GETTING TO WORK--THE AWAKENING IN THE COUNTRY--STEALING A
RIDE--THE TOWN STIR--THE ARMY OF
WORKMEN--“CHECKING”--EARLY COMERS--CLERKS AND
DRAUGHTSMEN--FEATURES OF THE STAFF
At an early hour the whole neighbourhood within a radius of five or six
miles of the factory is astir; there is a general preparation for the
coming day’s work. The activity will first begin in the villages
furthest from the town. Soon after four o’clock, in the quiet hamlets
amidst the woods and lanes, the workmen will leave their beds and get
ready for the long tramp to the shed, or to the nearest station touched
by the trains proceeding to the railway town. Many of the younger men
have bicycles and will pedal their way to work. They will not be forced
to rise quite as early as the rest, unless they live at a very great
distance. A few workmen I know have, for the past twenty years, resided
at not less than twelve miles from the town and have made the journey
all through the year, wet and dry together. The only time at which they
cannot get backwards and forwards is when there are deep floods, or
after a heavy snowstorm. Then, if the fall has been severe and the water
or snow lies to any depth on the roads, they will be compelled to walk
or to lodge in the town. Sometimes the fall of snow has taken place in
the night and the workman, under these circumstances, will be forced to
take a holiday until it melts and he is able to journey along the road
again.
I have heard many accounts, from workmen who had long distances to walk
to the factory, of the great and terrible blizzard of 1881, when the
drifts in many places along the highways were from sixteen to twenty
feet deep. One sturdy fellow took great pride in relating how he made
the journeys daily--of six miles each way--during the whole time the
snow lay on the ground, though many were frozen to death in the
locality. Another workman whom I knew walked regularly to and from the
village for fifty years, and at the end of that time bethought himself
to get a tricycle. It was amusing to see him, with snow-white hair and
the perspiration pouring down his weather-beaten old face, pedalling
home from work after a very hot and scorching day at the rolling mills.
What with the fatigue of the day’s work and the extraordinary exertions
required to propel the machine, he was very nearly exhausted by the time
he reached home. Everyone along the highway turned to have a second view
of the old man as he trundled his machine along, puffing and blowing
with the effort, his face red and fiery; but he was not to be deterred
from the innovation. It is probable that walking would have been the
easier way of getting backwards and forwards, for the machine was nearly
as heavy as a farm cart. There was a slight saving of time, however, and
it is a common saying among work-people of all sorts that “Third-class
riding is better than first-class walking.” After the old man’s death
the tricycle became the property of a band of farm boys who used it as a
training machine; it was for a long time a source of fun and amusement
to the villagers.
Very often, in the remote villages, where there is no access to the
stations at which the factory trains call, a party of workmen club
together and hire a conveyance to bring them daily to the town; or they
may subscribe the money and buy a horse and cart and contribute equally
towards the expense of keeping them. An arrangement is made with the
proprietor of a public-house in the town. The horse is stabled and the
vehicle stored for a small sum, and the men ride backwards and forwards,
comfortable and independent. It was the custom, years ago, during
haymaking and harvest-time for farmers to come in with conveyances from
the outlying villages and meet the men and drive them home. They went
straight from the factory to the farmyard or hayfield, and, after a
hearty tea in the open air, or a square meal of bread, cheese and ale,
turned in and helped the farmer, both enjoying the change of work and
earning a couple of shillings a night as additional wages. This practice
was very popular with the factory men, who never ceased to talk about it
to their town mates in the shed and rouse them to envy with the frequent
narration. Of late years, however, the custom has died out. Labour is
too cheap and machinery too plentiful for the farmer to have any
difficulty in getting his crops together nowadays.
The majority of the villagers, though compelled to leave home for the
town at such an early hour, will yet rise in time to partake of a light
breakfast before starting for the shed. The country mothers are far more
painstaking in the matter of providing meals than are many of those in
the town; they think nothing of rising at four a.m. in order to boil the
kettle and cook food for their husbands and sons. Though the goodman may
protest against it and declare that he would rather go without the food
than give his wife so much trouble, it makes no difference. Every
morning, at the usual hour, the smoke goes curling up from the chimney;
a cup of hot, refreshing tea is invariably awaiting him on the table
when he arrives downstairs. After the repast he starts off in abundant
time and takes his leisure on the road; one rarely sees a countryman
hurrying to work in the morning.
The boys, on the other hand, will not be as punctual in starting off to
work; they will usually be late in setting out, very often delaying till
the last moment. They will, moreover, often loiter on the way
bird’s-nesting or reading, or perhaps they may start into the farmer’s
orchard and carry off the rosy-cheeked apples to eat in the shed or to
divide out among their mates and companions. At one time there were
three brothers of one house in the village, all working in the factory,
though they never under any circumstances went to the town together. The
eldest of the three always led the way, the second following five
minutes later, and the youngest brought up the rear at a similar
interval. The return home at night was made in the same manner: it is
unusual to see the members of a family or household going to work
together.
Very often the village resident will work for an hour in his garden or
attend to his pigs and domestic animals before leaving for the railway
shed. If the neighbouring farmer is busy, or happens to be a man short,
he may help him milk his cows or do a little mowing with the scythe and
still be fresh for his work in the factory. I have known those who,
during the summer months, went regularly to fishing in the big brook, or
practised a little amateur poaching with the ferrets, and never missed
going to gather mushrooms in the early mornings during autumn.
Several boys of the village, especially on the dark winter mornings,
used to watch for the freight-trains that sometimes stopped at the
signal station and steal a ride down to the works, hanging on to the
rails of the brake van, or clinging to the buffers. The practice was
attended with considerable risk, and the punishment, had they been
detected, would have been sharp and severe. It was difficult to see them
sitting in the shadow of the tail lamps, however, though once or twice
we were reported by the signalmen and chased by the goods guards. At one
time the train ran through the station without stopping, with three
youngsters clinging to the rails of the guard’s van, and it was only
checked by accident twelve miles higher up the line. A great chase
across fields in a drenching downpour of rain followed, but the goods
guard had to own himself beaten and returned to the van. One of the boys
was fond of lying down between the metals, and of allowing the trains to
thunder along above him--certainly a dangerous proceeding, though he did
not think so at that time. All these practices are well-nigh impossible
now. Greater care is taken to keep trespassers off the line and the
modern system of transverse sleepers for the track hardly permits of
lying down between the metals.
One morning, nearly dark, as a village lad was going to work down the
line, he was much frightened at seeing a man behaving in a mysterious
and suspicious manner underneath one of the bridges. He appeared to be
selecting a spot in which to lie across the rails, and as there was a
fast train approaching close at hand, the youngster soon became
considerably alarmed. To his relief, however, as the engine drew near,
the unknown one got off the track, ran up the bank and disappeared. At
the same spot, soon afterwards, a young man, suspected of a criminal
offence, threw himself in front of an express and was cut to pieces.
After that occurrence we boys shunned the line, for that winter at
least, and passed to work along the highway. We had many narrow escapes
from being knocked down by engines, trains and waggons in the station
yard at different times. One morning, being very late, I ran between
some waggons that were being shunted, when only a very narrow space
remained before the vehicles closed up. In spite of warning shouts, I
skipped through quickly, but as I cleared the rails an old shunter, who
was waiting on the other side, swung his arm round and struck me a
terrific blow behind the ear with his open hand, and loudly scolded me
for taking such risks. Half stunned with the blow, I ran off, and freely
forgave the old man for his well-meant chastisement. I often meet him
now in the town, many years after the escapade, and always remember the
incident, though he has doubtless forgotten it long ago.
By five o’clock the people of the inner circle of the radius without the
town are well awake, and twenty minutes later the dreaded hooter bellows
out, like the knell of doom to a great many. The sound travels to a
great distance, echoing and re-echoing along the hills and up the valley
seventeen or twenty miles away, if the wind is setting in that
direction. This is the first warning signal to the workman to bestir
himself, if he has not already done so; to awake from dreams to
realities, to shake off the warm, comfortable bed-clothes and don his
working attire. It is now the turn of the town dweller to stir. Very
soon, here and there, a thin spire of smoke arises from the chimney,
telling of the early cup of tea in preparation. The oldest hands, a good
many of them grey and feeble, are to be seen making their way towards
the entrances to the works. It will take some of them quite half an hour
to reach the shed, though that is no more than three-quarters of a mile
away. By and by others will come from their houses and join those who
are just arriving from the country. These are the town’s early risers.
Some time will elapse yet before the regular stream comes forth to fill
the street and make the pavements ring with their countless footsteps.
Although a few may prefer to come leisurely to work and perhaps wait in
the shed some ten minutes before it is time to start at the machines,
the great majority loiter till the very last minute and spend not a
second of time, more than they are absolutely bound, upon the company’s
premises.
At ten minutes to six the hooter sounds a second time, then again at
five minutes, and finally at six o’clock. This time it makes a double
report, in order that the men may be sure that it is the last hooter.
Five minutes’ grace--from six till six-five--is allowed in the morning;
after that everyone except clerks must lose time. As soon as the
ten-minutes hooter sounds the men come teeming out of the various parts
of the town in great numbers, and by five minutes to six the streets
leading to the entrances are packed with a dense crowd of men and boys,
old and young, bearded and beardless, some firm and upright, others bent
and stooping, pale and haggard-looking, all off to the same daily toil
and fully intent on the labour before them. It is a mystery where they
all come from. Ten thousand workmen! They are like an army pressing
forward to battle. Tramp! tramp! tramp! Still they pour down the
streets, with the regularity of trained soldiers, quickening in pace as
the time advances, until they come very nearly to the double and finally
disappear through the entrances. Some of the young men’s faces are
ghastly white, very thin and emaciated, telling a story of
ill-health--consumption, very likely--while others are fresh and
healthy-looking--there are fat and lean among them. Some there are still
bearing traces of yesterday’s toil--large black rings around the eyes,
or sharp lines underneath the chin and continued round the back of the
neck. A little more soap and water would have removed them, but in all
probability the youngster was extra tired, or in a great hurry to get
off to play, or go a-fishing, and so could not endure a tedious toilet.
Others, again, come blundering along with eyes only half open--having
obviously missed the morning swill--with their shirt unbuttoned at the
neck, their boots not laced up, untidy and unkempt, and in a desperate
hurry. This one is bare-headed, that one carries his hat in his hand,
and another wears his hind before. Many have had no time even to look
for their working clothes, but have clapped on the first that met their
eyes on arising from bed; you often see one enter the shed dressed in
odd garments, and sometimes wearing a shoe of a sort.
The boys and youths are usually the last. They always experience greater
difficulty in leaving the comfortable bed, and the _pater familias_ will
often have had trouble in inducing them finally to wake up and think
about work. They do not realise the seriousness of the business as he
does, and are very careless on first awaking. By and by, however, the
truth dawns upon them; up they scramble, dress, and run out of doors and
up the street, and very often do not stop till they come to the shed. I
have many a time, as a boy, run from the village to the factory, four
miles distant, in thirty-five minutes, as the result of oversleeping.
When the youngsters reach the shed, after a long run, they will require
a spell of a few minutes before they can start work, and the forgers and
hammermen will often have to shout at them several times before they are
sufficiently rested to begin.
A great many of the crowd bring their breakfast and dinner with them,
either to eat it in the shed, or in the mess-rooms provided for the
purpose. Some of the men carry it in a canteen, held under the arm or
slung with a string over the shoulder and back. Others bring it tied up
in red handkerchiefs, and very many, especially of the town dwellers,
wrap it up in old newspapers. The country workmen are more particular
over their food than are their mates of the town. Though their fare will
be plainer and simpler--seldom amounting to anything more tasty than
bread and butter, cheese or cold boiled bacon--they will be at great
pains to see that it is very fresh and clean.
That which strikes one most forcibly about the morning crowd is the
extraordinary quiet and soberness, both of the men and the juveniles.
They seldom speak to each other as they hurry along through the streets
and tunnels towards their several destinations--not even those who toil
side by side at the same forge or machine, however much they may talk
later on in the day. They do not--except in somewhat rare
instances--even wish each other “Good morning.” If they happen to speak
at all it will usually be no more than to utter a curt “Mornin’,” which
is often responded to with a very impolite and often positively churlish
“’Ow do!” And as for a smile! A morning smile on the way to work is
indeed a rarity. Now and then the careless-hearted lads may indulge in a
little playful banter, though even this is not common, but the men never
smile in the early morning. There is the day’s work to be faced, the
smoke and heat, the long stand at the machine, the tedious confinement,
the hard word and bitter speech, the daily anxiety, the unnatural combat
for the necessaries of life, and it all looms big on the horizon. By and
by, as the day advances and the hands of the clock slowly but surely
record the death and burial of the hours, the set features will relax,
and the tongue will regain its office. The fire of human sympathy will
be rekindled and man and boy will be themselves again. But this will be
not yet. For the present everyone is concerned with his own necessity.
He is marching to battle, the issue of which is doubtful and uncertain.
When the first victory has been won, which is at dinner-time for him, he
will dissolve and be natural and genial, but not now. It is noteworthy
that the country workmen will prove to be more sympathetic than those of
the town. Many of them will bid “Good morning” to everyone they meet,
whether they know them or not. They do not stand upon any kind of
formality; answered or not they persist in the salutation, and always
add the christian name of the individual where it is known to them.
In the street, near the entrances, are coffee stalls, where, for the
modest sum of a halfpenny, the workmen may obtain a cup of the steaming
beverage, which is usually of a weak quality and not at all likely to
derange the stomach of the individual who swallows it. Another halfpenny
will purchase a bun or scone, a slice of “lardy” or currant cake, if
anyone shall desire it, so that there is no need for any who can afford
a copper each morning to go hungry to work. Some workmen bring food from
home in their hand and eat it standing by the stall, where they have
stopped to partake of a cup of tea or coffee.
It is pathetic, especially on cold, wintry mornings, to note the rivet
boys and others of the poorest class as they approach the entrance by
the coffee stalls. Their eyes are fixed longingly on the steaming urns
and piled-up plates of buns; they would like to gulp down a good big cup
of the liquid and munch several of the cakes. But such luxuries are not
for them. They have not a halfpenny in the world, so they content
themselves with a covetous look and pass on to the labour. Now and then
a father, with his little son, will stop to share a cup of coffee, or
they may have one apiece, but this is not a common occurrence. All the
money is needed elsewhere--for clothes, boots, and household
requirements. The better class of work-people--journeymen and such
like--never drink tea or coffee at the stalls. That is beneath their
dignity. They do not like to be seen breaking their fast in public, and
they speak of the beverages as “messes” and “slops.” A few of the
workmen will loiter about the street till six o’clock, by which time
some of the public-houses will be opened. They will require a mug of ale
or a little spirit to put them in order; perhaps they were drunk
overnight and want a “livener” before starting in the morning.
At about three minutes past six a smart rush for the entrance is made,
and those bringing up the rear will be forced to put on a good spurt in
order to gain the shed in time. They have either dawdled about at home,
or were late in rising; whatever the reason may be, every morning finds
them in the same predicament. The same workmen are always first or last;
year in and year out there is little variation in the individual
time-table. What a man is this morning he will be to-morrow morning;
there is no change week after week or month after month. Moreover, he
that is late at the first beginning of the day’s work will most
certainly be in the same position at breakfast-time and dinner-time,
too. He will come to be noted for that characteristic; he is bound to be
late in any case. Such men always parcel out their time with exquisite
nicety, so that when the hooter begins to sound they have about twenty
yards to run in order to reach the check-box. Immediately after the
rear part of the crowd has disappeared within the entrance the
ponderous doors are closed with a loud bang, and the town without looks
to be deserted. The men inside the yard scatter, some this way and some
that, and are soon out of sight in the different sheds. All that can be
seen now are a few clerks sauntering along, usually wearing a flower in
their button-hole, and glancing at the morning newspaper.
Every workman is provided with a brass check or “ticket,” round in shape
like a penny, or oblong, with a number stamped upon it, corresponding to
his name in the register. This has to be placed in the check-box each
time the man enters the shed, and it is the only accepted proof of his
attendance at work or absence from it. If he loses or mislays the ticket
he will be fined a sum equal to half an hour’s wages, whether he likes
it or not, and he will consequently often be forced to pay fourpence or
fivepence for a portion of metal that is worth no more than a farthing.
This will be the price of having his name registered, or, if he is
dissatisfied with the arrangement, he can return home and wait till
after the next meal-time. Similarly, in the morning, after the five
minutes’ grace, whoever is late is charged quarter of an hour for the
first five minutes, and half an hour for the next, _i.e._, till
six-fifteen, though there is no reason whatever why a workman should be
fined so heavily. A fairer thing to do would be to fine all latecomers a
quarter of an hour’s wages and allow them to check till quarter-past
six. This is the latest time for checking the first thing in the
morning. No workman is admitted later than that hour, but must wait till
the re-start after breakfast.
The country workmen will be among the first arrivals at the shed, though
they are not usually the earliest comers of all. Some of the townsmen
are early risers, and come regularly to the premises half an hour
before it is time to begin work. It is remarkable that those who are
addicted to very early rising, that is, earlier than is really
necessary, will most certainly be found to be deficient in brains and
intellect. You will invariably find such ones to be dull-witted, and
lower in the mental scale than are many who hurry and come late to
business. The old adage--
“Early to bed and early to rise,
Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise,”
may be true enough in all three particulars, but it does not necessarily
follow that a strict observance of the rule will also endue him with a
plentiful supply of brains and intellectual keenness. Healthy it will
certainly make him. The application of a little common-sense will easily
demonstrate that one reason of his retiring early is the fact that he
has no mental pursuits, nothing in which to interest himself outside his
daily occupation, so that he is already deficient, and must perforce
betake himself to bed. Being free from mental worry and not troubling
about intellectual hobbies, he will sleep soundly, enjoy the maximum
amount of rest, and wake up fully refreshed and vigorous in the morning.
All that such men as these think of is their day’s work, their food and
sleep; they have no other object or ambition in life.
As to the entire wisdom of the rule, that is another matter. It was
counted sufficiently wise formerly, but we of this day are made of
sterner material. Horses and oxen work hard, rest well, enjoy very good
health, and appear to be satisfied, if not actually happy, but one man
is of more value than many horses or oxen. Work and sacrifice are the
only things that will raise a man in the estimation of the world and set
him up as a worthy example to his fellows. To those who are content
merely to live, and not to shine, may be addressed the words of the Ant
spoken to the Fly in the Fable: _Nihil laboras; ideo nil habes_--“You do
nothing, and consequently you have nothing.” At the same time it must be
admitted that those who retire early and rise early nearly always prove
to be the strongest workmen; they will be capable of great physical
exertions and staying powers. But when all has been said, such men are
rather to be pitied than envied. They are little more than mere tools
and the slaves of their employers--the prodigal squanderers of their
powers and lives.
It is a privilege of the shop clerks to arrive a little later than the
workmen, and to leave a little in advance of them at meal-times and in
the evening. The members of the principal office staff enjoy a still
greater dispensation, for they do not begin work at all before nine
o’clock in the morning and finish at five-thirty in the afternoon. The
clerks are the most numerous of all the trained classes at the factory.
With the draughtsmen they form an imposing body, yet though they rank
next the foremen and heads of departments, they are not taken very
seriously by the rank and file, except when they appear in the shed with
the cashbox to pay the weekly wages.
For the sake of distinction the shop clerks are called the “weekly
staff,” and the managers and other clerks, with the draughtsmen, are
denominated the “monthly staff.” The first-named of these are paid
weekly with the workmen; the others receive their salary once a month.
The shop clerks are chiefly recruited from the personnel of the sheds,
while those of the monthly staff are chosen from over a wider area. In
the case of them considerably more training and experience will be
required. They must be possessed of specific abilities, and have gone
through classes and taken examinations in order to qualify for the
positions. It is usual for the more intelligent lads at the higher
elementary schools of the town to be recommended to the chiefs of the
factory offices. If their qualifications are considered satisfactory,
they are started in one or other of the clerical departments and
instructed in the several duties. By entering the offices young, and
passing from point to point, they have every opportunity of becoming
proficient, and are in course of time promoted according to their
abilities.
The clerks of the sheds naturally enjoy the confidence of the overseers.
They know everything pertaining to piecework prices and output, and are
consequently able to furnish the chief with whatever information he
desires upon any point. In addition to the clerk there is a checker, who
books every article made and supervises the piecework outside the
office, and, as if that were not sufficient, a piecework “inspector,”
who is commissioned with the power to report upon any price on the spot
and to make any reduction he thinks fit. All these co-operate and
together supply particulars of the workman and his job, how much he
makes on a shift, the precise time it takes him to finish an article;
and if it is necessary one or the other stays behind after working hours
and computes the number of forgings, or other uses made, and is a
perfect spy upon his less fortunate mates of the shed.
An unscrupulous clerk may thus work incalculable mischief among the men.
He often influences the foreman in a very high degree, or he even
dictates to him, so that you sometimes hear the clerk spoken of as the
“boss” and the foreman himself styled the “bummer.” Under such
circumstances it will not be wondered at that the clerk is sometimes an
unpopular figure in the shed and is looked upon with disfavour, though
very often unjustly so. A great deal depends upon the temper and
honesty, or dishonesty, of the overseer, for the clerk, in most cases,
will take the cue from him. If he is honourable and “above board,” he
will not tolerate any covert dealings and tale-bearing. If, on the other
hand, he is shifty and cunning, he will encourage all kinds of slimness
and questionable proceedings on the part of his clerks.
The members of the monthly staff and draughtsmen occupy quarters grouped
around the managers’ offices, and do not often appear in the workshops.
When they do so it will be on account of some extraordinary business, or
they may come in with the foreman to take a look round and view the
machinery. They usually bring a book or drawing in their hand, or under
the arm, so as to have some kind of excuse in case they should be
challenged by a superior, for even they are not allowed to go wherever
they will. I have known draughtsmen to come regularly to the shed
provided with a tape-measure, books, and plans, and take the dimensions
of a machine again and again. No doubt they were in need of a little
exercise and anxious to see the stampers and forgers at work.
Very few clerks, in spite of their leisure and opportunities, are
bookish or endowed with a taste for literature; out of over a thousand
at the factory less than twenty are connected with the Literary Society
at the Works’ Institute. The students and premiums have their debating
classes on matters connected with engineering. They meet and read papers
on technical subjects, but have little interest in anything natural or
_spirituel_.