HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
[Illustration: Portrait.]
From a photograph copyright, 1899, by Pach Bros., N. Y.
President William McKinley.
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
FROM THE EARLIEST DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE PRESENT TIME
BY
E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS
CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA
FORMERLY PRESIDENT OF BROWN UNIVERSITY
With 650 Illustrations and Maps
VOLUME V.
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1912
COPYRIGHT, 1903 AND 1905, BY
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
[Illustration: Scribner's Logo.]
CONTENTS
PERIOD VI
EXPANSION
1888--1902
CHAPTER I. DRIFT AND DYE IN LAW--MAKING
General Revision and Extension of State Constitutions.—Introduction of
Australian Ballot in Various States.—Woman Suffrage in the West.—Negro
Suffrage in the South.—Educational Qualification.—“The Mississippi
Plan.”—South Carolina Registration Act.—The “Grandfather” Clause in
Louisiana Constitution.—Alabama Suffrage.
CHAPTER II. THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1888
Tariff Reform Democratic Creed.—Republican Banner, High
Protection.—Republican Convention at Chicago.—Nomination of Benjamin
Harrison for President.—Biographical Sketch of Benjamin
Harrison.—Political Strength in the West.—National Association of
Democratic Clubs and Republican League.—Civil Service as an Issue in
Campaign.—Democratic Blunders.—The “Murchison” Letter.—Lord
Sackville-West Given His Passports.—Use of Money in Campaign by Both
Political Parties.—Tariff the Main Issue.—Trusts.—“British Free
Trade.”—Popular Vote at the Election.
CHAPTER III. MR. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION
Steamship Subsidies Advocated.—Chinese Immigration and the Geary
Law.—Immigration Restriction.—Thomas B. Reed Institutes Parliamentary
Innovations in the House of Representatives.—Counting a Quorum.—The
“Force Bill” in Congress.—Resentment of the South.—Defeated in
Senate.—The “Billion Dollar Congress” and the Dependent Pensions
Act.—Pension Payments.—The McKinley Tariff Act and “Blaine”
Reciprocity.—International Copyright Act Becomes a Law.—Mr. Blaine as
Secretary of State.—Murder by “Mafia” Italians Causes Riot in New
Orleans.—The Itata at San Diego, California.—The “Barrundia”
Incident.—U. S. Assumes Sovereignty Over Tutuila, Samoa.—Congressional
Campaign, 1890.
CHAPTER IV. NON-POLITICAL EVENTS OF PRESIDENT HARRISON'S TERM
Commemorative Exercises of the Centennial Anniversary of Washington’s
Inauguration as President.—Verse Added to Song “America.”—Whittier
Composes an Ode.—Unveiling of Lee Monument.—Sectional Feeling
Allayed.—The Louisiana Lottery Put Down.—The Opening of Oklahoma.—Sum
Paid Seminole Indians.—The Messiah Craze of the Indians.—The Johnstown
Flood.—The Steel Strike at Homestead, Pa.—Congressional
Investigation.—Riot in Tennessee Over Convict Labor in the
Mines.—Mormonism.—America Aids Russia in Famine.
CHAPTER V. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION
Preparation for the World’s Fair.—Columbus Day in Chicago.—In New
York.—Presidential Election of 1892.—The Campaign.—Cleveland and
Harrison Nominated by the Respective Parties.—Populism.—Gen. Weaver
Populistic Candidate.—Reciprocity in the Campaign of 1892.—Result of
the Election.—Opening Exercises of the World’s Fair.—The Buildings and
Grounds.—The Spanish Caravals.—The Court of Honor.—Burning of the Cold
Storage Building.—Government Exhibits.—Midway Plaisance.—The Ferris
Wheel.—Buildings Burned.—Fair Not a Financial Success.—The Attendance.
CHAPTER VI. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT
Growth of Population in Cities and States.—Centre of Population.—The
Railroads.—Industrial Progress.—Development of Use of Electricity in
Telegraph, Telephone, Lighting, and Manufacturing.—Niagara Falls
Harnessed.—Thomas A. Edison.—Nikola Tesla.—The Use of the
Bicycle.—Growth of Agriculture and Improvement of Implements.—Position
of Women.—The Salvation Army Established in America.—Its Growth and
Work.
CHAPTER VII. MR. CLEVELAND AGAIN PRESIDENT
Democratic Congress.—President Extends Merit System.—Anti-Lottery
Bill.—President Calls a Special Session of Congress.—Sale of Bonds to
Maintain Reserve of Gold.—The Wilson Tariff Law Passed.—Income Tax
Unconstitutional.—Bond Issues.—Foreign Affairs.—Coup d’état of
Provisional Government of Hawaii.—Special Commissioner.—Queen
Liliuokalani.—Queen Renounces Throne.—President Cleveland’s—Venezuelan
Message.—Measures to Preserve National Credit.—Venezuelan Boundary
Commission.—Lexow Committee Investigation in New York City.—Reform
Ticket Elected.—Greater New York.—American Protective Association.
CHAPTER VIII. LABOR AND THE RAILWAYS
The March of the Coxey Army.—Arrest of Leaders.—The American Railway
Union—Strike.—Refusal of Pullman Company to Arbitrate.—Association of
General Managers.—Federal Injunction.—Federal Riot Proclamation and
Troops Detailed.—Governor Altgeld’s Protest.—Debs.—“Government by
Injunction.”—Commission of Investigation.—General Allotment of Indian
Lands Under the Dawes Act.
CHAPTER IX. NEWEST DIXIE
Harmony Between North and South.—Consecration of
Chickamauga-Chattanooga Military Park.—Agricultural Development in the
South.—Manufactures.—Natural Products.—Southern Characteristics.—The
“Black Belt.”—Montgomery Conference on the Negro
Question.—Lynching.—Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee
Institute.—Negro Population.
CHAPTER X. THE MEN AND THE ISSUE IN 1896
Free Silver Coinage Issue in the Campaign.—Republican Convention in St.
Louis.—The Money Plank in the Platform.—Withdrawal of Senator Teller
and Free Silver Delegates.—William McKinley and Garret A. Hobart
Nominated for President and Vice-President.—Sketch of Life of William
McKinley.—Democratic Convention Held in Chicago.—Demand for Free and
Unlimited Coinage of Silver.—William J. Bryan Makes “Cross of Gold”
Speech.—Delegates Refuse to Vote.—W. J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall
Nominated.—Sketch of William J. Bryan.—Thomas Watson Nominated for
Vice-President by Populist Convention.—National or Gold Democratic
Ticket.—Speeches Made by Candidates.—Result of the Election.
CHAPTER XI. MR. MCKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION
John Sherman, William R. Day, and John Hay as Secretary of State.—Other
Members of Cabinet.—Revival of Business in 1897.—Gold Discovery in
Yukon, Klondike, and Cape Nome.—Alaskan Boundary Controversy Between
United States and Great Britain.—Joint High Commission Canvasses
Boundary and Sealing Question.—Estimate of Loss to Seal Herd.—Sealskins
Ordered Confiscated and Destroyed at United States Ports.—Hawaiian
Islands Annexed.—Special Envoys to the Powers Appointed to Consider
International Bi-Metallism.—President Withdraws Positions from the
Classified Service.—Extra Session of Congress.—Passes Dingley Tariff
Act.—Reciprocity Clauses.—Grant Mausoleum Completed.—Presentation
Ceremonies at New York.
CHAPTER XII. THE WAR WITH SPAIN
Cuban Discontent with Spanish Rule.—United States’ Neutral Attitude
Toward Spain and Cuba.—Red Cross Society Aids Reconcentrados.—Spanish
Minister Writes Letter that Leads to Resignation.—United States
Battleship Maine Sunk in Havana Harbor.—Congress Declares the People of
Cuba Free and Independent.—Minister Woodford Receives his Passports at
Madrid.—Increase of the Regular Army.—Spain Prepares for War.—Army
Equipment Insufficient.—Strength of Navy.—The Oregon Makes
Unprecedented Run.—Admiral Cervera’s Fleet in Santiago Harbor.—Navy at
Santiago Harbor Entrance.—Army Lands near Santiago.—The Darkest Day of
the War.—Sinking of the Collier Merrimac to Block Harbor
Entrance.—Spanish Ships Leave.—General Toral Surrenders.—Expedition of
General Miles to Porto Rico.—Commodore George Dewey Enters Manila
Bay.—Destroys Spanish Fleet.—Manila Capitulates.—Treaty of Paris
Signed.
CHAPTER XIII. "CUBA LIBRE"
Admiral Sampson and Admiral Schley in Santiago Naval Battle.—Court of
Inquiry Appointed.—Paris Treaty of Peace Ratified.—Foreign
Criticism.—The Samoan Islands.—Civil Government Established in Porto
Rico.—Foreign Commerce of Porto Rico.—Congressional Pledge about
Cuba.—Census of Cuba.—General Leonard Wood, Governor of Cuba.—Cuban
Constitutional Convention.—“Platt Amendment.”—Cuban Constitution
Adopted.—First President of Cuba.—Reciprocity with Cuba.
CHAPTER XIV. THE UNITED STATES IN THE ORIENT--PHILIPPINES AND FILIPINOS.
Area of the Philippines.—The Native Tribes.—Population.—Education Under
Spanish Rule.—Filipinos.—Iocoros.—Igorrotes.—Ilocoans.— Moros.—Spain as
a Colonist.—Religious Orders.—Secret Leagues.—Spain and the
Filipinos.—Emilio Aguinaldo.—The Philippines in the Treaty of
Paris.—Senate Resolution.
CHAPTER XV. THE UNITED STATES IN THE ORIENT.--WAR.--CONTROVERSY.--PEACE.
Filipinos’ Foothold in Philippines.—Attitude Toward
Filipinos.—President Orders Government Extended Over
Archipelago.—American Rule Awakens Hostility.—First Philippine
Commission.—Philippine Congress Votes for Peace.—Revolution.—Treachery
of Filipinos.—General Frederick Funston Captures Aguinaldo.—Aguinaldo
Swears Allegiance to the United States.—The Constitution and the
Philippines.—United States Supreme Court
Decisions.—Tariff.—Anti-Imperialism.—Second Commission.—Civil
Government Inaugurated.—Educational Reforms.
CHAPTER XVI. POLITICS AT THE TURNING OF THE CENTURY.
Candidates for President in 1900.—McKinley Renominated.—Bryan
Nominated.—Gold Democrats.—Fusion.—Populists.—Silver
Republicans.—Anti-Imperialism.—Tariff for Colonies.—Porto Rico
Tariff.—President McKinley’s Opposition to Bill.—Campaign Issues.—Boer
War.—Trusts.—Democratic Defeat.—Coal Strike.—Reasons for Democratic
Defeat.—Mr. Bryan Insists on Silver Issue.—Monetary System on a Gold
Basis.—Result of Election.
CHAPTER XVII. THE TWELFTH CENSUS
Permanent Census Bureau.—Alaska Census.—Method of Taking Census.—Two
Thousand Employees.—Population of United States.—Nevada Loses in
Population.—Urban Increase.—Greater New York.—Cities of More than a
Million Inhabitants.—Loss in Rural Population.—Centre of
Population.—Proportion of Males to Females.—Foreign Born
Population.—Character of Immigration.—Chinese.—Congressional
Apportionment.—Farms.—Crops.—Manufacturing Capital Invested.—Foreign
Commerce.—Revenues.—War Taxes Repealed.—National Debt.
CHAPTER XVIII. THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, 1901
The Opening.—Triumphal Bridge.—Electric Tower.—Temple of
Music.—Architecture.—Coloring of the “Rainbow City.”—Symbolism of
Coloring.—Sculpture.—Electrical Illumination.—The Chaining of
Niagara.—The Midway.—The Athletic Congress.—Conservatory.—The
Spanish-American Countries Represented.—United States Government
Building.
CHAPTER XIX. MR. McKINLEY'S END
President McKinley’s Address at the Pan-American Exposition.—The
President Shot.—His Illness and Death.—The Funeral Ceremony.—In
Washington.—At Canton.—Commemorative Services.—Mr. McKinley’s
Career.—Political Insight.—Americanism.—His Administration as
President.—Leon Czolgosz, the Murderer of President
McKinley.—Anarchists.—Anti-Anarchist Law.—Vice-President Theodore
Roosevelt Succeeds to the—Presidency.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY.
(From a copyright photograph, 1899, by Pach Bros., New York).
A NEW YORK POLLING PLACE, SHOWING BOOTHS ON THE LEFT.
BENJAMIN R. TILLMAN.
GROVER CLEVELAND. (Photograph copyrighted by C. M. Bell).
W. Q. GRESHAM.
LEVI P. MORTON.
BENJAMIN HARRISON.
LORD L. S. SACKVILLE-WEST.
JOSEPH B. FORAKER.
"THE CHINESE MUST GO!" DENIS KEARNEY ADDRESSING THE WORKINGMEN ON THE
NIGHT OF OCTOBER 29, ON NOB HILL, SAN FRANCISCO.
THOMAS B. REED.
DAVID C. HENNESSY.
AN EPISODE OF THE LYNCHING OF THE ITALIANS IN NEW ORLEANS.
THE CITIZENS BREAKING DOWN THE DOOR OF THE PARISH PRISON WITH THE BEAM
BROUGHT THERE THE NIGHT BEFORE FOR THAT PURPOSE.
OLD PARISH JAIL, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
CANAL STREET, NEW ORLEANS, LA.
A. G. THURMAN.
CHILIAN STEAMER ITATA IN SAN DIEGO HARBOR.
PRESIDENT HARRISON BEING ROWED ASHORE AT FOOT OF WALL STEEET, NEW YORK,
APRIL 29, 1889.
WASHINGTON INAUGURAL CELEBRATION, 1889, NEW YORK.
PARADE PASSING UNION SQUARE ON BROADWAY.
UNVEILING OF THE EQUESTRIAN STATUE OF ROBERT E. LEE, MAY 29, 1890.
HENRY W. GRADY.
FRANCIS T. NICHOLLS.
THE BUILDING OF A WESTERN TOWN, GUTHRIE, OKLAHOMA: A GENERAL VIEW OF THE
TOWN ON APRIL 24, 1889, THE SECOND DAY AFTER THE OPENING. A VIEW ALONG
OKLAHOMA A VENUE ON MAY 10, 1889. OKLAHOMA AVENUE AS IT APPEARED ON MAY
10, 1893, DURING GOVERNOR NOBLE'S VISIT.
MAIN STREET, JOHNSTOWN, AFTER THE FLOOD.
BURNING OF BARGES DURING HOMESTEAD STRIKE.
THE CARNEGIE STEEL WORKS. SHOWING THE SHIELD USED BY THE STRIKERS WHEN
FIRING THE CANNON AND WATCHING THE PINKERTON MEN--HOMESTEAD STRIKE.
INCITING MINERS TO ATTACK FORT ANDERSON.
THE GROVE BETWEEN BRICEVILLE AND COAL CREEK.
STATE TROOPS AND MINERS AT BRICEVILLE, TENN.
THE MORMON TEMPLE AT SALT LAKE CITY.
COLUMBIAN CELEBRATION, NEW YORK, APRIL 28, 1893.
PARADE PASSING FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL.
PINTA, SANTA MARIA, NINA--LYING IN THE NORTH RIVER, NEW YORK--THE
CARAVELS WHICH CROSSED FROM SPAIN TO BE PRESENT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR AT
CHICAGO.
THE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING, SEEN FROM THE SOUTHWEST.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDING, WITH ILLINOIS BUILDING IN THE BACKGROUND.
A VIEW TOWARD THE PERISTYLE FROM MACHINERY HALL.
THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, SEEN FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.
MIDWAY PLAISANCE, WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO.
THE BURNING OF THE WHITE CITY: ELECTRICITY BUILDING--MINES AND MINING
BUILDING.
THE NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE BUILDING IN CHICAGO.
(Showing the construction of outer walls).
INTERIOR OF THE POWER HOUSE AT NIAGARA FALLS.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (Copyright-photograph by W. A. Dickson).
NIKOLA TESLA.
BICYCLE PARADE, NEW YORK, FANCY COSTUME DIVISION.
HATCHERY ROOM OF THE FISH COMMISSION BUILDING AT WASHINGTON, D. C.,
SHOWING THE HATCHERY JARS IN OPERATION.
WILLIAM BOOTH. (From a photograph by Rockwood, New York).
GROVER CLEVELAND. (From a photograph by Alexander Black).
WILLIAM L. WILSON.
PRINCESS (AFTERWARDS QUEEN) LILIUOKALANI.
JAMES H. BLOUNT.
ALBERT S. WILLIS.
RICHARD OLNEY.
THE LEXOW INVESTIGATION. THE SCENE IN THE COURT ROOM
AFTER CREEDEN'S CONFESSION, DECEMBER 15, 1894.
CHARLES H. PARKHURST. (Copyright photograph by C. C. Langill).
WILLIAM L. STRONG.
COXEY'S ARMY ON THE MARCH TO THE CAPITOL STEPS AT WASHINGTON.
THE TOWN OF PULLMAN.
GEORGE M. PULLMAN.
CAMP OF THE U. S. TROOPS ON THE LAKE FRONT, CHICAGO.
BURNED CARS IN THE C., B. & Q. YARDS AT HAWTHORNE, CHICAGO.
OVERTURNED BOX CARS AT CROSSING OF RAILROAD TRACKS AT 39TH STREET,
CHICAGO.
HAZEN S. PINGREE.
GOV. JOHN P. ALTGELD.
EUGENE V. DEBS.
THE CHICKAMAUGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK. GROUP OF MONUMENTS ON KNOLL
SOUTHWEST OF SNODGRASS HILL.
A GROVE OF ORANGES AND PALMETTOES NEAR ORMOND, FLORIDA.
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON.
THE ATLANTA EXPOSITION. ENTRANCE TO THE ART BUILDING.
SENATOR TELLER, OF COLORADO.
SENATOR CANNON.
GARRET A. HOBART. VICE-PRESIDENT.
(Copyright photograph, 1899, by Pach Bros., New York).
THE McKINLEY-HOBART PARADE PASSING
THE REVIEWING STAND, NEW YORK, OCTOBER 31, 1896.
BRYAN SPEAKING FROM THE REAR END OF A TRAIN.
ARTHUR SEWALL.
EX-SENATOR PALMER.
SIMON E. BUCKNER.
JOHN SHERMAN.
LYMAN J. GAGE, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
JOHN D. LONG, SECRETARY OF THE NAVY.
CORNELIUS N. BLISS, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.
JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.
POSTMASTER-GENERAL GARY. (Copyright photograph by Clinedinst).
RUSH OF MINERS TO THE YUKON. THE CITY OF CACHES AT THE SUMMIT OF
CHILCOOT PASS.
NELSON DINGLEY.
WARSHIPS IN THE HUDSON RIVER CELEBRATING THE DEDICATION OF GRANT'S TOMB,
APRIL 27, 1897.
GRANT'S TOMB, RIVERSIDE DRIVE, NEW YORK. (Copyright photograph, 1901, by
Detroit Photographic Co.).
GOVERNOR-GENERAL WEYLER.
U. S. BATTLESHIP MAINE ENTERING THE HARBOR OF HAVANA,
JANUARY, 1898. (Copyright photograph, 1898, by J. C. Hemment).
WRECK OF U. S. BATTLESHIP MAINE. (Photograph by J. C. Hernment).
BOW OF THE SPANISH CRUISER ALMIRANTE OQUENDO.
(Photograph by J. C. Hemment--copyright, 1898, by W. R. Hearst).
THE LANDING AT DAIQUIRI. TRANSPORTS IN THE OFFING.
CAPTAIN CHARLES E. CLARK.
AFTERDECK ON THE OREGON, SHOWING TWO 13-INCH, FOUR 8-INCH, AND Two
6-INCH GUNS. (Copyright photograph, 1899, by Strohmeyer & Wyman).
BLOCKHOUSE ON SAN JUAN HILL.
ADMIRAL CERVERA, COMMANDER OF THE SPANISH SQUADRON.
MAJOR-GENERAL WILLIAM R. SHAFTER.
TROOPS IN THE TRENCHES, FACING SANTIAGO.
GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER.
VIEW OF SAN JUAN HILL AND BLOCKHOUSE, SHOWING THE CAMP OF THE UNITED
STATES FORCES.
THE COLLIER MERRIMAC SUNK BY HOBSON AT THE MOUTH OF SANTIAGO HARBOR.
THE SPANISH CRUISER CRISTOBAL COLON. (From a photograph by J. C.
Hemment-copyright, 1898, by W. R. Hearst).
THE U. S. S. BROOKLYN. (Copyright photograph, 1898, by C, C. Langill,
New York).
GENERAL NELSON A. MILES.
ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.
PROTECTED CRUISER OLYMPIA.
GENERAL A. R. CHAFFEE.
GENERAL MERRITT AND GENERAL GREENE TAKING A LOOK AT A SPANISH FIELD-GUN
ON THE MALATE FORT.
ADMIRAL WILLIAM T. SAMPSON.
ADMIRAL W. S. SCHLEY.
THE NEW CUBAN POLICE AS ORGANIZED BY EX-CHIEF OF NEW YORK POLICE
McCULLAGH.
SHOWING CONDITION OF STREETS IN SANTIAGO BEFORE STREET CLEANING
DEPARTMENT WAS ORGANIZED.
SANTIAGO STREET CLEANING DEPARTMENT.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL LEONARD A. WOOD IN THE UNIFORM OF COLONEL OF ROUGH
RIDERS.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL LEONARD A. WOOD TRANSFERRING THE ISLAND OF CUBA TO
PRESIDENT TOMASO ESTRADA PALMA, AS A CUBAN REPUBLIC, MAY, 1902.
(Copyright stereoscopic photograph, by Underwood & Underwood, New York).
THE JOLO TREATY COMMISSION.
THREE HUNDRED BOYS IN THE PARADE OF JULY 4, 1902, YIGAN, ILOCOS.
GIRL'S NORMAL INSTITUTE, YIGAN, ILOCOS, APRIL, 1902.
IGORROTE RELIGIOUS DANCE, LEPONTO.
IGORROTE HEAD HUNTERS, WITH HEAD AXES AND SPEARS.
NATIVE MOROS--INTERIOR OF JOLO.
EMILIO AGUINALDO.
GENERAL FREDERICK FUNSTON--GENERAL A. McARTHUR.
A COMPANY OF INSURRECTOS, NEAR BONGUED, ABIA PROVINCE, JUST PREVIOUS TO
SURRENDERING EARLY IN 1901.
ELEVENTH CAVALRY LANDING AT VIGAN, ILOCOS, APRIL, 1902.
JULES CAMBON, THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR, ACTING FOR SPAIN, RECEIVING FROM
THE HONORABLE JOHN HAY, THE U. S. SECRETARY OF STATE, DRAFTS TO THE
AMOUNT OF $20,000,000, IN PAYMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES. (Copyright
photograph, 1899, by Frances B. Johnston).
NATIVE TAGALS AT ANGELES, FIFTY-ONE MILES FROM MANILA.
BRINGING AMMUNITION TO THE FRONT FOR GENERAL OTIS'S BRIGADE, NORTH OF
MANILA.
FORT MALATE, CAVlTE.
THE PASIG RIVER, MANILA.
THE INAUGURATION OF GOVERNOR TAFT, MANILA, JULY 4, 1901.
GROUP OF AMERICAN TEACHERS ON THE STEPS OF THE ESCUELA MUNICIPAL,
MANILA.
W. J. BRYAN ACCEPTING THE NOMINATION FOR PRESIDENT AT A JUBILEE MEETING
HELD AT INDIANAPOLlS, AUGUST 8, 1900.
THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION, HELD IN PHILADELPHIA, JUNE, 1900.
PARADE OF THE SOUND MONEY LEAGUE, NEW YORK, 1900
PASSING THE REVIEWING STAND.
MR. MERRIAM, DIRECTOR OF THE CENSUS.
CENSUS EXAMINATION.
THE CENSUS OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
A CENSUS-TAKER AT WORK.
ELECTRIC TOWER AND FOUNTAINS [BUFFALO].
ETHNOLOGY BUILDING AND UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUILDING.
TEMPLE OF MUSIC BY ELECTRIC LIGHT.
GROUP OF BUFFALOS--PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION.
ELECTRIC TOWER AT NIGHT.
TRIUMPHAL BRIDGE AND ENTRANCE TO THE EXPOSITION, SHOWING ELECTRIC
DISPLAY AT NIGHT.
THE ELECTRICITY BUILDING.
PRESIDENT McKINLEY AT NIAGARA--ASCENDING THE STAIRS FROM LUNA ISLAND TO
GOAT ISLAND. (Copyright photograph, 1901, by C. E. Dunlap).
THE LAST PHOTOGRAPH OF THE LATE PRESIDENT McKINLEY--TAKEN AS HE WAS
ASCENDING THE STEPS OF THE TEMPLE OF MUSIC, SEPTEMBER 6, 1901.
THE MILBURN RESIDENCE, WHERE PRESIDENT McKINLEY DIED--BUFFALO, N. Y.
(Copyright photograph, 1902, by Underwood & Underwood).
ASCENDING THE CAPITOL STEPS AT WASHINGTON, D. C., WHERE THE CASKET LAY
IN STATE IN THE ROTUNDA.
PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S REMAINS PASSING THE UNITED STATES TREASURY,
WASHINGTON, D. C. (Copyright photograph, 1901, by Underwood &
Underwood).
THE HOME OF WILLIAM McKINLEY AT CANTON, OHIO. (Copyright photograph,
1901, by Underwood & Underwood).
INTERIOR OF ROOM IN WILCOX HOUSE WHERE THEODORE ROOSEVELT TOOK THE OATH
OF PRESIDENCY.
PERIOD VI.
EXPANSION
1888-1902
CHAPTER I.
DRIFT AND DYE IN LAW-MAKING
Race war at the South following the abolition of slavery, new social
conditions everywhere, and the archaic nature of many provisions in the
old laws, induced, as the century drew to a close, a pretty general
revision of State constitutions. New England clung to instruments
adopted before the civil war, though in most cases considerably amended.
New Jersey was equally conservative, as were also Ohio, Indiana,
Michigan, and Wisconsin. New York adopted in 1894 a new constitution
which became operative January 1, 1895. Of the old States beyond the
Mississippi only Kansas, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oregon remained content
with ante-bellum instruments. Between 1864 and 1866 ten of the southern
States inaugurated governments which were not recognized by Congress and
had to be reconstructed. Ten of the eleven reconstruction constitutions
were in turn overthrown by 1896. In a little over a generation,
beginning with Minnesota, 1858, fourteen new States entered the Union,
of which all but West Virginia and Nebraska retained at the end of the
century their first bases of government. In some of these cases,
however, copious amendments had rendered the constitutions in effect
new.
As a rule the new constitutions reserved to the people large powers
formerly granted to one or more among the three departments of
government. Most of them placed legislatures under more minute
restrictions than formerly prevailed. The modern documents were much
longer than earlier ones, dealing with many subjects previously left to
statutes. Distrust of legislatures was further shown by shortening the
length of sessions, making sessions biennial, forbidding the pledging of
the public credit, inhibiting all private or special legislation, and
fixing a maximum for the rate of taxation, for State debts, and for
State expenditures.
South Dakota, the first State to do so, applied the initiative and
referendum, each to be set in motion by five per cent. of the voters, to
general statutory legislation. Wisconsin provided for registering the
names of legislative lobbyists, with various particulars touching their
employment. The names of their employers had also to be put down. Many
new points were ordered observed in the passing of laws, such as
printing all bills, reading each one thrice, taking the yeas and nays on
each, requiring an absolute majority to vote yea, the inhibition of
"log-rolling" or the joining of two or more subjects under one title,
and enactments against legislative bribery, lobbying, and "riders."
While the legislature was snubbed there appeared a quite positive
tendency to concentrate responsibility in the executive, causing the
powers of governors considerably to increase. The governor now enjoyed a
longer term, was oftener re-eligible, and could veto items or sections
of bills. By the later constitutions most of the important executive
officers were elected directly by the people, and made directly
responsible neither to governors nor to legislatures.
The newer constitutions and amendments paid great attention to the
regulation of corporations, providing for commissions to deal with
railroads, insurance, agriculture, dairy and food products, lands,
prisons, and charities. They restricted trusts, monopolies, and
lotteries. Modifications of the old jury system were introduced. Juries
were made optional in civil cases, and not always obligatory in criminal
cases. Juries of less than twelve were sometimes allowed, and a
unanimous vote by a jury was not always required. Growing wealth and the
consequent multiplication of litigants necessitated an increase in the
number of judges in most courts. Efforts were made, with some success,
by combining common law with equity procedure, and in other ways, to
render lawsuits more simple, expeditious, and inexpensive.
Restrictions were enacted on the hours of labor, the management of
factories, the alien ownership of land. The old latitude of giving and
receiving by inheritance was trenched upon by inheritance taxes. The
curbing of legislatures, the popular election of executives, civil
service reform, and the creation of a body of administrative
functionaries with clearly defined duties, betrayed movement toward an
administrative system.
A stronghold of political corruption was assaulted from 1888 to 1894 by
a hopeful measure known as the "Australian" ballot. It took various
forms in different States yet its essence everywhere was the provision
enabling every voter to prepare and fold his ballot in a stall by
himself, with no one to dictate, molest, or observe. Massachusetts, also
the city of Louisville, Ky., employed this system of voting so early as
1888. Next year ten States enacted similar laws. In 1890 four more
followed, and in 1891 fourteen more. By 1898 thirty-nine States, all the
members of the Union but six, had taken up "kangaroo voting," as its
foes dubbed it. Of these six States five were southern.
[Illustration: About twenty men in a room with tables, some voters, and
others officials.]
A New York Polling Place, showing booths on the left.
An official ballot replaced the privately--often dishonestly--prepared
party ballots formerly hawked about each polling place by political
workers. The new ballot was a "blanket," bearing a list of all the
candidates for each office to be filled. The arrangement of candidates'
names varied in different States. By one style of ticket it was easy for
the illiterate or the straight-out party man to mark party candidates.
Another made voting difficult for the ignorant, but a delight to the
discriminating.
The new ballot, though certainly an improvement, failed to produce the
full results expected of it. The connivance of election officials and
corrupt voters often annulled its virtue by devices growing in variety
and ingenuity as politicians became acquainted with the reform. Statutes
and sometimes constitutions therefore went further, making the count of
ballots public, ordering it carried out near the polling place, and
allowing municipalities to insure a still more secret vote and an
instantaneous, unerring tally by the use of voting machines.
In the North and West the tendency of the new fundamental laws was to
widen the suffrage, rendering it, for males over twenty-one years of
age, practically universal. Woman suffrage, especially on local and
educational matters, spread more and more. Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and
Utah women voted upon exactly the same terms as men. In Idaho women sat
in the legislature. There was much agitation for minority
representation. Illinois set an example by the experiment of cumulative
voting in the election of lower house members of the legislature.
Nearly everywhere at the South constitutional reform involved negro
disfranchisement. The blacks were numerous, but their rule meant ruin.
It was easy for the whites to keep them in check, as had been done for
years, by bribery and threats, supplemented, when necessary, by flogging
and the shotgun, But this gave to the rising generation of white men the
worst possible sort of a political education. The system was too
barbarous to continue. What meaning could free institutions have for
young voters who had never in all their lives seen an election carried
save by these vicious means! New constitutions which should legally
eliminate most of the negro vote were the alternative.
In Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Georgia, North and South Carolina, proof of having paid taxes or
poll-taxes was (as in some northern and western States) made an
indispensable prerequisite to voting, either alone or as an alternative
for an educational qualification. Virginia used this policy until 1882
and resumed it again in 1902, cutting off such as had not paid or had
failed to preserve or bring to the polls their receipts. Many States
surrounded registration and voting with complex enactments. An
educational qualification, often very elastic, sometimes the voter's
alternative for a tax-receipt, was resorted to by Alabama, Arkansas,
Mississippi, Tennessee, and South Carolina. Georgia in 1898 rejected
such a device. Alabama hesitated, jealous lest illiterate whites should
lose their votes. But, after the failure of one resolution for a
convention, this State, too, upon the stipulation that the new
constitution should disfranchise no white voter and that it should be
submitted to the people for ratification, not promulgated directly by
its authors as was done in South Carolina, Louisiana, and later in
Virginia and Delaware, consented to a revision, which was ratified at
the polls November, 1901, not escaping censure for its drastic
thoroughness. Its distinctive feature was the "good character clause,"
whereby an appointment board in each county registers "all voters under
the present [previous] law" who are veterans or the lawful descendants
of such, and "all who are of good character and understand the duties
and obligations of citizenship."
In the above line of constitution-framing, whose problem was to steer
between the Scylla of the Fifteenth Amendment and the Charybdis of negro
domination, viz., legally abridge the negro vote so as to insure
Caucasian supremacy at the polls, Mississippi led. The "Mississippi
plan," originating, it is believed, in the brain of Senator James Z.
George, had for its main features a registry tax and an educational
qualification, all adjustable to practical exigencies. Each voter must
pay a poll-tax of at least $2.00 and never to exceed $3.00, producing to
the election overseers satisfactory evidence of having paid such poll
and all other legal taxes. He must be registered "as provided by law"
and "be able to read any section of the constitution of the State, to
understand the same when read to him, or to give a reasonable
interpretation thereof." In municipal elections electors were required
to have "such additional qualifications as might be prescribed by law."
This constitution was attacked as not having been submitted to the
people for ratification and as violating the Act of Congress readmitting
Mississippi; but the State Supreme Court sustained it, and was confirmed
in this by the United States Supreme Court in dealing with the similar
Louisiana constitution.
As a spur to negro education the Mississippi constitution worked well.
The Mississippi negroes who got their names on the voting list rose from
9,036 in 1892 to 16,965 in 1895. This result of the "plan" did not deter
South Carolina from adopting it. Dread of negro domination haunted the
Palmetto State the more in proportion as her white population, led by
the enterprising Benjamin R. Tillman, who became governor and then
senator, got control and set aside the "Bourbons."
[Illustration: Portrait.]
Benjamin R. Tillman.
So early as 1882 South Carolina passed a registration act which, amended
in 1893 and 1894, compelled registration some four months before
ordinary elections and required registry certificates to be produced at
the polls. Other laws made the road to the ballot-box a labyrinth
wherein not only most negroes but some whites were lost. The multiple
ballot-boxes alone were a Chinese puzzle. This act was attacked as
repugnant to the State and to the federal constitution. On May 8, 1895,
Judge Goff of the United States Circuit Court declared it
unconstitutional and enjoined the State from taking further action under
it. But in June the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Goff and
dissolved the injunction, leaving the way open for a convention.
The convention met on September 10th and adjourned on December 4, 1895.
By the new constitution the Mississippi plan was to be followed until
January 1, 1898. Any male citizen could be registered who was able to
read a section of the constitution or to satisfy the election officers
that he understood it when read to him. Those thus registered were to
remain voters for life. After the date named applicants for registry
must be able both to read and to write any section of the constitution
or to show tax-receipts for poll-tax and for taxes on at least $300
worth of property. The property and the intelligence qualification each
met with strenuous opposition, but it was thought that neither alone
would serve the purpose.
The Louisiana constitution of 1898, in place of the Mississippi
"understanding" clause or the Alabama "good character" clause, enacted
the celebrated "grandfather" clause. The would-be voter must be able to
read and write English or his native tongue, or own property assessed at
$300 or more; but any citizen who was a voter on January I, 1867, or his
son or his grandson, or any person naturalized prior to January 1, 1898,
if applying for registration before September 1, 1898, might vote,
notwithstanding both illiteracy and poverty. Separate registration lists
were provided for whites and blacks, and a longer term of residence
required in State, county, parish, and precinct before voting than by
the constitution of 1879.
North Carolina adopted her suffrage amendment in 1900. It lengthened the
term of residence before registration and enacted both educational
qualification and prepayment of poll-tax, only exempting from this tax
those entitled to vote January 1, 1867. In 1902 Virginia adopted an
instrument with the "understanding" cause for use until 1904, hedging the
suffrage after that date by a poll-tax. Application for registration
must be in the applicant's handwriting, written in the presence of the
registrar.
White solidarity yielding with time, there were heard in the Carolinas,
Alabama, and Louisiana, loud allegations, not always unfounded, that
this side or that had availed itself of negro votes to make up a deficit
or turned the enginery of vote suppression against its opponents' white
supporters.
Most States which overthrew negro suffrage seemed glad to think of the
new regime as involving no perjury, fraud, violence, or
lese-constitution. Some of Alabama's spokesmen were of a different
temper, paying scant heed to the federal questions involved. "The
constitution of '75," they said, "recognized the Fifteenth Amendment,
which Alabama never adopted, and guaranteed the negro all the rights of
suffrage the white man enjoys. The new constitution omits that section.
Under its suffrage provisions the white man will rule for all time in
Alabama."
The North, once ablaze with zeal for the civil and political rights of
the southern negro, heard the march of this exultant southern crusade
with equanimity, with indifference, almost with sympathy. Perfunctory
efforts were made in Congress to secure investigation of negro
disfranchisement, but they evoked feeble response.