SHORT TIME AND OVERTIME--“BACK TO THE LAND”--THE TOWN
INFLUENCE--CHANGES AT THE WORKS--GRIEVANCES--THE POSITION
OF LABOUR--ILLS AND REMEDIES--THE FUTURE OUTLOOK
Frequent spells of short time occur at the works, which are most certain
to be followed by brisk and busy periods, as though the officials were
anxious to make up for every moment of the previously lost time. It
usually happens that the change is made direct from prosperity to
adversity and _vice versa_. One week the machinery in the sheds is
running day and night and every man is working unusual hours; the next,
everything is changed. Short time is declared; only half the output will
be needed and about half the time worked. Similarly, after a period of
short weeks, a full-time notice is posted, and by the next night all the
men are pell-mell on overtime, working as though they had but a few
hours to live. Whether it is necessary or not is never ascertained;
there is apparently an astounding want of order and foresight on the
part of the managing staff.
It is remarkable that, notwithstanding the terrific nature of the
hardships endured, the majority of the men at the factory do not show
themselves seriously averse to the working of overtime. There is even
satisfaction evinced at the prospect of putting in an extra day, or day
and a half, a week, and drawing a few shillings more in wages. The few
who dislike it from principle and on other grounds must swallow their
objections and join in with the rest; whether they like it or not they
are forced to follow the crowd. If a man refuses point-blank to work
after the usual hours he is punished either with suspension from the
shed or instant dismissal. Unfortunately for the good of the working
classes generally, those who are satisfied with the ordinary rate of
hours are insignificant in number. The highly-paid workmen and
journeymen are about as unreasonable in the matter as are the lowest
paid labourers. Very often they are the more insatiable of the two; they
will put in any number of hours provided an opportunity is given them
for so doing. The trade unionists are usually as well agreed as the
others to work extra time; there is but very little difference
discovered between them. No matter how loudly they declaim against the
system and advocate the abolition of overtime, should the order be
issued they commonly obey it with alacrity.
Occasionally, though not often, it is announced that the working of
overtime may be optional. In the extreme heat of summer, when overtime
at the fires is prevalent, the overseer may relax a little and cause it
to be known that any who wish it may go home at the ordinary hour, but
few take advantage of the offer. I have known those who were highly
paid, on the hottest days of summer, to be so severely punished with the
heat that they could scarcely stand at their posts, almost incapable of
further effort and exhausted with the toil, yet though it was free for
them to leave at the usual hour they would not go home. They cling to
the shed as long as they possibly can; they have an unnatural fondness
for the stench and smoke. Such as these are often teased and twitted and
told to “bring their beds” with them, or an outspoken workman will tell
them they ought to die and be buried on the premises.
A great part of the overtime, moreover, is not always genuinely
necessary, but is artificially engineered in order to please this or
that one and to provide someone or other with additional pocket-money. A
few chargemen in every shed systematically nurse the overseer and
entreat, or influence him, directly or otherwise, to allow them to work
a few quarters, a Saturday afternoon, or a Sunday.
Very often, too, some of the men live in houses owned by their foreman.
In that case a little overtime will expedite payment of the rent; it
will not then be amiss to allow them to work a few quarters. The putting
on a few new hands and the addition of a night shift would obviate much
overtime and give the unemployed a chance, but the daymen are offended
should that proposition be made. I have actually heard men volunteer to
work double-handed at the fires and promise to turn out considerably
increased quantities of work on their turn rather than for the foreman
to run a night shift and so prevent them from working overtime.
The men’s takings at such times as these are fairly high. Some of the
new hands are astonished when they receive their wages, with the
piecework “balance” added, on a full week. One of them, in the days of
the old foreman of the frame shed, was so aghast at the amount he had to
draw he could not believe it was all intended for him; he thought there
must be a mistake somewhere. Accordingly, holding the money in his hand,
he went back to the foreman, and, in front of all the other men
cried--“Be this all mine, sir?” The foreman, who happened to be in an
ill-temper, cursed him for an idiot and promptly told him to “clear
out.”
At another time, when the men were being paid on breaking up for
Christmas holidays, a good-natured country lad, whose earnings were
small, chanced by mistake to draw the wages of another, much more
highly rated than himself, and, thinking the extras were intended for a
Christmas-box, promptly went and laid out the money in presents for his
mother and dad. He was quickly called to account, however, and had to
refund the cash at once, and he furthermore received the imputation of
being a sly rogue and a thief. Without doubt money is plentiful during
overtime, though the extras are far from being all profit. It costs more
to live. The workman requires more to eat and drink, more clothes,
firing, light, and other sundries, to say nothing of the sacrifice of
freedom and life.
It is little real gain to the workman, even though he have a trifle
better food and clothing, a finer house and costlier furniture, while he
has to work excessively long hours in order to pay for it. The more
expensively he lives the more time he must spend in the smoke and stench
of the shed and the greater must be his dependence upon his employer. He
that lives simply in a modest cottage is much nearer to freedom than the
other can ever hope to be, for he is bound down to life-long servitude.
Every hour spent outside the factory walls is a precious addition to
life; whoever willingly throws away the opportunity of enjoying it is
guilty of the highest folly and negligence. He is the curtailer of his
dearest rights and liberties, the forger of fetters for himself and his
children after him, and the sooner the working classes can be brought to
see this the better it will be for them.
There is a great deal of talk, chiefly with a political bias, about the
sheds, of getting back to the land. Many of the men tell you they are
sick of town life and conditions and would like to see themselves
established upon a dozen acres of land far away from the noise of the
factory, but they never make the slightest effort towards the
consummation of the wish. The fact is that, notwithstanding all the
punishments and hardships endured in the workshop, they are still
strongly attached to it or to the life they are enabled to live by
reason of it. They have no intention whatever at heart of changing their
occupation. They are content to mix with the crowd, and are unable to
withstand the novelty and excitement of the town existence.
During the many years I have spent in the works I have known of but one
case in which a man left the shed to go back to the land as a small
working farmer. He had always been careful and thrifty, and seemed to be
well fitted for the agricultural life, but he could not succeed in it.
After five or six years of hard labour, trying in vain to prosper, he
returned to the shed, a disappointed and ruined man: he had spent his
savings and lost the whole of his small capital. He is still working in
the shed, and he has no intention of repeating the experiment. The wages
at the works, though low as compared with those obtainable at other
towns, are much higher than what the farm labourer receives. Youths of
eighteen years of age in the sheds often draw more than the carter or
cowman, who may have to maintain big families.
Consequently, while the cry of “Back to the land” is heard on all sides,
there is at the same time a most passionate desire to get away from it
and to come into the town to work and live; whoever is of the requisite
age will be certain to appear at the factory gates to try and obtain
admission there. The whole countryside, within a radius of six or eight
miles of the town, is almost destitute of good strong workmen. Only the
feeble and decrepit are left behind to work on the farms--those who
cannot pass the physical tests and those who formerly worked in the
factory and were discharged through old age or other causes of
unfitness. Once a man becomes settled in the factory he is very
reluctant to leave it. Notwithstanding the rigour of the system imposed,
he usually remains there till the end of his working days, unless he
happens to meet with an accident or dismissal. He soon loses his
self-confidence and independent spirit. The world is considerably
narrowed down in his view; he feels bound to the life with indissoluble
fetters.
As for the work itself, men do that in the factory they would scorn to
do outside or upon the farm. They would not be seen milking or
“clod-hopping,” or carrying a yoke and pails, a truss of hay on their
head, or a little pig in their arms, or driving cattle to market. At the
same time they are not ashamed to scour down filthy roofs and windows,
to do white-washing, to clean black and greasy engines, to wheel coal
and ashes up or down the stage, to tar the axles and wheels of waggons
and vehicles, to stand at the furnace or machine all day in a
half-fainting condition choked with the smoke and dust of the shed; as
though it were not more wholesome to have to do with cattle and crops
than to be for ever penned up within four walls!
Although perhaps not as keen intellectually as are some of those who get
their living in the town, and not receiving as much in wages, the best
of the farm-hands are healthier, happier, and generally more well-to-do
than are the factory labourers. At the same time, it is but natural that
a man should desire to leave the country to come into the town. Though
the work is much sharper and infinitely more painful while it lasts, the
shorter hours and higher pay are powerful inducements for him to make
the change. He will be free on Saturday afternoons, and there is no
Sunday labour, while his wages will often be half as much again as what
he would get on the farm. It is idle to say that the desertion of the
countryside is a modern symptom; that has very little force, for it was
always the same among highly civilised communities. The Greek husbandman
left the soil and flocked to Athens to sit in the Agora, the Egyptians
thronged the streets of Alexandria, and the Italians deserted the plough
and sickle and crowded in Rome to see the circus games and other
diversions of the “_Urbs Terrarum_.”
Those who, most of all, use the cry of “Back to the land” are they that
obtain the highest wages in the sheds, and who are themselves the least
likely to set the example. Men with families enlarge upon the blessings
and privileges of agricultural life, but they take great care to get
their sons started in the shed at the very earliest opportunity. As soon
as they leave school they are brought along in knickerbockers and
presented to the overseer, with the earnest hope of a speedy admission
to work on the premises. I know of several cases in which workmen have
been offered financial help in order to instal them in small-holdings,
and they have refused point-blank. When I asked them the reason they
replied that they “would rather go home at half-past five, if it made no
difference,” and that is the crux of the whole matter. Not only this,
there is the football match, the railway “Trip,” the privilege fares,
the theatre, the cinematograph, the skating-rink, and the trams, all
which must be sacrificed if the workman determines in favour of the
simple life on the farm or small-holding. The class of men to secure for
the land is the pick of the agricultural labourers, those who are
uncontaminated with the life of the town; it is useless to think of
reclaiming those who have once entered the factory and become
established there.
Even very many of those who dwell outside the town are not content to
spend their leisure in the village; in the evening and at week-ends
they wash and dress and flock back to the street corners or parade up
and down the thoroughfares. Innovations such as the cinematograph and
the skating-rink, though harmless enough in some respects, are of little
real value to the workman; with all their claims to be “educational” and
“health-giving” the town could very well afford to dispense with them.
There is little that is really manly and vigorous in roller-skating, and
many of the cinematograph pictures serve only to indulge the craving for
the novel and sensational. Half the boys of the shed, and even the
infants of the town, can think of little but those ridiculously stupid
and often debasing entertainments, of blood and thunder, crime, and
mawkish love dramas; their minds are rendered quite incapable of
imbibing sound and useful knowledge.
Even the trams, useful as they are, prove in several ways detrimental to
the toiler and contribute to the restriction of his liberty. Scores of
workmen I know wait at their doors or at street corners for five, and
very often for ten minutes, in order to ride a distance of about a
quarter of a mile. I have nothing to say against the habit provided the
man can afford twopence or threepence a day for fares. At the same time,
considered from the point of view of health, walking the distance would
often be much better, and every copper needlessly spent by the worker
tends to make him more and more dependent upon the shed. Where a man is
engaged upon very hot and laborious work he is often too tired to walk
home. The wages of such a one ought to be sufficiently high to enable
him to make the journey in a taxicab, if he desired it.
Very different from this, however, is the lot of the small-holder. He
must rise early all the year round--in summer and winter, light or dark,
hot or cold weather. His work is not of five-and-a-half, but of six or
seven days. Where cattle are kept there can be no such thing as a day
off; dumb mouths must be fed and their needs ministered to. He has no
trams to take him to work, very often no shelter from the storms and
showers, no shade in summer and no steam-heated refuge in winter. His
leisure is short, his companions few, his whole life laborious. But he
is happy and strong, healthy, and vigorous in body and mind; he is in
many ways a better man than is his _confrère_ of the town. Considerably
more skill, knowledge, and human feeling are also required on the part
of the carter, cowman, and shepherd in dealing with their teams, flocks,
and herds, than in the case of those who merely superintend mechanical
processes and have to do with lifeless blocks of iron and steel, yet the
countrymen are more or less despised by the factory workers and are
greatly deficient in wages. Low wages are given on the farm simply
because it is the custom so to do; if the Government were to intervene
and fix a higher rate the extra money would be paid as a matter of
course. This is the only kind of reform that would really popularise
work on the land from the point of view of the poor man and help to
check the wholesale migration to the towns. Not until such improvements
have been made will the labourer be willing heartily to respond to the
cry of “Back to the land.”
One thing is especially to be deplored in the factory, and that is the
serious lack of recognition and appreciation of the skilful and
conscientious workman; there is very little inducement for anyone to
make efforts in order to obtain better results at the steam-hammer or
other machine. If a workman proves himself to be possessed of unusual
skill and originality, instead of being rewarded for it he is boycotted
and held in check. Even the managers are not above exhibiting the same
petty feeling where they find their ideas have been eclipsed by those of
less authority. It is their habit to think that anything they suggest is
the best possible of its kind.
Whatever inventions are produced by the workmen, whether in leisure time
or at the shed, become the property of the railway company; they claim
the right of free and unrestricted use of all patents applied for by
their employees. Consequently, if a workman discovers means by which he
might assist the firm with a new process he holds his peace and troubles
no more about it. He knows that he would not be thanked for the
information, and he is also aware that if the scheme were adopted his
prices would consequently be reduced. In more up to date sheds, and
particularly in America, bonuses are given for the best work made and
every man is induced, by all reasonable means, to think out new methods.
An “idea box” is kept on the premises; every “happy thought” is written
upon a form and slipped into this. The managers alone inspect the sheets
and any suggestion considered worthy of being adopted is paid for.[4]
[4] Since these pages were penned the railway authorities
have invited the workmen to submit to them any ideas they
may have for the improvement of dies and plant, but,
unfortunately, the local foreman still stands in the way
and blocks progress. On the publication of the notice a
workman of the shed put forward a brilliant and original
idea in respect of a complex job upon which he was
engaged, but the foreman promptly cut him short and told
him he was a ---- fool, and there the matter ended.
Bonuses are paid to firemen and engine-drivers on the line for economy
in fuel. The same plan might profitably be adopted in the factory. It is
well-known that certain men invariably produce the best work. One
furnaceman will waste as much again fuel as another. One machineman
breaks no end of drills and tools. The work of this or that smith always
looks rough and shoddy. One stamper spoils more dies in a year than
another will in ten and often gets his work sent back, while the other
does never. If the best men were the most highly paid there would be no
just cause for complaint, but they are not. They are all classed the
same. The incompetent receives as much as the competent and is usually
held higher in esteem.
That great changes have taken place in regard to everything connected
with the factory of late years is not to be disputed. Different schemes
of work and other methods of dealing with the men have everywhere been
introduced. New machinery has revolutionised many branches of the labour
and it usually happens that where an appliance that saves 50 per cent.
to the firm is adopted the men are hustled into double activity; the
great delight of the managers is to boast of the large amount of work
produced by a machine, and to add that “one man does it all.” In
addition, prices all round are continually being sharpened; “balance” is
earned with greater difficulty and only by increased effort. The
officials declare openly that piecework balance is merely given to the
men when they earn it without strenuous efforts; they will not admit the
reasonableness of working with any degree of sanity and comfort.
As well as new machinery, which has revolutionised many branches of work
in the factory, there are such things as fresh laws and regulations
touching accidents and compensation for injuries, which have helped
considerably to modify the tone and character of the sheds. Only those
in perfect health are now admitted to the works; those possessed of
flaws of any kind are rejected. The tests are almost as severe as are
those used for recruiting for the Army and Navy, and young men are
refused on account of the most trivial ailments and infirmities.
When a man shows signs of being subject to recurrent spells of sickness
he is marked out as an undesirable; as soon as an opportunity comes he
will be quietly shifted off the premises. If a workman falls ill he must
not only satisfy the medical authorities at the works’ infirmary, and
notify his foreman of the fact, but, after passing the doctor’s
examination and clearing off the funds, he must present himself at one
of the manager’s offices and be further interrogated before he is
allowed to start again. This last-named examination is deeply resented
by the rank and file, and many, though ill, continue at work when they
ought to be at home because they do not like the irritating process of
passing the test and the certainty of having something or other recorded
against them.
In reality this is a system of espionage, a cowardly inquisition, but
one that is in high favour with the foreman because it gives him the
chance of getting rid of a man on so-called medical grounds without his
suspecting that he has been discharged for other reasons. By this means
the shed foreman may remove anyone against whom he has a grudge and he
cannot well be blamed himself; the victim is told that he is “medically
unfit,” and there is an end of it. The game is played by putting a
private pen mark upon the official slip to be presented at the office.
If the foreman desires to retain the workman he puts a private mark upon
the paper, and if he wants to get rid of him and has not the courage to
tell him so to his face the mark is omitted. This is so arranged in
order that if the workman suspects that the paper contains something to
his detriment and demands to see it, there shall be nothing that he can
cavil at. The damaging thing is in that there is no sign upon it.
Honest Mark Fell, who was one of the finest smiths that ever worked at a
forge, an excellent time-keeper, and who was possessed of a grand
character, died rather than go out on the sick list and be forced to
pass the dreaded inquisition. He was run down with over-work, and was
badly in need of a rest, but he did not like the idea of going to the
offices. Accordingly he kept coming to work day after day, and grew
weaker and weaker. When at last he did stay out it was too late; his
strength and vitality were gone and he died within a week or two
afterwards.
A decade and a half ago one could come to the shed fearlessly, and with
perfect complacence; work was a pleasure in comparison with what it is
now. It was not that the toil was easy, though, as a matter of fact, it
was not so exhausting as it is at present, but there was an entirely
different feeling prevalent. The workman was not watched and timed at
every little operation, and he knew that as the job had been one day so
it would be the next. Now, however, every day brings fresh troubles from
some quarter or other. The supervisory staff has been doubled or
trebled, and they must do something to justify their existence. Before
the workman can recover from one shock he is visited with another; he is
kept in a state of continual agitation and suspense which, in time,
operate on his mind and temper and transform his whole character.
At one time old and experienced hands were trusted and respected, both
by reason of their great knowledge of the work, acquired through many
years, and as a kind of tacit recognition of their long connection with
the firm, but now, when a man has been in the shed for twenty years,
however young he may be, he is no longer wanted. There is now a very
real desire to be rid of him. For one thing, his wages are high. In
addition to this, he knows too much; he is not pliable. It is time he
was shifted to make room for someone lower paid, more plastic and more
ignorant of the inner working of things.
If a workman has a grievance it is useless for him to complain to the
overseer, who is usually the cause of it, and if he takes it upon
himself to go and see the manager he gets no redress. The manager always
supports the foreman whether he has acted rightly or wrongly, and the
man is remembered and branded as a malcontent; he will be carefully
watched ever after. The safest way to quell a man is to keep him hard at
work. While his nose is firm upon the grindstone there is no danger of
his indulging in speculations of any kind; he could no more realise
himself than he could hope to see the stars at midday.
While the men are inside the walls of the factory, they are under the
most severe laws and restrictions, many of which are utterly ridiculous,
and out of all reason considering the general circumstances of the toil
and the conditions in vogue; they are indeed prisoners in every sense of
the term. In the midst of the busiest period of hay-making and
harvest-cart, ploughing or threshing, a short stop is always made for
refreshment, or the labourer takes a crust of bread and cheese from his
pocket and eats it at his work and is strengthened with it, but in the
factory one must not be seen to crack a nut, or eat an apple or biscuit,
much less to partake of any other food. If he should break the rule and
be seen eating, he will be marked for it and told to “get a pass out and
go home.” Four or five hours is a long time to keep up a strenuous pace
at the fires. A half-way relaxation of ten minutes would be good for
everyone; the workman would more than make up for it afterwards.
A regrettable dulness is discovered by very many of the men, which may
be bred of the labour itself and the extremely monotonous conditions of
the factory. There is little or no thought taken for the future, no
knowledge of the value of life, and not much desire to know, either. The
workmen do not think for themselves, and if you should be at the pains
of pointing out anything for their benefit they will tell you that you
are mad, or curse you for a Socialist. Anyone at the works who holds a
view different from that expressed by the crowd is called a Socialist,
rightly or wrongly; it would need an earthquake to rouse many of the men
out of their apathy and indifference. It is more than education at
fault. There is something wrong at the very roots of the tree. The whole
system of life requires overhauling and revolutionising; the national
character is become flat and stale.
I have already, in the first chapter, referred to labour unrest. That is
the perfectly natural outcome of modern conditions of labour, the long
spell of commercial prosperity, and of the spread of knowledge among the
working classes. It is not to be viewed with misgiving at all, at any
rate, not by those who can look intelligently into the future and brush
aside the paltry prejudices that are common everywhere to-day. The very
fact that working-men are rousing themselves and showing a masterly
interest in problems of the hour, and are prepared to fight fairly and
bravely for better conditions should be a source of satisfaction to
everyone. It proves, at least, that they are awake and alive; that they
have cast off torpor and stagnation and put on power and virility, and
that is surely a good omen both for the future of democracy and for the
nation at large. The extent of the riches of this country is so great as
to be inconceivable to the workers; if they knew how much wealth there
really is they would need to have no scruples in pressing with all their
might for a fairer share in the profits of their labours. Where the pace
is so much faster and the output considerably increased it is natural
that there should be a demand for higher wages and shorter hours. More
leisure and rest are absolutely indispensable in order properly to
recuperate for the increased demands made upon the workmen’s physical
powers. The difficulties of forming agreements with the men are not
nearly as great as they are represented to be. Drastic changes could be
made with but very little inconvenience or loss to the firm; the
transition would be almost imperceptible.
The idea that the general factory week should be completed in five
turns, the day shifts to finish working by Friday night, and the night
shifts to complete their toils by Saturday morning, has long been in my
mind. The having two clear days of leisure would give the worker an
opportunity of entirely shaking off the effects of confinement in the
shed at the week-end, and of starting work a new man on the Monday
morning. It is impossible for one to recuperate sufficiently in the
short space of time at present allowed; he is never free from the
effects of the hurry and speed of the machinery. There is, moreover, no
time to get away from the shadow and ugliness of the factory walls and
to make the acquaintance of other scenes in the country round about.
When the sheds are closed on Saturdays for short time, crowds of workers
either leave the town on foot and walk around the adjacent villages,
enjoying the fresh, pure air, or take short trips by the train and come
back strengthened with the change; you hear many a one say, during the
following week, that he feels extra fit and well.
If a week of forty-eight hours were divided out and completed in five
turns, instead of six, it would be both popular with the men and
economical for the employers. The fuel and light, the cost of steaming
up the boilers and the general wear and tear of machinery on the sixth
turn and for several hours a day besides would be saved, and there would
be about an equivalent amount of work produced. It is useless for
critics and calculators to come forward with figures and quotations to
disprove the statement and show its impossibility; I have worked in the
shed long enough to understand the true significance of things. What is
more, the workman is not, and never will be a mathematical machine; his
efforts and powers are not to be calculated by the set rules of
arithmetic.
The whole trend of things in the industrial world is towards shorter
hours, better wages, and a greater proportion of liberty for the
workman; all the objections that can be raised and schemes devised will
not stop the progressive movement. Sooner or later the barriers must
give way, and the goal will have been reached; the wonder then will be
that the change was not effected earlier. I would bid all toilers and
moilers, in and out of factories, to be of good hope and cheer, to fight
on and press steadily forward; victory will be certain to follow. At the
same time, one must not expect to arrive at an utter immunity from
hardships, nor, perhaps, will the whole of the differences between
capital and labour ever be absolutely removed and every problem solved.
Many conditions, however, will most certainly have been bettered, many
disputes settled and evils overcome, and this, it will be confessed, is
worth living and hoping for.
APPENDIX
Table of average day wages per week of fifty-four hours paid to men
employed at Swindon Railway Works, July 1914:--
Foremen 70s.
Foremen, Assistant 50s.
Draughtsmen 35s.
Clerks, Monthly Staff 30s.
Clerks, Shop 25s.
Forgemen 33s.
Smiths 33s.
Rolling Mills Men 30s.
Furnacemen 28s.
Stampers 28s.
Stampers’ Assistants 22s.
Smiths’ Strikers 22s.
Pattern-makers 35s.
Boilermakers 34s.
Fitters and Turners 34s.
Fitters, Engine 34s.
Fitters, Carriage 28s.
Die-sinkers 34s.
Coppersmiths 30s.
Tinsmiths 30s.
Moulders 26s.
Wheel Turners 24s.
Machinemen, General 24s.
Carriage Body-makers 30s.
Carriage Finishers 28s.
Waggon-builders 28s.
Road-Waggon Builders 28s.
Carpenters 28s.
Painters 26s.
Saw Mills, Timber 24s.
Riveters 26s.
Bricklayers 28s.
Labourers, Skilled 22s.
Labourers, Unskilled 20s.
Labourers, Fitters’ 21s.
Storekeepers 23s.
INDEX
Abingdon, 44
Accident, 14, 243
Accumulators, 149
Africa, 92
Agora, 298
“Ajax,” 141
Alexandria, 298
All Fools’ Day, 270
America, 92, 102, 150, 301
Annealed, 21
Antiquated, 25
Antonio, 234
Apprentices (smiths), 90
Aquatic plants, 44
Archæologist, 177
Army, 77, 302
Ash-wheelers, 47
Athens, 298
Athletes, 63
Atlantic, 139, 169
Atlas, 73
Avon, river, 22, 45
Axles, 20
“Back to the Land,” 296
Balance, 283
Balance-week, 254
Balling-up, 17
Bank Holidays, 245
Battleship, 110
Bays, 10
Beam-engine, 151
Beltage, 100
Besom, 85
Bible, 32
“Big Firm,” 256
Birmingham, 92, 151
Bogies, 11
Boilers, 136
Boilersmiths, 74, 113
Bonuses, 301
Borough, 18
Boss, 134
“Black List,” 230
Blast-furnace, 116
Blood-poisoning, 213
Bloom, 108
“Blower,” 150
Bricklayers, 48
Bricklayers’ labourers, 49
Bridge, of furnace, 46
Bristol, 13, 44
Broad-gauge, 67
Broadway, Hammersmith, 238
“Bucket of blast,” 281
Buffalo Bill, 77, 156
Buffer, 23
Bullion van, 70
“Bummer,” 134
Burns, 19
Burs, 23
Cabin, 25
Cæsar, Julius, 264
Callipers, 102
Canada, 228
Canvas belts, 147
Cape of Good Hope, 102
Capitalist, 2
Carlyle, Thomas, 237
Carriage body-makers, 56
Carriage finishers, 38
Cassius, 264
_Castellum_, 12
Casuals, 69
Catastrophe, 38
Ceremonious, 57
Ceylon, 157
Chalk-pits, 13
Channel Islands, 173
Chargeman, 282
Charities, 97
Cheapjack, 173
Check-box, 130
_Chelidon_, 263
Cheltenham, 92
Chemicals, 33
China, 102, 157, 173
Cinematograph, 298
Cirencester, 13
Clay-pits, 262
Clinkering, 46
“Clod-hopping,” 297
Coal-heavers, 14
Coffee stalls, 129
Compensation, 227
Compressed air, 172
Condensation, 11
Consumption, 126
Contraband, 31
Corporation, 62
Cotswold Hills, 45
Cottage Hospital, 97
Countershaft, 145
Covered goods waggons, 71
“Cow-banging,” 279
Cramp, 94
Cricklade, 44
Cushion-beaters, 41
Cutting-down, 68
Cyclops, 208
Cylinder, 18
Deadwood Dick, 77
Dee, river, 22
Democracy, 294
Detectives, 37
Detonators, 23
“Diagonals,” 23
Dinner-can, 112
“Discontent,” 4
“Dolly,” 69
Donkey-engine, 150
Donkey-man, 109
Door-boy, 110
Dorsetshire, 247
Double-handed, 306
Dowlais, 173
Draughtsmen, 133
Dredger, 45
Drop-stamp, 153
Dumb-bells, 144
Durham, 92
Earthquake, 18
Ebony, 15
Educational Authority, 289
Egypt, 173
Egyptians, 298
Electricity in belts, 147
Engine-cranks, 104
Entrenchment, 13
Erin, 173
Espionage, 303
Examination, 93
Excursionists, 26
Exhaust of engines, 63
Exhibition, 88
Ex-Hussar, 73
Explosions, 36
Fable, 133
Factory Acts, 74
Factory system, 103
Falstaffian, 181
Fan, 145
Feed-pipes, 210
Feudal times, 1
Fire-engine, 33
Fires, 34
First Aid Men, 244
Fitters, 101
“Flatter,” 21
Flying Dutchman, 68
Fogmen, 23
“Foreigners,” 86
Forgemen, 106
Forging, 18
Fortress, 11
Foundry, 116
France, 150
Freight trains, 123
“Fuller,” 21
Gallery-men, 87
Gauge-glass, 166
Gazing-stock, 186
Geological data, 50
Germany, 20, 150
Gloucester, 44, 92
Government, 8, 300
Greeks, 1, 289
Grindstones, bursting of, 152
Grossness of atmosphere, 249
Gun barrel, 17
Hammer-driver, 107
Hammersmith, 237
Heavy-weights, 73
_Hecuba_, 290
“Hell Corner,” 142
Hercules, 52
Hereditary, 91
Hibernian, 182
Historical relics, 288
Holder-up, 69
Hooter, 125
Horatian, 290
Horse-rake, 266
Hustle, 183
Hydraulic work, 171
Idea-box, 301
“Ierky,” 59
Improvers, 90
Incendiarism, 34
Inferno, 208
Injector, 215
Inquiry office, 276
Inquisition, 303
Irishmen, 173
“Ironopolis,” 105
Italians, 298
Jackboots, 17, 111
Jam, 148
“Jaw-breakers,” 285
Jefferies, Richard, 12
“Jersey Lily,” 173
Jesus Christ, 246
Jew’s harp, 166
“Jogglers,” 82
“Joggling,” 14
John Bright, 236
Journals, axle, 13
Justin M‘Carthy, 238
Kennet, river, 22
Labour unrest, 1
“Lambs,” 177
Lancaster, 92
Latin, 289
Laughing-stock, 29
Lean-to, 142
Library, 248
Liddington Hill, 12
Lightning, 10
Literary Society, 135
Liverpool, 92
“Loco” boiler, 164
Loitering, 29
London, 44, 45, 68
Magnesia, 166
Malcontent, 305
Malleable steel, 103
Mallet, 83
Marines, 232
Mark Fell, 304
Mars, 219
May-pole, 63
Medical Report, 242
Mediterranean, 263
Merchant of Venice, 234
Mess-rooms, 262
Middlesborough, 105, 173
Midlands, 105, 155
Militia, 174
Mines, 1
Molière, 154
“Monday-fied,” 257
“Monkey,” of hammer, 109
Monsieur Jourdain, 154
Monthly staff, 133
Motherwell, 173
Moulders, 119
Mrs Langtry, 237
Mulatto, 174
Municipalities, 2
Mushrooms, 221
Narrow-gauge, 67
Navy, 77, 143, 302
Newcastle, 116
New Testament, 290
New Year’s Eve, 271
Nicknames, 77
Night shift, 206
“Nobbling,” 113
Oatmeal, 261
Obsequious, 275
Officialism, 7
Oileus, Ajax, 141
Oil furnace, 3, 139
Oscar Wilde, 237
Output, 5
Overalls, 101
Overseer, 7
Overtime, 292
Oxford, 13
Painters, 38
Palmy days, 21
Pandemonium, 71, 135
Paris, 158
Parliament, 8
Parrot, river, 22
_Passeres_, 263
_Pater familias_, 127
Pattern-makers, 38
Pay-day, 253
Pension, 32
Percentage, 51, 283
Piece-work inspector, 134
Piers and panels, 10
Pig iron, 117
“Piles,” 16
Platers, boiler, 113
Pneumatic riveting machine, 70
Police Court, 53
Politics, 287
Porter-bar, 105
“Pride o’ the Prairie,” 198
Provocation, 4
“Puddling,” 17
“Puller-up,” 71
Pull-rod, 201
Punishment, 15
Pushfulness, 53
Railway Institute, 248
“Ram,” 104, 143
“Rasher-waggon,” 111
References, 276
Refrigerator van, 70
Repairs, 37
“Riddle,” 83
River Liffey, 155
Rivet-boys, 75
Road-waggon builder, 54
Rolling mills, 15
Romans, 1, 85
Rome, 298
Rooks, 263
Rotherham, 92
Royal train, 233
Rubbish heap, 61
Ruffianism, 56
Salisbury, 157
Sanitary, 32
Scientist, 20
Scotland, 13, 20, 105
Scrap-waggons, 21
Serfs, 1
“Set-tool,” 82
Severn, 22
Shear-off (bur), 172
Sheer-legs, 14
Sheffield, 13, 92, 105
Shingling, 16
Shop clerks, 133
Shunters, 25
Shylock, 234
Sick and Medical Fund, 253
Signalmen, 68, 124
Skating-rink, 298
Skulker, 47
Slag, 171
Smithy, 82
Smoke-box, 115
Smoking, 27
Smudging, 37
“Snap” (rivet), 78
Sneak, 31
Snowstorm, 121
Socialist, 36
Sole-bar, 67
Sop, 5
Speeding-up, 5
Stamping, 98
State, 8
Steam-saw, 16
Steamship Company, 2
Stoppage week, 254
Storekeeper, 239
“Strappie,” 148
Sunderland, 116, 179
Supper-hour, 215
Surgery, 281
“Swanker,” 265
Tamar, river, 22
Tarpaulin, 22
Taxicab, 299
Teak, 13
Telamon, 141
“Tell-tale,” 28
Tennyson, 237
Thales, 1
Thames, river, 22, 45
Theft, 30, 81
Throw-off (wheels), 152
“Ticket,” 131
Tipperary, 182
_Titanic_, 191
Titans, 139
“Toe-punch,” 281
T pieces, 20
Towy, river, 22
Trades Union, 2, 102
Trams, 299
Transfer, 40, 43
Transport, 44
Transvaal, 173
Traversing Table, 161
Trespassers, 67
Trimmer, 210
“Trip,” 245
Troy, 141
Tubing (boilers), 113
Tug-of-war, 73
Tyres, 13
Uffington, 233
Ugliness, 12
Under-strapper, 61
“Undesirables,” 289
Upholsterers, 38
Up-setting, 142
Vacuum arrangement, 41
Ventilation, 10
Viaduct, 22
Virgil, 1
Wages, 5
Wales, 179, 181
Washer, 21
Washing-down, 37
Waster, 279
Watchmen, 25
Water-closet, 32
Water-gas, 220
Water-pipe, 270
Weather-vane, 260
Weekly staff, 133
Welsh pits, 14
West Indies, 173
Weymouth, 247
Wheel shed, 57
Whistler, the artist, 237
Wiltshire, 158
Witney, 13
Worcester, 92
Works’ Institute, 135
Wye, river, 22
Yankee hammers, 133
_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
A WILTSHIRE VILLAGE
BY ALFRED WILLIAMS
“We have found it a gentle and continuous delight. To the reader it can
hardly be anything but a joy to find the old village life, which perhaps
he himself remembers, set down so fairly and fully, with the charge of
monotony roundly dismissed and all the events and pleasures recorded....
Wonderful little descriptions. Here is a vivid portrait that will seem
to many like that of an old friend--Jemmy Boulton, the carter.... We
knew and loved him ever so many years ago. And it is because Mr Williams
knows and loves him, as he knows and loves the woods and waters, the
plants and the beasts, that he makes a country-side live for us again as
it still is here and there, as it will not be anywhere for
long.”--_Times._
“Here is one who has never been drawn from his allegiance to the
country-side by the allurements of big cities. An extremely interesting
book, concerned not only with village life, but wandering far afield to
the advantage of the thoughtful reader. The beauty of his descriptions,
the quiet dignity of his well-considered inclusion of details, the
manner of introducing us to this ‘character’ and that, call for
appreciation, and the reader closes with reluctance a fascinatingly
discursive record which he has followed with genuine pleasure and
unabated interest.”--_Country Life._
“He brings to bear the same observation and love of nature which are the
salient features of his delightful ‘Poems.’ There is in him much quaint
lore and wide knowledge of birds and animals. He has many good things to
say on this subject.”--_Evening Standard._
“A book which is as charming as it is uncommon. Makes a deep appeal to
the naturalist and lover of the country. Mr Williams writes of what he
knows, and that fact adds a special value to his book.”--_Field._
“A faithful description of a quiet corner of rural England, so well
written in strong simple English that it deserves a place of honour on
the shelf where country-side books are treasured.”--_Daily Mail._
“Written from personal experience and with the closest observation.
Those whose interests are centred on rural matters generally will take a
keen delight in it. There is food for much reflection in this volume;
and be it noted that sincerity runs like a golden thread through every
page.”--_Daily Chronicle._
_Crown 8vo, 305+xvi pages. 5s. net, postage 4d._
DUCKWORTH & CO., COVENT GARDEN, LONDON.
_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
VILLAGES OF THE WHITE HORSE
BY ALFRED WILLIAMS
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would be in records of real rural life! We hope Mr Williams will keep
on writing as long as he has material in his collections with which to
picture the kindly, stout-hearted, humorous folk of the
Downside.”--_Manchester Guardian._
“This book cannot be too strongly recommended for general reading, as a
charming picture, full of changing interest, of a tract of country of
great native beauty, and of the people, sturdy and characterful, who
inhabit a score of villages, so independent and self-centred that the
mere story of their industries makes no small part of the charm of this
delightful book.”--_Pall Mall Gazette._
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draws vivid pictures, tells many delightful stories. The book is one of
great interest, and we should be glad to see others of a similar
sort.”--_Athenæum._
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with whom he has talked. He is good on farm customs, good, too, when
he writes of the lore of the countryside. The whole life of the
country lives in his book, which is a valuable and delightful book,
and should be bought by everyone who loves the country: bought
because it is emphatically a book to read many times and to special
friends.”--_Observer._
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Richard Jefferies. A knowledge and a cheerful humour which are
refreshing.”--_Yorkshire Post._
“We have only one quarrel with the Author of _Villages of the White
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which is not inevitably behind the reviewers’ summing up, we bear
testimony to its sterling qualities--its simple strength of style, its
sweetness, its fine balance, its sanity of outlook, its flashes of
rollicking humour, its informativeness, its warm sympathy and quick
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people in their homes and in the field. It gives the most vivid
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_Crown 8vo, 290+xvi pages. 5s. net, postage 4d._
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_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
COR CORDIUM
BY ALFRED WILLIAMS
“_Cor Cordium_ confirms Mr Alfred Williams’ remarkable position among
writers of contemporary verse. It has all his sincerity and clear
vision. We prefer his ecstatic reckless lyrics to the longer poems, in
which he gives us nineteenth-century philosophy in admirable eighteenth
century verse.”--_Manchester Guardian._
“Mr Alfred Williams’ position as a poet is fully established.”--_Times._
“That remarkable poet, Mr Alfred Williams, adds another triumph to his
list of volumes of verse.”--_Daily Citizen._
“Mr Williams is one of those writers whose books we often pull down from
their place when the town lies heavy on the heart.”--_Observer._
“Mr Williams is a simple and a genuine poet, simple because he is not
tempted away into decorative effects alien from the spontaneity of his
lyrical impulse, and genuine because he breathes the utmost strength of
his spirit into every line and phrase. He is circumscribed neither in
the concentration nor the intensity of this impulse, but in its range.
The energy and feeling which quicken his expression are sufficient in
themselves to create a responsiveness in the reader which registers the
vicissitudes in the mood and sensibilities of the poet. That is a great
quality. Mr Williams’ strength lies in the clear and exquisite treatment
of a common sentiment.”--_The Nation._
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its own well-measured, well-disciplined confidence.”--_Daily Chronicle._
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rare in the verse of to-day that when we find them they have a sort of
exotic piquancy. There are times when Mr Williams wears with grace the
mantle of the Jacobeans.”--_Spectator._
“His lyrics in strict form are often wonderful. We do not think that
such lovely lyric verse can fail to give its creator a high place among
the poets of to-day.”--_Poetry Review._
_Large 8vo, 82 pages. 3s. 6d. net, postage 3d._
PUBLISHED BY ERSKINE MACDONALD
16 FEATHERSTONE BUILDINGS, LONDON, W.C.
_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
NATURE AND OTHER POEMS
BY ALFRED WILLIAMS
“It is seldom, even among the romantics, that we find so ecstatic a rage
for nature. The purpose and sincerity of the author bear him along, and
there are times when he achieves a rare beauty. He has depths yet
unplumbed to draw from.”--_Times._
“The expression of a mystical exaltation of spirit. Truth and sincerity
are the impulse of Mr Williams’ poems.”--_Edinburgh Review._
“A rare blend of Goth and Latin.”--_English Review._
“Mr Williams’ work has the passionate throbbing purity of the later
Richard Jefferies.”--_Bookman._
“Mr Williams’ work has a splendid detachment and a splendid
essentiality. It is pure rapture.”--_Academy._
“The poems have the fragrance and simplicity that come from a strong,
sincere mind. To read them is to be refreshed.”--_Observer._
“There is movement, joy of life, strenuous bliss of existence throughout
the book; it is a real and rare pleasure to read.”--_Poetry Review._
“The work, which recalls Cowper, is delightful.”--_Athenæum._
“Written in glowing strains of rare quality.”--_Publishers’ Circular._
“Mr Williams is a poet of a school uncommon in these days. His robust
and shapely verse is a counterpart of his wholesome philosophy of
life.”--_Spectator._
“Those who read the other books of this man, who has triumphed over
circumstances so remarkably, will know that pleasure awaits them on
every page.”--_Outlook._
“Works of high merit. Remarkable human documents.”--_Swindon
Advertiser._
“Mr Williams is a singer whom we should place very high.”--_Literary
Monthly._
_Large 8vo, 90 pages. 3s. 6d. net, postage 3d._
PUBLISHED BY ERSKINE MACDONALD
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A LIST OF THE LIBRARIES AND SERIES OF COPYRIGHT BOOKS PUBLISHED BY
DUCKWORTH & CO.
3 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN LONDON, W.C.2
DUCKWORTH & CO.’S LIBRARIES AND SERIES
THE POPULAR LIBRARY OF ART--_continued_
THE PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD. By Ford Madox Hueffer.
PERUGINO. By Edward Hutton.
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WATTEAU. By Camille Mauclair.
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WHISTLER. By Bernhard Sickert.
MASTERS OF PAINTING
_With many illustrations in photogravure._
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The volumes are designed to give as much value as possible, and for the
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It would be difficult to conceive of more concise, suggestive, and
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The six volumes are:
RAPHAEL. By Julia Cartwright.
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G. F. WATTS. By G. K. Chesterton.
LEONARDO DA VINCI. By Georg Gronau.
HOLBEIN. By Ford Madox Hueffer.
ROSSETTI. By Ford Madox Hueffer.
THE CROWN LIBRARY
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SCIENCE AND RELIGION IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY. By Emile
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WANDERINGS IN ARABIA. By Charles M. Doughty. An abridged
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FOLK-LORE OF THE HOLY LAND: Moslem, Christian, and Jewish. By
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LIFE AND EVOLUTION. By F. W. Headley, F.Z.S. With upwards of
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THE NOTE-BOOKS OF LEONARDO DA VINCI. Edited by Edward McCurdy.
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THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF LESLIE STEPHEN. By F. W. Maitland.
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THE COUNTRY MONTH BY MONTH. By J. A. Owen and G. S. Boulger.
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THE ENGLISH UTILITARIANS. By Sir Leslie Stephen. 3 vols.
Vol. I. JAMES MILL.
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Vol. III. JOHN STUART MILL.
CRITICAL STUDIES. By S. Arthur Strong. With Memoir by Lord
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Transcriber’s Note
Spelling and word usage have been retained as they appear in the
original publication except as follows:
Page 47 mumuring and complaint is always imposed _changed to_
murmuring and complaint is always imposed
Page 86 heats with a minimum amount of labour _changed to_
beats with a minimum amount of labour
Page 93 the knowledge of their own usefulnesss _changed to_
the knowledge of their own usefulness
Page 156 thick chunks of break and _changed to_
thick chunks of bread and
Page 170 for removing the scale and excresence _changed to_
for removing the scale and excrescence
Page 172 superflous metal, an ounce or more _changed to_
superfluous metal, an ounce or more
Page 197 makes me bad _changed to_
makes me mad
Page 200 got to channge knives _changed to_
got to change knives
Page 247 domestic rseponsibilities--rise _changed to_
domestic responsibilities--rise
Catalogue
Page 3 DUCKWORTH & CO.’S LIBRARIES AND SERIES
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End of Project Gutenberg's Life in a Railway Factory, by Alfred Williams