear to meet either the mercenaries or the regulars of Great Britain,

while also well able to profit by the mistakes of the king’s agents, and

to organize government for themselves. On the civil side, the people of

New England, led and trained by Congregational clergymen rather than by

lawyers, were educated into the idea of resistance to the king and

Parliament on grounds of abstract right. In the Middle and Southern

States regularly educated publicists and lawyers trained in England were

much more numerous. The continued invasion by the king of their rights

as Englishmen was their theme; and resistance was made, and final

victory expected, not by revolution, but through the right application

of the law and tradition which had been so often violated. In many of

the colonies a well-grounded fear lest a politically organized church

should be forced upon them, as well as hatred of England’s avaricious

policy of holding the colonies as a close market, had also their

influence in bringing about separation.

Johnson, too busily occupied to follow every step of the movements, yet

sympathized with the people, even while sincerely loyal to the Crown. As

member of the Council in New York City, he witnessed not only the

frequent turbulent expressions of the populace, but also saw from the

firm temper of the Assembly signs of the coming danger. While John

Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, and Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, were

discussing the political situation and the principles at stake, the

people of New York showed by their acts their constant determination to

resist all invasion of their rights by either the king or his agent. The

governor, Sir Henry Moore, who dissolved the Assembly in 1769, found out

quickly that the members were re-elected by overwhelming majorities. His

sudden death called to the office of acting governor, for the third

time, Dr. Cadwallader Colden.

In the following March the political sky, already full of the portents

of a coming storm, gathered a deeper blackness when the fact became

known that the House of Commons in London had refused to receive the

representative of the New York Assembly. In spite of prophetic warnings

and wise cautions in Parliament, the determination to make merchandise

of the colonies stupefied and debauched the conscience of the average

lord and commoner of commercial England, as the opium question in China

stupefies and debauches it yet. The government was as much determined on

a war with the American colonies, and for much the same purpose, as so

many of Great Britain’s later wars have been waged,—for the sake of

maintaining trade. Of the twenty-five or thirty wars, even during

Victoria’s reign, the majority have been for the purpose of forcing

trade and making money. In a word, the war of King George and his

Parliament in 1775 against the colonies was a shopkeeper’s war for a

market. “British interests” then, as now, meant trade and profits.

Johnson felt the injustice of the British Government’s acts when he

wrote in 1769: “Whatever reason or justice there may be in the late

steps, there is a probability of their being carried farther than a good

man can wish.” Nevertheless, Sir William was wisely non-committal on the

burning question.

The Sons of Liberty in New York became active and turbulent, and made

the lives of ultra-loyalists, like Colden, a burden. The royal troops

had been by his orders summoned to New York City, after he had been

driven to take refuge in the fort on the outbreak of violence when the

stamps arrived from England. These soldiers were now the targets of

scorn, especially after the Assembly had refused indemnity to Colden,

who kept on recommending them to supplicate the paternal tenderness of

their gracious sovereign George. After concurring in the spirited

resolutions of the Legislatures of Virginia and South Carolina, the

Assembly had also defeated a cunning scheme to win from them a vote of

money to support the king’s military forces.

The hatred between the soldiers and the Sons of Liberty burst into flame

at the battle of Golden Hill, Jan. 18, 1770, in New York City, when the

first blood of the American Revolution was spilled. The Sons of Liberty

had erected an emblem of their freedom and hereditary rights. The

liberty-pole, and their meetings with speeches under it, were survivals

of the old custom of their Teutonic ancestors, who met in the folk moot

under the chosen oak-trees in the forests of Germany before Christendom

began. The liberty-pole with its spars was obnoxious to the redcoats,

who with saw and gunpowder tried to destroy it. The citizens resisted,

but the unarmed and unorganized mob broke before the charge of armed men

with bayonets. Having finally succeeded in sawing the pole into

kindling-wood, the military piled the fragments before the doors of the

tavern where the Sons of Liberty met.

The citizens were now thoroughly roused, and on the 18th a riot broke

out, in which clubs and cutlasses were used, and in which the soldiers

were worsted; though several citizens were wounded, and one of them, a

sailor, died. When at Golden Hill, or John Street, between Cliff Street

and Burling Slip, the riot was stopped by the arrival of British

officers, who ordered their men back to camp. Conspicuous in the affrays

of next day were the sailors, who in revenge for the death of their

comrade clubbed the soldiers and drove them out of the streets into

their barracks. On the 5th of February a new liberty-pole was erected on

ground purchased for the purpose, and it remained until 1776.

The Sons of Liberty succeeded in carrying out the non-importation act so

vigourously that the market became empty of goods used as presents to

the Indians. Johnson was in danger of becoming seriously embarrassed.

The Cherokees, who in January, 1770, intended to go to war with the

tribes in the West and Southwest, wanted the Six Nations to join them.

These at once resolved first to ask the advice of Johnson, who appointed

a council at German Flats, hoping to win the Cherokees away from their

purpose. Johnson was obliged to write to the chairman of the Sons of

Liberty to get permission to receive or purchase a package invoiced to

him which they held in bond, promising to use the goods only for the

Indians. The request was cheerfully granted, and the goods delivered.

In company with Dr. Shuckburgh, who composed or introduced the tune of

“Yankee Doodle,” Johnson met the Indians, half famished as they were on

account of the failure of crops through caterpillars. The result of the

council was that the Cherokees gave up their proposed war, and the

treaty of Fort Stanwix was ratified in detail.

Perhaps it was from this incident that the New Yorkers prepared to dress

themselves as Mohawk Indians, and tumble the tea into the waters of the

East River, when it should come. On the 9th of July, hearing that all

taxes, except upon tea, had been removed, the Committee of One Hundred

agreed to receive all imports except tea. Johnson’s storehouses were now

well stocked with imported Indian goods. Indian trade, which had come

almost to a standstill, was resumed, much to the joy of all the Six

Nations. The red men could not comprehend the white man’s politics, or

realize that the love of money was the root of the evil of war also.

They could not understand that titles of nobility, commissions in the

army, stars, garters, decorations, and things most noble were peddled by

government and purchased by money.

So rebellious a spirit as that manifested in New York must be rebuked,

and so the king and his counsellors chose as the proper man to curb it,

the infamous William Tryon. This Irishman had been an army officer, but

through his wife’s influence obtained the post of lieutenant-governor of

North Carolina in 1764; becoming governor in 1765. He was the fit tool

of the kind of a king and parliament that ruled England at this time.

Living while at Newbern, N. C., in amazing luxury, at the cost of the

oppressively taxed colonists, he delighted in scorning their

remonstrances and in crushing out their liberties. Goaded to

desperation, the Sons of Liberty, after five years of vain petition for

redress, met to the number of nearly two thousand on the banks of the

Alamance River. Tryon marched out from his “palace” with an army of one

thousand regular British troops, infantry, cavalry, and artillery, to

suppress them. On the 15th of May, 1771, the Regulators, or Sons of

Liberty, sent Tryon a message offering to lay down their arms if he

would redress their grievances. Tryon advanced with the idea of

scattering the patriots before the reinforcements coming from all parts

of the province should encourage the Regulators. When within a hundred

yards of the patriot ranks, his officers read the riot act. It was met

by shouts of defiance. Tryon then ordered his men to fire. They

hesitated. Rising in his stirrups, Tryon in a rage cried out, “Fire—on

them, or on me,” at the same time discharging his pistol and felling a

victim. In the two hours’ musketry battle which ensued, the ammunition

of the poorly armed patriots being soon exhausted, the decisive victory

of Tryon was obtained when the artillery was ordered up, and the unequal

contest decided by rounds of grape and canister. Twenty of the Sons of

Liberty were left dead on the field, the wounded being carried off. Of

Tryon’s men, sixty were killed or wounded.

Although practically unknown to popular American history, this was the

first battle of the American Revolution. For a few weeks Tryon held high

revel of execution and devastation in North Carolina, and was then, in

the height of his glory, transferred to New York; the Earl of Dunmore,

who from Oct. 18, 1770, had served for a few months on Manhattan Island,

being ordered to Virginia.

Tryon, who reached New York July 8, 1772, soon became known among the

New York Sons of Liberty as “Bloody Billy.” Before the Assembly he made

a conciliatory speech attributing his butchery in North Carolina to the

special favour of a kind Providence. With consummate address and

flattery, and the adroit distribution of ministerial patronage, he

managed to hoodwink the Assembly. Backed by the order of the British

Government that his salary should be paid out of the revenue, and

becoming thus independent of the colony, he was well fitted to be the

king’s tool. To the amazement of the patriots like Schuyler, and of

other colonies, the Legislature of New York seemed to have reversed its

former record, and to have become hopelessly subservient.

Local affairs were meanwhile well attended to. Early in January, 1772,

Sir William Johnson, who had long believed with Philip Schuyler that a

division of Albany County should be made, forwarded a petition from the

people in all parts of the county. After considerable discussion a bill

was passed by which the old county of Albany was divided into three

counties,—Albany, Tryon, and Charlotte. All the civil officers, except

one who had been nominated by Johnson, were appointed, and the

county-seat of Tryon County was fixed by the Government at Johnstown. At

Johnson’s suggestion, Tryon County was divided into the townships of

Mohawk, Stone Arabia, Canajoharie, Kingsland, and German Flats.

Johnstown now became the centre of bustle and activity. New roads were

laid out, and a jail and county court-house built; while new settlers

came in by scores to select lots and build houses. In the midst of his

pressing local occupations, Johnson, who had been elected a

trustee,—his name standing first on the list of Queen’s, now Rutgers

College, chartered Nov. 10, 1766,—received an invitation to visit New

Brunswick, N. J. He was obliged to decline to attend. The college went

into operation in 1771; but its sessions were soon interrupted, both

professors and students entering the patriot army when the war broke

out.

Remaining at home, he entertained at the Hall, in July, Governor Tryon

and his wife. Tryon, as avaricious as he was murderous, had come into

the Valley under pretence of holding a council with the Indians to

redress their grievances against Klock and others. In reality his

purpose was speculation in land; and the use of his office, like that of

so many royal governors of New York, was to swell his private purse,

while taking advantage of his high position. Although the Indians

rehearsed their troubles, and Tryon listened, they obtained from the

governor, who was too busy with his money-making schemes, no

satisfaction. After reviewing the militia at Johnstown, Burnet’s Field,

and German Flats, fourteen hundred men in all, and purchasing a large

tract of land north of the Mohawk, Tryon returned to New York. His name

was not suffered to remain on the map of New York; for Tryon County

before many years became one of the first of the nineteen counties in

the United States named after General Montgomery. Shortly afterward

Tryon appointed Johnson major-general of the Northern Department.

At a council with the chief sachems of the Confederacy of the Six

Nations held at his house, at the order of Lord Dartmouth, Johnson

obtained from them their assent to the purchase of twenty-three thousand

acres north of the Ohio, by the Ohio Company. After telling the chiefs

that as a mark of the king’s friendship to them Fort Pitt was to be

demolished, the sachems agreed to the settlement of what grew to be the

State of Ohio.

Just at the time when Sir William Johnson was in the midst of the most

varied activities, and was the most popular and influential man in the

whole province of New York, his physical strength failed. For several

years the inroads upon his constitution had warned him to seek the rest

from labours and from social indulgence which seemed impossible to him.

For the last ten years before his death he had suffered at intervals

from dysentery, which often kept him an invalid in bed for weeks. During

these periods of weakness the unextracted bullet received at Lake George

in 1755 irritated his nerves, and made his wound very painful. Even when

recovered from the attacks of the disease which threatened to be

chronic, active exercise was frequently impossible for a long time

afterward. This suffering, though so grievous to himself, was

providentially turned to the advantage of millions. It was the occasion

of the revelation to the world of the health-giving waters of Saratoga

Springs. With a touching solicitude for his personal good, the Mohawks

had called his attention to the remedial value of the High Rock Spring,

to which they always turned aside in their wanderings or hunts eastward.

On the 22d of August, 1767, Sir William left the Hall, and was borne to

these springs by his devoted Mohawks. He travelled in a boat to

Schenectady, and on their shoulders in a litter to Saratoga. A halt over

night was made at Ballston Lake in the cabin of an Irishman named

Michael McDonald. Reaching the springs by way of the Indian trail next

day, his faithful bearers built a bark hut, and tenderly cared for him

during the five days he was able to spend there,—for pressing letters

soon called him home. The Adirondack air charged with ozone, and the

cleansing and healing waters greatly benefited him. After his return,

when this fact was known, others followed his example. Known for ages to

the aborigines, its line of fame went out through all the earth; and

gradually the evolution of the most famous watering-place in America

followed. It is noteworthy that a camp of the red men is still found at

Saratoga Springs.

Stone, in his biography of Johnson, calls attention to the coincidence

that while Johnson was recovering at Saratoga, Dieskau was dying at

Suresnes near Paris. Both had been leaders of the opposing forces, and

both had been wounded at Lake George twelve years before. Arriving on

the 4th of September, he was in time to hail his knighted son, John,

just home from Europe. Had the vital nerve of an electric cable thrilled

under the ocean, Johnson would have heard, four days later, of the

decease of his illustrious antagonist.

Other trips for the sake of health were made to the sea-shore at New

London, Conn.; but owing to the fact of his being so often overworked,

he was frequently prostrated in summer by his old enemy. When Cresap’s

war broke out in 1774, he was almost discouraged. Chief Logan’s

relatives—the Delaware chief Bald Eagle, and the Shawanese sachem

Silver Heels—had been murdered by white men, who were too eager to

improve red men off the face of the earth. The treaty of Fort Stanwix

had not only been trampled under foot by the whites, but the murderers

of Silver Heels had, perhaps unwittingly, but certainly in accordance

with Indian interpretation, committed a symbolical act which was not

private, but national and declarative. It meant war. After the white

murderer had shot Bald Eagle, who was alone on the river, he scalped the

chief, and propping his body upright in his canoe, sent him adrift down

the stream. No note of a congress or decree of a royal court could be to

the red man more distinctly a declaration of war than was the bloody

freight which this boat bore to the Indians.

To the Six Nations the murder of Logan, their kinsman, was a direct

insult and irritating challenge; yet instead of rushing to massacre,

they came to their friend Johnson to ask his counsel. For weeks before

the congress which he called to meet at his house, July 7, 1774, he was

in constant correspondence with his agents in the Ohio and Illinois

country. As fast as the chiefs arrived, he persuaded them privately to

refrain from war, and to trust in him to obtain justice. Six hundred

Indians, many of them from great distances, were impatiently waiting at

Johnson Hall while the war raged on the borders of Virginia. Though

Johnson was sick with dysentery, he took no thought of self. From a

sick-bed he rose to attend the council. After preliminaries, the meeting

on the 9th of July, 1774, was addressed by an eloquent Seneca chieftain.

Fortunately, God’s day of rest intervened; but on Monday—the last of

Johnson’s days on earth—his answer was given. For two hours, on a hot

day and in the glare of a July sun, with all his old-time fire of

eloquence, this friend of the red man spoke in grave discourse. His

diction was fiery, rhetorical, impassioned at times; but he spoke

judicially on the problem in hand, pleading that they should not rush

into war, but await the course of law. Six hundred dark faces, unrippled

with emotion, were fixed intently with burning but immovable eyes, and

with the gravity of statues, on the speaker during the long discourse.

Then after the peroration, pipes and tobacco were passed around, and the

conference broke up, that the auditors might prepare, through their

orator, a reply.

Johnson never heard the Indians’ rejoinder. A few minutes after the

conclusion he was taken with relapse. Supported to his library, he soon

became unconscious, and before sunset was dead.

It was euthanasia. Past all call to decide between Indian tribe and

tribe, between white murderers and red, between serving conscience and

king, between following the colonies for freedom under law or supporting

arbitrary despotism under the fiction of power by the grace of God,

Johnson rested from his labours. He was one of the Makers of America,

building grander than he knew. His place in history is sure. Had he

lived a decade later!—but here we enter the region of conjecture, the

ground forbidden to history.

I N D E X.

Abercrombie, General, 68, 152-155, 168-171.

Akin, N. Y., 24, 32.

Alamance, N. C., 214-216.

Albany, 13, 28-30, 68, 70, 79, 114, 127-131.

Albany County, 216.

Algonkin Indians, 38.

Amherst, Lord, 173-176, 178, 186.

Auriesville, N. Y., 23.

Barclay, Rev. Thomas, 21, 79.

Barnwell, Col. John, 52.

Beavers, 26.

Beukendal, battle at, 97-108.

Bible, 9, 10.

Bloody Pond, 81, 136.

Book of Common Prayer, 55, 208.

Boone, Daniel, 193.

Boston, 30, 161.

Bouquet, Colonel, 154, 188.

Braddock, General, 68, 132, 135, 154.

Bradstreet, Colonel, 156, 169, 171, 190.

Brant, Joseph, 120, 189, 208.

Brant, Mary, 180, 206.

Broadalbin, N. Y., 199.

Butler, John, 18, 159.

Butler, Thomas, 171.

Butler, Walter, 18, 159.

Calendars, 97.

Canajoharie, 17, 79, 173.

Captives, 51, 189-191.

Catawba Indians, 114, 123, 124.

Caughnawaga, 17, 24, 56.

_See_ Fonda.

Cayuga Indians, 37.

Champlain, 38, 40, 41.

Cherokee Indians, 213.

Cherry Valley, 17, 116, 198, 209.

Clinton, Gov. George, 65, 72, 83-92, 105, 109-117, 122, 124.

Clinton, Sir Henry, 124, 125.

Chucktununda creek, 24, 32.

Church edifices, 8-10, 15, 70, 71, 192, 196.

Claus, Captain, 187, 208.

Colden, Dr. Cadwallader, 37, 72, 75, 79, 80, 86, 105, 107, 182, 210, 211.

Confederacies, 51, 53, 54, 127, 191.

Congress, 127-131.

Connecticut, 80, 98, 100, 104.

Cooper, J. F., 59, 60, 190.

Corlaer, 3, 4, 45, 94.

_See also_ Van Curler, Arendt.

Courcelles, 44.

Cresap’s war, 220.

Crown Point, 69, 70, 85, 95, 118, 146, 147, 187.

Crullers, 14.

Cuoq, Rev. I. A., 43.

Dartmouth College, 120, 121.

De Lancey, E. F., 21.

De Lancey, Gov. James, 72, 83, 126, 129, 132.

De Lancey, Stephen, 12.

De Lancey, Susan, 12.

Delaware Indians, 155, 156, 172, 188-191, 220.

De Peyster, Gen. J. W., 11, 208.

Detroit, 177-179, 181, 191.

De Witt, Simeon, 183.

Dieskau, Baron, 133, 137-141, 145, 219.

Domines in the Dutch Church, 15, 55, 71.

Dorp. _See_ Schenectady.

Drummers, 19, 29.

Dutch Republic. _See_ Holland.

Eastman, Dr. C. A., 121.

Easton, Penn., 156, 172.

Edwards, Jonathan, 119.

Eliot, John, 55.

Eyre, Major William, 134, 160, 179.

Fish House, 199.

Fonda, Major Jellis, 17, 159.

Fonda, N. Y., 17, 44, 58, 204.

_See_ Caughnawaga.

Fort Bull, 148, 149.

Fort Frontenac, 171.

Fort George, 147, 175.

Fort Hunter, 17, 21.

Fort Massachusetts, 81, 132.

Fort Plain, 17.

Fort Stanwix, 171, 179, 186.

Fort William Henry, 144, 160, 161, 175.

France, 61, 62.

Franklin Benjamin, 131.

Freeman, Domine, 208.

Freeman, E. A., 53.

French ideas, 61-64, 66, 69, 112, 113, 151.

Fur trade, 19, 24, 28-30.

Gage, General, 161, 190.

German Flats, 6, 17, 161, 164-166.

Germans, 5-10, 20, 72, 153-155.

Ginseng, 23, 198.

Golden Hill, Battle of, 212.

Governors, 65:

Andros, 30;

Burnet, 18, 19;

Cosby, 7, 18, 89;

Craven, 51, 52;

Denny, 156;

Dinwiddie, 128;

Dongan, 57, 58;

Dunmore, Lord, 215;

Fitch, 186;

Glen, 114;

Hardy, 144, 146, 147, 162;

Hunter, 6;

Moore, 210;

Morris, 155;

Nicholson, 5;

Osborne, 124-126;

Shirley, 74, 83, 96, 128, 133, 147-149, 152, 156;

Tryon, 214-217.

Hamilton, James Alexander, 7.

Hartford, 186.

Hasenclever, Peter, 205.

Hawley, Rev. Gideon, 120.

Heidelberg Catechism, 8, 10.

Hendrick, King, 129, 133, 136.

Herkimer, 17.

Holland, 1, 11, 53, 61-63, 87, 91, 93, 110, 123, 125, 127, 182, 183.

Horicon, 133.

Horsmanden, Judge, 83, 93.

Howe, Lord, 163, 169.

Indians, antiquities, 59;

councils, 115;

dislike of artillery, 137, 187;

effect on British imagination, 59, 60;

etiquette, 45;

fire-arms, 51;

government, 36;

half-breeds, 51;

heraldry, 48, 49;

industry, 40, 41;

in executive council, 110, 116;

in politics, 64, 178, 179, 184;

inventions, 35, 50;

money, 48;

oratory, 47;

religion, 46, 49, 50, 55-60;

stratagems, 100;

sports and games, 99;

totems, 49, 184;

warfare, 38-40, 70, 71, 100-104, 135-137, 140, 144.

Interpreters, 47, 161, 189.

Iroquois, 38-41, 44, 51, 35-60, 68, 69, 72, 107, 112, 127, 135, 149, 186,

193, 220.

Johnson, Guy, 179, 186, 208.

Johnson Hall, 194-205.

Johnson, Mary, 209.

Johnson, Nancy, 208.

Johnson, Sir John, 22, 32, 206-208, 219.

Johnson, Sir William, adoption as chief, 77;

agriculture, 203, 204;

ancestry, 11;

arrival in America, 12;

baronet, 145;

birth, 11;

captures Niagara, 173-175;

character, 13, 23;

children, 33, 180, 206-208;

coat-of-arms, 145;

colonel, 83, 148;

councils, 65, 80-82;

disagrees with Shirley, 147, 148;

education, 12, 119;

education of the Indians, 119-121;

fortifies his house, 187;

freemason, 198;

his housekeeper, 22;

his wife, 20-23;

his houses, 22, 24, 32, 194-196;

in executive council, 110, 115, 117, 209;

introduces fine cattle, 6, 203, 204;

in Indian costume, 33;

journey to Mohawk Valley, 13-16;

journey to Detroit, 179, 181;

Lake George campaign, 18, 81, 133-145;

literary tastes, 119, 203, 204;

major-general, 133, 217;

manuscripts, 45, 97, 98;

marriage, 21;

money, 48;

Mount Johnson, 22, 24, 33, 67, 94;

offers reward for scalps, 189;

oratory, 46, 47, 221;

patience, 46;

pleasures, 199, 201-204;

protects Frenchmen, 174, 177;

public life, 66, 67;

shoots an elk, 25;

resignation of office, 112;

royal grant, 194, 195;

superintendent, 76-79, 112, 115, 133, 148;

tomb, 196;

trade, 31-34;

wampum, 48;

work, 64;

wounded, 139, 218.

Jogues, Isaac, 44, 55, 56, 133.

Johnstown, N. Y., 196, 197, 216, 217.

Joncaire, 93, 114.

Jones, Thomas, 26.

Judges, 182.

Kalm, 107, 108.

Kings:

Charles II., 93;

George II., 105, 178;

George III., 211.

Kirkland, Domine, 198.

Kryn, 57, 58.

Lake Champlain, 38, 40, 44.

Lake George, 67, 81, 133.

Land Patents, 123, 182-184.

La Prairie, 57, 58, 187.

La Presentation, 114, 118.

Leisler, 5, 6, 71.

Livingston, Philip, 110.

Livingston, William, 182.

Loudon, Lord, 68, 152, 153, 157, 159, 166.

Lyman, Col. Phineas, 139, 143.

Maize, 20, 25.

Manor system, 1, 2.

McGinnis, Capt. William, 141-143.

Megapolensis, 38, 55, 56.

Middle States, 63, 209.

Mohawk Indians, 17, 37, 44, 77-79, 123, 140, 159, 184, 188, 214.

Mohawk Valley, 1-9, 16, 25, 30, 34, 36, 66, 70, 73, 92, 118, 119, 125,

164, 187, 202, 204.

Montcalm, General, 157, 158, 162, 163, 169, 170.

Montgomery County, 217.

Montmagny, 43.

New England, 1, 54, 62, 75, 150, 209.

New England militia, 15, 137-145.

New York Assembly, 83-91, 110, 111, 146, 149-151, 210.

New York Colony and State, 36, 63, 66, 74, 75, 90, 91, 150, 216.

Niagara, 118, 149, 173-175, 190.

Norman’s Kill, 37, 41.

North Carolina, 51, 52, 214-216.

Nott, Dr. Eliphalet, 121.

Ogdensburg, 175.

Ohio Company, 112, 218.

Ohio Valley, 112, 113, 122, 127.

Oneida Indians, 37, 58.

Onondaga Indians, 37, 58, 59, 93, 94, 96, 118, 119, 124, 155.

Onontio, 43.

Osborne, Sir Danvers, 124-126.

Oswego, 19, 20, 32, 84, 92, 116, 122, 149, 155-158, 175, 192.

Ottawa Indians, 51, 181, 191.

Palatines. _See_ Germans.

Parker, the printer, 89-91.

Parkman, 42, 43, 97.

Pennsylvania, 9, 154, 156, 172.

Picquet, Francis, 113, 158.

Pitt, William, 168.

Pompey Stone, 118.

Pontiac, 177, 187, 188, 191, 192, 201.

Quebec, 69, 175, 176.

Rifles, 156, 188.

Royal American Regiment, 153, 154.

Rutgers College, 217.

Sacandaga, 96-103.

Saratoga, 17, 73.

Saratoga Springs, 67, 218, 219.

Schenectady, 2-4, 14-16, 30, 36, 37, 39, 48, 58, 70, 92-108, 115, 171,

176, 184, 192.

Schoharie, 8, 9, 16, 17.

Schuyler, Peter (Quider), 45, 180.

Schuyler (2d), 74, 76, 84.

Schuyler, Philip, 205, 207, 216.

Seneca Indians, 18, 37, 114, 188, 190.

Sergeant, John, 119, 120.

Shea, J. G., 59.

Simms, J. R., 21, 200.

Sioux Indians, 81.

Six Nations. _See_ Iroquois.

South Carolina, 52.

Spraker’s Basin, 56.

Stevens, Arent, 161.

Stuyvesant, Peter, 93.

Taxation, 117, 118, 209-216.

Teedyuscung, 155, 156, 172, 189.

Ticonderoga, 147.

Toll farm, 97-108.

Trade, 28-32.

Tuscarora Indians, 37, 51-53.

Union College, 121.

Van Curler, Arendt, 2;

education, 2;

first visits Mohawk Valley, 56;

founds Schenectady, 2, 3, 184;

name given by Indians, 42, 43;

ransoms Jogues, 56;

work, 38, 166.

Van Slyck, Albert, 97-108.

Victoria, Queen, 43.

Vrooman, Domine, 207.

Wampum, 15, 22, 26, 47-49, 112.

Warren, Admiral Peter, 12, 13, 43, 66, 67, 119, 122, 188.

Warrensburg, N. Y., 16.

Washington, George, 114, 126, 136, 160, 168.

Webb, General, 152, 158, 159, 162, 163.

Webster, Daniel, 183.

Wheelock, Dr. Eleazar, 120.

Whiting, Gen. Nathan, 136.

Williams, Col. William, 81, 134-136, 138.

Winslow, General, 152.

Wisenburg, Catharine, wife of Sir William Johnson, 20-22, 180.

Wolfe, General, 168.

Wyoming Valley, 186.

Zenger, John Peter, 7, 8, 89, 90.

MAKERS OF AMERICA.

_The following is a list of the subjects and authors so far arranged for

in this series. The volumes will be published at the uniform price of

$1.00, and will appear in rapid succession_:—

=Christopher Columbus= (1436–1506), and the Discovery of the New World.

By =Charles Kendall Adams=, President of Cornell University.

=John Winthrop= (1588–1649), First Governor of the Massachusetts Colony.

By Rev. =Joseph H. Twichell=.

=Robert Morris= (1734–1806), Superintendent of Finance under the

Continental Congress. By Prof. =William G. Sumner=, of Yale

University.

=James Edward Oglethorpe= (1689–1785), and the Founding of the Georgia

Colony. By HENRY BRUCE, Esq.

=John Hughes, D.D.= (1797–1864), First Archbishop of New York: a

Representative American Catholic. By HENRY A. BRANN, D.D.

=Robert Fulton= (1765–1815): His Life and its Results. By Prof. R. H.

THURSTON, of Cornell University.

=Francis Higginson= (1587–1630), Puritan, Author of “New England’s

Plantation,” etc. By =Thomas W. Higginson=.

=Peter Stuyvesant= (1602–1682), and the Dutch Settlement of New York. By

BAYARD TUCKERMAN, Esq., author of a “Life of General Lafayette,” editor

of the “Diary of Philip Hone,” etc., etc.

=Thomas Hooker= (1586–1647), Theologian, Founder of the Hartford Colony.

By GEORGE L. WALKER, D.D.

=Charles Sumner= (1811–1874), Statesman. By =Anna L. Dawes=.

=Thomas Jefferson= (1743–1826), Third President of the United States. By

JAMES SCHOULER, Esq., author of “A History of the United States under

the Constitution.”

=William White= (1748–1836), Chaplain of the Continental Congress,

Bishop of Pennsylvania, President of the Convention to organize the

Protestant Episcopal Church in America. By Rev. JULIUS H. WARD, with an

Introduction by Right Rev. Henry C. Potter, D.D., Bishop of New York.

=Jean Baptiste Lemoine=, _sieur_ de Bienville (1680–1768), French

Governor of Louisiana, Founder of New Orleans. By GRACE KING, author of

“Monsieur Motte.”

=Alexander Hamilton= (1757–1804), Statesman, Financier, Secretary of the

Treasury. By Prof. =William G. Sumner=, of Yale University.

=Father Juniper Serra= (1713–1784), and the Franciscan Missions in

California. By JOHN GILMARY SHEA, LL.D.

=Cotton Mather= (1663–1728), Theologian, Author, Believer in Witchcraft

and the Supernatural. By Prof. BARRETT WENDELL, of Harvard University.

=Robert Cavelier=, _sieur_ de La Salle (1643–1687), Explorer of the

Northwest and the Mississippi. By EDWARD G. MASON, Esq., President of

the Historical Society of Chicago, author of “Illinois” in the

Commonwealth Series.

=Thomas Nelson= (1738–1789), Governor of Virginia, General in the

Revolutionary Army. Embracing a Picture of Virginian Colonial Life. By

=Thomas Nelson Page=, author of “Mars Chan,” and other