destroying books, is chiefly known by the noise which he makes behind
the wainscoting, where he ticks like a clock or watch. How so loud
a noise is produced by so small an insect has never been properly
explained; and the ticking has led to many legends. The naturalist
Degeer relates that one night, in the autumn of 1809, during an
entomological excursion in Brittany, where travellers were scarce and
accommodation bad, he sought hospitality at the house of a friend. He
was from home, and Degeer found a great deal of trouble in gaining
admittance; but at last the peasant who had charge of the house told
Degeer that he would give him "the chamber of death," if he liked. As
Degeer was much fatigued, he accepted the offer. "The bed is there,"
said the man, "but no one has slept in it for some time. Every night the
spirit of the officer, who was surprised and killed in this room by some
chouans, comes back. When the officer was dead, the peasants divided
what he had about him, and the officer's watch fell to my uncle, who was
delighted with the prize, and brought it home to examine it. However,
he soon found out that the watch was broken, and would not go. He then
placed it under his pillow, and went to sleep; he awoke in the night,
and to his terror heard the ticking of a watch. In vain he sold the
watch, and gave the money for masses to be said for the officer's soul,
the ticking continued, and has never ceased." Degeer said that he would
exorcise the chamber, and the peasant left him, after making the sign of
the cross. The naturalist at once guessed the riddle, and, accustomed to
the pursuit of insects, soon had a couple of Death-watches shut up in a
tin case, and the ticking was reproduced.
Swift has prescribed this destructive remedy by way of ridicule:--
"A Wood-worm
That lies in old wood, like a hare in her form:
With teeth or with claws it will bite, or will scratch;
And chambermaids christen this worm a Death-watch,
Because like a watch it always cries click:
Then woe be to those in the house that are sick!
For, sure as a gun, they will give up the ghost
If the maggot cries click when it scratches the post.
But a kettle of scalding hot water ejected,
Infallibly cures the timber affected:
The omen is broken, the danger is over;
The maggot will die, the sick will recover."
BORING MARINE ANIMALS, AND HUMAN ENGINEERS.
Were a young naturalist asked to exemplify what man has learned from the
lower animals, he could scarcely adduce a more striking instance than
that of a submarine shelly worker teaching him how to execute some of
his noblest works. This we have learned from the life and labours of the
_Pholas_, of which it has been emphatically said:--"Numerous accounts
have been published during the last fourteen years in every civilized
country and language of the boring process of the _Pholas_; and machines
formed on the model of its mechanism have for years been tunnelling Mont
Cenis."
In the Eastern Zoological Gallery of the British Museum, cases 35 and
36, as well as in the Museum of Economic Geology in Piccadilly, may be
seen specimens of the above very curious order of _Conchifers_, most
of the members of which are distinguished by their habits of boring or
digging, a process in which they are assisted by the peculiar formation
of the foot, from which they derive their name. Of these ten families
one of the most characteristic is that of the Razor-shells, which,
when the valves are shut, are of a long, flattened, cylindrical shape,
and open at both ends. Projecting its strong pointed foot at one of
these ends, the _solen_ can work itself down into the sand with great
rapidity, while at the upper end its respiratory tubes are shot out to
bring the water to its gills. Of the _Pholadæ_, the shells of which
are sometimes called multivalve, because, in addition to the two chief
portions, they have a number of smaller accessory pieces, some bore
in hard mud, others in wood, and others in rocks. They fix themselves
firmly by the powerful foot, and then make the shell revolve; the sharp
edges of this commence the perforation, which is afterwards enlarged by
the rasp-like action of the rough exterior; and though the shell must
be constantly worn down, yet it is replaced by a new formation from the
animal, so as never to be unfit for its purpose. The typical bivalve of
this family is the _Pholas_, which bores into limestone-rock and other
hard material, and commits ravages on the piers, breakwaters, &c., that
it selects for a home.
In the same family as the above Dr. Gray ranks the _Teredo_,[27] or
wood-boring mollusc, whose ravages on ships, piles, wooden piers, &c.,
at sea resemble those of the white ant on furniture, joints of houses,
&c., on shore. Perforating the timber by exactly the same process as
that by which the Pholas perforates the stones, the Teredo advances
continually, eating out a contorted tube or gallery, which it lines
behind it with calcareous matter, and through which it continues to
breathe the water.
The priority of the demonstration of the Pholas and its "boring habits"
has been much disputed. The evidence is full of curious details. It
appears that Mr. Harper, of Edinburgh, author of "The Sea-side and
Aquarium," having claimed the lead. Mr. Robertson, of Brighton, writes
to dispute the originality; adding that he publicly exhibited Pholades
in the Pavilion at Brighton in July, 1851, perforating chalk rocks by
the raspings of their valves and squirtings of their syphons. Professor
Flourens (says Mr. Robertson) taught my observations to his class in
Paris in 1853; I published them in 1851, and again more fully in the
"Journal de Conchyliologie," in 1853; and M. Emile Blanchard illustrated
them in the same year in his "Organisation du Règne Animal." I published
a popular account of the perforating processes in "Household Words"
in 1856. After obtaining the suffrages of the French authorities, I
have been recently honoured with those of the British naturalist. (See
Woodward's "Recent and Fossil Shells," p. 327. Family, Pholadidæ.) On
returning to England last autumn I exhibited perforating Pholades to
all the naturalists who cared to watch them. An intelligent lady whom I
supplied with Pholades has made a really new and original observation,
which I may take this opportunity of communicating to the public. She
observed two Pholades whose perforations were bringing them nearer and
nearer to each other. Their mutual raspings were wearing away the thin
partition which separated their crypts. She was curious to know what
they would do when they met, and watched them closely. When the two
perforating shell-fish met and found themselves in each other's way, the
stronger just bored right through the weaker Pholas.[28]
Mr. Robertson has communicated to "Jameson's Journal," No. 101, the
results of his opportunities of studying the Pholas, during six months,
to discover how this mollusc makes its hole or crypt in the chalk: by
a chemical solvent? by absorption? by ciliary currents? or by rotatory
motions? Between twenty and thirty of these creatures were at work
in lumps of chalk, in sea-water, in a finger-glass, and open for
three months; and by watching their operations. Mr. Robertson became
convinced that the Pholas makes its hole by grating the chalk with its
rasp-like valves, licking it up when pulverized with its foot, forcing
it up through its principal orbrambial syphon, and squirting it out in
oblong nodules. The crypt protects the Pholas from _confervæ_, which,
when they get at it, grow not merely outside, but even with the lips
of the valves, preventing the action of the syphons. In the foot there
is a gelatinous spring or style, which, even when taken out, has great
elasticity, and which seems the mainspring of the motions of the Pholas.
Upon this Dr. James Stark, of Edinburgh, writes:
--"Mr. Robertson, of Brighton, claims the merit of teaching that
Pholades perforate rocks by 'the rasping of their valves and the
squirting of their syphons.' His observations only appear to reach
back to 1851. But the late Mr. John Stark, of Edinburgh, author of the
'Elements of Natural History,' read a paper before the Royal Society of
Edinburgh, in 1826, which was printed in the Society's 'Transactions'
of that year, in which he demonstrated that the Pholades perforate the
shale rocks in which they occur on this coast, by means of the rasping
of their valves, and not by acids or other secretions. From also finding
that their shells scratched limestone without injury to the fine rasping
rugosities, he inferred that it was by the same agency they perforated
the hard limestone rocks."
To this Mr. Robertson replies, that Mr. Osler also, in 1826,
demonstrated that the Pholades "perforate the shale rocks by means of
the rasping of their valves; and more, for he actually witnessed a
rotatory movement. But Réaumur and Poli had done as much as this in the
eighteenth and Sibbald in the seventeenth century: and yet I found the
solvent hypothesis in the ascendant among naturalists in 1835, when I
first interested myself in the controversy. What I did in 1851 was, I
exhibited Pholades at work perforating rocks, and explained how they did
it. What I have done is, I have made future controversy impossible, by
exhibiting the animals at work, and by discovering the anatomy and the
physiology of the perforating instruments. In the words of M. Flourens,
'I made the animals work before my eyes,' and I 'made known their
mechanism.' The discovery of the function of the hyaline stylet is not
merely a new discovery, it is the discovery of a kind of instrument as
yet unique in physiology."
Mr. Harper having termed the boring organ of the Pholas the "hyaline
stylet," found it to have puzzled some of the disputants, whereupon Mr.
Harper writes:--"Its use up to the present time has been a mystery,
but the general opinion of authors seems to be, that it is the gizzard
of the Pholas. This I very much doubt, for it is my belief that the
presence of such an important muscle is solely for the purpose of
aiding the animal's boring operations. Being situated in the centre
of the foot, we can readily conceive the great increase of strength
thus conveyed to the latter member, which is made to act as a powerful
fulcrum, by the exercise of which the animal rotates--and at the same
time presses its shell against and rasps the surface of the rock.
The question being asked, 'How can the stylet be procured to satisfy
curiosity?' I answer, by adopting the following extremely simple plan.
Having disentombed a specimen, with the point of a sharp instrument
cut a slit in the base of its foot, and the object of your search will
be distinctly visible in the shape of, if I may so term it, an opal
cylinder. Sometimes I have seen the point of this organ spring out
beyond the incision, made as above described."
Lastly, Mr. Harper presented the Editor of the "Athenæum" with a
piece of bored rock, of which he has several specimens. He adds, "On
examination, you will perceive that the larger Pholas must have bored
through its smaller and weaker neighbour (how suggestive!), the shell of
the latter, most fortunately, remaining in its own cavity."
Now, Mr. Robertson claimed for his observation of this phenomenon
novelty and originality; but Mr. Harper stoutly maintained it to be
"as common to the eye of the practised geologist as rain or sunshine."
The details are curious; though some impatient, and not very grateful
reader, may imagine himself in the condition of the shell of the smaller
Pholas, and will be, as he deserves to remain, in the minority.[29]
It may be interesting to sum up a few of the opinions of the mode by
which these boring operations are performed. Professor Forbes states
the mode by which Molluscs bore into wood and other materials is as
follows:--"Some of the Gauterspods have tongues covered with silica to
enable them to bore, and it was probably by some process of this kind
that all the Molluscs bored."
Mr. Peach never observed the species of Pholas to turn round in their
holes, as stated by some observers, although he had watched them with
great attention. Mr. Charlesworth refers to the fact that, in one
species of shell, not only does the hole in the rock which the animal
occupies increase in size, but also the hole through which it projects
its syphons.
Professor John Phillips, alluding to the theories which have been
given of the mode in which Molluscs bore into the rocks in which they
live, believes that an exclusively mechanical theory will not account
for the phenomenon; and he is inclined to adopt the view of Dr. T.
Williams--that the boring of the Pholades can only be explained on the
principle which involves a chemical as well as a mechanical agency.
Mr. E. Ray Lankester notices that the boring of Annelids seems quite
unknown; and he mentions two cases, one by a worm called Leucadore, the
other by a Sabella. Leucadore is very abundant on some shores, where
boulders and pebbles may be found worm-eaten and riddled by them. Only
stones composed of carbonate of lime are bored by them. On coasts where
such stones are rare, they are selected, and others are left. The worms
are _quite soft_, and armed only with horny bristles. _How, then, do
they bore?_ Mr. Lankester maintains that it is by carbonic acid and
other acid excretions of their bodies, _aided_ by the mechanical action
of their bristles. The selection of a material soluble in these acids
is most noticeable, since the softest chalk and the hardest limestone
are bored with the same facility. This can only be by chemical action.
If, then, we have a case of chemical boring in these worms, is it not
probable that many Molluscs are similarly assisted in their excavations?
FOOTNOTES:
[27] How Brunel took his construction of the Thames Tunnel from
observing the bore of the _Teredo navalis_ in the keel of a ship, in
1814, is well known.
[28] "Athenæum," No. 1640.
[29] See also "Life in the Sea," in "Strange Stories of the Animal
World," by the author of the present volume. Second Edition. 1868.
INDEX.
ANCIENT Zoological Gardens, 12
Animals, Rare, of London Zoological Society, 16, 17, 18
Annelids, boring, 348
Annelids and Molluscs, Boring Habits of, 348
Ant-Bear in captivity, 76
Ant-Bear, the Great, 72
Ant-Bear at Madrid, 72
Ant-Bear described, 77
Ant-Bear, Domestic, in Paraguay, 75
Ant-Bear, Economy of, 76
Ant-Bear and its Food, 74
Ant-Bears, Fossil, 80, 81
Ant-Bear, Muscular Force of, 79
Ant-Bear, Wallace's Account of, 73
Ant-Bear, Zoological Society's, 76, 82, 84
Ant-Eater, Porcupine, 84
Ant-Bear, Professor Owen on, 80
Ant-Eaters, scarcity of, 80
Ant-Eater, Tamandua, 82
Ant-Eaters, Von Saek's Account of, 83
Aristotle's History of Animals, 279, 280
BARNACLE GEESE, finding of the, 334
Barnacle Goose, Gerarde on, 332
Barnacle Goose, Giraldus Cambrensis on, 332
Barnacle Goose, Max Müller on, 331
Barnacle Goose, name of, 332
Barnacle Goose, Sir E. Tennent on, 334
Barnacle Goose, Sir Kenelm Digby on, 334
Barnacle Goose, Sir R. Moray on, 331
Barnacle Goose, Stories of the, 331-335
Barnacles breeding upon old ships, 333
Barnacle Geese in the Thames, 331
Bat, altivolans, by Gilbert White, 100
Bat, American, by Lesson, 91
Bat, Aristotle on, 85
Bat, Mr. Bell on, 86
Bats, Curiosities of, 85
Bat, described by Calmet, 87
Bat, Flight and Wing of, 96
Bats, in England, 100
Bat, Heber, Stedman, and Waterton on, 91
Bats in Jamaica, 100
Bat, Kalong, of Java, 98
Bat, Long-Eared, by Sowerby, 92, 93-96
Bat, Nycteris, 97
Bat, Rere-mouse and Flitter-mouse, 86
Bat Skeleton, Sir C. Bell on, 87
Bat in Scripture, 85
Bat, Vampire, from Sumatra, 88
Bat, Vampire, Lines on, by Byron, 89
Bat, vulgar errors respecting, 97
Bat-Fowling or Bat-Folding, 92
Berlin Zoological Gardens and Museum, 16
Bible Natural History, 11
Birds, Addison on their Nests and Music, 156, 157
Bird, Australian Bower, Nest of, 167
Bird, Baya, Indian, Nest of, 164
Birds and Animals, Beauty in, 150
Birds, Brain of, 154
Birds, Characteristics of, 145
Birds, Colour of, 148
Bird Confinement, Dr. Livingstone on, 169
Birds' Eggs, large, 162
Birds' Eggs, Colours of, 158
Birds' Eggs and Nests, 158
Birds, European, list of, 161
Birds, Flight of, 146, 147
Birds, Insectivorous, 151;
Instinct, Intelligence, and Reason, 217
Bird-Life, 145
Bird-Murder, wanton, 152
Birds' Nesting, 159
Birds' Nests--Cape Swallows, 168
Birds' Nests--Brush Turkey, 171
Birds' Nests, large, 164
Birds' Eggs--Ostrich and Epyornis, 162, 163
Birds' Nests--Tailor Birds, 165-167
Birds, Rapid Flight of, 147
Birds, Signal of Danger among, 155
Birds, Song of, 149
Birds, Mr. Wolley's Collections, 159, 160
Bookworms, Leaves about, 336
Bookworms and Death-watch, 337
Boring Marine Animals, and Human Engineers, 341
CHAMELEON of the Ancients, 306
Chameleon's antipathy to black, 322
Chameleons, Mrs. Belzoni's, 316-320
Chameleons, Birth of, in England, 321
Chameleon changing Colour, 311, 316
Chameleon, Cuvier on, 309
Chameleon, described by Calmet, 307
Chameleon Family, 307
Chameleon, Air-food of, 309
Chameleon, Milne Edwards on its Change of Colour, 314-316
Chameleons, Native Countries of, 316
Chameleon of the Poets, 308
Chameleons, Reproduction of, 309
Chameleon, Tongue and Eyes of, 310, 311
Chinese Zoological Gardens, 12
Cicada, Song of the, 329
Cormorant's Bone, curious, 204
Cormorants, Chase of, 203
Cormorant Fishery in China, 202
Cormorant, Habits of the, 201
Cormorant trained for Fishing, 201
Curiosities of Zoology, 11
ECCENTRICITIES of Penguins, 188:
Darwin, Mr., his account of Falkland Islands Penguin, 192;
Dassent Island Penguins, 188;
Death-watch and Bookworm, 337, 338;
Falkland Islands Penguins, 189;
King Penguins, 191;
Patagonian Penguins, 189;
Penguin, the name, 194;
Webster, Mr., his Account of Penguins, 193
Epicure's Ortolan, the, 172
Epicurism Extravagant, 177
Evelyn and St. James's Physique Garden, 15
FISH in British Colombia, 280:
Candle-fish, 282;
Octopus, 283;
Salmon Army, 281;
Spoonbill Sturgeon, 285;
Sturgeons, and Sturgeon Fishing, 284-287
Fish-Talk, 250:
Affection of Fishes, 256;
Bohemian Wels Fish, 270;
Bonita and Flying Fish, 263;
Californian Fish, 268;
Carp at Fontainebleau, 254;
Cat-fish, curious Account of, 257;
Double Fish, 272;
Fish changing Colour, 251;
Fish Noise, 252;
Gold Fish, 274;
Grampus, gambols of, 262;
Great General of the South Sea, 272;
Grouper, the, 272;
Hassar, the, 256;
Hearing of Fishes, 253;
Herring Puzzle, 278;
Jaculator Fish of Java, 264;
Jamaica, Curious Fish at, 266;
Little Fishes the Food of Larger, 259;
Marine Observatory, 276;
Mecho of the Danube, 270;
Migration of Fishes, 260;
Miller's Thumb, 276;
Numbers, vast, of Fishes, 258;
Pike, Wonderful, 269;
Pilot Fish, 267;
Sharks, 267;
Singing Fish,252;
Square-browed Malthe, 274;
Strange Fishes, 251;
Sun-fish, 271;
Swimming of Fishes, 250;
Sword-fish, 266;
Warrior Fish, 266
Frog and Toad Concerts, 327
HEDGEHOG, the, 102
Hedgehog devouring Snakes, 104
Hedgehog, Food of, 103
Hedgehogs, Gilbert White on, 107
Hedgehog and Poisons, 105
Hedgehogs, Sir T. Browne on, 102
Hedgehog Sucking Cows, 104
Hedgehog and Viper, Fight between, 106, 107
Hedgehog, Voracity of, 103
Hippopotamus, Ancient History of, 119
Hippopotamus, described by Aristotle and Herodotus, 121
Hippopotamus, Economy of the, 115
Hippopotamus, the, in England, 108
Hippopotami, Fossil, 122
Hippopotami on the Niger, 117
Hippopotamus, Professor Owen's Description of, 111-115
Hippopotamus and River Horse, 116
Hippopotamus in Scripture, 120
Hippopotamus, Utility of, 118
Hippopotamus from the White Nile, 109
Hippopotamus, Zoological Society's, in 1850, 108-111
LEAVES about Bookworms, 336
Lions in Algeria, and Jules Gerard, 143
Lion, African, 131
Lion, Bengal, 133
Lion described by Bennett, 123
Lion described by Buffon, 123-125
Lion described by Burchell, 125
Lion, disappearance of, 130
Lion and Hottentots, 132, 133-136
Lion-hunting Feats, 128
Lion, "King of the Forest," 126
Lion, Longevity of, 137
Lion, Maneless, 133-135
Lion, Niebuhr on, 131
Lion in the Nineveh Sculptures, 139, 140
Lions, the Drudhoe, 144
Lions, Popular Errors respecting, 123
Lion, Prickle or Claw in the Tail, 137-139
Lion, Roar of, 136
Lions in the Tower of London, 140
"Lion Tree" in the Mantatee Country, 127
Lion Stories of the Shows, 142
Lion-Talk, 123
Lioness and her Young, 135
MERMAID of 1822, 43-47
Mermaid in Berbice, 39
Mermaid in the Bosphorus, 47
Mermaid and Dugong, 41
Mermaids, Evidences of, 36
Mermaid at Exmouth, 40
Mermaid, Leyden's Ballad, 35
Mermaid and Manatee, 42
Mermaid at Milford Haven, 37
Mermaid, Japanese, 44
Mermaid, Scottish, 36, 38
Mermaids and Sirens, 33
Mermaid's Song, Haydn's, 34
Mermaids, Stories of, 33
Mermaid, Structure of, 43
Mermaids in Suffolk, 48
Mole, its Economy controverted, 62
Mole, the Ettrick Shepherd on, 71
Mole, Le Court on, 62, 65
Mole and Fairy Rings, 64
Mole and Farming, 70
Mole, Feeling of, 64
Mole at Home, 62
Mole, its Hunting-ground, 67
Moles, Loves of the, 68
Mole, structure of the, 63
Mole, St. Hilaire on, 69
Mole, Shrew, of North America, 70
Mole, Voracity of, 68
Montezuma's Zoological Gardens, 13
Musical Lizard, 303:
Climbing Walls, 303, 304;
Formosa Isle, 303;
Gecko ennobled, 306
ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 15
Ortolan described, 172, 173
Ortolans, how fattened, 174
Ortolan, Mr. Gould on, 174, 175
Owls, 221:
Abyssinian Owl, 230;
Barn Owl, 226;
Bischaco, or Coquimbo, 224;
Boobook Owl, 228;
Cats and Owls, 230;
Fraser's Eagle Owl, from Fernando Po, 229;
Food of Owls, 226;
Javanese Owl, 228;
Snowy Owl, 227;
Tricks by Night, 224;
Utility of, 225;
Waterton on the Owl, 225
PELICANS and Cormorants, 195
Pelicans described by Gould, 195
Pelican in Japan, 197
Pelican Popular Error, 198, 199
Pelican Pouches, 198
Pelican Symbol, 200
"Pelican of the wilderness," 197
Pholas, Life and Labours of, 341
Pholades, Charlesworth and Peach on, 347
Pholades, Harper on, 346
Pholades, Robertson on, 343
RHINOCEROS in England, 22:
African Rhinoceros in 1858, 27;
Ancient History, 23;
Bruce and Sparmann, 27;
Burchell's shooting, 30;
Horn of the Rhinoceros, 31, 32;
Indian Wild Ass, 24;
One-horned and Two-horned, 23-26;
Scripture, Rhinoceros of, 23;
Speehnan's Rhinoceros Shooting, 30;
Tegetmeir describes the African Rhinoceros, 27;
Tractability, 25;
Varieties of Rhinoceros, 22;
Zoological Society's Rhinoceros, 23, 29
SALE of Wild Animals, 20
Sentinel Birds, 183
Song of the Cicada, 329
Songs of Birds and Seasons of the Day, 219
St. James's Park Menagerie, 14
Stories of the Barnacle Goose, 331-335
Stories of Mermaids, 33
Surrey Zoological Gardens, 20
TALKING birds, 205:
Bittern and Night Raven, 207;
Blue Jay, 206;
Canaries, Talking, 210-212;
Chinese Starling, 205;
Crowned Crane, 206;
Cuckoo, 209;
Laughing Goose, 209;
Nightingale, 209;
Piping Crow, 205;
Snipe, Neighing, 213;
Trochilos and Crocodile, 216;
Umbrella Bird, 206;
Whidaw Bird, 205;
Wild Swan, 209;
Woodpecker at Constantinople, 215
Talk about Toucans, 179:
Bills of Toucans, 180;
Carnivorous propensity, 184;
Economy of, 182;
Food of, 183;
Gould, Mr., his Grand Monograph, 180, 186;
Owen, Professor, on the Mandibles, 185;
Swainson, Mr., on Toucans, 185
Toucan Family, 179, 180;
White Ants' Nests, 183;
Toucanet, Gould's, 184
Toad and Frog Concerts, 327-328
Toads, Running, Dr. Husenbeth's, 323-327
Tower of London Menagerie, 14
Tree-climbing Crab, the, 288:
Bernhard, Hermit, and Soldier Crab, 291;
Climbing Perch, 288;
Crab, Burrowing, 290;
Crab Migration in Jamaica, 292;
Fishing-frogs, 288;
Glass Crabs, 301;
Pill-making Crabs, 301;
Purse Crab feeding on Cocoa-nuts, 296;
Robber Crab, 292;
Screw-pines, Crab climbing, 298;
Vaulted Crab of the Moluccas, 291
UNICORNS, ancient, 51
Unicorn and Antelope, 53
Unicorn in Central Africa, 58
Unicorn described by Ctesias, 49, 50
Unicorn, Cuvier on, 54
Unicorn, Is it Fabulous? 49
Unicorn, Klaproth on, 55
Unicorn in Kordofan, 53
Unicorn and its Horn, 53, 59
Unicorn, modern, 50
Unicorn, Ogilby on, 51
Unicorn, Rev. J. Campbell on, 57
Unicorn in the Royal Arms, 60