GENERAL NOTES
Aubrey, writing in 1678, gives some curious notes on the changes of
manners and customs. Some of his notes refer to the sixteenth century:—
“Antiently ordinary men’s houses and copyholders, and the like had no
chimneys, but flues like louver holes: some of ’em were in being when I
was a boy.
In the halls and parlours of great houses were wrote texts of scripture
on the painted cloths.
Before the last civil wars, in gentlemen’s houses, at Christmas, the
first dish that was brought to table was a boar’s head, with a lemon in
his mouth.
The first dish that was brought up to table on Easter day was a red
herring riding away on horseback, _i.e._ a herring ordered by the cook
something after the likeness of a man on horseback set in a corn sallad.
The custom of eating a gammon of bacon at Easter (which is still kept
up in many parts of England) was founded on this, viz. to show their
abhorrence of Judaism at that solemn commemoration of our Lord’s
resurrection.
The use of your _humble servant_ came first into England on the
marriage of Queen Mary, daughter of Henry IV. of France, which is
derived from _votre très humble serviteur_. The usual salutation before
that time was, _God keep you_, _God be with you_, and among the vulgar
_How dost do?_ with a thump on the shoulder.
Till this time the Court itself was unpolished and unmannered: King
James’s court was so far from being civil to women, that the ladies,
nay, the Queen herself, could hardly pass by the king’s apartment
without receiving some affront.
Heretofore noblemen and gentlemen of fine estates had their heralds,
who wore their coats of arms at Christmas and at other solemn times,
and cried ‘Largesse’ thrice.
A neat built chapel, and a spacious hall, were all the rooms of note:
the rest were small. At Tomarton, in Gloucestershire, antiently the
seat of the Rivers, is a dungeon 13 or 14 feet deep: about 4 feet
high are iron rings fastened in the wall, which was probably to tye
offending villains to, as all lords of manors had this power over
their villains (or socage tenants), and had all of them no doubt such
places for punishment.
It was well that all castles had dungeons, and so, I believe, had
monasteries: for they had often within themselves power of life or
death.
In days of yore lords and gentlemen lived in the country like petty
kings, had jura regalia belonging to Seignories, had castles and
boroughs, had gallows within their liberties where they could try,
condemn and execute: never went to London but in Parliament time, or
once a year, to do their homage to the king. They always eat in their
Gothic Halls at the high table or orsille (which is a little room at
the upper end of the hall where stands a table) with the folks at the
side table. The meat was served up by watchword. Jacks are but of late
invention: the poor boys did turn the spit, and licked the dripping for
their pains: the beds of the men servants and retainers were in the
hall, as now in the guard or privy chamber here. In the hall mumming
and loaf stealing and other Christmas sports were performed.
The Hearth was commonly in the middle, whence the saying _Round about
our coal fire_.
The halls of the Justice of Peace were dreadful to behold. The skreen
was garnished with corslets and helmets, gaping with open mouths, with
coats of mail, launces, pikes, halberts, brown bills, bucklers.
Public inns were rare: travellers were entertained at religious houses
for three days together, if occasion served. The meetings of the gentry
were not at taverns but in the fields or forests with their hawks and
hounds, and their bugle horns in silken bawderies.
Before the Reformation there were no poor’s rates: the charitable doles
given at the religious houses, and the church ale in every parish, did
the business.
In every parish there was a church-house, to which belonged spits,
potts, etc., for dressing provision. Here the housekeepers met, and
were merry and gave their charity. The young people came there too, and
had dancing, bowling, shooting at butts, etc. Mr. A. Wood assures me
there were few or no alms-houses before the time of Henry VIII.: that
at Oxon, opposite Christ Church, was one of the most ancient in England.
In every church there was a poor’s box, and the like at great inns.
Before the wake or feast of the dedication of the church, they sat
there all night, fasting and praying, viz. on the eve of the wake.
The solemnity attending processions in and about churches, and the
perambulations in the fields were great diversions also of those times.
Glass windows in churches and gentlemen’s houses were rare before the
time of Henry VIII. In my own remembrance, before the civil wars,
copyholders and poor people had none. In Herefordshire, Monmouthshire,
and Salop, it is so still. About 90 years ago, noblemen’s and
gentlemen’s coats were of the fashion of the beadles and yeomen of the
guard, (_i.e._) gather’d at the middle. The benchers in the Inns of
Court yet retain that fashion in the make of their gowns.
Captain Silas Taylor says, that, in days of yore, when a church was to
be built, they watched and prayed on the vigil of the dedication, and
took that part of the horison when the sun arose for the East, which
makes that variation, so that few stand true except those built between
the two equinoxes.
From the time of Erasmus to about 20 years last past the learning was
downright pedantry. The conversation and habits of those times were as
starcht as their bands and square beads, and gravity was then taken
for wisdom. The doctors in those days were but old boys, when quibbles
passed for wit even in their sermons.
The gentry and citizens had little learning of any kind and their
way of breeding up their children was suitable to the rest. They
were as severe to their children as their schoolmasters, and their
schoolmasters as severe as masters of the house of correction. The
child perfectly loathed the sight of his parent as the slave to his
torture. Gentlemen of thirty or forty years old were to stand like
mutes and fools bareheaded before their parents, and the daughters
(well grown women) were to stand at the cupboard-side during the whole
time of the proud mother’s visits unless (as the fashion was) leave was
forsooth desired that a cushion should be given them to kneel upon,
brought them by the serving man, after they had done sufficient penance
in standing.
The boys (I mean young fellows) had their foreheads turned up, and
stiffened: they were to stand mannerly forsooth, thus—the foretop
ordered as before, with one hand at the band-string, the other behind.
The gentlemen then had prodigious fans, as is to be seen in old
pictures, like that instrument which is used to drive feathers: and
it had a handle at least half as long with which their daughters
oftentimes were corrected.
Sir Edward Coke, Lord Chief Justice, rode the circuit with such a fan:
Sir William Dugdale told me he was an eye-witness of it.
The Earl of Manchester also used such a fan: but the fathers and
mothers slasht their daughters, in the time of their besom discipline,
when they were perfect women.
At Oxford (and I believe also at Cambridge), the rod was frequently
used by the tutors and deans: and Dr. Potter of Trinity College, I knew
right well, whipt his pupil with his sword by his side, when he came to
take leave of him to go to the Inns of Court.”
Misson, whose travels in England were published at the Hague in 1698,
and a few years later were translated into English, says that he
“sometimes”—as if the thing was common—met in London a procession
consisting of a woman bearing the effigy of a man in straw with horns
upon his head, preceded by a drum and followed by a mob making a noise
with tongs, gridirons, frying-pans, and saucepans. What should we
understand if we met a procession at Charing Cross consisting of four
men carrying another man, bagpipes and a shawm played before him, a
drum beating, and twenty links burning around him? The significance of
this ceremony would be wholly lost and thrown away upon us. It was,
however, one of many processions which survived from Mediæval London,
and were understood by everybody. The meaning of it was that a woman
had given her husband a sound beating for accusing her of infidelity,
and that upon such occasions, some kind neighbour of the poor innocent
injured creature—which?—“performed this ceremony.”
Again, when Prynne rode up to London to join the Long Parliament, he
was accompanied by many thousands of horse and foot wearing rosemary
and bay in their hats and carrying them in their hands, and this
was considered the greatest affront possible to the judges who had
questioned him. Why?
Of Horn Fair I have elsewhere spoken. This fair kept up to the end
its semi-allegorical character. No one seems to have known why it was
kept on October 18, which is St. Luke’s Day, but the Evangelist is
always figured with a bull’s head in the corner of his portrait. The
common people, however, associated horns, for some unknown reason,
with the infidelity of the wife. They therefore assembled at Cuckold’s
Point opposite Ratcliffe, coming down the river from London, and there
forming themselves into a procession, marched through Deptford and
Greenwich to Charlton with horns upon their heads. At the fair horns
of all kinds, and things made out of horn, were sold; the staple of
the fair was work in horn, just as the staple of Bartholomew Fair
was cloth. Besides the casual processions of the mob, a more formal
procession was organised in London itself, especially at certain inns
in Bishopsgate. This procession, which seems to have been arranged with
some care and to have been interesting, consisted of a king, a queen,
a miller, and other personages; they wore horns in their hats, and on
arriving at Charlton, walked round the church three times. The occasion
gave rise to many coarse and ribald jokes, and to much unseemliness of
all kinds—hence a proverb, “All’s fair at Horn Fair.”
In this place the fair is mentioned as one of the last places where
processions were organised, having meanings which were well understood
at that time, but which would be now forgotten. The City procession,
which everybody could read and understand like a printed book, lingered
long, falling steadily into disuse and disrepute, until the wedding
march was abandoned; the funeral, stripped of its coats of arms, the
black gowns, and its torches, and even at last, the march of the
milkmaids and the Mayday Jack in the Green, were seen no more.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
THE COURT
The popular imagination pictures the Court of Charles the Second as a
place of no ceremony or state or dignity whatever; a place where the
King strolled about and where there was singing of boys, laughter of
women, tinkling of guitars, playing of cards, making merriment without
stint or restraint—a Bohemia of Courts. We have been taught to think
thus of King Charles’s Court by the historian who has seized on one
or two scenes and episodes—for instance, the last Sunday evening of
Charles’s life; by the writer of romance, by the chronicler of scandal,
by the Restoration poets, and the Restoration dramatists.
This view of Whitehall after the Restoration is, to say the least,
incomplete. Charles had a Court, like every other sovereign; he had a
Court with officers many and distinguished; there were Court ceremonies
which he had to go through; that part of his private life which is now
paraded as if it was his public life was conducted with some regard
to public opinion. What his Court really was may be learned from a
little book by Thomas De-Laune, Gentleman, called _The Present State of
London_, published in the year 1681, for George Lurkin, Enoch Prosser,
and John How, at the _Rose and Crown_. It may be useful to learn from
this book the offices and management of a Stuart’s Court.
I. ITS GOVERNMENT—ECCLESIASTICAL, CIVIL, AND MILITARY
i. _Ecclesiastical._—The Dean of the King’s Chapel was generally a
Bishop. The Chapel itself is a Royal Peculiar, exempt from episcopal
visitation. The Dean chose the Sub-Dean or _Precentor Capellæ_;
thirty-six gentlemen of the Chapel, of whom twelve were priests and
twenty-four singing clerks, twelve children, three organists, four
vergers, a serjeant, two yeomen, and a Groom of the Chapel. The
King had his private oratory where every day one of the chaplains
read the service of the day. Twelve times a year the King, attended
by his principal nobility, offered a sum of money in gold, called
the Byzantine gift, because it was formerly coined at Byzantium, in
recognition of the Grace of God which made him King. James the First
used a coin with the legend—on one side—“Quid retribuam Domino pro
omnibus quæ retribuit mihi?” and on the other side—“Cor contritum et
humiliatum non despiciet Deus.”
In addition there were forty-eight Chaplains in Ordinary, of whom four
every month waited at Court.
The Lord High Almoner, usually the Bishop of London, disposed of the
King’s alms: he received all _deodands_ and _bona felonum de se_ to be
applied to that purpose: Under him were a Sub-Almoner, two Yeomen and
two Grooms of the Almonry. There was also a Clerk of the Closet whose
duty was to resolve doubts on spiritual matters. In the reign of good
King Charles the duties of this officer were probably light.
II. THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT
The chief officer was the Lord Steward. He had authority over all the
officers of the Court except those of the Chapel, the Chamber, and the
Stable. He was Judge of all offences committed within the precincts
of the Court and within the Verge. In the King’s Presence the Lord
Steward carried a white staff: when he went abroad the White Staff was
borne before him by a footman bareheaded. His salary was £100 a year
with sixteen dishes daily and allowances of wine, beer, etc. The Lord
Chamberlain had the supervision of all officers belonging to the King’s
Chamber, such as the officers of the wardrobe, of the Revels, of the
music, of the plays, of the Hunt; the messengers, Trumpeters, Heralds,
Poursuivants, Apothecaries, Chyrurgeons, Barbers, Chaplains, etc.
The third great officer was the Master of the Horse. His duties are
signified by his title, which was formerly _comes stabuli_ or Constable.
Under these principal officers were the Treasurer of the Household, the
Comptroller, the Cofferer, the Master of the Household, the two Clerks
of the Green Cloth, the serjeants, messengers, etc.
In the Compting House was held the Court of Green Cloth, which sat
every day with authority to maintain the Peace within a circle of
twelve miles radius. It was so called from the colour of the cloth
spread upon the table.
The chief clerk was an official of great power and dignity: he received
the King’s guests; kept the accounts; looked after the provisions and
had charge of the Pantry, Buttery and Cellar. There were clerks under
him. The Knight Harbinger with three Gentlemen Harbingers and seven
Yeomen Harbingers provided lodgings for the King’s Guests, Ambassadors,
officers and servants.
The Knight Marshal was Judge in all cases in which a servant of the
King was concerned: he was also one of the Judges in the Court of the
Marshalsea. He had six Provost Marshals or Vergers in scarlet coats to
wait upon him.
The Servants in ordinary were the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber, and
the Groom of the Stole, the Vice-Chamberlain, the Keeper of the Privy
Purse, the Treasurer of the Chamber, the Master of the Robes, the
twelve Grooms of the Bedchamber, the six Pages of the Bedchamber, the
four Gentlemen Ushers of the Privy Chamber, the forty-eight Gentlemen
of the Privy Chamber, the six Grooms of the Privy Chamber, the Library
Keeper, Black Rod, the eight Gentlemen Ushers of the Presence Chamber,
the fourteen Grooms of the Great Chamber, six gentlemen waiters, four
cupbearers, four carvers, four servers, four esquires of the Body, the
eight servers of the Chamber, the Groom Porter, sixteen serjeants at
arms, four other serjeants at arms who attended on the Speaker and on
the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. There were four Physicians in Ordinary,
a Master and Treasurer of the Jewel House, three Yeomen of the Jewel
House, a Master of the Ceremonies with an assistant and a marshal;
three Kings at Arms, six Heralds, and four Poursuivants at Arms; a
Geographer, a Historiographer, a Hydrographer, a Cosmographer, a Poet
Laureate, and a Notary.
These were the Officers of the Wardrobe: the great Wardrobe, the
standing wardrobes at Hampton, Windsor, and other places, and the
Removing Wardrobe which was carried about with the King. For the
wardrobes were one Yeoman, two Grooms, and three Pages.
For the Office of Tents and Pavilions were two Masters, four Yeomen,
one Groom, one Clerk Comptroller and one Clerk of the Tents. The Master
of the Revels ordered the plays and masques, etc. He had one Yeoman
and one Groom. Attached to the Master of the Robes were workmen,
each in his own craft. The Royal Falconer had thirty-three officers
under him. The Master of Buckhounds had thirty-four assistants: the
Master of the Otter hounds had five under him. So had the Master
of the Harriers. The Master of the Ordnance had a Lieutenant, a
master Armourer, and seventeen under officers. There were forty-two
messengers of the Chamber. There were sixty-four Musicians in ordinary;
fifteen trumpeters and kettle drummers; seven drummers and fifes; two
Apothecaries; two Chyrurgeons; two Barbers; three Printers; one Printer
of Oriental tongues. There were bookseller, stationer, bookbinder,
silkman, woollen draper, postmaster, and a Master of Cock-fighting.
There were two Embroiderers, one Serjeant Skinner, two Keepers of the
Privy Lodging, two Gentlemen, and two Yeomen of the Bows; one Cross-bow
maker; one Fletcher; one Cormorant keeper; one Hand-gun maker; one
master and marker of Tennis; one Mistress Semstress, and one Laundress;
one Perspective-maker, one Master-Fencer, one Haberdasher of Hats,
one Combmaker, one Serjeant Painter, one Painter, one Limner, one
Picture-Drawer, one Silver-Smith, one Goldsmith, one Jeweller, one
Peruque-maker, one Keeper of pheasants and Turkies. Joyner, Copier of
Pictures, Watch-maker, Cabinet-maker, Lock-Smith, of each one. Game of
bears and Bulls, one Master, one Serjeant, one Yeoman. Two Operators
for the Teeth. Two coffer-bearers for the Back-stairs, one Yeoman of
the Leash, fifty-five Watermen. Upholsterer, Letter Carrier, Foreign
Post, Coffee Maker, of each one.
Ten Officers belonging to Gardens, Bowling-Greens, Tennis-Court,
Pall-Mall, Keeper of the Theatre at Whitehall. Cutler, Spurrier,
Girdler, Corn-Cutter, Button-maker, Embosser, Enameler, of each one.
Writer, Flourisher, and Embellisher, Scenographer, or Designer of
Prospects, Letter-Founder, of each one. Comedians, Seventeen Men, and
Eight Women, Actors.
Gunner, Gilder, Cleaner of Pictures, Scene Keeper, Coffer-maker,
Wax-Chandler, of each one. Keeper of Birds and Fowl in St.
James’s-Park, one. Keeper of the Volery, Coffee-club-maker,
Serjeant-Painter, of each one; with divers other officers and servants
under the Lord Chamberlain to serve his Majesty upon occasion.
As to the Officers under the Master of the Horse, there are Twelve
Querries so called of the French Escayer, derived from Escury, a
Stable. Their office is to attend the King on Hunting or Progress, or
on any occasion of Riding Abroad, to help His Majesty up and down from
his Horse, etc. Four of these are called Querries of the Crown-Stable,
and the others are called Querries of the Hunting-Stable. The Fee to
each of these is only £20 yearly, according to the Ancient Custom; but
they have allowance for Diet, to each £100 yearly, besides Lodgings,
and two Horse-Liveries.
The next is the Chief Avener, from Avena, Oats, whose yearly fee is
£40. There is, moreover, one Clerk of the Stable, four Yeomen-Riders,
four Child-Riders, Yeomen of the Stirrup, Serjeant-Marshal, and
Yeomen-Farriers, four Groom-Farriers, Serjeants of the Carriage, three
Surveyors, a Squire and Yeomen-Sadlers, four Yeomen-Granators, four
Yeomen-Purveyors, a Yeoman-Pickman, a Yeoman-Bitmaker, four Coach-men,
eight Litter-men, a Yeoman of the Close Wagon, sixty-four Grooms of
the Stable, whereof thirty are called Grooms of the Crown Stable, and
thirty-four of the Hunting and Pad-Stable. Twenty-six Footmen in their
Liveries, to run by the King’s Horse. All these Places are in the Gift
of the Masters of the Horse.
There is besides these an antient Officer, called Clerk of the Market,
who within the Verge of the King’s household, is to keep a Standard
of all Weights and Measures, and to burn all that are false. From the
Pattern of this Standard, all the Weights and Measures of the Kingdom
are to be taken.
There are divers other considerable Officers, not Subordinate to the
Three Great Officers, as the Master of the Great Wardrobe, Post-Master,
Master of the Ordinance, Warden of the Mint, etc.
Upon the King are also attending in his Court the Lords of the Privy
Council, Secretaries of State, the Judges, the College of Civilians,
the King’s Council at Law, the King’s Serjeants at Law, the Masters of
Requests, Clerks of the Signet, Clerks of the Council, Keeper of the
Paper-Office, or Papers of State, etc.
There is always a Military Force to preserve the King’s Person, which
are His Guards of Horse and Foot. The Guards of Horse are in Number
600 Men, well armed and equipped; who are generally Young Gentlemen
of considerable Families, who are there made fit for Military
Commands. They are divided into Three Troops, viz.: the King’s Troop,
distinguished by their Blew Ribbons and Carbine Belts, their Red
Hooses, and Houlster-Caps, Embroidered with His Majesties Cypher and
Crown. The Queen’s Troops by Green Ribbons, Carbine Belts, covered
with Green Velvet, and Gold Lace, also Green Hooses and Houlster Caps,
Embroidered with the same Cypher and Crown. And the Duke’s Troop by
Yellow Ribbons, and Carbine Belts, and Yellow Hooses, Embroidered as
the others. In which Troops, are 200 Gentlemen, besides Officers. Each
of these Three Troops is divided into Four Squadrons or Divisions, two
of which consisting of one hundred Gentlemen, and Commanded by one
Principal Commissioned Officer, two Brigadiers, and two Sub-Brigadiers,
with two Trumpets mount the Guards one day in six, and are Relieved
in their turns. Their Duty is always by Parties from the Guard, to
attend the Person of the King, the Queen, the Duke, and the Duchess,
wheresoever they go near home, but if out of town, they are attended by
Detachments of the said Three Troops.
Besides these, there is a more strict Duty and Attendance Weekly on
the King’s Person on Foot, wheresoever he walks, from His Rising to
His going to Bed, by one of the Three Captains, who always waits
immediately next the King’s own Person, before all others, carrying
in his hand an Ebony-staff or Truncheon, with a Gold head, Engraved
with His Majesty’s Cypher and Crown. Near him also attends a Principal
Commissioned Officer, with an Ebony-staff, and Silver head, who is
ready to Relieve the Captain on occasion; and at the same time also,
two Brigadiers, having also Ebony-staves, headed with Ivory, and
Engraven as the others.
There is added a Troop of Grenadiers to each Troop of Guards, one
Division of which mounts with a Division of the Troop to which they
belong; they never go out on small Parties from the Guard, only
perform Centry-Duty on Foot, and attend the King also on Foot when
he walks abroad, but always March with great Detachments. The King’s
Troop consists of a Captain, two Lieutenants, three Serjeants, three
Corporals, two Drums, two Hautbois, and eighty private Souldiers
mounted. The Queens Troop, of a Captain, two Lieutenants, two
Serjeants, two Corporals, two Hautbois, and sixty private Souldiers
mounted. The Dukes Troop consists of the like number with the Queens.
The Captains of His Majesties Guards always Command as Eldest Colonels
of Horse; the Lieutenants as Eldest Lieutenant-Colonels of Horse; the
Cornets and Guidons, as Eldest Majors of Horse; the Quartermasters, as
Youngest Captains of Horse; the Brigadiers as Eldest Lieutenants of
Horse; and amongst themselves every Officer, according to the Date of
His Commission, takes precedency, when on Detachments, but not when
the Three Troops march with their Colours, for then the Officer of the
Eldest Troop, commands those of equal Rank with him in the others,
though their Commission be of Elder Date.
Next immediately after the Three Troops of Guards, his Majestys
Regiment of Horse, Commanded by the Earl of Oxford takes place, and the
Colonel of it is to have precedency, after the Captains of the Guards,
and before all other Colonels of Horse, whatsoever change may be of the
Colonel; and all the Officers thereof, in their proper Degree, are to
take place according to the Dates of their Commissions. As to the Foot,
the King’s Regiment, Commanded by the Honorable Colonel John Russel,
takes place of all other Regiments, and the Colonel thereof is always
to precede as the first Colonel. The Colestream Regiment, Commanded by
the Earl of Craven, takes the next; the Duke of Yorks Regiment next,
then his Majestys Holland Regiment, Commanded by the Earl of Mulgrave,
and all other Colonels, according to the Dates of their Commissions.
All other Regiments of Horse and Foot, not of the Guards, take place
according to their Respective Seniority, from the time they were first
Raised, and no Regiment loses its precedency by the Death of its
Colonel.
At the Kings House, there is a guard for his Person, both above and
below stairs. In the Presence Chamber, the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners
wait, instituted by King Henry the VII., and chosen out of the best
and antientest Families in England, to be a Guard to His Majesties
Person, and also to be a Nursery to breed up hopeful Gentlemen, and fit
them for Employments, Civil and Military, as well abroad as at home;
as Deputies of Ireland, Embassadors in Foreign Parts, Counsellors of
State, Captains of the Guard, Governors of Places, Commanders in the
Wars, both by Sea and Land, of all which these have been Examples.
They are to attend the King’s Person to and from His Chappel, only as
far as the Privy Chamber: also in all other Solemnity, as Coronations,
publick Audience of Embassadors, etc. They are 40 in number, over whom
there is a Captain, usually some Peer of the Realm, a Lieutenant, a
Standard-Bearer, and a Clerk of the Check. They wait half at a time
quarterly. Those in quarter wait daily five at a time upon the King in
the House, and when he walks abroad. Upon extraordinary occasions, all
of them are Summoned. Their ordinary Arms are Gilt Pole-Axes. Their
Arms on Horse-back in time of War, are Cuirassiers Arms, with Sword and
Pistol. These are only under their own Officers, and are always Sworn
by the Clerk of the Check, who is to take notice of such as are absent
when they should be upon their duty. Their Standard in time of war, is
a Cross Gules in a Field Argent, also 4 bends.
In the first Room above Stairs, called the Guard-Chamber, attend the
Yeomen of the Guard of His Majesties body; whereof there were wont to
be 250 Men of the best quality under Gentry, and of larger Stature than
ordinary (for every one was to be Six foot high) there are at present
100 Yeomen in dayly waiting, and 70 more not in waiting, and as any of
the 100 die, his place is filled up out of the 70. These wear Scarlet
Coats Down to the Knee and Scarlet Breeches, both richly guarded
with black Velvet, and rich Badges upon their Coats both before and
behind, moreover, black Velvet round broad Crown’d Caps, with Ribbons
of the King’s Colour; one half of them of late bear in their hands
Harquebuzes, and the other half Partizans, with large Swords by their
Sides; they have Wages and Diet allowed them. Their office is to wait
upon the King in His standing Houses, 40 by Day, and 20 to Watch by
Night; about the City to wait upon the King’s Person abroad by Water or
Land.
The King’s Palace Royal (_ratione Regiæ dignitatis_) is exempted from
all Jurisdiction of any Court, Civil or Ecclesiastick, but only to the
Lord Steward, and in his absence, to the Treasurer and Comptroller
of the King’s Household, with the Steward of the Marshalsea, who by
vertue of their Office, without Commission, may Hear and Determin all
Treasons, Fellonies, Breaches of the Peace, Committed within the King’s
Court or Palace. The Orders and Rules for the Demeanor of all Officers
and Servants are hung upon Tables in several Rooms at the Court, and
Signed with the King’s own hand, worthy to be read of all Strangers.
The Court or House where the King resides is accounted a Place so
Sacred, that if any man presume to strike another there, and only draw
blood, his Right Hand shall be cut off, and he committed to perpetual
Imprisonment, and Fined. All occasions of striking are also there
forbidden.
The Court of England for Magnificence, Order, Number and Quality of
Officers, rich Furniture, entertainment and Civility to Strangers, and
for plentiful Tables, might compare with the best in Christendom, and
far excels most Courts abroad. It hath for a long time been a Pattern
of Hospitality and Charity to the Nobility and Gentry of England. All
Noblemen or Gentlemen, Subjects or Strangers, were freely entertained
at the plentiful Tables of His Majesties Officers. Divers Dishes were
provided every day extraordinary for the King’s Honour. Two hundred and
forty Gallons of Beer a day were allowed at the Butters-Bar for the
Poor, besides all the Broken Meat, Bread, etc., gathered into Baskets,
and given to the Poor, at the Court-Gates, by Two Grooms and Two Yeomen
of the Almonry, who have salaries of His Majesty for that Service. The
Lord Almoner hath the Privilege to give the King’s Dish to whatsoever
Poor Man he pleases; that is, the first Dish at Dinner which is set
upon the King’s Table, or in stead thereof, fourpence a day (which
anciently was equivalent to four shillings now); next he distributes
to 24 poor men, named by the Parishioners of the Parish adjacent to
the King’s Place of Residence, to each of them fourpence in money, a
Twopenny Loaf, and a Gallon of Beer, or instead thereof three pence
in Money, equally to be divided among them every Morning at seven of
the Clock at the Court-Gate. The Sub-Almoner is to Scatter new-coined
Two-pences in the Towns and Places where the King passes through in
his Progresses, to a certain Sum by the Year. Besides, there are many
poor Pensioners, either because so old that they are unfit for Service,
or the Widows of any of the King’s Servants that dyed poor, who have
a Competency duly paid them: Besides, there are distributed among the
poor the larger Offerings which the King gives in Collar Days.
The magnificent and abundant plenty of the King’s Tables hath caused
amazement in Foreigners. In the Reign of King Charles I. there were
daily in his Court 86 Tables well furnished each Meal, whereof the
King’s Tables had 28 Dishes, the Queen’s 24, 4 other Tables 16 Dishes
each, 3 other 10 Dishes, 12 other 7 Dishes, 17 other 5 Dishes, 3 other
4, 32 had 3, and 13 had each 2; in all about 500 Dishes each Meal, with
Bread, Beer, Wine, and all other things necessary. There was spent
yearly in the King’s House of gross Meat 1500 Oxen, 7000 Sheep, 1200
Veals, 300 Porkers, 400 Sturks or young Beefs, 6800 Lambs, 300 Flitches
of Bacon, and 26 Boars. Also 140 dozen of Geese, 250 dozen of Capons,
470 dozen of Hens, 750 dozen of Pullets, 1470 dozen of Chickens, for
Bread 36,400 Bushels of Wheat, and for Drink, 600 Tun of Wine and 1700
Tun of Beer. Moreover, of Butter 46,640, together with the Fish and
Fowl, Venison, Fruit, Spice, proportionably. This prodigious plenty in
the King’s Court caused Foreigners to put a higher value upon the King,
and was much for the Honour of the Kingdom. The King’s Servants being
Men of Quality, by His Majesty’s special Order went to Westminster
Hall in Term Time, to invite Gentlemen to eat of the King’s Acates or
Viands, and in Parliament-time, to invite the Parliament-men thereto.
On the Thursday before Easter, called Maundy Thursday, the King, or
his Lord Almoner, was wont to wash the Feet of as many poor Men as
His Majesty had reigned years, and then to wipe them with a Towel
(according to the Pattern of our Saviour), and then to give every
one of them two Yards and a half of Woollen Cloth, to make a Suit of
cloaths; also Linnen Cloth for two Shirts, and a pair of Stockings,
and a pair of Shoes, three Dishes of Fish in Wooden Platters, one of
Salt Salmon, a second of Green Fish or Cod, a third of Pickle-Herrings,
Red Herrings, and Red Sprats; a Gallon of Beer, a Quart Pottle of Wine,
and four six-penny Loaves of Bread, also a Red-Leather-Purse with as
many single Pence as the King is years old, and in face another Purse
as many Shillings as the King hath reigned Years. The Queen doth the
like to divers poor Women.
The Form of Government is by the wisdom of many Ages, so contrived and
regulated, that it is almost impossible to mend it. The Account (which
is of so many Natures, and is therefore very difficult, must pass
through many hands, and is therefore very exact) is so wisely contrived
and methodized, that without the Combination of everyone of these
following Officers, viz. the Cofferer, a Clerk of the Green-Cloth, a
Clerk-Comptroller, a Clerk of the Kitchen, of the Spicery or Avery, or
a particular Clerk, together with the conjunction of a Purveyor and
Waiter in the Office, it is impossible to defraud the King of a Loaf of
Bread, of a Pint of Wine, a Quart of Beer, or Joint of Meat, or Money,
or anything else.”
APPENDIX II
LIST OF LONDON CLERGY EJECTED
—— Adams St. Bennet, Paul’s Wharf.
Dr. Samuel Baker St. Mary at Hill.
Dr. Walter Balcanquall Master of the Savoy.
James Batty, A.M. St. Vedast, Foster Lane.
Matthew Bennet, A.M. St. Nicholas Acon.
Dr. Boosie St. Olave’s, Silver Street.
—— Booth St. Botolph, Aldersgate.
Nicolas Bradshaw, A.M. St. Mildred, Bread Street.
Dr. William Bray St. Martin’s in the Fields.
Dr. William Brough St. Michael’s, Cornhill.
—— Brown Bridewell Precinct.
Dr. Jonathan Brown St. Faith’s.
Dr. Thomas Brown St. Mary Aldermary.
Dr. Richard Chambers St. Andrew Hubbard.
Dr. Richard Cheshire St. Nicolas Olave’s.
Robert Chestlin, A.M. St. Matthew’s, Friday Street.
James Chibbald, A.M. St. Nicholas Cole Abbey.
Dr. John Childerly St. Dunstan in the East.
John Clark St. Ethelburga.
Dr. Richard Clewet St. Anne, Aldersgate.
Abraham Cole, A.M. St. Leonard, Eastcheap.
John Cook, A.M. St. Mary Somerset.
Ralph Cook, B.D. St. Gabriel, Fenchurch.
William Cooper St. Thomas Apostle.
Thomas Crane, B.D. St. Laurence, Jewry.
Joseph Draper St. Thomas’s Hospital.
Dr. Richard Dukeson St. Clement Danes.
Gerard Eccop, A.M. St. Pancras, Soper’s Lane.
Phil Edlin, B.D. St. John Zachary.
Dr. William Fairfax St. Peter’s, Cornhill.
Dr. Daniel Featley Lambeth.
Edward Finch, A.M. Christ Church.
—— Foxley Charter House.
Richard Freeman St. James, Garlick Hithe.
Thomas Fuller, A.M. Lecturer, Savoy.
Dr. William Fuller St. Giles, Cripplegate.
Dr. Gifford St. Michael Bassishaw.
(?) Rector of St. George’s, Southwark.
Dr. John Grant St. Bartholomew, Exchange.
Matthew Griffith, A.M. St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish St. and St.
Bennet Sherehog.
Dr. John Hacket St. Andrew’s, Holborn.
Abraham Haines, A.M. St. Olive’s, Hart Street.
Dr. James Halsey St. Alphage.
John Hanslow, A.M. St. Christopher’s.
Edward Harison Holy Trinity the Less.
Dr. William Haywood St. Giles in the Fields.
William Heath Stoke Newington.
John Hill St. Michael, Queenhithe.
Dr. Percival Hill St. Katherine Coleman.
Dr. Richard Holdsworth St. Peter le Poor.
Dr. Thomas Howell St. Stephen’s, Walbrook.
—— Humes St. Dionis, Backchurch.
Dr. Michael Jermin St. Martin’s, Ludgate.
Dr. John Johnson St. Mary, Whitechapel.
—— Jones St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street.
Dr. William Isaacson St. Andrew’s Wardrobe.
(?) Rector of St. James’s, Duke’s Place.
Henry Kibuts, A.M. St. Katherine’s, Coleman Street.
Dr. Philip King St. Botolph’s, Billingsgate.
—— Launce St. Michael le Queen.
Dr. Edward Layfield Allhallows, Barking.
Jeremiah Leech St. Mary le Bow.
Dr. John Littleton The Temple.
Richard Maden, B.D. St. Mildred, Poultry.
Edward Marbury St. Peter’s, Paul’s Wharf.
Dr. James Marsh St. Dunstan’s in the West.
Henry Mason, B.D. St. Andrew Undershaft.
James Meggs, A.M. St. Margaret Pattens.
—— Miller St. Helen’s.
George Moor Hackney.
Cadwallader Morgan St. Bennet Sherehog.
Richard Owen, B.D. St. Swithin’s.
Ephraim Paget, A.M. St. Edmund’s, Lombard Street.
Thomas Palmer, A.M. St. Bride’s.
Dr. Thomas Paske St. Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey.
Thomas Pierce, D.D. St. Martin Outwich.
Robert Pory, B.D. St. Margaret’s, New Fish Street.
John Prichard, A.M. St. Andrew Undershaft.
—— Proctor St. Mary Bothaw.
Luke Proctor, A.M. St. Michael Royal.
—— Quelch St. Bennet Gracechurch.
Nehemiah Rogers St. Botolph’s, Billingsgate.
—— Rush St. Katherine’s Cree.
Dr. Bruno Ryves St. Martin’s Vintry.
Josias Shute, A.M. St. Mary Woolnoth.
Edward Sparke, A.M. St. Martin’s, Ironmonger Lane.
—— Spencer St. Thomas, Southwark.
John Squire, A.M. St. Leonard, Shoreditch.
Dr. William Stamp Stepney.
Dr. Matthew Stiles St. George, Botolph Lane.
Benjamin Stone, A.M. St. Clement’s, Eastcheap.
Dr. Thomas Swadlin St. Botolph, Aldgate.
Humphry Tabor, A.M. St. Margaret, Lothbury.
Thomas Thrall, A.M. St. Mary Monthaw.
John Tireman, B.D. St. Mary Woolchurch.
Thomas Tuke, A.M. St. Olave’s, Jewry.
Dr. Thomas Turner St. Olave’s, Southwark.
Daniel Tutivall Charter House.
Ephraim Udal St. Augustine’s.
Daniel Vochiere, A.M. St. Peter’s, Cheap.
Dr. Bryan Walton St. Martin’s Ongars.
William Ward St. Leonard’s, Foster Lane.
—— Warfield St. Benet Fink.
Dr. William Watts St. Alban’s, Wood Street.
Richard Weemsley, A.M. St. John Baptist.
Dr. Thomas Westfield Great St. Bartholomew.
John Weston, A.M. Allhallows, Lombard Street.
Gilbert Wimberly St. Margaret, Westminster.
Thomas Woodcock, A.M. St. Mary At Hill.
It may be noted that of this list, 112 in number, 25 were either
holders of canonries in some cathedral, or were pluralists.
APPENDIX III
ALMSHOUSES
The following is a list of almshouses belonging to and founded in the
seventeenth century:—
Alleyn’s | 1614 | Petty France | 10 men and women | £2 and clothes
Alleyn’s | 1616 | Old Street | 10 men, 1 woman | 26s. and clothes
Alleyn’s | 1616 | Deadman’s | 10 men, 8 women | 26s.
| | Place | |
Amyas’ | 1655 | Old Street | 8 men or women | £5
Aske | 1692 | Hoxton | 8 men, 20 boys | £3 and clothes
Badger’s | 1698 | Hoxton | 6 men and wives | 20s.
Baron’s | 1682 | Shadwell | 15 women | 7s. a year
Bayning | 1631 | Crutched | Parish Almshouses
| | Friars | |
Butler’s | 1675 | Wismount | 2 men and wives | £6
Camp’s | ? | Wormwood St. | 6 | 34s. 8d.
Caron’s | 1623 | Vauxhall | 7 women | £4
Dewy’s | 1684 | Soho | ? |
Emanuel | 1601 | Westminster | 20 men and women | £10
Grey Coat | 1698 | Westminster | { 80 boys } | £1457
Hospital | | | { 50 girls } |
Green Coat | 1633 | Westminster | 20 boys | £300
Graham’s | 1686 | Soho | 4 women | £10
Hammond | 1651 | Snow Hill | 6 men | £10
Haws’s | 1686 | Poplar | 6 widows | 30s.
Heath | 1648 | Islington | 10 men | £6
Hill’s | 1677 | Westminster | 3 men and wives | 1s. 8d. a week
Jackson | 1685 | Deadman’s | 2 women | 1s. 8d. a week
| | Place | |
Lumley | 1672 | Old Street | 6 women | £4
Meggs | 1690 | Whitechapel | 12 women | £5:4s.
Melor | 1691 | Stepney | 10 women | £8:13:4
Monger’s | 1669 | Hackney | 6 men | £2
Newbury | 1688 | Mile End | 12 women | £5:4s.
Owen’s | 1610 | Whyton | 10 women | £3:16s. and clothes
Palmer | 1654 | Westminster | 12 men and women | £6
Parnell | 1698 | Mile End | 8 women | 1s. 8d. a week, etc.
Rogers | 1612 | Cripplegate | 6 men and wives | £4
St. Peter’s | 1618 | Newington | Fishmongers’ |
| | Butts | Company |
Sion College | 1623 | London Wall | 20 men and women | £6
Southampton | 1656 | St. Giles | |
Spurstowe | 1666 | Hackney | 6 women | £4
Stafford | 1633 | Gray’s Inn | 4 men, 6 women | £6 and clothes
| | Lane | |
Trinity | 1695 | Mile End | 28 men | £10:12s.
Hospital | | | |
Walter’s | 1651 | Newington | 16 men and women | £3:10s.
Watson’s | ? | Shoreditch | 12 women | 20s. and coals
Whitcher | 1683 | Westminster | 6 men and women | £5 and a gown
Wood’s | 1613 | Ratcliffe | 6 men | £6 and coals
Young’s | 1694 | Southwark | 2 women | 1s. a week
From the almshouses turn to the schools. Those founded in the
seventeenth century were as follows:—
Allhallows, Staining | Will. Linton | 1658 | £26 per annum | 6 boys
Almonry | Emery Hill | 1677 | 7 „ „ | ...
St. Saviour’s Church | Applebea | 1681 | 20 „ „ | 30 „
Yard | | | |
Dunhill Fields | Trotman | 1673 | 80 „ „ | 30 „
Castle Street | Alf. Tenison | 1685 | 1500 „ „ | 30 „
Cherry Tree Alley | W. Worrall | 1689 | 30 „ „ | 40 „
East Smithfield | Sir S. Sterling | 1673 | 20 „ „ | 16 „
Islington | Dame Alice Owen | 1613 | 20 „ „ | 30 children
Lambeth | R. Lawrence | 1661 | 35 „ „ | 20 „
Palmer’s School: _see_ | | | |
Almshouses | | | |
Grey Coat } _see_ | | | |
Green Coat} Almshouses| | | |
Parker’s Lane | W. Skelton | 1663 | ... | 50 boys
Plow Yard | J. Hickson | 1689 | £30 per annum | 20 „
Rotherhithe | Hills and Bell | 1612 | 3 „ „ | 8 children
Tothill Fields | Emery Hill | 1677 | | 20 boys
Whitechapel | Davenant | 1686 | about £80 „ „ |{60 „
| | | |{40 girls
APPENDIX IV
COMPOSITION OF THE LORDS AND COMMONS
In 1687 there were in the House of Lords—12 Dukes, 2 Marquesses, 66
Earls, 9 Viscounts, 64 Barons, 2 Archbishops, and 24 Bishops. Total 181.
In the House of Commons—92 Knights of Counties, 25 cities 2 Knights
each and Lords 4, 8 Cinque ports, 16 Barons, 2 Universities 2 burgesses
each, and 344 burgesses for Boroughs.
APPENDIX V
ENLARGEMENT OF THE STREETS
The following rules were laid down for the enlargement and improvement
of the streets:—
“Pursuant to the said Act of Parliament, a Common Council was called
for the purposes thereof; in which it was enacted, ‘That the street
called Fleet Street, from the place where the Greyhound Tavern stood to
Ludgate, and from thence into St. Paul’s Churchyard, shall be further
enlarged to be of the breadth of forty-five foot.
That the street leading from the east end of St. Paul’s Churchyard
into Cheapside shall be further enlarged to be of the same breadth of
forty-five foot.
That the street and passage at the east end of Cheapside, leading into
the Poultry, shall be enlarged to be on a level line forty foot broad.
That the street and passage out of the Poultry, leading into the west
end of Cornhill, shall be enlarged to be of the breadth of forty foot.
That Blowbladder Street, leading into Cheapside, shall be enlarged to
be of the breadth of forty foot.
That Ave Mary Lane shall be enlarged to be of the breadth of eighteen
foot.
That the street from Aldersgate, through St. Martin’s le Grand,
into Blowbladder Street, shall be enlarged to be of the breadth of
twenty-four foot.
That the passage from St. Magnus Church to the Conduit in Gracechurch
Street shall be enlarged to be of the breadth of thirty-five foot.
That the north end of Gracechurch Street from Leadenhall shall be
enlarged to be of the same breadth of thirty-five foot.
That Thames Street, from the West Corner of St. Magnus Church aforesaid
to Tower Dock, shall be enlarged to be of the breadth of thirty foot.
That the ground where the Middle Row in the Shambles stood, and the
ground of the four late houses in Newgate Market, between Warwick Lane
end and the late Bell Inn, there, and also the ground where the Middle
Row in Old Fish Street stood, shall be laid into the streets.
That there shall be a new street made from the Guildhall into
Cheapside, of the breadth of thirty-six foot.
That Pannier Alley, between Paternoster Row and Newgate Market,
shall be enlarged to be of the breadth of nine foot, and paved with
free-stone for a foot-passage.
That St. Paul’s Alley, between Paternoster Row and St. Paul’s
Churchyard, shall be also enlarged to be of the same breadth of nine
foot, and paved with free-stone for a foot-passage.
That Grocers Alley in the Poultry shall be enlarged to be of the
breadth of eleven foot.
That Scalding Alley there shall be enlarged to be of the breadth of
nine foot.
That Old Swan Alley in Thames Street shall be enlarged to be of the
breadth of fourteen foot.
That Love Lane in Thames Street shall be enlarged to be of the breadth
of ten foot.
That the cross Lane between St. Dunstan’s Hill and Harp Lane shall be
enlarged to be of the breadth of fourteen foot.
And be it farther enacted, ordained, and declared, That all streight
and narrow passages, not fourteen foot broad, which have been or shall
be staked out by the Surveyor hereunto appointed by this Court to the
breadth of fourteen foot, shall be enlarged accordingly, and in such
manner, as they now are, or shall be staked and set out.
And this court was farther consenting and desirous, that all other
streight and narrow passages, not before particularly mentioned (which
should be found convenient to be enlarged for the common benefit and
accommodation, and should receive his Majesty’s Order and approbation),
should and might be enlarged and made wider, and otherwise altered,
before the twenty-ninth day of May now next ensuing, as should be
fitting for the beauty, ornament, and conveniency thereof, and staked
and set out accordingly’” (_Maitland_, vol. i. p. 443).
RULES FOR THE PITCHING AND LEVELLING THE STREETS
“1. Tower Dock in Thames Street is to be raised 3 foot: At 147 foot
upwards from Thames Street to be raised 2 foot 10 inches: At the
highest part in Tower Street, against the middle of St. Allhallows
Barking churchyard, to be sunk 6 in.
2. Beer Lane is to be raised at Thames Street 8 ft., at 90 ft.
upwards 4 ft., and to be abated at 192 ft. upwards 3 inch., and at
Tower Street 6 inch.
3. Water Lane is to be raised at Thames Street 6 ft., at 83 ft.
upwards nothing, and to be abated at 128 ft. upwards 1 ft. 11
inch., at Tower Street 3 ft. 10 inch.
4. Harp Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 7 ft., at 100 ft.
upwards 4 ft. 7 inch., and to be abated at 180 ft. 1 ft. 6 inch.,
at 270 ft. 6 ft. 4 inch., at Tower Street 6 ft. 4 inch.
5. Idle Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 7 ft., at 90 ft.
upwards 4 ft. 2 inch., and to be abated at 165 ft. upwards 2 ft. 3
inch., at 262 ft. 5 ft. 10 inch., in Tower Street 3 ft. 6 inch.
6. St. Dunstan’s Hill, beginning at Idle Lane, is to be raised 4
ft. 2 inch., at 76 ft. upwards 3 ft. 3 inch., at 126 ft. 1 ft., and
to be abated at 226 ft. 2 ft. 1 inch., at Tower Street 2 ft. 10
inch.
7. St. Mary Hill is to be raised in Thames Street 5 ft., at 87 ft.
upwards 2 ft. 6 inch., and to be abated at 187 ft. 1 ft. 8 inch.,
at 287 ft. 5 ft. 8 inch., at 387 ft. 6 ft. 4 inch., at little East
Cheap 3 ft. 8.
8. Love Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 4 ft., at 100 ft.
upwards 6 ft., at 200 ft. 2 ft. 3 inch., and to be abated at 270
ft. 3 ft. 10 inch., at 370 ft. 8 ft., at 470 ft. 6 ft. 5 inch, at
East Cheap 3 ft. 10 inch.
9. Botolph Lane is to be raised at Thames Street 4 ft., at 133 ft.
upwards 4 ft. 5 inch., at 233 ft. 10 inch., and to be abated at 333
ft. 2 ft., at 433 ft. 2 ft., at East Cheap 3 inch.
10. Pudding Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 7 ft., at 115 ft
5 ft. 5 inch., at 212 ft. 1 ft. 8 inch., and to be abated at 300
ft. 3 ft. 7 inch., at 400 ft. 6 ft., at East Cheap 5 ft. 9 inch.
11. New Fish Street Hill is to be raised at Thames Street 2 ft., at
80 ft. upwards 2 ft., and to be abated at 280 ft. nothing; at 380
ft. 2 ft. 9 inch., at East Cheap 4 ft.
12. St. Michael’s Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 7 ft., at
80 ft. upwards 6 ft. 9 inch., at 280 ft. 6 ft. 6 inch., at 380 ft.
2 ft. 10 inch., and to be abated at 380 ft. 8 inch., at East Cheap
5 inch.; the current of it is 13 inch. upon 20 ft.
13. St. Martin’s Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 6 ft., at
103 ft. 6 ft., at 203 ft. 4 ft. 3 inch., at 303 ft. 2 inch., and to
be abated at 403 ft. 1 inch, at Cannon Street 2 ft. 8 inch.
14. Green Lettice and Duck’s Field Lanes are to be raised at Thames
Street 3 ft., at 135 ft. 1 ft. 10 inch., and abated at 235 ft. 2
ft. 11 inch., at 297 ft. 4 ft. 5 inch., at 397 ft. 5 ft. 5 inch.,
at Cannon Street 10 inch.
15. St. Lawrence Pountney Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 4
ft., at 157 ft. 3 ft. 7 inch., and abated at 261 ft. 11 inch., at
361 ft. 4 ft., at Cannon Street 2 ft. 8 inch.
16. Suffolk Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 3 ft., at 110 ft.
upwards 2 inch., and to be abated at 190 ft. 3 ft. 6 inch., at 290
ft. 7 ft. 9 inch., at the entrance into Duck’s Field Lane 4 ft. 4
inch.
17. Bush Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 3 ft., at 103 ft. 2
ft., and to be abated at 203 ft. 8 inch., at 303 ft. 4 ft. 4 inch.,
in Cannon Street nothing.
18. Dowgate is to be raised in Thames Street 3 ft., at 134 ft. 1
ft. 4 inch., and to be abated at 288 ft. 1 ft. 8 inch., the current
1 upon 34.
19. College Hill is to be raised at Thames Street 3 ft., at 216 ft.
3 inch., the current 1 upon 35.
20. Garlick Hill is to be raised at Thames Street 3 ft., at 216 ft.
11 inch., the current 1 upon 26.
21. Little Trinity Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 4 ft., at
75 ft. 2 ft. 11 inch., and to be abated at 150 ft. 1 ft. 4 inch.,
at 250 ft. 3 ft., at Great Trinity Lane 5 ft. Current 1 upon 18.
22. Huggen Lane is to be raised in Thames Street 4 ft., at 63 ft. 3
ft. 1 inch., and abated at 153 ft. 1 ft. 10 inch., at 253 ft. 5 ft.
7 inch., at Trinity Lane 7 ft. Current 1 upon 18-1/2.
23. Bread Street Hill is to be raised in Thames Street 4 ft., at
53 ft. 3 ft., at 153 ft. 3 inch., and abated at 253 ft. 2 ft. 11
inch., at Trinity Lane end 3 ft. 6 inch. Current 1 upon 20.
24. Old Fish Street Hill is to be raised at Thames Street 4 ft. and
abated at 100 ft. 1 ft. 7 inch., at 200 ft. 4 ft. 9 inch., at 300
ft. 3 ft. Current 1 upon 16.
25. Lambeth Hill is to be raised in Thames Street 4 ft., at 73 ft.
11 inch., and to be abated at 173 ft. 3 ft. 6 inch., at Old Fish
Street 3 ft. Current 1 upon 17-1/2.
26. The Old ’Change is to be abated at Fish Street 3 ft. 6 inch.,
at St. Austin’s Gate 1 ft. 9 inch., the current 1 upon 68.
27. St. Paul’s Chain, or St. Bennet’s Hill, is to be raised in
Thames Street 8 ft., at 100 ft. 3 ft. 11 inch., and to be abated at
190 ft. 2 ft. 5 inch., at 340 ft. 4 ft. 3 inch., at 490 ft. 1 ft.,
in St. Paul’s Churchyard as it was.
28. Puddle Dock is to be raised at Thames Street end 8 ft., at 56
ft. 6 ft. 2 inch., at 196 ft. 3 ft. 3 inch., at 286 ft. 3 ft. 3
inch., at 386 ft. 9 inch., and to be abated at Carter Lane 1 ft. 7
inch.
29. Creed Lane at Carter Lane end is to be abated 3 ft., and so
gradually to Ludgate Hill.
30. Ludgate Hill is to be raised at Fleet Bridge 6 ft., at 200 ft.
upwards 8 ft. 7 inch., at 300 ft. 5 ft. 2-1/2, at 400 ft. 11 inch.,
and to be abated at Ludgate 10 inch., at Ave Mary Lane end 1 ft. 8
inch., at St. Paul’s Churchyard nothing.
31. Mark Lane is to be abated at the ending in Tower Street 3 ft.,
and so gradually to about 150 ft. up the lane.
32. Rood Lane is to be abated all the length of it. In Eastcheap 3
ft. 8 inch. In Fenchurch Street 1 ft.; the descent for the current
is 1 upon 41.
33. Grace Church Street is to be sunk at Eastcheap 4 ft., at the
conduit 4 ft., at Lombard Street end 2 ft. 10 inches, the descent
for the current 1 upon 68.
34. Cannon Street is to be abated in Eastcheap, at Grace Church
Street 4 ft., the highest ground at 200 ft. within the street,
near St. Michael’s Lane end; the other parts of it are to be sunk
according to the endings of the streets before-mentioned.
35. Lombard Street is to be abated at Grace Church Street 2 ft. 10
inch., and so gradually to about 250 ft. within the street, where
is to be the highest ground of it.
36. Bread Street is to be abated at Trinity Lane end 3 ft. 6 inch.,
at Watling Street 3 ft. 2 inch., and so gradually to Cheapside; the
descent for its current 1 upon 60.
37. Friday Street is to be abated at Old Fish Street 3 ft., at
Watling Street 2 ft., the Current 1 upon 70.
38. Watling Street is to be abated at the places mentioned.
39. Cheapside, about Wood Street end, is to be raised 2 ft., and so
gradually eastward and westward, and that raising to end at the Old
’Change westward, and Soper Lane eastward.
40. The Stocks to be abated 2 ft., and that abatement to be
gradually extended into Cornhill, Lombard Street, Threadneedle
Street, and the Poultry, and a little way into Wallbrook, which
about the South end of the churchyard of St. Mary Woolchurch is
to be raised about 2 ft., that the current of the water that way
may be stopt, and turned back toward the Stocks, whence it is to
be conveyed by a grated Sewer into the main Sewer not far distant”
(_Maitland_, vol. i. pp. 444, 445).
APPENDIX VI
THE NEW BUILDINGS OF LONDON
The following is taken from a contemporary pamphlet:—
“A Particular of the new buildings within the Bills of Mortality, and
without the City of London, from the year 1656 to 1677, according to
the account now taken by the churchwardens of the several Parishes and
the old account of New Houses from 1620 to 1656, and what they did
amount to at one whole year’s value, as appears by the Duplicate in the
Exchequer:
+-------------------------+-------+-------+----------------+
| | 1677. | 1656. | Value. |
+-------------------------+-------+-------+----------------+
| | | | £ _s._ _d._ |
| Westminster | 490 | | |
| Martins in the Fields | 1780 | | |
| St. Giles in the Fields | 889 | 141 | 4855 8 6 |
| Convent Garden | 59 | 342 | 10,859 4 0 |
| Savoy | 37 | | |
| St. Clement Danes | 253 | 183 | 3794 0 0 |
| S. Dustan in the West | 72 | | |
| St. Bridget | 126 | 146 | 1475 15 0 |
| St. Andrews, Holbourn | 550 | | |
| St. Bridewell Precinct | | | |
| St. Sepulchre | 35 | 127 | 725 11 2 |
| Clerkenwell | 199 | | |
| Bartholomew Great | 11 | 47 | 205 15 0 |
| Bartholomew Less | | | |
| Aldersgate | 102 | 30 | 390 0 0 |
| Criplegate | | 517 | 3362 1 0 |
| Bishopsgate | 208 | 265 | 1925 7 0 |
| Algate | 50 | 520 | 2855 7 8 |
| Minories | 16 | 6 | 45 0 0 |
| St. Katherines | 24 | 51 | 370 7 0 |
| White Chappel | 423 | 291 | 2620 4 4 |
| Shoreditch | 144 | 348 | 1170 7 0 |
| Stepney | 2137 | 1625 | 11,719 6 10 |
| Shadwell | 289 | | |
| Hackney | 51 | | |
| Islington | 25 | | |
| S. Saviours, Southwark | | 339 | 2137 11 4 |
| S. Olave, Southwark | 385 | 147 | 963 12 4 |
| S. George, Southwark | 231 | 144 | 595 18 0 |
| S. Thomas, Southwark | | 160 | 788 19 10 |
| Redriff | 219 | 59 | 397 7 0 |
| Bermondsey | 349 | 428 | 3669 9 10 |
| Christ-Church | 100 | | |
| Newington | 107 | 247 | 995 2 8 |
| Lambeth | 185 | 383 | 1684 6 4 |
| | +-------+----------------+
| | | 6646 | 57,606 1 10 |
+-------------------------+-------+-------+----------------+
The total of the New Buildings from 1656 to 1677 is about Ten Thousand.
The Total from 1620 to 1656 was about Seven Thousand Five Hundred.
Their value at one year’s rent about Seventy Thousand Pound if it had
been collected.
Though the particular makes the number but 6646, and the sum but 57,606
Pounds, some Parishes being wanting.
As there have been great mistakes about the Damage and Nuisance by the
increase of New Buildings in the Suburbs: so by this we may see the
mistake to be as great about their number and value; some reporting
their number to be Twenty Thousand; others Thirty Thousand: though it
is very plain to any man that considers that their number cannot be
much above Ten Thousand, for that the Total of all the Houses, both
New and Old, both in the City and in the Bills of Mortality, are not
Threescore Thousand.
That this is true, and that the number from 1656 to 1677 cannot much
exceed Ten Thousand, will appear by comparing the Increase of the
Burials from 1620 to 1656 with the particular of the New Houses built
within that time....
The Medium is the Increase of two Burials for every five houses that
were built, so that the Increase of Two Thousand Five Hundred Houses
raises the Burials One Thousand.
And If we examine the Increase of the Burials from 1656 to 1677 we
shall find them to be about Four Thousand, which being but a fourth
more than were from 1620 to 1656. The new houses since that time cannot
be reckoned above a Fourth, which makes the Total about Ten Thousand.
And this way of calculation, though it may not exactly discover the
particular number of Houses, yet it is sufficient to prove there can
be no mistake of Thousands in the Account: for that the Inhabitants of
two or three Thousand Houses would have added a visible Increase to the
Burials.
And to fully justify this computation, it agrees very well with the
calculation made by the Ingenious Mr. Grant both of the Total number of
the Inhabitants within the Bills of Mortality, and his probable guess
that about three in one hundred die, allowing twelve Inhabitants to
every House, one with another, which no man I suppose will dispute.
This will apparently confute that wild conjecture of some, who report
that there is Three Thousand Five Hundred New Houses in St. Martin’s
Parish, when the Burials of that Parish are not above Eighteen Hundred
in a year: so that the Total of New and Old in that Parish cannot be
above Four Thousand Five Hundred, and therefore it is probable that the
Account of 1780 now given in is very true.
The conjectures of many concerning the value of these Houses, that they
will make twenty pounds a year one with another, and raise two or three
Thousand pounds, are as false as about the number of them.
For Ten Thousand Houses will not raise about fifty Thousand pounds, it
being the half years value at ten pounds a year one with another, which
is the most they can be reckoned at.
As will plainly appear from the account of the value of those seven
thousand five hundred Houses, which did not amount to Seventy Thousand
pound at a whole year’s value, as appears by the Duplicate in the
Exchequer, they are making one with another ten pound a year.
Now the great houses in the Piazza, Lincolns-Inn-Fields, and
Queen-street, were equal in value to these twenty-two Houses in St.
James Square, or Bloomsbury Square, or other places: and are more in
number of that sort of Houses than have been built since.
Besides the middle sort of Houses in the streets of Covent-Garden,
Long-Acre, Clare-Market, Old-Southampton Buildings, and other
places have equall’d both the number and value of Leicester-Fields,
Bloomesbury, York-Buildings, Essex-Buildings and the rest. And the
number of the small houses at four and five pounds per Annum since 1656
are much greater.
So that upon enquiry it is plain that the Houses that were built before
1656 were equal in value to what have been built since. And therefore
it is not probable that a Tax upon the New foundation can raise above
Fifty Thousand Pound, which considered with the charge of collecting
it, and the loss of His Majesties customes upon Timber, Boards,
Wainscot and Iron, being not less than Ten Thousand pound per annum,
which will be occasioned by the discouraging of Building will not bring
in Thirty Thousand pounds clear into the Exchequer, if it were possible
to make the Law so that all might be collected.
But not to mention how hard the purchasers of New Houses will believe
such a Law to be, having paid a valuable consideration for them and
offended no Law.
Nor how severe the Workmen Builders will think they are dealt with, to
be punished for exercising their lawful Trades.
Nor how partial it will be to those that build since 1656, that have
already paid a year’s value. Not to mention what the owners of the
great houses that have been altered think, not being allowed the £500 a
year which their Houses yielded before: since they pay for improvement
by the building of their Gardens.
Nor what is general all those sufferers will think, who believe they
have done good service to the nation by Building. The Law will have
this peculiar disadvantage, it will be impossible so to word it, or to
comprize all men’s interests, so as to raise that money as shall be
designed by it. For after the Commissioners of Oliver’s Act had set
four years, they did pay in Twenty Thousand pounds into the Exchequer
of the £70,000 that was returned upon the Duplicates.”
APPENDIX VII
GARDENS
“The garden played a large part in the recreation of the citizens. A
contemporary account of the principal London gardens is here subjoined:—
_Chelsea Physick Garden_ has a great variety of plants both in and out
of greenhouses. Their perennial green hedges and rows of different
coloured herbs are very pretty, and so are their banks set with shades
of herbs in the Irish stitchway, but many plants of the garden were
not in so good order as might be expected, and as would have been
answerable to other things in it. After I had been there, I heard that
Mr. Watts, the keeper of it, was blamed for his neglect and that he
would be removed.
_My Lord Ranelagh’s Garden_ being but lately made, the plants are
but small, but the plants, borders, and walks are curiously kept,
and elegantly designed, having the advantage of opening into Chelsea
college walks. The kitchen garden there lies very fine, with walks and
seats, one of which, being large and covered, was then under the hands
of a curious painter. The house there is very fine within, all the
rooms being wainscoted with Norway oak, and all the chimneys adorned
with carving, as in the council-chamber in Chelsea College.
_Arlington Garden_, being now in the hands of my lord of Devonshire,
is a fair place, with good walks, both airy and shady. There are
six of the greatest earthern pots that are anywhere else, being at
least two feet over within the edge: but they stand abroad, and have
nothing in them but the tree holy-oke, an indifferent plant, which
grows well enough in the ground. Their greenhouse is very well, and
their green-yard excels: but their greens are not so bright and clean
as farther off in the country, as if they suffered something from the
smutty air of the town.
_Kensington Gardens_ are not great nor abounding with fine plants. The
orange, lemon, myrtles, and what other trees they had there in summer,
were all removed to Mr. London’s and Mr. Wise’s greenhouse at Brompton
Park, a little mile from them. But the walks and grass laid very fine,
and they were digging up a flat of four or five acres to enlarge their
garden.
_The Queen Dowager’s Garden_, at Hammersmith, has a good greenhouse,
with a high erected front to the South, whence the roof falls backward.
The house is well stored with greens of common kinds: but the Queen
not being for curious plants or flowers, they want of the most curious
sorts of greens, and in the garden there is little of value but wall
trees: though the gardener there, Monsieur Hermon Van Guine, is a man
of great skill and industry, having raised great numbers of orange and
lemon trees by inoculation, with myrtles, Roman bayes, and other greens
of pretty shapes which he has to dispose of.
_Sir Thomas Cooke’s Garden_ at Hackney is very large, and not so fine
at present, because of his intending to be at three thousand pounds
charge with it this next summer, as his gardener said. There are two
greenhouses in it, but the greens are not extraordinary, for one of the
roofs, being made a receptacle for water, overcharged with weight, fell
down last year upon the greens, and made a great destruction among the
trees and pots. In one part of it is a warren, containing about two
acres, very full of coneys, though there was but a couple put in a few
years since. There is a pond or a mote round about them, and on the
outside of that a brick wall four feet high, both which I think will
not keep them within their compass. There is a large fish-pond lying on
the South to a brick wall, which is finely clad with philaria. Water
brought from far in pipes furnishes his several ponds as they want it.
_The Archbishop of Canterbury’s Garden_ at Lambeth has little in it
but walks, the late archbishop not delighting in one, but they are
now making them better: and they have already made a greenhouse, one
of the finest and costliest about the town. It is of three rooms, the
middle having a stove under it: the forsides of the room are almost
all glass, the roof covered with lead, the whole part (to adorn the
building) rising gavel wise higher than the rest: but it is placed so
near Lambeth church that the sun shines most on it in winter after
eleven o’clock: a fault owned by the gardener, but not thought on by
the contrivers. Most of the greens are oranges and lemons, which have
very large ripe fruit on them.
Mr. Evelyn had a pleasant villa at Deptford, a fine garden for walks
and hedges (especially his holly on which he writes of in his _Sylva_)
and a pretty little greenhouse with an indifferent stock in it. In this
garden he has four large round philarias, smooth clipped, raised on
a single stalk from the ground, a fashion now much used. Part of his
garden is very woody and shady for walking: but his garden not being
walled, has little of the best fruits.”
INDEX
Abductions of women, 125
Abram men, 346
Academy of Arts, planned, 326
Act of Indemnity, 81
Act of Uniformity, 81
Actors, 321
Actresses, first introduced, 318
Agriculture, bad state of, 126
Ailesbury, Earl of, 173
Albemarle, Duke of. See _Monk, General_
Aldermen, 12, 17, 37, 52, 69, 72, 76, 88, 128, 155, 218, 333, 335;
court of, 114, 207, 358;
election of, 119
Aldersgate, 275, 335;
Street, 173, 253, 275
Aldgate, 13, 103, 151, 262, 277, 305
Allen, Lady, 266
Allin, Rev. John, 230
Allor, Edward, 327
Almshouses, 158, 360;
list of, 372, 373
Alsatia, 146, 168, 348
Alsatians, 126
Ambassadors, reception of, 172;
houses of, 39–42;
chapels of, 42, 116
America, emigration to, 32
Amwell, 9
Anderson, William, 204
Anderton, Henry, 327
Andrews, Thomas, 52
Anglers, 346
Anne, Queen, and the City, 127;
at Sacheverell’s trial, 131;
dies, 134
Anne of Denmark, Queen, 143, 173
Antiquaries, Society of, 239
Apothecaries’ Hall, 248
Apprentices, 19, 27, 57, 69, 121, 186–189, 305, 347, 352
Aqueducts, 121
Aragon, Don Blasco de, 11
Archer, Thomas, 327
Ardee, Dr., 162
Arlington Garden, 381
Armstrong, Archie, 329
Arthur, Prince, 9
Artillery Lane, 275
Arundel, Earl of, 10, 326
Arundel House, 172, 173, 270
Astrology, 162, 238, 239
Atkins, Alderman, 37, 52, 64
Atkyns, Edward, 265
Aubrey, 309
Austin Friars, 262
Axtell, Colonel Daniel, 81
Aylesbury House, 272
Backhouse, Sir W., 266
Bacon, Lord, 139, 234, 235, 239
Baldwin’s Gardens, 171
Ballad-singers, 182
Banbury, Lord, 126
Bancroft, Thomas, 354
Bankers, 86, 196
Bank of England, 202–205;
effect of, on City and Crown, 205
Bankside, 243, 261, 320
Bann Fishery, 207
Baptism, 148, 150
Barbadoes, 34
Barbican, 173, 269, 275, 278
Barking, 84
Barmisie Lane, 270
Barnard’s Inn, 276
Barristers, 178
Bartholomew Fair, 221, 333, 335, 336, 362
Bartholomew Lane, 262
Baynard’s Castle, 173, 253
Basing Lane, 140
Basinghall Street, 222, 265
Bassishaw, Ward of, 105
Bastwick, Dr., 144
Bedford Street, Covent Garden, 252
Beggars, 230, 357
Bellamy, Richard, 6
Bellmen, 257
Bell Yard, 277
Benefit of Clergy, 345
Berkeley, Lord, 173, 177
Berkeley, Mr. Justice, 29
Berkeley House, 274
Berkeley of Stratton, Lord, 177
Berkstead, 80
Bermondsey, 18;
Lane, 270
Bermudas, 17, 34
Bethel, Slingsby, 92
Bethlehem Churchyard, 275
Bethnal Green, 198, 245
Betterton, 321
Bible, the, 137, 139;
the Geneva, 141
Bigod, Roger, 336
Billingsgate, 43, 242, 251
Bishopsgate, 13, 78, 362;
Bar, 272;
Street, 38, 155, 262, 265, 269, 275, 316
Blackfriars, 18, 116, 128, 132, 155, 171, 178, 262, 281, 303
Blackman Street, 272
Blackwall, 84, 272
Blackwell, Edward, 86
Blood, Colonel, 85
Bloomsbury, 269
Blow, John, 326
Bludworth, Sir T., 179
Boleyn, Anne, 299
Bonner, Nicholas, 327
Book of Sports, 15
Boonen, Guilliam, 338
Boorde, Dr. Andrew, 236
Borough, the, 66, 171
Bouverie Street, 349
Bow Lane, 159
Box, Ralph, 95
Boyer, Sir W., 177
Bradshaw, Cornewall, 179
Bradshaw, John, 52
Bread Street Hill, 279
Brentwood, 160
Brick Lane, 275
Brides Lane, 266
Bridewell, 266, 270
Bridges—Fleet, 268;
Holborn, 262, 266, 276;
London, 169, 242, 244, 248, 253, 256, 270, 282;
Strand, 75;
Westminster, 267
Bridgwater, Earl of, 173, 177
Bridgwater House, 275
Bristol, 152
Britain’s Burse, 197
Broad Street, 262
Broggers, 14
Brompton Park, 381
Brook House, 173, 276
Brooke, Baron, 177
Browne, General, 45, 50, 76
Browne, Sir R., 78, 260, 266
Brydges Street, 251
Bubb, Captain, 162
Buckingham, Duke of, 25, 30, 31
Buckingham, Earl of, 177
Buckingham, 2nd Duke of, 76, 198
Buckingham House, 270
Buckingham Palace, 313
Bucklersbury, 116
Bunhill, 179, 274;
Fields, 272
Burgess, Cornelius, 152
Burghley, Lord, 161
Burial, 147, 148
Burlington, Earl of, 177
Burroughs, Captain John, 179
Burton, Henry, 144
Busby, Captain, 340
Butcher’s Close, 274
Butcher’s Row, 276, 277
Butler, Samuel, 157, 238
Butter, Nathaniel, 327
Buttolph’s Wharf, 260
Byzantine Gift, 363