one of the literary institutions of Ohio, a poem on _Woman_, which has
been noticed in terms of high commendation. A correspondent who heard
it says it was devoted in about equal parts to the foibles and the
virtues of the sex, the former of which it laid bare with a most
trenchant blade, while the latter it portrayed with elegance of
diction, and an evident love for all that is pure, elevated, and
beautiful in woman's proper character. The slave of fashion, the
politician in petticoats, and the "bloomer" in br---- pettiloons, the
female "progressive," the scold, the slattern, and the butterfly, were
all held up to merited rebuke: then came "the true woman," whose
character as sister, wife, mother, friend, and "comforter," was dwelt
on long and fondly, and portrayed in the language of true poetry and
manly devotion. Mr. Ward is not much known out of the literary circles
of the West, but several of his short poems have had a wide
circulation in this country and in England.
* * * * *
A volume entitled _Novellettes of the Musicians_, has been published
by Cornish, Lamport, & Co., with Mrs. ELLET's name on the title-page
as its author, but most of its contents are translated from the
German, and the rest are hardly worth claiming. Yet the book
altogether is entertaining, and is handsomely executed, with several
striking portraits.
* * * * *
The Rev. Mr. HUNTINGTON, once a village doctor, then a congregational
minister, next an Episcopal clergyman, and now a Catholic priest, made
his mark a year or two ago in the novel of _Alice or the Mysteries_,
in which there was displayed a great deal of talent as well as a very
peculiar morality. He has just added to his works (by Putnam) a tale
called _Alban_, in which a hero somewhat like himself is conducted
through various pursuits into the faith, and by pleasantly related
vicissitudes to a good condition. The scene is in New-York and
New-Haven, and of Roman Catholic novels we know of scarcely one more
readable. Mr. Huntington perhaps gives us a reflection of his
experience in this advice addressed to one of his characters:
"That is why I turn to literature with such predilection,"
said the young man, greatly excited by Mr. De Groot's way of
talking. "Letters," resumed Mr. De Groot, after a long
glance around his endless book-shelves, "are a pursuit that
surpasses every other, in enjoyment, and nearly every other
in dignity. We must have our own literary men. We can't
afford to let other nations write our books for us. That
were worse than policy which would hire them to fight our
battles. There is a thought and there is a sentiment which
belongs to _us_, and which we are in a manner bound to
elicit. But--I am sorry to interpose so many _buts_, young
sir--you are to consider that you must live. You cannot live
by literature. It is difficult any where, but in this
country it is impossible. As pride distinguishes the
Spaniard, revenge the Italian, lust the Saxon, and
sanguinary violence (they say) the Celt, so pecuniary
injustice is our national trait, we steal the author's right
in every book we publish, native or foreign. Now, Atherton,
you can't live by a craft where people hold themselves at
liberty to _steal_ what you have produced."
* * * * *
We mentioned a month or two ago the intention of Mr. Russell, of
Charleston, to publish the _Poetical Writings_ of WILLIAM GILMORE
SIMMS, and we are pleased to see in the _Southern Literary Gazette_
the announcement that they will appear in two handsome duodecimos of
from three to four hundred pages each. The publisher remarks very
justly in his advertisement that "the works of Mr. Simms recommended
themselves peculiarly to the South, as illustrating its history, its
traditions and legends, its scenery and its sentiments." In the North
they will be welcomed by the author's numerous friends, and by all
lovers of poetry, for their manly tone, imagination, and frequent
elaborate elegance.
* * * * *
DR. TYNG has added to the _Memoir of the late Rev. Edward
Bickersteth_, by the Rev. T. R. BIRKS, an introductory chapter, and
the work has been published in two volumes, by the Harpers. Mr.
Bickersteth was one of the most excellent and most interesting men in
the English church, and this well-written memoir will have a place
among standard religious biographies.
* * * * *
The _Home Book of the Picturesque_, to be published by Mr. Putnam,
will be upon the whole the most beautiful souvenir volume of the year.
The engravings are from pictures of the Bay of New York, by H.
Beckwith; the Clove, Cattskill, by Durand; the Alleghanies, North
Carolina, by Richards; Snow Scene on the Housatonic, by Gignoux;
Cattskill Scenery, by Kensett; Schroon Lake, by Cole; West Rock, New
Haven, by Church; Adirondach Mountains, by Durand; the Juniatta,
Pennsylvania, by Talbot; Cascade Bridge on the Erie Railroad, by
Talbott; the Rondout, by Huntington; Church at West Point, by Weir;
Wa-wa-yanda Lake, by Cropsey, &c., and these are illustrated with
letter-press by Miss Cooper, Fenimore Cooper, Irving, Bryant, Willis,
Bayard Taylor, Magoon, Bethune, and one or two persons quite unworthy
of the association to which the publisher admits them. The _Book of
Home Beauty_, also to be issued by Mr. Putnam, we judge from a few
proofs of Mr. Martin's pictures which we have seen, will be a much
more attractive volume than any "Book of Beauty" ever published
abroad. The text of this is all from the pen of Mrs. Kirkland.
* * * * *
The _Popular Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature_, by the Rev. Dr.
KITTO, has been republished in a fine large octavo, with numerous
illustrations by Gould, Kendall & Lincoln, of Boston. We have had
frequent occasion to praise the abilities, learning, and excellent
taste of Dr. Kitto, who is one of the most attractive writers and most
judicious editors engaged in the illustration of the Scriptures. We
think the present work will become the most common of all the Bible
Dictionaries, as it probably is the best.
* * * * *
Mr. Redfield has reprinted in a style quite equal to that of the
original London edition, the second series of _Episodes of Insect
Life_, by ACHETA DOMESTICA. This volume relates to insect life in the
summer, and is as entertaining as a romance. We have never read a more
attractive book in natural history.
* * * * *
MR. POMEROY JONES, of Westmoreland, in this state, has in press at
Utica, a _History of Oneida County_, in the preparation of which he
has been engaged several years, and the professors of Hamilton College
have in preparation a Natural History of the County, embracing its
Geology, Botany, Zoology, &c.
* * * * *
A volume of _Poems_ by MRS. REBECCA S. NICHOLS, of Cincinnati, will,
we understand, be issued for the next holidays. Mrs. N. has some warm
admirers, and this volume is to contain her best productions. We hope
its success may equal its deserts.
* * * * *
The fine, thoughtful _Essays Written in the Intervals of Business_,
have been reprinted by A. D. F. Randolph, of this city.
* * * * *
The Rev. ISAAC LEESER, one of the Jewish ministers of Philadelphia,
whom we have long known as a scholar and man of talents, is engaged on
a new translation of the Old Testament, on the basis of the common
English version, carefully corrected and improved according to the
best Jewish authorities. It is intended by Mr. Leeser so to render the
Hebrew text that but few explanatory notes will be needed, and he
reasonably hopes that his edition will be commonly adopted by the Jews
of this country. Dr. KENRICK, the Roman Catholic Bishop of
Philadelphia, has just published (by Dunigan & Brother, New-York,)
_The Epistles and the Apocalypse_, from the Vulgate, having previously
given to the public a translation of the Gospels; and Dr. Alexander of
Princeton, and several other men of learning, have lately been
occupied with new versions of particular portions of the sacred
volume. It is well known, too, that a society, composed for the most
part of members of one of the largest and most respectable
denominations of Christians, has been established mainly for the
purpose of publishing a revised version of the Bible, but it is not
probable that this society will ever accomplish any thing more than an
increased "contempt for God's word and commandment." The specimens we
have of its scholarship might justify some merriment if they were
connected with something less venerable and sacred.
For ourselves we are content with the Bible as it is, and cannot help
a feeling of regret that any who profess to be governed by its wisdom
are disposed to treat it with so little reverence. Undoubtedly there
are some slight verbal inaccuracies in the common version, but they
are understood, or may be easily explained in notes: we want here no
innovations, no improvements, no progress, except in the observance of
the good we understand. Nevertheless, we see with pleasure all the
studies with which really learned men illustrate their convictions of
the significance of the original. For the chief portion of mankind, in
this night in which we live, the sun does not shine with its original
splendor, but it is reflected on us by the moon, and we care not how
many thousand stars reflect it also according to their capacity.
A new version, by which it is _not proposed to displace the common
one_, is to appear from the press of Mr. Colby, in this city, and the
high reputation of its author for learning and judgment, is a
sufficient assurance that what he does at all he will do in a very
masterly manner. The Rev. Dr. Conant, Professor of Biblical Literature
in the University of Rochester, says in a letter to his publisher:
"It has long been a favorite object with me to furnish a
translation of the Holy Scriptures for unlearned readers,
which should accurately express the meaning of the original
by the aids of modern scholarship in the style and manner of
the early English versions. The translation is intended,
therefore, for the benefit of the common reader of the
Scriptures, to aid him in more clearly understanding them
wherever our common version is for any reason obscure. In
other words, it is to do directly by a translation what has
long been attempted by the awkward and circuitous method of
a commentary; viz. to make the Scriptures plain to the
unlearned reader. I should for many reasons regard it as
undesirable, and it certainly is impracticable, to supplant
the common version to any extent as the received version for
the church and the people, or the common English Bible and
common standard of appeal for those who use only the English
language."
Dr. Conant will preserve as nearly as may be the manner of the old
translations, endeavoring only to combine the fidelity and exactness
of modern scholarship with the simplicity and strength of the common
version. To such an effort, by such a man, we see no objections. The
reputation most at stake is that of Dr. Conant himself, and those who
know him do not fear that that will suffer. It will at least be
interesting to mark the differences between his renderings and those
of King James's translators.
* * * * *
Mr. Putnam publishes for the coming holidays a new impression of the
_Memorial_, which is incomparably the most interesting literary
miscellany ever printed as a gift-book in this country. The proceeds
of the sale, it is known, are to be appropriated for the erection of a
monument to the late Mrs. Osgood, in Mount Auburn Cemetery. The book
is made up of original articles by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Chancellor
Walworth, N. P. Willis, Bishop Doane, G. P. R. James, S. G. Goodrich,
John Neal, W. G. Simms, Richard B. Kimball, George P. Morris, Dr.
Mayo, Mrs. Sigourney, Mrs. Embury, Mrs. Oakes Smith, Mrs. Hewitt, Mrs.
Lynch, and indeed all the best and most brilliant writers of the time;
and it is beautifully illustrated.
* * * * *
The well-known private library of the late Rev. Dr. SAMUEL FARMER
JARVIS is to be sold in this city, by Messrs. Lyman & Rawdon, about
the beginning of October. In several departments of sacred and
classical literature it is one of the finest collections in America,
and it will probably attract large numbers of buyers, especially from
among the lovers of mediaeval scholarship and theology.
* * * * *
MR. MITCHELL'S new book, the _Diary of a Dreamer_, is in press by
Charles Scribner, and the same publisher will issue for the holidays
an edition of the _Reveries of a Bachelor_, admirably illustrated by
Darley, who seems indeed never to have done better than in some of his
designs for it.
* * * * *
MR. LONGFELLOW has in the press of Ticknor, Reed and Fields, of
Boston, a new poem, entitled _The Golden Legend_. It is the longest of
his poetical works, making some 350 pages, and will soon be given to
the public.
* * * * *
There is this year a very remarkable number of new books illustrative
of the applications of science to mechanics. Every man seems
determined to master the learning which can be turned to account in
his vocation, and the booksellers are quite willing to aid them. We
suppose the most generally and importantly useful work of this kind
ever printed is Appleton's _Dictionary of Machinery, Mechanics, Engine
Work, and Engineering_, just completed in two very large compactly
printed and profusely illustrated octavo volumes. In this great work
are gathered the best results of the study and experiment of the
workers of the world. It is a cyclopedia of inventions, in which one
may be sure of finding described the best processes yet discovered for
doing every thing that is to be done by means of mechanics. The
benefits conferred on the country by this publication must be very
great; its general circulation would mark a new period in our physical
advancement, and to a degree influence our civilization, since there
is no country in the world in which every resource is so readily
applied to purposes of comfort and culture. If knowledge is power, as,
misquoting Lord Bacon, it is every day asserted, the truth is most
conspicuous in the range of those arts and occupations illustrated by
these incomparable volumes, which should be in the house of every man
who has already provided himself with the Bible and Shakspere. The
Appletons also publish a _Mechanics' Magazine_, edited in a very
admirable manner, and we understand it is largely sold.
Next to the Appletons, we believe the largest publisher in this line
is Henry C. Baird, of Philadelphia, who has now in press a _Handbook
of Locomotive Engineers_, by SEPTIMUS NORRIS, of the celebrated house,
Norris & Brother, engine manufactures; _The Practical Metal Worker's
Assistant_, by M. HOLTZAPHFEL, illustrated with many engravings, and
enlarged by the addition of American matters; SCOTT's _Cotton
Spinner_, thoroughly revised by an American editor; a new edition of
Mr. OVERMAN's important book on _Iron; The Practical Model
Calculator_, for the engineer, machinest, manufacturer, &c., by Mr.
BYRNE, (to be issued in twelve semi-monthly numbers); a _Treatise on
the American Steam-Engine_, by the same author; and several other
books of this class.
* * * * *
The Appletons will publish in a few weeks _The Women of Early
Christianity_, one of that series of splendidly illustrated volumes
composed of _Our Saviour and his Apostles_, _The Women of the Bible,
&c._
* * * * *
BRAITHWAITE'S _Retrospect of Practical Medicine_, in consequence of an
arrangement just entered into, will hereafter be published by Stringer
& Townsend, who will issue it with promptness, correctness, and
general mechanical excellence.
* * * * *
James Munroe & Co. of Boston are proceeding regularly with Mr.
HUDSON's excellent edition of Shakspeare, and they have lately issued
among several handsome volumes an edition of the works of George
Herbert. They have in press _The Philippics of Demosthenes_, with
notes critical and explanatory, by Professor M. J. Smead; _The Camel
Hunt_, a narrative of personal adventures, by Joseph Warren Fabius;
_Companions of my Solitude_, by the author of "Friends in Council,"
&c., &c.; _The Greek Girl_, and other poems, by James W. Simmons;
_Epitaphs_, taken from Copp's Hill Burying Ground in Boston, by Thomas
Bridgman; and _Domestic Pets_, their habits and management, with
illustrative anecdotes, by Mrs. Loudon.
* * * * *
The second and concluding volume of the _Life of Calvin_, by Dr.
HENRY, has just been issued by Carter & Brothers, and it is quite
equal in every respect to the first volume. Such a careful history was
well-deserved of a Christian whom even Voltaire admitted to be one in
the list of the world's twenty greatest men, and it was especially
needed for the vindication of one who had in so extraordinary a degree
been a subject of partisan hatred and calumny.
* * * * *
DR. WILLIAM R. WILLIAMS of this city has just published a volume of
_Lectures on the Lord's Prayer_, (Gould & Lincoln, Boston,) which we
shall notice more appropriately hereafter. At present we can only
remark that it is a work of extraordinary merit, worthy of an author
whose abilities and virtues render his name illustrious.
* * * * *
The Rev. Dr. WAINWRIGHT has in the press of the Appletons a work
descriptive of his Travels in Egypt. It will appear in a large and
luxuriously embellished volume, some time before Christmas.
* * * * *
The third, fourth, and fifth volumes of the _Works of John Adams_ have
been issued by Little and Brown, and the fifth and sixth volumes of
the _Works of Alexander Hamilton_, by C. S. Francis.
* * * * *
Mr. FREDERIC SAUNDERS is publishing in the _New-York Recorder_ a
series of papers under the title of _Bookcraft_ which will make a
volume not unworthy of D'Israeli.
* * * * *
M. W. DODD has published a new edition of CRUDEN's great _Concordance
of the Bible_, a book which every body knows is perfect in its kind.
* * * * *
Jewett & Co. have in press the works of the Rev. LYMAN BEECHER, D.D.
which they will publish in some half-dozen octavo volumes.
* * * * *
The approaching Trade Sales will be the largest ever held in
New-York.
FOOTNOTES:
[14] Rene Taillandier, Professor of Belles Lettres at the College of
Montpellier, declared by the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ to be more familiar with
German politics and literature than any other Frenchman living.
_The Fine Arts._
POWERS, in a letter to a friend in this city, says with satirical
humor, of his favorite work, "Eve is an old-fashioned body, and not so
well formed and attractive as are her granddaughters,--at least some
of them. She wears her hair in a natural and most primitive manner,
drawn back from the temples, and hanging loose behind, thus exposing
those very ugly features in women. _Her waist is quite too large for
our modern notions of beauty_, and her feet, they are so very broad
and large! And did ever one see such long toes! they have never been
wedged into form by the nice and pretty little shoes worn by her
lovely descendents. But Eve is very stiff and unyielding in her
disposition: _she will not allow her waist to be reduced by bandaging,
because she is far more comfortable as she is_, and besides, she has
_some regard for her health, which might suffer from such restraints
upon her lungs, heart, liver, &c., &c., &c._ I could never prevail
upon her to wear modern shoes, for she dreads corns, which, she says,
are neither convenient nor ornamental. But some allowance ought to be
made for these crude notions of hers,--founded as they are in the
prejudices and absurdities of _primitive_ days. Taking all these
things into consideration, I think it best that she should not be
exhibited, as it might subject me to censure, and severe criticisms,
and these, too, without pecuniary reward."
* * * * *
After the death of WORDSWORTH, a committee was formed among his
friends for the purpose of setting up a tablet to his memory in
Grassmere Church, where he is buried. The work intrusted to Mr. Thomas
Woolner, has been completed. Surmounted by a band of laurel leaves is
the inscription, written by Professor Keble; under which the poet's
head is sculptured in relief. The likeness to the man has received
praise from persons whose verdict is final; the intellectual likeness
to the poet will be more widely appreciated, and recognized with
cordial admiration. The meditative lines of the face, the thoughtful
forehead and eye, the compressed, sensitive mouth, are rendered with
refined intelligence. In two narrow spaces at each side of the head,
are introduced the crocus and celandine, and the snowdrop and violet,
treated with a rare union of natural beauty and sculpturesque method
and subordination. Throughout, the delicately studied execution shows
that the work has been a labor of love.
* * * * *
LEUTZE'S great historical picture of Washington Crossing the Delaware
before the Battle of Trenton, has been received in this city by
Messrs. Goupil & Co. and will soon be exhibited to the public. These
publishers will give us a large and fine engraving of it.
* * * * *
GREENOUGH'S noble group for the capitol, upon which he has been
engaged nearly twenty years, is so nearly finished that it may be
expected in the United States before the end of November. The subject
is a contrast of the Anglo-Saxon with the Indian. The group is
composed of an American Hunter, in the act of seizing an Indian who
was about to tomahawk a mother and her infant. The white man has
approached the savage from behind, and, having seized him by the arms,
and pressed him with bending knees to the ground, stands frowning
above his subjugated foe, who, with his head thrown back, gazes upward
at his conqueror with surprise and terror. At their feet a woman,
pressing a child to her bosom, sinks in alarm and agony. The effect is
very imposing, having something of the dignity and grandeur which
belong to the works of Michael Angelo. In Italy the work has much
increased Greenough's previous great reputation.
* * * * *
A monument is to be erected at Dresden to the composer VON WEBER. To
defray the expenses, performances are to be given at the various
theatres in Germany, and the proceeds formed into a fund for that
purpose. Large sums are expected from this source, as also from
private contributions throughout Europe. The monument is to be
surmounted by a statue of the composer, by Rietschel, who was an
intimate friend of his. It will be of bronze, eight feet high, and
placed on a pedestal of the same metal, ornamented with bas-reliefs.
The site chosen for its erection is immediately opposite the principal
entrance to the Royal Theatre of Dresden.
* * * * *
The distinguished painter CORNELIUS has been solicited by the Belgian
Academy of Art to send the grand cartoons on which he is employed, to
the great Belgian Exhibition. Cornelius, however, fears to risk these
drawings, the work of ten years, on a journey of such length, since
their loss could not be replaced. They already fill two large halls,
and will remain a lasting monument of the painter's genius, even if
the Cathedral, in which they are to appear as frescoes, should not be
erected during his life.
* * * * *
The publication of a work entitled _The Twelve Virgins of Raphael_,
has been commenced in Paris. It will be in twelve numbers, each
containing an engraving and letter-press description and history.
* * * * *
A sculptor of Paris has received orders from the Greek Government to
execute marble busts of Admirals de Rigny and Codington, to be placed
in the Salle where the Senate holds its sittings.
_Historical Review of the Month._
THE UNITED STATES.
The August elections, though in general not very warmly contested,
have attracted much attention. We have attempted, in the following
carefully prepared table, to exhibit the results, as well as the
character of the next Congress at large--a task somewhat difficult on
account of the diversity of parties and the frequent disregard which
has been shown for old divisions:--
XXXII CONGRESS--SENATE.
_Commenced March 4, 1851, and ends March 4, 1852._
_Term Expires._
ALABAMA.
JEREMIAH CLEMENS, 1853
William R. King, S. R. 1855
ARKANSAS.
Wm. K. Sebastian, S. R., 1853
SOLON BORLAND. 1855
CALIFORNIA.
WM. M. GWINN, 1855
Elean Heydenfeldt, L. R.[A] 1857
CONNECTICUT.
_Truman Smith_, 1855
A vacancy. 1857
DELAWARE.
_Presley Spruance_, 1855
James A. Bayard, L. R. 1857
FLORIDA.
JACKSON MORTON,[B] 1855
STEPHEN R. MALLORY.[A] 1857
GEORGIA.
_John McP. Berrien_, S. R.,[C] 1853
WM. C. DAWSON.[B] 1855
INDIANA.
James Whitcomb, L. R., 1855
JESSE D. BRIGHT. 1857
ILLINOIS.
Stephen A. Douglas, 1853
James Shields, L. R. 1855
IOWA.
George W. Jones, L. R., 1853
Augustus C. Dodge, L. R. 1855
KENTUCKY.
_Joseph R. Underwood,_ 1853
_Henry Clay._ 1855
LOUISIANA.
SOL. W. DOWNS, 1853
Pierre Soule, S. R. 1855
MAINE.
James W. Bradbury, 1853
Hannibal Hamlin, F. S. 1857
MARYLAND.
_James A. Pierce,_ 1855
_Thomas G. Pratt._ 1857
MASSACHUSETTS.
_John Davis_, 1853
Charles Sumner, F. S. 1857
MISSISSIPPI.
HENRY S. FOOTE, 1853
Jefferson Davis, S. R. 1857
MICHIGAN.
ALPHEUS FELCH, 1853
Lewis Cass. 1857
MISSOURI.
David R. Atchison, S. R., 1855
HEN. S. GEYER.[B] 1857
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
John P. Hale, F. S., 1853
MOSES HARRIS, jr. 1855
NEW-YORK.
_William H. Seward,_ 1855
_Hamilton Fish._ 1857
NEW JERSEY.
_Jacob W. Miller_, 1853
ROBERT F. STOCKTON. 1857
NORTH CAROLINA.
_Willie P. Mangum,_ 1853
_George E. Badger._ 1855
OHIO.
Salmon P. Chase, F. S., 1855
_B. Franklin Wade_. 1857
PENNSYLVANIA.
_James Cooper_, 1853
RICHARD BRODHEAD, jr. 1857
RHODE ISLAND.
_John H. Clarke_, 1853
Charles T. Jarves, L. R. 1857
SOUTH CAROLINA.
R. Barnwell Rhett (Sec.), 1853
A. P. Butler, S. R. 1855
TENNESSEE.
_John Bell_, 1853
A vacancy. 1857
TEXAS.
Sam Houston, 1853
Thomas J. Rusk. 1857
VERMONT.
_William Upham,_ 1853
_Solomon Foote._ 1857
VIRGINIA.
Robert M. T. Hunter, 1853
James M. Mason. 1857
WISCONSIN.
Isaac P. Walker, 1855
Henry Dodge. 1857
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
ALABAMA.
1. John Bragg, S. R.,
2. JAMES ABERCROMBIE,[B]
3. Sampson W. Harris, S. R.,
4. WM. R. SMITH,
5. GEO. S. HOUSTON,
6. W. R. W. COBB,
7. ALEX WHITE.[B]
ARKANSAS.
----
CALIFORNIA.
----
----
CONNECTICUT.
1. _Charles Chapman_,
2. C. M. INGERSOLL,[B]
3. Chauncey F. Cleveland, F. S.,
4. O. S. SEYMOUR.[B]
DELAWARE.
1. George Read Riddle, L. R.
FLORIDA.
_Edward C. Cabell, L. R._
GEORGIA.
1. ----,
2. ----,
3. ----,
4. ----,
5. ----,
6. ----,
7. ----,
8. ----.
ILLINOIS.
1. Wm. H. Bissell, L. R.,
2. Willis Allen, L. R.,
3. O. R. Ficklin, L. R.,
4. R. S. Maloney, F. S.,
5. Wm. A. Richardson, L. R.,
6. T. Campbell, F. S.,
7. _Richard Yates_.
INDIANA.
1. James Lockhart,
2. Cyrus L. Dunham, L. R.,
3. John L. Robinson,
4. _Samuel W. Parker_,
5. Thomas H. Hendricks, L. R.,
6. Willis A. Gorman,
7. John G. Davis, F. S.,
8. Daniel Mace, F. S.,
9. Graham N. Fitch,
10. _Samuel Brenton_.
IOWA.
1. Lincoln Clark, L. R.,
2. Bernhardt Henn, L. R.
KENTUCKY.
1. LINN BOYD,
2. _Ben. Edward Grey, L. R._,
3. _Presley Ewing_,
4. _William T. Ward_,
5. James N. Stone (rep.),
6. _Addison White_,
7. _Humphrey Marshall_,
8. John C. Breckenridge, L. R.,
9. John C. Mason,
10. Richard H. Stanton.
LOUISIANA.
1. ----,
2. ----,
3. ----,
4. ----.
MAINE.
1. Moses McDonald, L. R.,
2. John Appleton,[A]
3. _Robert Goodenow_,
4. Charles Andrews, F. S.,
5. Ephraim K. Smart, F. S.,
6. _Israel Washburn, jr._,
7. THOMAS J. D. FULLER.
MARYLAND.
1. ----,
2. ----,
3. ----,
4. ----,
5. ----,
6. ----.
MASSACHUSETTS.
1. _William Appleton_,
2. Robert Rantoul, jr., F. S.,
3. _James H. Duncan_,
4. _B. Thompson_,
5. _Charles Allen, F. S._,
6. George T. Davis,
7. John Z. Goodrich,
8. Horace Mann, F. S.,
9. _Oron Fowler_,
10. _Zeno Scudder_.
MICHIGAN.
1. _Ebenezer J. Penniman, F. S._,
2. Charles E. Stuart, L. R.,
3. _James L. Conger, F. S._
MISSISSIPPI.
1. ----,
2. ----,
3. ----,
4. ----.
MISSOURI.
1. _John F. Darby_,
2. _Gilchrist Porter_,
3. _John G. Miller_,
4. Willard P. Hall, Anti-Benton,
5. John S. Phelps, Benton.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
1. _Amos Tuck_,
2. CHARLES H. PEASLEE,
3. _Jared Perkins_,
4. Harry Hibbard, L. R.
NEW JERSEY.
1. Nathan T. Stratten,
2. Charles D. Skelton, L. R.,
3. ISAAC WILDRICK,
4. George H. Brown,
5. Rodman M. Price, L. R.
NEW-YORK.
1. John G. Floyd, F. S.,
2. _Obadiah Bowne_,
3. Emanuel B. Hart, L. R.,
4. _J. H. Hobart Haws_,
5. _George Briggs_,
6. _James Brooks_,
7. Abraham P. Stevens, L. R.,
8. Gilbert Dean, F. S.,
9. William Murray, F. S.,
10. _Marius Schoonmaker_,
11. Josiah Sutherland, F. S.,
12. David L. Seymour, L. R.,
13. _John L. Schoolcraft_,
14. _John H. Boyd_,
15. Joseph Russell, F. S.,
16. _John Wells_,
17. Alexander H. Buel, F. S.,
18. Preston King, F. S.,
19. Willard Ives, F. S.,
20. Timothy Jenkins, F. S.,
21. William W. Snow, F. S.,
22. _Henry Bennett_,
23. Leander Babcock, F. S.,
24. Daniel T. Jones, F. S.,
25. Thomas Y. How, Jr., F. S.,
26. _Henry S. Walbridge_,
27. _William A. Sacket_,
28. _Ab. M. Schermerhorn_,
29. _Jerediah Horsford_,
30. Reuben Robie, F. S.,
31. _Frederick S. Martin_,
32. _Solomon G. Haven_,
33. _Aug. P. Hascall_,
34. _Lorenzo Burrows_.
NORTH CAROLINA.
1. _Thomas L. Clingman_,[C]
2. _Joseph P. Caldwell, L. R._,
3. _Alfred Dackery_,
4. _James T. Morehead_,
5. Abraham W. Venable, S. R., L. R.,
6. John R. J. Daniel, S. R.,
7. WILLIAM S. ASHE,
8. _Edward Stanley_,
9. _David Outlaw_.
OHIO.
1. David T. Disney, L. R.,
2. _Lewis D. Campbell, L. R._,
3. _Hiram Bell_,
4. _Benjamin Stanton_,
5. Alfred P. Edgerton,
6. Frederick Green,
7. _Nelson Barrere_,
8. _John L. Taylor, L. R._,
9. Edson B. Olds, L. R.,
10. Charles Sweetser,
11. George H. Busby,
12. _John Welsh_,
13. James M. Gaylord,
14. _Alexander Harper_,
15. _William F. Hunter_,
16. _John Johnson, Md. L. R._,
17. Joseph Cable, L. R.,
18. David K. Cartter,
19. _Eben Newton, F. S._,
20. Josh R. Giddings, F. S.,
21. N. S. Townshend, F. S., L. R.
PENNSYLVANIA.
1. Thomas B. Florence, L. R.,[A]
2. _Joseph R. Chandler_,
3. _Henry D. Moore_, L. R.,
4. John Robbins, jr., L. R.,
5. John McNair,
6. Thomas Ross,
7. John A. Morrison, L. R.,
8. _Thaddeus Stevens_,
9. J. Glancy Jones,
10. Milo M. Dimmick,
11. _Henry M. Fuller_,[A]
12. Galusha A. Grow, F. S.,
13. James Gamble,
14. _T. M. Bibighaus_,
15. William H. Kurtz,
16. J. X. McLanahan,
17. Andrew Parker,
18. John L. Dawson,
19. _Joseph H. Kuhns_,
20. _John Allison_,
21. _Thomas M. Howe_,
22. _John W. Howe_,
23. Carlton B. Curtis, L. R.,
24. Alfred Gilmore, L. R.
RHODE ISLAND.
1. _George G. King_,
2. Benj. B. Thurston, F. S.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
1. Daniel Wallace,
2. James L. Orr,
3. Jos. A. Woodard,
4. John McQueen,
5. Armistead Burt,
6. William Aiken,
7. William F. Colcock.
TENNESSEE.
1. Andrew Johnson, L. R.,
2. _Albert G. Watkins_, L. R.,
3. _Josiah M. Anderson_, L. R.,
4. John H. Savage, S. R., L. R.,
5. GEORGE W. JONES, L. R.,
6. William H. Polk, L. R.,
7. _Meredith P. Gentry_, L. R.,
8. _William Cullom_,
9. Isham G. Harris, S. R., L. R.,
10. Frederick P. Stanton, L. R.,
11. _Christopher H. Williams_, L. R.
TEXAS.
1. ----,
2. ----.
VERMONT.
1. _Ahiman L. Miner_,
2. _William Hebard_,
3. _James Meacham_,
4. Thos. Bartlett, jr., F. S.
VIRGINIA.
1. ----,
2. ----,
3. ----,
4. ----,
5. ----,
6. ----,
7. ----,
8. ----,
9. ----,
10. ----,
11. ----,
12. ----,
13. ----,
14. ----,
15. ----.
NEBRASKA.
----.
OREGON.
1. Joseph Lane, Ind. L. R.
WISCONSIN.
1. Charles Durkee, F. S.,
2. Ben. C. Eastman, L. R.,
3. James D. Doty, Md., F. S., L. R.
MINNESOTA.
1. H. H. Sibley, Ind.
NEW MEXICO.
----.
UTAH.
----.
Democrats, in Roman; Whigs, in _italics_; "Union"-men in
SMALL-CAPITALS.
[A] Seats contested. Whig Unionists marked with a [B]; Whig
Southern Rights with a [C]; F. S., Free Soil; L. R., Land
Reform.
So far as heard from, the Delegations from thirteen States
are Democratic; six are Whig; four tied. Arkansas and Texas
to hear from, and elections are to be held in the six
remaining States.
THE ELECTIONS FOR STATE OFFICERS.
ALABAMA.--Hon. HENRY W. COLLIER, a Southern Rights Democrat,
is re-elected Governor of this State.
TENNESSEE.--Gen. WILLIAM B. CAMPBELL, Union Whig, is elected
Governor of this State over the late Democratic incumbent,
Gen. William Trowsdale.
KENTUCKY.--Lazarus W. Powell (Democrat), it is reported is
elected Governor; a John B. Thompson, (Whig) Lieut.
Governor; and Rev. Robert J. Breckenridge, (Whig)
Superintendent of Public Instruction. Not much of a party
contest for the remaining State Officers. One Congressional
District (the 5th) in doubt as we go to press, the friends
of Clement S. Hill (Whig) hoping that he is elected, but
Stone has made gains enough to secure his election.
RECAPITULATION OF CONGRESS.
SENATE. HOUSE.
_States._ _Dem._ _Whig._ _Vac._ _Dem._ _Whig._ _Vac._
Alabama 2 0 0 5 2 0
Arkansas 2 0 0 0 0 1
California 2 0 0 0 0 2
Connecticut 1 0 1 3 1 0
Delaware 1 1 0 1 0 0
Florida 1 1 0 0 1 0
Georgia 0 2 0 0 0 8
Illinois 2 0 0 6 1 0
Indiana 2 0 0 8 2 0
Iowa 2 0 0 2 0 0
Kentucky 0 2 0 5 5 0
Louisiana 2 0 0 0 0 4
Maine 2 0 0 5 2 0
Maryland 0 2 0 0 0 6
Massachusetts 1 1 0 3 7 0
Michigan 2 0 0 1 2 0
Mississippi 2 0 0 0 0 4
Missouri 1 1 0 2 3 0
New Hampshire 2 0 0 2 2 0
New Jersey 1 1 0 4 1 0
New York 0 2 0 17 17 0
North Carolina 0 2 0 3 6 0
Ohio 1 1 0 11 10 0
Pennsylvania 1 1 0 15 9 0
Rhode Island 1 1 0 1 1 0
South Carolina 2 0 0 7 0 0
Tennessee 0 1 1 6 5 0
Texas 2 0 0 0 0 2
Vermont 0 2 0 1 3 0
Virginia 2 0 0 0 0 15
Wisconsin 2 0 0 3 0 0
-- -- -- -- -- --
Total, 39 21 2 111 80 42
In New-York, the Democratic party will meet in convention on the 10th
of this present month of September, to prepare for approaching
elections, and, on the following day, the United Whig party will hold
its annual convention in the same city--the State Central Committee of
both sections of it having united in a call for that purpose.
The Convention of Virginia, which has been sitting at Richmond during
the last eight months, have at length agreed upon the form of a new
Constitution for that State, and brought its session to a close. The
Constitution has yet to be submitted to a vote of the people, but of
its acceptance no doubt appears to be entertained. It is to be voted
for on the 23d of October.
The President of the United States, accompanied by the Secretaries of
War and Interior, has been received with much enthusiasm in various
places in eastern Virginia, through which he passed on his way to the
White Sulphur Springs. The Secretary of State has been passing a few
weeks among the lakes and mountains of New Hampshire, where he will
remain probably till October; and the Secretary of the Treasury has
been detained by ill health at his residence in Ohio.
Reports from the various agricultural districts of the Union indicate
that the wheat harvest of 1851 will be the heaviest ever raised. In
New-York, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the yield is very large,
and the wheat excellent. In the Northern and Central Illinois, heavy
rains have destroyed a portion of the crop, but in the Southern
portion of the State it will be abundant. In Ohio, advices from all
quarters of the State show that the wheat crop of the present season
will be the largest ever grown in the State. In Iowa, the yield is
indifferent. Of corn there will probably be an average crop. Potatoes
in several parts of the country have suffered from the rot.
The cholera prevails to some extent in the valley of the Mississippi,
and other parts of the Southern and Western States. Among the Sioux
Indians it has been very fatal. The treaty just formed with the Sioux
Indians, secures to the United States all the land in the entire
valley of the Minnesota, and the eastern tributaries of the Sioux,
estimated at 21,000,000 of acres.
From Texas, we learn that there has been great excitement at Rio
Grande, in consequence of the Mexicans refusing to surrender a
fugitive slave. It is said that 2,000 slaves have made their escape
into Mexico.
There have been several arrivals from California, and by every one
evidence has been furnished of a very unfortunate condition of
affairs. Dissatisfied with the manner in which justice is executed, or
perhaps with a view to the complete overthrow of the government, large
numbers of men have associated themselves at San Francisco and
elsewhere, and assumed all the functions of a magistracy, treating the
constituted authorities with contempt, and, in secret assemblies,
deciding questions of life and of all the highest interests of
society. By their directions, several persons accused of crimes have
been murdered, and all the officers of the law have been set at
defiance. In other respects, the news from California and other parts
of the Pacific coast is without remarkable features; the general
prosperity continues in mining, agriculture, and trade; and such is
the energy of the inhabitants of that city, that San Francisco has
nearly recovered from the effects of the disastrous fires with which
it has been visited. The arrival at New-York, on the 13th of August,
of the steamer Prometheus, in 29 days from San Francisco, by the new
route of Lake Nicaragua and the river San Juan, establishes the
practicability and advantages of this route. The shortest trip ever
made by the Panama route, it is said, was in 31 days.
CUBA.
The people of the United States have been kept in a state of
excitement during a portion of the last month by reports of a
revolution in the Island of Cuba. It is not yet possible to discover
very clearly, what are the facts, but it is certain, that there were
insurrectionary movements commencing about the 4th of July, in several
parts of the Island; that they were badly planned, and inefficiently
executed, and that the whole attempt, having caused the ruin of a vast
number of persons, is at an end, and has resulted in the firmer
establishment of the Spanish authority.
BRITISH AMERICA.
The Provincial Government persists in its refusal to concede the
navigation of the St. Lawrence to foreign vessels till it obtains an
equivalent from the United States. A motion against removing the
Executive Government to Quebec, until after the expiration of four
years from the time of its removal to Toronto, has been negatived the
House of Commons by a vote of 48 to 12. It is believed that the
removal will be decided on during the present season.
MEXICO.
The financial embarrassments of the government and people engross the
general attention, and though it has been believed that a scheme of
administration for augmenting the revenue would be successful, yet the
country is so unsettled, and the dissatisfaction with the government
so common, and the spirit of revolution so diffused, that only
confusion and accelerated ruin can very reasonably be predicted of the
country. Insurrectionary movements by parties having in view the
recall and dictatorship of Santa Anna, have been put down in Chiapos
and Tobasco.
SOUTH AMERICA.
In Buenos Ayres Rosas had been disturbed by the disaffection of
General Urquiza. Rosas was making active preparations to oppose
hostile attacks. The fortieth Anniversary of the Independence of
Venezuela was celebrated at Caraccas with great enthusiasm. Venezuela
remains perfectly tranquil. The insurrection in the Southern Provinces
of New-Grenada has not yet been quelled, and the troops of the
Government have suffered a defeat.
EUROPE AND ASIA.
We are compelled to abridge our notices of foreign events to a mere
statement of dates. In ENGLAND the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill finally
passed the House of Lords on the 28th of July, and receiving the royal
signature became a law. Little other business of importance was
accomplished before the prorogation of Parliament, which took place on
the 8th of August. In FRANCE the motion for a revision of the
constitution was rejected in the Assembly at Paris on Saturday, July
19. Out of 736 members, in the Assembly, 724 were present and
voted--446 in favor of the revision and 278 against it; but as a
majority of three quarters was required to carry the motion, it
failed. On the 31st of July the Assembly elected a Committee of
Permanence, consisting of twenty-five of the most dignified of its
members, to sit during the vacation, which it was decided should last
from the 10th of August to the 4th of November. From RUSSIA we have
news of an important victory of the Turkomans over the Russian troops
in the harbor of Astrabad, and the Russians have also suffered an
extraordinary and most important defeat in the Caucasus. In ITALY
every thing is calm, but the oppressions of the ecclesiastical
government are more and more intolerable and outrageous. The Pope has
returned from his residence at Castel Gandolfo to Rome. The rebellion
in the southern provinces of CHINA appears to be still unchecked.
_Recent Deaths._
The Rev. STEPHEN OLIN, D.D. president of the Wesleyan University, died
at Middletown on the 16th of August. He was a native of Vermont, and
was educated at Middlebury College. He entered the itinerant ministry
in the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1824, uniting himself with the
South Carolina conference. His next two years were spent in
Charleston. His labors proved too severe, and in 1826 he became what
is called in the Methodist Church a supernumerary, with permission to
travel for the benefit of his health. He was a local preacher for the
same reason until 1828, but in 1829 resumed his itinerant labors. In
1832 he was again compelled to relinquish the labors the itinerancy
imposed, and was appointed by the Georgia conference a professor in
Franklin College. In 1833 he was elected president of Randolph
College, Macon, Geo., which position he held until elected President
of the Wesleyan University. In 1837 he travelled in Europe and the
East, and on his return published an account of his Travels, in two
volumes, which were very popular.
* * * * *
Baron de Ledeirir, the celebrated Russian botanist, died at Munich on
the 23d of July, aged sixty-five. At the early age of nineteen he was
appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Dorpat, and in 1820
he obtained the botanical chair in the University of St. Petersburg.
In 1821 he was elected member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and
by order of the Emperor Alexander undertook to compile the _Russian
Flora_. To collect materials for this great work he spent sixteen
years in visiting different parts of the vast Empire of Russia, and
went as far as the frontiers of China and into Siberia. In 1848 the
state of his health obliged him to take up his residence at Munich.
There he labored at his _Flora_, and had the satisfaction of
completing it two months before his death.
* * * * *
Edward Quillinan, son-in-law to Wordsworth, and known in the select
rather than in the wide world of letters, as a poet, a scholar, a
contributor to more than one literary publication, and the author of
one or two separate works, died in July.
* * * * *
Harriet Lee, the celebrated writer of the "Canterbury Tales," was the
youngest sister of Sophia Lee, the author of _The Recess_, and of many
popular dramas and novels. These ladies were daughters of John Lee,
who had been bred to the law, but became an actor of much repute at
Covent Garden Theatre, and ended his life as manager of the Bath
Theatre. Sophia Lee, the elder daughter, who was born more than one
hundred years ago (her sister Harriet, the subject of this notice,
being a few years her junior), produced, in 1780, a comedy, entitled,
"The Chapter of Accidents," which was performed with considerable
success. The profits enabled the two sisters to open a school at Bath,
which they carried on for many years with high credit and prosperity.
In 1782 Sophia Lee brought out her most popular novel, _The Recess_,
which was followed by other tales, and by _Almayda, Queen of Grenada_,
a tragedy, in which Mrs. Siddons acted. Soon after, Harriet Lee
published the first five volumes of her _Canterbury Tales_. Two of the
stories, _The Young Lady's Tale_, and the _The Clergyman's Tale_, were
written by her sister Sophia; the rest by herself. One of these
Canterbury Tales, by Harriet Lee, named _Kruitzner_, became afterwards
famous for having formed the subject and the plot of Byron's gloomy
tragedy of _Werner_. Harriet Lee's other principal works were the
_Error of Innocence_, a novel; the _Mysterious Marriage_, a play;
_Clara Lennox_, a novel; and a _New Peerage_, begun in 1787. The last
days of the sisters were passed near Bristol, where Sophia died in
1824, and Harriet on the first of August, 1851.
* * * * *
Dr. Julius, the author of an able work on the Prisons and Criminal Law
in the United States, died about the end of July, in London. Dr.
Julius was editor of the Berlin _Zeitungshalle_ during the revolution
of 1848, and was greatly respected for his talents and courage. Kinkel
pronounced a touching _oraison funebre_ over his grave.
* * * * *
Rev Azariah Smith, M.D., missionary of A.B.C.F.M. to the Armenians,
died at Aintab, Syria, in the early part of June, in the 35th year of
his age.
* * * * *
General Henry A. S. Dearborn, of Roxbury, died suddenly at Portland,
Me., on the twenty-ninth of July. He was a native of New-Hampshire,
and was born March 3d, 1783, and removed with his father to the county
of Kennebec in Maine in 1784. His father having been twice elected to
Congress from the Kennebec district, prior to 1801, and on the
accession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency, appointed Secretary of
War, his son Henry was taken to Washington, and educated at the
College of William and Mary in Virginia. In 1806 he established
himself in the profession of law, in which he continued but few years,
the excitements of public life having more attractions for him than
the quiet pursuit of that profession. He took a prominent part in the
politics, of the country, filled many important public stations, among
which was the collectorship of Boston, in which he succeeded his
father in 1812, and remained many years. He also distinguished himself
in literature, and by efforts for the promotion of public
improvements. He was a member of the Convention of Massachusetts for
revising the constitution of that state, in 1821, a member of the
Governor's Council in 1831, member of Congress in 1832,
Adjutant-General of Massachusetts in 1835, and at the time of his
death Mayor of Roxbury. He was a man of fine manners, cultivated mind,
and liberal views. While he held the office of Collector of Boston, he
improved the favorable opportunity to collect statistics relative to
the commerce of the country, and particularly that to countries
connected with the Mediterranean, which he embodied in a valuable
work, entitled _The Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea_, in
three volumes octavo. In 1839 he published a series of letters _To the
Secretary of the State of Massachusetts, on the Internal Improvements
and the Commerce of the West_, containing extremely valuable
information on those subjects. He recently published a life of the
_Apostle Elliot_, to aid in the construction of a monument in Roxbury
to the memory of that celebrated missionary, and among his other
published writings is a _Life of Commodore Bainbridge_. He left in MS.
a work on Architecture, another on Flowers, and an extended Memoir of
his Father, embodying all his journal in his expedition through Maine
to Canada, his imprisonment in Quebec, and a vast deal of other
Revolutionary matter. He was constantly throwing off essays in various
periodicals, to promote the interests of society. Among other claims
upon public gratitude, was his untiring zeal in the cause of
horticultural and agricultural improvements. Few did more than he to
elevate this important branch of industry. As a politician he was most
prominent for his connection with the Native American party, by which
he was nominated for the Vice Presidency of the United States.
* * * * *
In another part of this magazine we have given a sketch of the late
Dr. MOIR, from the pen of Mr. Gilfillan. The deceased physician and
litterateur died at Dumfries, on the 6th of July, in the fifty-third
year of his age, having left his home in Musselburg, near Edinburgh,
to visit in Dumfries his friend, Mr. Aird. Of the poems of "Delta,"
Professor Wilson says: "Delicacy and grace characterize his happiest
composition; some of them are beautiful, in a cheerful spirit that has
only to look on nature to be happy, and others breathe to simplest and
purest pathos." Similar praise was given him by Lord Jeffrey. We do
not think so highly of his abilities. In verse, Dr. Moir had the fatal
gift of facility, and he cultivated it at the ordinary penalty. His
poetry is not made to survive him. He was a man, however, of varied
accomplishments; and is the author, besides his considerable body of
verse, of a prose narrative, _Mansie Wauch, Tailor of Dalkieth_, a
very excellent book of _Outlines of the Ancient History of Medicine_,
being a View of the Progress of the _Healing Art among the Egyptians,
Greeks, Romans, and Arabians_, and of _Sketches of the Poetical
Literature of the past Half Century, in Six Lectures_, a work which
has the sketchy character and incompleteness common to its class. The
_Legend of Genevieve, with other Tales and Poems_, and _Domestic
Verses_, are the two poetical volumes of his which have been published
in a collected form.
* * * * *
General Sir Roger H. Sheaffe, Bart., died on the 17th July, at
Edinburgh, at the advanced age of 88 years. He entered the army in
1778. In 1798 he became a lieut. colonel, and the next year served in
Holland. He served in the expedition to the Baltic in 1801 under Sir
Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson. He also served in North America, and, in
1812, the Americans having invaded Upper Canada, at Queenston, when
General Brock, commanding in the province, fell in an effort to oppose
the enemy, they posted themselves on a woody height above Queenston.
Major-General Sheaffe, upon whom the command devolved, assembled some
regular troops and militia, with a few Indians, and on the same day
attacked and completely defeated the Americans, their general
delivering his sword to Major-General Sheaffe, and surrendering the
surviving troops on the field of battle, their number far exceeding
the assailants. For these brilliant services Sir Roger Sheaffe was
created a baronet of the United Kingdom.
* * * * *
Louis Jacques Maude Daguerre, whose name is for ever associated with
the photographic process, of which he was the discoverer, died on the
tenth of July, in Paris, in the sixty-second year of his age. He was a
man of extreme modesty and great personal worth, and was devoted to
art. He was favorably known to the world before the announcement of
his discovery of the Daguerreotype. His attempts to improve panoramic
painting, and the production of dioramic effects, were crowned with
the most eminent success. Among his pictures, which attracted much
attention at the time of their exhibition were, The Midnight Mass,
Land-slip in the Valley of Goldau, The Temple of Solomon, and The
Cathedral of Sainte Marie de Montreal. In these the alternate effects
of night and day, and storm and sunshine, were beautifully produced.
To these effects of light were added others, from the decomposition of
form, by means of which, for example, in The Midnight Mass, figures
appeared where the spectators had just beheld seats, altars, &c., and
again, as in The Valley of Goldau, in which rocks tumbling from the
mountains replaced the prospect of a smiling valley. The methods
adopted in these pictures were published at the same time with the
process of the Daguerreotype, by order of the French Government, who
awarded an annual pension of ten thousand francs to Daguerre and M.
Niepce, jr., whose father had contributed towards the discovery of the
Daguerreotype. Daguerre was led to experiments on chemical changes by
solar radiations, with the hope of being able to apply the phenomena
to the production of effects in his dioramic paintings. As the
question of the part taken by him in the process to which he has given
his name, has been discussed sometimes to his disadvantage, it appears
important that his position should be correctly determined. In 1802,
Wedgwood, of Etruria, the celebrated potter, made the first recorded
experiments in photography; and these, with some additional ones by
Sir Humphrey Davy, were published in the journals of the royal
institution. In 1814, Mr. Joseph Nicephore Niepce was engaged in
experiments to determine the possibility of fixing the images obtained
in the camera obscura; but there does not appear any evidence of
publication of any kind previously to 1827, when Niepce was in
England. He there wrote several letters to Mr. Bauer, the microscopic
observer, which are preserved and printed in Hunt's _Researches on
Light_. He also sent specimens of results obtained to the Royal
Society, and furnished some to the cabinets of the curious, a few of
which are yet in existence. These were pictures on metallic plates
covered with a fine film of resin. In 1824 Daguerre commenced his
researches, starting at that point at which Wedgwood left the process.
He soon abandoned the employment of the nitrate and chloride of
silver, and proceeded with his inquiry, using plates of metal and
glass to receive his sensitive coatings. In 1829 M. Vincent Chevalier
brought Niepce and Daguerre together, when they entered into
partnership to prosecute the subject in common. For a long time they
appear to have used the resinous surfaces only, when the contrast
between the resin and the metal plates not being sufficiently great to
give a good picture, endeavors were made to blacken that part of the
plate from which the resin was removed in the process of _heliography_
(sun-drawing), as it was most happily called. Amongst other materials,
iodine was employed; and Daguerre certainly was the first to notice
the property possessed by the iodine coating of changing under the
influence of the sun's rays. The following letter from Niepce to
Daguerre is on this subject:
"81, LOUP DE VARENNES, June 23, 1831.
"_Sir, and dear Partner_: I had long expected to hear from you with
too much impatience not to receive and read with the greatest pleasure
your letters of the tenth and twenty-first of last May. I shall
confine myself in this reply to yours of the twenty-first, because,
having been engaged ever since it reached me in your experiments on
iodine, I hasten to communicate to you the results which I have
obtained. I had given my attention to similar researches previous to
our connection, but without hope of success, from the impossibility,
or nearly so, in my opinion, of fixing in any durable manner the
images received on iodine, even supposing the difficulty surmounted of
replacing the lights and shadows in their natural order. My results in
this respect have been entirely similar to those which the oxide of
silver gave me; and promptitude of operation was the sole advantage
which these substances appeared to offer. Nevertheless, last year,
after you left this, I subjected iodine to new trials, but by a
different mode of application. I informed you of the results, and your
answer, not at all encouraging, decided me to carry these experiments
no farther. It appears that you have since viewed the question under a
less desperate aspect, and I do not hesitate to reply to the appeal
which you have made.
"J. N. NIEPCE."
From this and other letters it is evident that Niepce had used iodine,
and abandoned it on account of the difficulty of reversing the lights
and shadows. Daguerre employed it also, and, as it appears, with far
more promise of success than any obtained by M. Niepce. On the fifth
of July, 1833, Niepce died; in 1837 Daguerre and Isodore Niepce, the
son and heir of Nicephore Niepce, entered into a definite agreement;
and in a letter written on the first November, 1837, to Daguerre,
Isodore Niepce says, "What a difference, also, between the method
which you employ and the one by which I toil on! While I require
almost a whole day to make one design, you ask only four minutes! What
an enormous advantage! It is so great, indeed, that no person, knowing
both methods, would employ the old one." From this time it is
established, that although both Niepce and Daguerre used iodine, the
latter alone employed it with any degree of success, and the discovery
of the use of mercurial vapor to produce the positive image clearly
belongs to Daguerre. In January, 1839, the Daguerreotype pictures were
first shown to the scientific and artistic public of Paris. The
sensation they created was great, and the highest hopes of its utility
were entertained. On the 15th June, M. Duchatel, Minister of the
Interior, presented a bill to the Chamber of Deputies relative to the
purchase of the process of M. Daguerre for fixing the images of the
camera. A commission appointed by the Chamber, consisting of Arago,
Etienne, Carl, Vatout, de Beaumont, Toursorer, Delessert (Francois),
Combarel de Leyval, and Vitet, made their report on the third of July,
and a special commission was appointed by the Chamber of Peers,
composed of the following peers: Barons Athalin, Besson, Gay Lussac,
the Marquis de Laplace, Vicomte Simeon, Baron Thenard, and the Comte
de Noe, who reported favorably on the thirtieth July, 1839, and
recommended unanimously that the "bill be adopted simply and without
alteration." On the nineteenth of August the secret was for the first
time publicly announced in the Institute by M. Arago, the English
patent having been completed a few days before, in open defiance and
contradiction of the statement of M. Duchatel to the Chamber of
Deputies, who used these words, "Unfortunately for the authors of this
beautiful discovery, it is impossible for them to bring their labor
into the market, and thus indemnify themselves for the sacrifices
incurred by so many attempts so long fruitless. This invention does
not admit of being secured by patent." In conclusion, the Minister of
the Interior said, "You will concur in a sentiment which has already
awakened universal sympathy; you will never suffer us to leave to
foreign nations the glory of endowing the world of science and of art
with one of the most wonderful discoveries that honor our native
land." Daguerre never did much towards the improvement of his process.
The high degree of sensibility which has been attained has been due
to the experiments of others.
[Illustration: M. DAGUERRE.]
Daguerre is said to have been always averse to sitting for his own
picture, and there are but few photographs of him in existence. The
one from which our engraving is copied was taken by Mr. Meade, of this
city, and first appeared in the _Daguerrean Journal_, a monthly
periodical conducted with marked ability by S. D. Humphrey and L. L.
Hill, who are distinguished for their improvements upon Daguerre's
process. We can refer to no more striking illustration of the advance
of the beautiful art which the deceased discovered, than the existence
of such a work, with more than two thousand subscribers among those
who are occupied in the production of Daguerreotypes in this country.
* * * * *
The Rev. John Lingard, D. D., one of the most deservedly eminent
scholars and writers of the Roman Catholic church in England, and one
of the most distinguished historians of the time, died at Hornby, in
Lancashire, on the 17th of July, at the advanced age of 81 years, and
his remains were buried at Ushaw College, Durham, with which he was
once officially connected. The deceased priest has left a reputation
that will probably survive that of any of the persons of his sect who
have been brought into notice by the recent agitations in England. His
career as a controversial writer commenced while he was a young man,
and was continued through a large portion of his laborious life. He
was an unknown priest at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when, in 1804, he issued
from the local press in that town his _History of the Anglo-Saxon
Church_, a work which constituted the first and most efficient effort
to attract popular attention to those ecclesiastical institutions of
the Saxons, which are now familiar objects of study and speculation.
In 1805 he published Catholic Loyalty Vindicated. The next year, the
bishop of Durham, in a charge to his clergy, having attacked the Roman
Catholics, Mr. Lingard answered him, in Remarks on a Charge. This
brought on a sharp controversy, in which several persons of ability
took part, and Mr. Lingard published a General Vindication of the
Remarks, with Replies to the Reverend T. Le Mesurier, G. S. Faber, and
others (1808). These two pamphlets were followed, on the same subject,
by Documents to ascertain the Sentiments of British Catholics in
former Ages (1812); a Review of certain Anti-Catholic Publications
(1813); and Strictures on Doctor Marsh's Comparative View of the
Churches of England and Rome (1815). In the last of these
publications, Mr. Lingard asserted that the church of England was
modern, compared with that of Rome; an assertion which so much
irritated the late Doctor Kipling, that he was absurd enough to
threaten the author with a process in Westminster-hall, if he did not
prove the truth of what he had stated. In 1809 Mr. Lingard published
the Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church in an enlarged edition.
Doctor Lingard is principally known in foreign countries as the author
of a History of England till the Revolution of 1688, of which ten
editions have appeared and which has been translated into several
languages. Although the object of this work is the vindication of the
Roman Catholic church and clergy in England from the alleged
misrepresentations of Protestant writers, yet it is allowed to be
written in a candid and dispassionate tone. As a historian, the author
is acute and perspicuous, judicious in the selection and arrangement
of his materials, and clear and interesting in his narrative. He wrote
from original sources, which he examined with care and diligence, and
on many points gave new and more correct views of manners, events and
characters. In 1826, he published a Vindication, &c., in reply to two
articles in the Edinburgh Review (Nos. 83 and 87, written by Dr.
Allen), charging him with inaccuracy and misrepresentation. A more
favorable notice of the History appeared in No. 105 of the same
Review.
The editions of his History, an English version of the Gospels, and
other learned publications, in pamphlet form, consumed the time
unoccupied by religious duty, or by converse with the neighbors and
friends, who continually courted his society.
For the last forty years Dr. Lingard held the small and retired
preferment belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in the village of
Hornby, and there the historian resided, near to Hornby Castle, the
seat of his attached and constant friend, Mr. Pudsey Dawson. After a
lingering illness, he closed in this retirement his mortal career.
Dr. Lingard's residence was a small unpretending building, with three
windows, connected with a little chapel built by himself, where, till
last autumn, he regularly officiated. A door of communication opened
into it from his house, the lower window of which lighted the room
where he usually sat, and where he wrote the History of England. His
garden consisted of a long strip, taken off a small grass field of
about half an acre in extent. Here he passed much of his time, in the
indulgence of his taste for rural occupations.
The private virtues of Dr. Lingard were as remarkable as his public
talents. His whole habits of life were charmingly simple; his nature
was kind, his disposition most affectionate. Always they were
agreeable and profitable hours passed in his society, his mind was so
richly stored, his knowledge so varied, his fund of anecdote so
inexhaustible: a pleasantry and good humor pervaded his conversation
at all times. He never sought controversy in visits among his friends.
When questioned on the matters of his own faith, he would speak
freely; those warmly attached to the Established Church or other
creeds, widely differing from him in religious principles, never felt
restraint in his society, or anticipated any sharpness or acrimony. In
personal appearance he was rather above the middle height, and of
slender frame; and though he had reached to full four-score years, his
dark brown hair was but slightly tinged with gray: his small dark
twinkling eye was singularly expressive, and his countenance bright
and animated. The annexed portrait is from the miniature taken in
1849, by Mr. Scaife, and engraved for the last edition of the History
of England.
It has been reported, though on doubtful authority, that very high
positions in the Roman Catholic Church were more than once offered to
Dr. Lingard. There is, it is believed, little or no truth in this; but
those who knew his simple habits, and his love of retirement, would
not be surprised at his preferring, even to the purple, his peaceful
residence in the loveliest locality of the loveliest of England's
northern valleys.
[Illustration: REV. JOHN LINGARD, D. D.]
* * * * *
[Illustration: MARSHAL SEBASTIANI.]
Horace Francois della Porta Sebastiana, Marshal of France, and for
some time Minister of Foreign Affairs under Louis Phillippe, died in
Paris on the 14th of July. He was born in Corsica, in 1775, and having
entered the French service in 1792, rose rapidly through the different
ranks to that of colonel. Colonel Sebastiani took an active part in
the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, and, in 1802, the First Consul
sent him on a mission to the Levant. After having brought about a
reconciliation of the differences between the court of Sweden and the
regency of Tripoli, and compelled the Pacha to acknowledge the Italian
republic and salute its flag, he repaired to Alexandria, and had an
interview with General Stewart, in order to insist on the terms of the
treaty of Amiens for the evacuation of Alexandria. To this demand the
English general replied that he had not received any orders from his
court. M. Sebastiani went therefore to Cairo, and in conferences with
the pacha offered to open a communication with the beys; but the offer
was not accepted, the orders of the Porte being to make it a war of
extermination. He afterwards went to St. Jean d'Acre, with the object
of settling with the pacha a treaty of commerce, and found him
pacifically inclined. In November he set out on his return to France,
having accomplished all the objects of his mission. He was, after his
arrival, employed on various services, and, among the rest in a
diplomatic mission to Germany. He distinguished himself in the
campaign of 1804, was wounded at the battle of Austerlitz, and
obtained the rank of general of division. Napoleon entertained a high
opinion of his diplomatic talents, and named him, in 1806, ambassador
to the Ottoman Porte--a mission which he filled for some years, with
much ability. He established at Constantinople a printing-office for
the Turkish and Arabic languages, and by this means contributed not a
little to the French influence in that country. The English having
forced the passage of the Dardanelles, and menaced Constantinople,
Sebastiani immediately organized a plan of defence, marked out the
batteries, and prepared for the most vigorous resistance; but the
inhabitants broke out into insurrection, and he was obliged to depart
for France. He was subsequently sent to Spain, where he distinguished
himself on numerous occasions; and he served in the Russian-German war
under Murat. July 15, 1812, he was surprised by the Russians at
Drissa, but he recovered his character by his exertions at the battle
of Borodino. On the invasion of France, he had a command in Champagne,
and defended Chalons. April 10, M. Sebastiani sent to M. Talleyrand
his adhesion to the provisional government, and, June 1, received from
the king the cross of St. Louis. On the return of Napoleon, in 1815,
he was elected deputy of the lower chamber, and after the second
abdication of Napoleon was one of the commissioners to treat for peace
with the allies. In 1819 he was elected a member of the Chamber of
Deputies, by the island of Corsica. His lucid and manly eloquence was
employed to throw light over all the great questions of finance, war,
foreign politics, and domestic administration, and he evinced at once
the talents of an orator and the knowledge of a statesman. After the
revolution of 1830, General Sebastiani received the port-folio of the
marine in the Guizot ministry, and in November that of foreign affairs
under Laffitte, which he retained under Perier. He received the baton
of Marshal from Louis Phillippe, and had retired from active political
life, when, in 1847, the assassination of his daughter, the Duchess de
Praslin, by her husband, affected him so much that he never recovered
from the blow.
Ladies' Midsummer Fashions.
[Illustration]
There are few changes to notice in the modes de Paris. Every thing at
this season is, of course, made in an airy style, and of very light
materiel. We copy two of the most graceful costumes in the recent
books of patterns.
I. _Morning Dress_ of white muslin, with flounces, ornamented with
needlework. Many dresses intended for neglige morning costume in the
country consists of a skirt of checkered or striped silk, printed
muslin, or some other light material. For morning neglige a variety of
very pretty caps have appeared; they are of worked muslin, and are
trimmed with ribbon and fine Valenciennes.
II. _Visiting Dress_ of glace or rich silk, with three flounces,
embroidered. Mantelet of a splendid black lace, lined with pink silk,
and richly trimmed with a deep fall of black lace, which also
encircles the open sleeve. Bonnets of white _paille de riz_, decorated
in the interior with red and white flounces.
_Coiffures_ are extremely simple in form. A wreath of ivy leaves
intermixed with small clusters of jewelry, and attached at the back
with a long lappet of gold lace, fastened by noeuds of pearls and
emeralds, has a fine effect. Head-dresses of blonde are extremely
becoming, forming three points. These are fashionable for concerts,
&c. They are placed backward on the head, the points at the side being
attached with a profusion of flowers, the centre one falling over the
back comb. Another style is of a lappet of white blonde, and another
of plain pink tulle; the lappet of blonde being fastened just over the
shoulder, and a little backward, with a bunch of grapes--the pink one,
which is very wide, covering the bosom like a veil, and drooping as
low as the waist.
Fashionable colors are of all light mixtures, such as gray, lilac,
fawn, mauve, green, and peach color--white, pink, and blue
predominating for evening toilette.
* * * * *
[Illustration: JAMES FENIMORE COOPER.
From a Daguerreotype by Brady, taken for the International. 1851]
[Illustration: OTSEGO HALL.
Residence of MR. COOPER. Cooperstown. From a drawing by MISS COOPER.]