FRATERNITIES
We must not forget the Fraternities. There was not, I believe, a single
Parish Church which had not its Fraternity. Except for purposes of
war, when all marched under order of the King, the first attempt at
union was the Parish Fraternity. The Parish Church has always been
the natural centre round which gathered the temporal as well as the
spiritual concerns of the Parish. The Fraternity, dedicated to the
Patron Saint of the Parish, was a union of all for the protection of
all: the members maintained those who were sick and old, educated and
apprenticed the orphans, protected the widows, celebrated masses for
the dead. They formed themselves into one family. How, then, do we find
so many Fraternities belonging to separate trades? Two explanations
are possible. One, that the parishes became entirely composed of men
practising the same trade, with their families: the other that a large
proportion of men engaged in one trade lived in the parish. In the
former case, the Fraternity of the Parish Church became the Fraternity
of one trade: in the other case it was reasonable that men carrying
on the same trade should live as much together as possible, for
convenience, use of tools, acquisition of raw material, and regulation
as to production: that they should break off from one common parish
Fraternity and constitute their own Fraternity for their own advantage.
Thus we have the Fraternity of St. Anthony, consisting of Pepperers;
that of St. Nicholas, consisting of Parish Clerks; of Corpus Christi
consisting of Cloth-workers; of St. George, consisting of Armourers; of
St. John the Baptist, consisting of Merchant Taylors; and that of St.
Mary, consisting of the Drapers. (See Appendix XII.)
In other words, the Companies did not spring out of the Fraternities:
the union of men working at the same trade grew up slowly: the
Fraternity was the first outward proof that such union had been formed:
it consecrated the union. When the Company was finally formed, it
only laid down as definite law what had been for many years a custom;
the Fraternity was in no way touched by the new Charter; thus, the
Religious side of the union went on and flourished until all such
Fraternities were destroyed.
There were, however, other Fraternities. I find, in the fourteenth
century, mention of over a hundred: of these, by far the larger
number are the Parish Church Fraternities. Then there are the Trade
Fraternities mentioned above, and those representing some form
of religious fervour by which the Church provided an outlet for
enthusiasts.
[Illustration: HALL OF THE BROTHERHOOD OF THE HOLY TRINITY
In St. Botolph’s Parish, Aldersgate, as remaining in February 1790.
From an old Engraving.]
Such were the Fraternities of the Holy Cross, of the Light of the
Holy Cross, of the Holy Trinity, of Jesus, of the Holy Ghost, of
the Assumption of the Virgin, of the Resurrection of Christ. Annual
services and processions, certain vows of abstinence and chastity,
alms, some kind of outward decoration, distinguished the Brethren
and helped to make life seem fuller of interest, and themselves of
more importance. Meantime, the real importance of the Fraternities
in the history of London is that they first showed the way to common
action, and made the independence, the dignity, and the wealth of trade
possible.
A Fraternity of importance was that of Aldersgate, originally a
Hospital for the Poor. It was an Alien Foundation: therefore, on the
suppression of all such Houses by Henry the Fifth, it was given, with
the lands, to the Parish of St. Botolph’s, Aldersgate, and a Fraternity
of the Holy Trinity took its place. This Fraternity had its own Chapel.
It endured to the time of Henry the Eighth.
Close beside it was the Chapel of another small Religious body called
the Chapel of Mount Calvary without Aldersgate.
Yet a third house outside Aldersgate was the Hospital of the Abbot of
Walden, founded 15 Ed. II.
The Fraternity of St. James, Garlickhithe, was governed by rules which
have been preserved by Stow:—
“In the Worship of God Almighty our Creator, and his Moder Saint
Marie, and Allhallows and Saint James Apostle, a Fraternite is begon
of gode Men in the Church of Saint James the Yer of our Lord 1375, for
Amendement of her Lyves, and of her Sowls, and to nourish more Love
among the Brethren and Sustrein of the Brederhede. And ech of theym
had sworen upon the Book to performe the Pointes undernethe at her
Power.
Fyrst, All who wisscheth, other schul be in the same Brederhede, they
schul nothing of goodloos Conditions and Bering: and that he love God
and holy Chirche, and his Neybours, as holy Chyrch maketh mencion.
Who that entreth in the same Fraternite, he shal geve at the Entrie to
the common Box vi s. viiid.
The foreseid Brethrehede will, that there be Wardeyns thereof. Which
Wardeyns shal gather the Quartridge of the Bretheren and Sustren, and
trewelick yield her Account thereof every Yer once, to the Wardeyns
that have been tofore hem of the Bretherhede, with other wysest of the
Bretherhede.
Also the Bretheren and Sustren every Yer shul be clothed in Suyt and
every Man pay for that he hath.
Also the Bretheren and Sustren, at one Assent in Suyt byforeseid shul
every Yer commin hold togeder, for to nourish more Knowledg and Love,
a Feast. Which Feast shal be the Sonday after the day of St. James
Apostle, and every pay their xxd.
At four Tyme other once in the Yer two Shill. at firmast tofore the
Day of the Account of the Maisters. So that the Wardeyn mowe her
Account yelderlich, etc.
Every Brother or Suster that ben of the Fraternite, yf he be of Power,
he shal geve somewhat in Maintenance of the Fraternite, what hym
lyketh.
Also yf ther be in Bretherhede ony Riotour, other Contekour other
soche by whom the Bretherhede might be enslaundered he shal be put
out thereof, into Tyme that he have hym amended of the Defoults
beforeseyd, etc.
Yf any of the forseid Bretherhede falle in soch Mischefe that he hath
noght, ne for Elde other Mischefe of Feebleness helf himself: and have
dwelled in the Bretherhede seven Yeres, and doen thereto al the Duties
within the Tyme: every Wyk aftyr, he shal have of the common Box
xiiiid. Terme of his Lyfe: but he be recoveryd of the Mischefe.
Also if any of the foreseid be imprisoned falsely by any other by
false Conspiracie, and have noght for to fynd hym with, and have also
ben in the Bretherhede seven Yeres, etc., he shall have xiiid. during
his Imprisonment every Wyk.”
[Illustration: PAGE OF THE ROLL CONTAINING THE NAMES OF THE “BRETHREN
AND SISTERS” OF THE GUILD OF FRATERNITY OF CORPUS CHRISTI, 1485, 1486,
1488
From the Illuminated Books of the Company. From Wadmore’s _Some Account
of the Worshipful Company of Skinners_.]