Transcriber Note
Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by =equal signs=.
VOLUME SIX NUMBER FOUR
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JOURNAL
OF
ENTOMOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
DECEMBER, 1914
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT _of_ ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
======================================================================
CONTENTS
Pseudoscorpions in the Claremont-Laguna Region--_Margaret M. Moles_ 187
Some Points in the Nervous System of a Large Deep Water Crab--_Wm.
A. Hilton_ 198
A New Pseudoscorpion From California--_Nathan Banks_ 203
A Nebalia From Laguna Beach--_R. La Follette_ 204
Starfish of Laguna Beach 209
Barnacles of Laguna Beach 212
Notes on the Eggs of Some Laguna Beach Invertebrates--_P.A. Lichti_ 215
Preliminary Notes on Some Marine Worms Taken at Laguna Beach--_W. F.
Hamilton_ 217
Studies in the Comparative Size of the Red Blood Corpuscles of
Birds--_Chi Tsau Wang_ 221
Caprellidæ From Laguna Beach--_R. La Follette_ 222
Short Notes 233
Additional Notes on the Birds of Laguna Beach--_Leon L. Gardner_ 235
A New Dipterous Gall on Stanleya--_T. D. A. Cockerell_ 240
Hydroids of Laguna Beach--_Prof. A. M. Bean_ 242
Summer School at Laguna Beach 245
Entered at Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class
matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
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Address all communications to
The Journal of Entomology and Zoology
William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.
JOURNAL OF
ENTOMOLOGY AND
ZOOLOGY
VOLUME VI, 1914
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY OF POMONA COLLEGE
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
Contents of Volume VI
Volume VI, Number 1
=Kuwana, S. I.=
Coccidæ of Japan, 1.
=Alexander, C. P., and Lloyd, J. T.=
The Biology of the North American Crane-Flies (Tipulidæ Diptera), 12.
=Hilton, William A.=
The Central Ganglia of Xenylla, 38.
=Moles, Margaret Lyons=
A New Species of Pseudoscorpion from Laguna Beach, Cal., 42.
=Bacon, Gertrude=
Neanura Gigantea Tull in Southern California, 45.
Shorter articles, 48.
Wants and Exchanges, 52.
Volume VI, Number 2
=Banks, Nathan=
New Acarina, 55.
=Funkhouser, W. D.=
Some Philippine Membracidæ, 67.
=Essig, E. O.=
The Second Protodiaspis, 76.
=Moles, Margaret Lyons=
A Pseudoscorpion from Poplar Trees, 81.
=Bacon, Gertrude A.=
A New Species of Tullbergia, 84.
=Gardner, Ray Earl=
Some Notes on the Distribution of Cinura in the Vicinity of
Claremont, with Description of a New Species, 86.
=Felt, E. P.=
Aplonyx Sarcobati N. Sp., 93.
=Hilton, William A.=
The Nervous System of Neanura Gigantea Tull, 95.
Shorter Articles, 98.
Wants and Exchanges, 102.
Volume VI, Number 3
=Alexander, Charles Paul=
Biology of the North American Crane-Flies (Tipulidæ Diptera), 105.
=Ewing, H. E.=
The Geographical Distribution of Our Common Red Spider, Tetranychus
Telarius Linn., 121.
=King, Geo. B.=
The Eleventh Kermes (Coccidæ) from California, 133.
=Hilton, William A.=
The Central Nervous System of the Pycnogonid Lecythorhynchus, 134.
=Bacon, Gertrude Auld=
The Distribution of Collembola in the Claremont-Laguna Region of
California, 137.
Wants and Exchanges, 185.
Volume VI, Number 4
=Moles, Margaret M.=
Pseudoscorpions in the Claremont-Laguna Region, 187.
=Hilton, Wm. A.=
Some Points in the Nervous System of a Large Deep Water Crab, 198.
=Banks, Nathan=
A New Pseudoscorpion from California, 203.
=La Follette, R.=
A Nebalia from Laguna Beach, 204.
Starfish of Laguna Beach, 209.
=Hughes, Miss S. P.=
Barnacles of Laguna Beach, 212.
=Lichti, P. A.=
Notes on the Eggs of Some Laguna Beach Invertebrates, 215.
=Hamilton, W. F.=
Preliminary Notes on Some Marine Worms Taken at Laguna Beach, 217.
=Wang, Chi Tsau=
Studies in the Comparative Size of the Red Blood Corpuscles of Birds,
221.
=La Follette, R.=
Caprellidæ from Laguna Beach, 222.
Short Notes, 233.
=Gardner, Leon L.=
Additional Notes on the Birds of Laguna Beach, 235.
=Cockerell, T. D. A.=
A New Dipterous Gall on Stanleya, 240.
=Bean, Prof. A. M.=
Hydroids of Laguna Beach, 242.
Summer School at Laguna Beach, 245.
Index to Volume VI
Acarina, 55.
Achorutes, 165.
californica, 165.
citri, 166.
Actitis macularius, 237.
Ægialitis novisa, 237.
semipalmata, 237.
Aglaophenia inconspictus, 243.
Aglaophenia struthionides, 243.
Alexander, C. P., 12, 105.
Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus, 238.
Anisomera longicornis, 21.
Antenella avalonia, 243.
Aplonyx sarcobati, 93.
Aphoruridæ, 168.
Aphorura, 170.
lutea, 170.
montis, 171.
Arrhenica spinosa, 27.
Asterina miniata, 211.
Astroglinus tristis salicamans, 238.
Asteropecten erinoceus, 211.
Atemnus hirsutus, 203, 195.
Bacon, G. A., 45, 84, 137.
Balanus nubilus, 213.
tintinnabulum californicus, 212.
Banks, Nathan, 55.
Barnacles, 212.
Bdellidæ, 55.
Bdella utilis, 55.
Bean, A. M., 242.
Birds, Laguna Beach, 235.
Buteo borealis colurus, 237.
Caligonus terminalis, 57.
Canestrinidæ, 61.
Canestrinia blattophaga, 61.
Campanulariidæ, 244.
Campodea montis, 86.
kelloggi, 91.
folsomi, 91.
Caprellidæ, 222.
æquilibra, 224.
geometrica, 222.
septentrionalis, 223.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, 237.
Centrochares horrificus, 69.
Centrotoscelus, 72.
typus, 73.
Ceryle alcyon, 238.
Chelanops acuminatus, 193.
lagunæ, 42, 193.
paludis, 81, 193.
pallipes, 193.
serratus, 193.
Chelifer cancroides, 187.
fuscipes, 188.
scabrisulus, 192.
Cheyletidæ, 56.
Cheyletus cocciphilus, 56.
Chloræmidæ, 219.
Cinura, 86.
Cirratulidæ, 219.
Cirratulus robustus, 219.
spirobranchus, 219.
Clymenella rubrocincta, 219.
Coccidæ of Japan, 1, 48, 133.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 240.
Collembola, 137.
Corpuscles, birds, 221.
Corvus corax sinuatus, 238.
Crane flies, 12, 105.
Cryptaspidia pubera, 69.
tagalica, 69.
Cunaxa aramata, 55.
Cyphodeirus, 162.
albinus, 162.
Diptera, 12, 105.
Disparipes apicola, 61.
Drepanura, 154.
californica, 155.
Eggs, invertebrates, 215.
Entomobrya, 155.
binoculata, 157.
chitellaria, 158.
laguna, 160.
multifasciata, 158.
sexoculata, 156.
Entomobryidæ.
Entrychocampa wilsoni, 92.
Eriocera, 12.
fultonensis, 30.
longicornis, 21.
macquart, 12.
spinosa, 27.
Eriococcus festucæ, 2.
Essig, E. O., 76.
Eunicidæ, 218.
Euphrosyne aurantiaca, 218.
Euphrosynidæ, 218.
Eusmatura pamoicensis, 236.
Evalljapyx propinquus, 92.
Ewing, H. E., 121.
Felt, E. P., 93.
Fish, Laguna Beach, 233.
Funkhouser, W. D., 67.
Gardner, L. L., 235.
Gardner, R. E., 86.
Gargara, 69.
luteipennis, 71.
nigro-fasciata, 70.
nitidipennis, 71.
pulchripennis, 70.
tuberculata, 70.
varicolor, 69.
Gavia, 235.
immer, 235.
pacifica, 236.
Glyceridæ, 219.
Haliætus leucocephalus leucocephalus, 237.
Halosydna, 217.
californica, 217.
insignis, 217.
Hamilton, W. F., 217.
Harmothoe hirsuta, 218.
Hemipodia borealis, 219.
Hermellidæ, 219.
Heteractitis incanus, 237.
Hilton, W. A., 38, 95, 134, 198.
Himantopus mexicanus, 236.
Hirundo erythrogastra, 238.
Hughes, S. P., 212.
Hydroids, 242.
Ideobisium threveneti, 196.
Ideoroncus obscurus, 196.
Isotoma, 145.
aquæ, 147.
aspera, 149.
besselsii, 148.
bidenticula, 147.
catena, 152.
minima, 149.
palustris, 153.
viridis, 150.
Japan, Coccidæ of, 1.
Japygidæ, 92.
Kermes branigani, 100.
mirabilis, 133.
sasseri, 48.
King, Geo. B., 48, 100, 133.
Kuwana, S. I., 1.
La Follette, R., 204, 222.
Laguna Beach, 245.
Larus heermanni, 236.
Lecanium pseudomagnoliarum, 7.
Lecanium magnoliarum, 7.
Lecythorhynchus, 134.
Lepas anatifera, 214.
fasciculatus, 214.
Lepidasthenia gigas, 217.
Lepismidæ, 92.
Leptrocentrus reponens, 69.
Lichti, P. A., 215.
Linckia columbiæ, 209.
Liogma nodicornis, 105.
Lloyd, J. T., 12.
Lumbriconereidæ, 218.
Lumbriconereis erecta, 218.
McFadden, E. T., 50.
Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, 236.
Macrocheles sublaevis, 59.
Map--Claremont-Laguna, 144.
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi, 238.
Membracidæ, 57.
Mergus serrator, 236.
Mitella polymerus, 213.
Mola mola, 233.
Moldanidæ, 219.
Moles, M. L., 42, 81, 187.
Mycochanes richardsoni richardsoni, 238.
Neanura, 168.
gigantea, 45, 95.
Nebalia, 204.
Nematoda, 220.
Nemertinea, 220.
Nereidæ, 218.
Nereis agassizi, 218.
virens, 218.
Nervous system, 38, 95, 134, 198.
Obisium macilentum, 195.
Ordemia deglandi, 236.
perspicillata, 236.
Ophiomegistus, 58.
luzonensis, 58.
Orthasterias gonolena, 209.
Otus asio bendirei, 237.
Pandion haliætus carolinensis, 237.
Pennariidæ, 242.
Parasitidæ, 58.
Parasitus inaegualis, 59.
Perrisia stanleyæ, 241.
Phenacoccus azaleæ, 1.
Phyllodocidæ, 218.
Pisaster capitatus, 209.
Pisaster ochraceus, 209.
Pionosyllis elongatus, 217.
Plumulariidæ, 243.
Plumularia lagenifera, 243.
setacea, 243.
Poduridæ, 164.
Polyaspis lamellipes, 58.
Polychaeta, 217.
Polynoidæ, 217.
Popirius, 144.
Porichthys notatus, 233.
Protodiaspis, 76.
agrifolia, 76.
Pseudoscorpion, 42, 81, 187.
Pseudosira, 164.
domestica, 164.
Pulvinaria, 3.
citricola, 3.
idesiæ, 6.
okilsuensis, 5.
photiniac, 4.
Pycnogonida, 134.
Pyrgonota bifoliata, 67.
Rivers, J. J., 98.
Rhyncholophidæ, 56.
Rhyncholophus moestus, 56.
Sabellidæ, 219.
Sabellaria californica, 220.
Schmardanella californica, 219.
Sea urchins, 234.
Serpulidæ, 219.
Sertularia fuscata, 243.
tricuspidata, 243.
Sertulariidæ, 243.
Sinella, 145.
curviseta, 145.
Sipylus nodipennis, 72.
Smynthuridæ, 143.
Smynthurus, 144.
Spider, 121.
Starfish, 209.
Syllidæ, 217.
Tarsonemidæ, 60.
Tarsonemus approximatus, 60.
assimilis, 60.
Terrebellidæ, 219.
Tetranychidæ, 57.
Tetranychus simplex, 57.
telarius, 121.
Tipulidæ, 12, 105.
Tomocerus, 161.
bidentatus, 162.
vulgaris, 161.
Tricentrus, 67.
convergens, 68.
fairmairei, 67.
pilinervosus, 68.
Tubularia, 242.
Tullbergia, 84, 171.
collis, 172.
Turbellaria, 220.
Wang, Chi Tsau, 221.
Worms, 217.
Xenylla, 38, 166.
collis, 167.
paludis, 168.
Xylococcus napiformis, 1.
Pseudoscorpions in the Claremont-Laguna Region
MARGARET M. MOLES
Many individuals may be found in a certain vicinity. In the valleys
where oak and sycamore trees grow abundantly there can be found as many
as seventy-five on the lower trunk of one tree. They are all of one or
two species. In all the student collections that have been carried on
here in college for the last ten years there have never been more than
four or five species collected. It was only through special collection
that the other species were found. Very few were found under stones,
where they are so often spoken of as living, and few were found among
fallen leaves. Some were collected in rotten poplar and pine logs. In
the marshy ground at Chino they were found under leaves and stones and
were very abundant on the poplar trees.
The distribution of the pseudoscorpions extends from an altitude of
5000 down to within ten feet of the ocean.
Concerning their habits of living little can be found. Many small
spiders were found in their claws, also the small mites that live
underneath the bark of trees. Several experiments were tried with some
that were brought into the laboratory. The results were:
1. The pseudoscorpions would not go into Eucalyptus bark.
2. They could not live in a glass dish if water was not placed in it
somewhere. If water was left out, they would dry up within twenty-four
hours.
3. They avoided the sunlight and would go under cover.
4. They would remain in one spot without moving for a day at a time.
_Chelifer cancroides_ Linn
_Description_: Length--including mandibles, 3 mm.; pedipalps, 4 mm.;
claw, 1.5 mm. Color--Pedipalps, dark reddish brown; cephalothorax, dark
reddish brown; abdomen, lighter than the palps and cephalothorax; legs,
light yellow brown.
_Cephalothorax_: Evenly rounded in front; one distinct median suture,
two distinct eye spots.
_Abdomen_: Twice as long as it is broad and divided into eleven
distinct sutures. All of the scuta about the same size except the last
one, which is a great deal shorter and broader than the rest. Each
scutum is provided with two strong, spiny hairs on the outer edge.
The whole body is heavily granulated, the cephalothorax having
knob-like protuberances all along the edges.
_Pedipalps_: Larger than the whole animal. Coxa, smooth; trochanter
with large protuberance ending in a heavy spine on the outer edge.
Femur longer than cephalothorax, pedicellate. Tibia, concave on inner
edge, pedicellate, shorter than femur. Trochanter, femur and tibia
strongly granulated and sparsely covered with almost clavate hairs.
Claw of good size, finger a little shorter than the hand. Hand evenly
convex on outer and inner edges. Finger slightly curved, smooth, with
many long simple tactile hairs.
_Mandibles_: Small, fixed finger provided with many small teeth.
Serrula attached throughout length of moveable finger. Spinnerets long
and transparent. Mandibles are provided with five or more heavy long
hairs.
_Flagellum_: Divided into four separate parts.
_Legs_: First two with trochantins, claws simple, legs covered with
almost clavate hairs.
_Habitat_: Barns or buildings of this community; also found in some
of the common trees, such as the oak and sycamore. This was collected
in Whittier, Claremont, Lytle Creek and San Antonio canyons, and the
smaller canyons near Claremont.
_Chelifer fuscipes_ Banks. Figs. 1 and 2
_Description_: Length of animal, including mandibles, 4 mm.; pedipalps,
5.5 mm.; claw, 2 mm. Color--Pedipalps, reddish brown; cephalothorax,
reddish brown; abdomen and legs, light brown.
[Illustration: Figure 1. _Chelifer fuscipes_ Banks. From below and
above. ×25.]
[Illustration: Figure 2. _Chelifer fuscipes_, third leg and mandible
much enlarged.]
_Cephalothorax_: As long as it is broad. Upper edge almost truncate,
yet rounded; sides evenly convex, lower edge almost straight.
Cephalothorax finely granulate and heavy, simple spine-like hairs
placed in a definite order. One distinct median suture. Two eye spots.
_Abdomen_: Half as broad as it is long and divided into twelve scuta.
The outer edges of each scutum are prolonged into curved hooked spines.
The first scutum is the shortest and broadest, and has the heavier
spine or hook, while the last two segments often lack the hook. The
abdomen is finely granulate and at the lower edge of each scutum there
are eight heavy, short, simple hairs.
_Pedipalps_: Longer than body, coxa smooth, trochanter with large
protuberance ending in a strong spine on outer side; femur longer than
cephalothorax, slightly concave on inner edge, convex on outer edge.
Tibia pedicellate, shorter than femur. The trochanter, femur and tibia
are all granulate and sparsely covered with short, simple hairs. Claw
large, hand broad, smoothly convex on both sides; finger as long as the
hand and slightly curved. It is also provided with long, tactile hairs.
[Illustration: Figure 3. Pedipalp of _Chelanops serratus_ n. sp. ×50.]
_Mandibles_: Small for size of animal; fixed finger provided with small
teeth. Serrula attached throughout the length of moveable finger.
Flagellum divided into small parts. Spinnerets small and transparent.
_Legs_: First three legs with trochantins, claws simple, legs covered
with simple hairs.
_Habitat_: Sycamore canyons, Laguna Beach, Whittier Hills, Cucamonga
canyon, Arrowhead canyon, Lytle Creek canyon, Evey's canyon, San
Antonio canyon, and from oak and sycamore trees around the college
campus.
_Chelifer scabrisulis_ Simon
I will not describe the details of this species, because it is so much
like the last described, differing from _C. fuscipes_ by not having
the prolonged hooks like spines, on the outer edges of each abdominal
scutum. The color differs from the other two. The abdomen and legs are
light brown. The cephalothorax and palps are a little darker yellowish
brown.
The habitat of this species was the same as that of _C. fuscipes_. When
collecting, they were generally found together.
_Chelanops oblongus_ Say
_Description:_ Length of body, including mandibles, 5 mm; abdomen,
4 mm.; pedipalps, 4.5 mm.; claw, 2 mm. Color--Cephalothorax, light
reddish brown, pedipalps darker, abdomen yellow with dark brown spots,
legs pale yellow.
_Cephalothorax:_ Very short for length of body. Front margin truncate,
sides almost straight, lower margin slightly convex, smooth and shiny
and provided with many short hairs.
_Abdomen:_ Four times as long as it is wide; sub-parallel sides. Each
scutum with a dark spot on each side and each dark spot surrounded by
long, simple hairs arranged in a definite order.
_Pedipalps:_ Nearly as long as the body, coxa smooth, trochanter stout
and short; femur pedicellate, broadest part being near base, as long
as the cephalothorax, inner edge slightly concave, outer edge strongly
convex; tibia shorter than femur, pedicellate, strongly convex on inner
edge, on outer edge slightly concave near base, but strongly convex
beyond.
_Claw:_ Large, finger very stout and curved, shorter than the hand.
Hand very broad, very convex on outer edge, only slightly so on inner
edge. The trochanter, femur and tibia are covered with stout simple
hairs of varying length.
_Mandibles:_ Small and short, serrula attached throughout length of
finger, spinnerets small and transparent.
_Legs:_ Short and stout, covered with short, stout, simple hairs.
_Habitat_: This has been reported from Palm Springs, but one specimen
was found within our area at Brown's Flats, at about four thousand feet
elevation, in an old pine log.
_Chelanops pallipes_ Banks
Similar to _C. dorsalis_, but fingers longer than hand and very
slender; tibia also slender, less convex on the inner side, hard parts
with clavate hairs. Three millimeters long. (From Banks.)
_Habitat_: Los Angeles and vicinity, but has not yet been found in our
immediate region.
_Chelanops acuminatus_ Simon
Cephalothorax and palpi reddish brown, with short but not clavate
hairs; no eye spots; pedipalps rather short, hand evenly convex on
inner side at base, fingers much shorter than the hand and quite stout.
3 mm. long. (From Banks.)
_Habitat_: Claremont and Los Angeles.
_Chelanops lagunæ_ Moles
This species was described in the March number of this Journal, 1914.
It differs chiefly from _C. dorsalis_ Banks by having two eye spots. It
is a smaller species. This small species was found in Sycamore canyon,
near Laguna Beach.
_Chelanops paludis_ Moles
This species was described in the June, 1914, number of this Journal.
The very broad form of the abdomen is characteristic.
This was found on poplar trees and in poplar logs in the Chino swamp.
_Chelanops serratus_ n. sp. Fig. 3
_Description_: Length--Pedipalps, 3 mm. Impossible to take measurements
of other parts, for slide was so poorly made, but the body was small.
Color--Cephalothorax and pedipalps, strong yellow brown; legs and
abdomen, light yellow.
_Cephalothorax_: As long as it is broad, sides evenly convex, upper
margin straight, one distinct median suture; no eye spots; surface of
cephalothorax very granular.
[Illustration: Figure 4. _Ideoroncus obscurus_ Banks. Forward part of
the animal from above. ×25.]
_Abdomen_: Badly curled up; scuta entirely covered with short almost
clavate hairs.
The naming of this species is based on the short "saw-like" hairs that
are all over the body. They are not globular on the end, as the clavate
hairs, but have "saw-like" edge.
_Palps_: Short and stout, coxa smooth, trochanter as usual, femur
shorter than cephalothorax; pedicellate, inner margin almost straight
at base, then suddenly concave to tip, outer margin evenly but not
strongly convex; tibia broad, pedicellate, suddenly enlarging on inner
side near base, outer margin evenly convex. Trochanter, femur, tibia
strongly granulate and sparsely covered with these "saw-like" hairs.
_Hand_: Broad as it is long, greatly swollen on inner margin near base;
fingers slightly curved and as long as the hand.
_Mandibles_: Small; spinnerets small and transparent; serrula attached
throughout the length of the moveable finger.
_Legs_: The two anterior legs with trochantins; legs covered with many
hairs.
This specimen was found on the window pane of the Pomona College
greenhouse. A fly (_Musca domestica_) lit on the pane and the
pseudoscorpion caught its legs and clung while the fly crawled about.
This is the only one of its kind that has been found.
_Atemnus hirsutus_ Banks
Described by Banks in this number of the Journal. Only one specimen of
this species was taken. This is the species found nearest the ocean.
The broad hand is quite evident. Found ten feet from the ocean, among
stones, at Laguna Beach.
_Obisium macilentum_ Simon
_Description_: Pale yellowish brown, legs paler; hard part shining;
cephalothorax one-fourth longer than broad. Sides parallel; mandibles
about one-half the length of the cephalothorax; pedipalps very long
and slender, with long, fine, scattered hairs. Femur as long as the
cephalothorax. Fingers longer than hand.
_Habitat_: Claremont.
_Ideobisium threveneti_ Simon
_Description_: Length of animal, including mandibles, 4 mm.; length
of palps, 3.5 mm.; length of abdomen, 3 mm.; length of claw, 1.5 mm.
Color--Cephalothorax and palps, dark reddish brown; abdomen, lighter
than cephalothorax; legs, pale yellow.
_Cephalothorax_: As long as it is broad, upper margin truncate, sides
nearly straight, lower margin straight; no suture; four distinct eye
spots; eyes on each side almost touch each other.
_Abdomen_: Elongate, three times as long as it is broad; scuta entire.
_Palps_: Coxa smooth; trochanter small; femur long, outer edge
almost straight, inner edge slightly convex; tibia short and stout,
pedicellate, convex on inner and outer surface.
_Claw_: Not large; finger as long as hand and not curved very much;
hand, broad, evenly convex on inner and outer edges.
_Legs_: Lack trochantins, III and IV stouter than I and II; mandibles
large; serrula not attached throughout length of moveable finger;
spinnerets long and transparent.
_Habitat_: Claremont, Ice House Canyon, under leaves.
_Ideoroncus obscurus_ Banks
_Description_: Length of animal, including mandibles, 3 mm.; length of
pedipalps, 3 mm. Color--Cephalothorax and pedipalps dark yellow brown;
abdomen and legs very light yellow.
_Cephalothorax_: A little longer than broad; front margin slightly
truncate, rounded; sides so slightly convex as to be almost straight;
lower margin slightly recurved; no transverse sutures; one pair of eyes.
_Abdomen_: Elongate and slender; scuta entire; both abdomen and
cephalothorax with a few simple scattered hairs.
_Palps_: Long and slender; coxa smooth; trochanter lacks large
protuberance of many of the Cheliferidæ; femur hardly as long as
cephalothorax, very slender and not pedicellate; tibia shorter and
broader than femur, pedicellate, convex on inner edge, only slightly so
on outer edge; trochanter, femur, and tibia covered with short, stout
simple hairs; claw long and slender; finger little longer than hand,
and only slightly curved; hand twice as long as broad; hand and claw
covered with long, simple hairs; mandibles large, serrula attached only
at base; spinnerets long and transparent.
_Legs_: The femur and tibia of the first two pairs of legs rather
stout; no trochantins; covered with simple hairs.
_Habitat_: Found in oak trees in the wash around Claremont.
This differs slightly from that described by Banks in that:
1. The upper margin of the cephalothorax is not rounded, but truncate.
2. The fingers of the claw are not shorter than the hand.
3. The femur and tibia of the first two pairs of legs are not stout.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
Some Points in the Nervous System of a Large Deep Water Crab
WILLIAM A. HILTON
During the summer of 1914 several living specimens of the large crab
_Loxorhynchus grandis_ Stimp. were obtained at Laguna Beach. One of
these was kept for some time in a tank of sea water, and its general
movements were observed as it walked about on the bottom or attacked
the sharks or other fish in the aquarium. Its movements were slow and
its senses seemed not very acute in this situation.
A gross and microscopical examination of the nervous system gave much
the appearance of these organs in other decapods, but the remarkably
small size of the brain or head ganglion was especially noticeable. The
nerves connected with this ganglion were long and slender. The optic
was large, the tegmental a little smaller and the first antennal about
as large as this last. Closely associated with the optic was the small
oculomotor, and near the connectives the small second antennal. Other
small nerves were connected with the brain, whose courses were not
traced, including a pair of small frontal nerves.
The connectives with the thoracic-abdominal ganglion were long and
slender, with each its small ganglion a short distance from the brain.
A cross connection between these connectives was not seen. It may have
been broken in the dissection.
The thoracic-abdominal ganglion has many nerves connected with it, as
shown in the figure; the largest of these were traced to the legs and
upper thoracic appendages. The legs are large and heavy and the nerve
trunks in them are large; their combined bulk would probably be many
times that of the ventral ganglion.
So far as studied, the internal arrangement of tracts and cells does
not differ materially from the classic descriptions of Bethe in another
species. One thing especially noteworthy is the fact that the nerve
cells do not seem especially large, nor are the large ones numerous.
[Illustration: Figure 1]
The nerve cells and fibers were studied in preparations fixed in
Flemming's fluid and stained with iron hematoxylin. As in forms
previously studied, the general structure of the ganglion in a way
duplicates the structure of the nerve cells, in that a general
reticulum forms a framework for the other structures in both. It is
hard in individual cases to distinguish the supportive structures from
the conductive, but the fibers and fibrils in or outside of the nerve
cells run in longer straight lines--that is, they do not form so much
of a meshwork, although they may branch and intertwine to some degree
both within and outside the nerve cells. Large strands or fibers from
nerve cells run as fibers, then divide into smaller masses of fibrils,
and at last break up into numerous fibrils. The usual demonstration
of nerve cells with their branches as shown by the Golgi or methylene
blue methods, I believe, shows only the _larger_ and _smaller_ branches
from nerve cells, and the smallest branches where the fibers break into
fibrils are not shown at all.
[Illustration]
In this and other arthropods which I have studied, it seems to me to
be quite characteristic of the nervous system that many parts show
fine fibrillæ more clearly than they are seen in vertebrates. This
may in part be due to the nature of the insulating and supportive
apparatus. As in _Carcinus_, described by Bethe, the optic tract
enters the mesal side of the globulus and splits up into smaller and
smaller parts, and is at last lost in the minute network of fibrils
and supporting substance. Large bundles from the outside may be seen
as dark masses here and there. These last are held in place in the
section by many connecting strands which join the fibers from all
sides. Some may be conducting fibrils, but it is hard to distinguish
these from supportive. Probably most of the conducting fibrils leave at
or near the termination of the thicker part of the fiber. The denser
parts of the nervous system of this and other arthropods, such, for
instance, as the material of the globulus, are composed for the most
part of ultimate fibrillæ whose relationships at these points can only
be conjectured at present because of their minuteness, their great
abundance, and because of the intermingling of supportive or other
materials of several little understood sorts. An extensive comparative
study of these denser masses with various reagents should yield some
interesting results.
Tigroid substance, mostly in the form of dots and flakes, was
recognized, but not studied by special stains. The cells are surrounded
by a dense capsule of connective substance, and in some cases the
peripheral zone of the cell next the capsule is light. In some, this
light zone is speckled with dark dots or lines. Some of these may be
the ends of fibrillæ--in fact, some fibrils were traced--others may be
tigroid substance, or possibly the bodies recognized by Poluszynski in
some Crustacea, although his are stained by other methods.
PAPERS MENTIONED
_Bethe, A._ 1898
Das Nervensystem von Carcinus maenas. Arch. f. Mic. Anat. Bd. 51.
_Poluszynski, G._ 1911
Untersuchungen über den Golgi-Kopsch'schen apparat und einige andere
Strukturen in dem Ganglionzellen der Crustaceen. Bull. Acad. Sc.
Cracovie.
Figure 1. Outline of the cephalothorax of _Loxorhynchus_, showing
the position and size of the nervous system. One-half
natural size.
Figure 2. Brain of _Loxorhynchus_ from above. ×10. o, Ocular
nerve; m, oculomotor; t, tegmental nerve; a, first antennal
nerve; b, second antennal; c, connective.
Figure 3. Nerve cell with fibrils from the brain. ×900.
Figures 4 and 5. Nerve cells near each other in the brain fibrils
are shown. ×900.
Figure 6. Neuroblast from a doso-median mass of the brain. ×900.
Figure 7. Neuroglia cell with branches from the brain. ×900.
Figure 8. Two fibres breaking into fibrils. From the brain. ×900.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College._)
A New Pseudoscorpion from California
NATHAN BANKS
Professor Hilton recently sent me a pseudoscorpion taken on the beach
near water, which proves to belong to the genus _Atemnus_. Our common
Florida _Atemnus_ also occurs on the sea beach. The Californian species
differs from the Florida form in having a larger hand and more hairy
body.
_Atemnus hirsutus_ n. sp.
[Illustration]
Pale yellowish; cephalothorax a little longer than broad behind,
narrowed in front, sides slightly sinuate, clothed with short, simple
bristles; mandibles not one-third the length of the cephalothorax,
with a short stylet; abdomen elongate, cylindrical, the segments with
apical and preapical rows of simple bristles; legs rather large,
with many simple bristles, all showing trochantins. Pedipalpi large,
clothed with many fine simple hairs and bristles; the trochanters
bituberculate behind near tip; the femur about as long as the width of
the cephalothorax, of nearly equal width throughout; the tibia about
as long as femur, a little broader beyond the middle, about equally
convex on each side; hand extremely broad at base, barely shorter than
the tibia; fingers as long as the hand, much curved, each with some
tooth-like granules and a fine toothed ridge on the apposed sides.
From Laguna Beach, California, ten feet from the ocean. (Hilton.)
A Nebalia from Laguna Beach
R. LA FOLLETTE
Among the many marine forms collected and studied at Laguna Beach
this summer were several Nebalia, which were taken by Mr. Lichti from
a holdfast cast up on the beach. A specimen was sent to the National
Museum at Washington, where it was classified as _Nebalia bipes_ O.
Fab. A brief description of the animal will be given in this paper.
_Nebalia bipes_ O. Fab. (Plate I, Fig. 1) belongs to the order
Phyllocarida, which is the linking order between the Branchiopoda
and Copepoda on one hand and the Schizopoda and Decapoda on the
other. There are only three genera, and the commonest of these is
_Nebalia_. So far as I know this form has never before been reported
from this region. The specimen here described was 9 mm. in length and
a whitish flesh color. It was transparent in the living animal. The
body is divided into a head, thorax and abdomen, having the normal
malacostracan number of segments, except the abdomen, which is made up
of eight, the last bearing caudal styles. There is a bivalved cephalic
carapace extending back to the fourth abdominal segment and terminating
in front in a movable rostrum. The eyes are large, round and raised on
movable stalks.
There are two pairs of antennæ (Plate II, Fig. 2), the first pair
being four-jointed, the last joint rather broad and armed with many
hairs along the outer margin. The other joints have a few hairs on
the articulating margin. The flagellum rises from the fourth joint,
behind the fifth and has fourteen joints, each one armed with several
hairs on the outer margin of the articulation. The second antennæ are
slightly larger than the first and made up of three joints with a brush
of plume hairs at the caudal end of the second joint. The flagellum is
fourteen jointed. The mandible has a two-jointed palp (Fig. 3), with
numerous hairs along the outer margin. The second maxilla also has a
palp extending back under the carapace with the function of keeping the
carapace free from foreign bodies.
The thoracic feet (Fig. 3) are about 1.5 mm. in length, eight in number
and biramous. The outer margins are heavily covered with hair, while
the inner margins are comparatively smooth. The first four abdominal
appendages (Figs. 5, 6) are much larger than the thoracic feet,
being 2.5 mm. in length, and are used for swimming, like those of
the copepods. They are also biramous, the back margin and tip having
numerous hairs along the edge, while the inner margins are lined with
many plumous hairs. The first appendage (Fig. 5) is somewhat heavier
than the fourth (Fig 6), but the hairs and spines are arranged in the
same relative position. The fifth appendage (Fig. 7) is two-jointed
uniramous and small, .9 mm. long. The sixth is one jointed and smaller
yet.
The eight abdominal segments taper off in size and the last bears a
pair of caudal styles (Fig. 8) which are lined with sharp spines along
their outer margins. The ends of the styles are armed with two long,
sharp spines.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College._)
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I
Magnification 25 Times
Figure 1. _Nebalia bipes_.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II
Magnification 25 Times
Figure 2. Antennæ.
Figure 3. Mandibular palp.
Figure 4. Thoracic appendage.
Figure 5. First abdominal appendage.
Figure 6. Fourth abdominal appendage.
Figure 7. Fifth abdominal appendage.
Figure 8. Caudal styles.
[Illustration: Plate I, Figure 1]
[Illustration: Plate II]
Starfish of Laguna Beach
The following is a fairly complete list of shore forms of starfish at
Laguna. All but the last one mentioned were photographed by Miss Clency
at Laguna Beach.
_Linckia columbiæ_ Gray. Fig. 1
A large number of these were collected under stones and in tide pools
near shore. A number were found with six arms, and often the arms were
very irregularly developed. The power of regeneration is very marked,
as may be determined from the appearance of even a small number of
individuals.
_Orthasterias gonolena_ Verrill. Fig. 2
This is the "soft starfish." Clark has called it _Asterias forreri_.
Fisher (in first Laguna report) called it _A. sertulifera_. Verrill
considers it different from either of these last two. We must thank Dr.
Clark for this information, as well as for the identification of the
remaining species of starfish.
This form is fairly common in the tide pools and under stones not far
from shore.
_Pisaster capitatus_ Stimpson. Fig. 3
This is our most beautiful species, but is not as common as the next
species with which it is often found. On the points and especially
among the mussel beds this species may be found. Its colors during life
are beautiful with their delicate shades.
_Pisaster ochraceus_ Brandt. Fig. 4
This is our most common species on the rocky points and among the
barnacles and mussels, where they may be found by the dozen. The color
variations are quite marked, some being a light red brown, others a
darker shade. Some specimens of large size were obtained.
[Illustration]
_Astropecten erinaceus_ Gray. Fig. 5
This beautiful starfish, with its pearl gray shades, is a deeper water
form than the others. A few were found in the living condition cast up
on the shore, and some were obtained from the fishermen, but they were
not often found.
_Asterina miniata_ Brandt. Fig. 6
These broad armed starfish were found quite often in the tide pools
near shore; usually of a deep orange color, they were sometimes much
lighter than this.
W. A. H.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
Barnacles of Laguna Beach
MISS S. P. HUGHES
PACIFIC UNIVERSITY, FOREST GROVE, OREGON
Five species of barnacles were found last summer at Laguna Beach. For
the identification of the first two of these, we must thank Dr. H. A.
Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
[Illustration: Figure 1]
_Balanus tintinnabulum californicus_ Pils. Fig. 1
The most common of the acorn barnacles; found abundantly on rocks,
mussels, etc. There are six valves or plates; the rostrum, carina, and
two latera on each side. These plates are delicately marked with pink
stripes. The connecting pieces are often transversely lined. This is
the largest of the common acorn barnacles; the average height is about
an inch.
[Illustration: Figure 2]
_Balanus nubilus_ Darwin. Fig. 2
This is one of the small acorn barnacles, also very numerous on the
rocks at tide level. Here the plates, usually six in number, although
in some the lateral plates are divided, are closely joined to each
other without connecting pieces.
[Illustration: Figure 3]
[Illustration: Figure 4]
_Mitella polymerus_ Sowerby. Fig. 3
This is a very abundant species, and is found in great masses on
the rocks near the tide level. It is readily known by the numerous
irregularly arranged scales at the base of the capitulum. The valves
are usually much worn, and many cases of regeneration have been noted.
The peduncle is covered with fine scales.
_Lepas anatifera_ Linnæus. Fig. 4
This is a fairly abundant goose barnacle, found in holdfasts of kelp
and occasionally on driftwood and floating objects. The size varies
from a few millimeters to almost an inch in length. The distinguishing
characters are the very fine striations on the valves, the presence of
an umbonal tooth on the right scutum, and the proximity of the base of
the carina to the scutum. The valves are a delicate pale blue color and
the peduncle a deep purplish brown.
[Illustration: Figure 5]
_Lepas fasciculatus_ Elis and Solander. Fig. 5
Two specimens were found by Mr. Lichti upon the beach at Green Bay,
Laguna Beach, in September of this year. Others have been collected
from the Laguna region.
It is a light pelagic form, with paper-like plates and angularly bent
carina, with a prominent umbo.
Notes on the Eggs of Some Laguna Beach Invertebrates
P. A. LICHTI
During the past summer a large number of species and individuals were
examined for eggs. Some of these fragmentary notes may be of use to
others who may carry the study further.
The serpent stars were not especially studied for the eggs, but
during July several hundred were collected from various places. These
were mostly of one species. About one-third of these contained well
developed ova. On July 14th and 20th, six individuals of the genus
_Ophiothrix_ deposited eggs in the aquarium jars. During August three
out of twenty specimens had ova well developed, many may have been
young.
Comparatively few female sea urchins were found. Out of 50 individuals
opened, 36 were males, six females, and the rest young. Miss Wang also
found that the males were more numerous than the females as they were
collected, four to one. Miss Wang was able to keep the sperm alive for
96 hours in the laboratory before we had running salt water.
In the common shore goose-neck barnacle _Mitella_, ova and segmentation
stages were found during the summer.
The common rock crab, _Pachygrapsus_, was examined many times during
July and very few adult females were without eggs. During the same day
mature ova and advanced embryos were found. August 10th, about half
the females were without eggs. On September 4th, about two-thirds were
without eggs. The early summer seems the more active spawning season.
A live female deeper sea crab, _Loporhynchus_, was caught on June 25th.
The enormous mass of eggs was unsegmented and failed to segment in the
laboratory, although the animal was kept alive for some time. On July
20th, another female was caught, the embryos were well advanced and it
was possible to see the heart beat under the microscope. They lived
only a few hours.
The sand crabs of the genus _Eremita_ were found laying their eggs
all summer. Some hundreds were examined, and it was found that up
to September egg masses were nearly always found with the females.
In the whole season, out of 236 examined, only 11 in September were
without eggs. It was found that while the eggs on the swimmeretts were
developing into crabs another egg mass was being formed in the ovaries,
this last reached maturity about the same time that the young crabs on
the swimmeretts hatch.
A species of _Cypris_ was found in a pool about 1½ miles up Laguna
canyon. These had many eggs on July 1; by July 17 no eggs were found.
A number of species of isopods and amphipods were found to have eggs
during the summer, and during September it was very easy to obtain
_Ligyda_ with eggs or young, although the proportion of young stages
was becoming less.
Members of the genus _Caprella_ were found with eggs at different times
during the summer and up into the fall.
Of the pycnogonids, the following genera were found with eggs during
the summer: _Lecythorhynchus_, _Ammothella_ of two species; _Halosoma_,
_Pycnogonium_, _Palene_, _Tanystylum_ of two species.
A number of chitons were examined, but with negative results. Probably
many were young.
Some of the bivalved forms were examined, but the character of the
period of reproduction is not yet determined.
The sea hare, _Aplysia_, laid its eggs in the aquarium jars during the
middle and late summer.
Many of the species of nudibranchs collected during the summer were
found to deposit eggs in the laboratory. One species, a light brown
form, was found abundantly in kelp holdfasts. They laid coiled
ribbon-like masses of eggs.
Eight different individuals of the genus _Doris_ deposited eggs in the
laboratory.
On July 28, two of the genus _Hermissenda_ and one _Spurilla_ (?)
deposited eggs.
_Laila_ and several unknown forms deposited eggs in the laboratory
during the first part of September.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
Preliminary Notes on Some Marine Worms Taken at Laguna Beach
W. F. HAMILTON
During the summer of 1914 I made a collection of some 230 bottles of
annelids. It was thought best that I should publish a list of the
families and of such species as I have succeeded in identifying.
Polychaeta
Syllidæ
Are quite abundant among the finer sea mosses.
_Pionosyllis elongata_ Johnson.
Found among goose-neck barnacles west of the Laboratory and in
seaweed tangles. White with bright red eggs coloring posterior end.
Taken June 26, 1914.
Two other forms are common in the finer sea moss.
Polynoidæ
Are of frequent occurrence on rocks and in seaweed tangles. I have
identified four species.
_Halosydna insignis_ Baird.
The most common and variable polynoid at Laguna. Color of elytra
yellowish gray to bright red. Length from 18 to as much as 47 mm.
(contracted).
_Halosydna californica_ Johnson.
Less abundant. Similar in distribution. More slender and of a lighter
pigmentation.
_Lepidasthenia gigas_ Johnson.
This interesting form was taken from a large mass of the tubes of
_Vermetus_ (_squamigerus?_) (gasteropod). Heretofore, as far as I
know, it has only been recorded as a tube commensal with a large
_Amphitrite_. My specimen was not commensal, but was hidden among
the mollusc tubes. The color was recorded as a "light, unsaturated
yellow, elytra darker yellow, body irridescent below." The setæ
project only their tips beyond the parapodia, differing only in this
respect from Johnson's figures. I could not find any asymmetrical
somites, judging from the elytrophores. The elytra were all gone and
the specimen was poorly preserved.
_Harmothoe hirsuta_ Johnson.
A single specimen 25 mm. long, badly mutilated and in a poor state
of preservation was taken in seaweed between tide-marks. Two other
species were taken from a similar location, but I have not identified
them yet.
Phyllodocidæ
Three unidentified kinds inhabiting seaweed tangles and holdfasts are
in the collection.
Euphrosynidæ
_Euphrosyne aurantiaca_ Johnson.
Nereidæ
Are common in the atokous state, and one "heteronereid" was brought
in from an unknown location.
_Nereis agassizi_ Ehlers.
Specimens which agree closely with figures by Johnson are found very
abundantly in seaweed tangles.
_Nereis virens_ Sars.
A single specimen was taken in wave-washed sand three miles south of
the Laboratory.
There is another species, resembling _Nereis procera_ which I have
not yet identified.
Two specimens of this beautifully brilliant orange annelid were taken
on holdfasts.
Eunicidæ
I found few of these, but such as I did find were in burrows in a
soft shale ledge or in sand under large stones.
Lumbriconereidæ
_Lumbriconereis erecta_ (?) Moore.
I am not sure of this determination. The setæ are identical, but the
parapodia are not quite the same as those figured by Moore. The worm
is very abundant in the sand under large stones. One or two similar
species are common in seaweed and under mussels.
Glyceridæ
Two species of this family were found in the sand under large stones.
_Hemipodia borealis_ Johnson.
Found under a large rock, buried in the sand. One very large and
active glycerid was found in the same locality. I have not identified
it.
Cirratulidæ
Found in the roots of eel-grass, in holes in a soft shale ledge or in
the sand under large stones.
_Cirratulus robustus_ Johnson.
_Cirratulus spirabranchus_ Moore.
Found in abundance in the above places.
Terrebellidæ
Found with the _Cirratulidæ_.
_Schmardanella californica_ Moore.
Is very abundant in the matted roots of "eel-grass."