current and no land visible, a 5 lb. lead is substituted for the
log-ship; the lead rests on the bottom, and the speed is obtained in a
manner similar to that previously described. Such a "ground-log"
indicates the actual speed over the ground, and in addition, when the
log-line is being hauled in, it will show the real course the ship is
making over the ground.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.]
[Illustration: FIG. 3.--The A1 Harpoon Ship Log.]
_Patent Log._--The screw or rotatory log of Edward Massey, invented in
1802, came into general use in 1836 and continued until 1861. The
registering wheelwork was contained in a shallow rectangular box (fig.
2), with a float plate on its upper side, carrying three indicating
dials, recording respectively fractions, units and tens of miles (up to
a hundred). The rotator was connected to the log by a rope 6 ft. in
length, actuating a universal joint on the first spindle of the
register; it consisted of an air-tight thin metal tube with a coned
fore-end, carrying flat metal vanes set at an angle. Alexander Bain in
1846 suggested enclosing the wheelwork in the rotator. In Thomas
Walker's harpoon or frictionless log, introduced in 1861, the wheelwork
was enclosed in a cylindrical case of the same diameter as the body of
the rotator or fan, and the latter was brought close up to the register,
forming a compact machine and avoiding the use of the 6-ft. line. Two
years later a heart-shaped float plate was attached to the case, and the
log called the A1 Harpoon ship log (fig. 3). The log should be washed in
fresh water when practicable, to prevent oxidization of the wheels, and
be lubricated with suitable oil through a hole in the case.
[Illustration: FIG. 4.--The Cherub Log.]
[Illustration: FIG. 5.--Neptune Pattern for securing Rotator.]
These logs were towed from the ship, but with quick passages and well
surveyed coasts, the need arose for a patent log which could be readily
consulted from the deck, and from which the distance run under varying
speeds could be quickly ascertained. To meet this requirement, Walker in
1878 introduced the Cherub log (fig. 4), a taffrail one, which, however,
is not as a rule used for speeds over 18 knots. Owing to the increased
friction produced by a rotator making approximately 900 revolutions per
mile, towed at the end of a line varying from 40 fathoms for a 12-knot
speed to 60 fathoms for 20 knots, the pull of the line and rotator is
borne by coned rollers, having their outlines tapering to a common point
in their rotation, thus giving a broad rolling surface. Strong worms and
wheels are substituted for the light clockwork. In fig. 4 the shoe H is
secured to the taffrail, and the rotator in the water is hooked to the
eye of the spindle M by the hook D. The case A contains the registering
wheelwork and a sounding bell. The half gimbal B pivoting in the socket
of the base C allows the register to receive the strain in the direct
line. The bearings and rollers are lubricated with castor oil every
twelve hours through holes in the sliding case E, and can be examined by
unscrewing the case E and the eye M. When not in use, the register is
removed from the shoe by lifting a small screw button near C. The tow
line is usually plaited, and to avoid a knot close to the rotator, the
latter is secured to the former by a knot inside an egg-shaped shell
(fig. 5, Neptune pattern).
[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Walker's Neptune Log.]
Walker's Neptune log (fig. 6) is used for vessels of high speed. Case
A contains the wheelwork, and case E the spindle and steel ball
bearings; in each case are openings, closed by sliding tubes, for
examination and lubrication. In fig. 6 the cases A and E are shown
open. Fig. 7 shows the dial plate. In fig. 8 the ball bearings are
shown unscrewed from the body of the log, with eye, cap and spindle.
They consist of two rows of balls rolling in two pairs of V races or
grooves. The outer pair receive the strain of the rotator, and the
inner are for adjustment and to prevent lateral movement. The balls
and races are enclosed in a skeleton cage (fig. 9) unscrewing from the
cap F (fig. 6) for cleaning or renewal; the adjustment of the bearings
is made by screwing up the cage cap b, locked by a special washer and
the two screws a, a (figs. 8, 9). If the outer races become worn, the
complete cage and bearings are reversed; the strain of the line is
then transferred to what had previously been the inner with
practically unworn balls and races. It is for this purpose that the
skeleton cage is screwed internally at both ends, fitting a screwed
ring inside the cap F (fig. 6). To enable the indications of the log
register on the taffrail to be recorded in the chart room or any other
part of the vessel as desired, a chart room electric register has been
introduced. By means of an electric installation between the log
register aft and the electric register in the chart room, every tenth
of a mile indicated by the former is recorded by the latter.
[Illustration: FIG. 7.--Dial-plate of Neptune Log.]
Walker's Rocket log (fig. 10) is a taffrail one, with bearings of
hardened steel, and is intended to be slung or secured to the taffrail
by a line; the gimbal pattern has a fitting for the deck. In taffrail
logs, the movement of the line owing to its length becomes spasmodic
and jerky, increasing the vibration and friction; to obviate this a
governor or fly-wheel is introduced, the hook of the tow line K (fig.
11) and the eye of the register M being attached to the governor. Fig.
11 represents the arrangement fitted to the Neptune log; with the
Cherub log, a small piece of line is introduced between the governor
and the eye of the register. The two principal American taffrail logs
are the Negus and Bliss (Messrs Norie and Wilson). The former bears a
general resemblance to the Cherub log, but the dial plate is
horizontal and the faces turn upwards. The main shaft bearings are in
two sets and composed of steel balls running in steel cones and cups;
the governor is an iron rod about 16 in. long, with 1 in. balls at the
extremities. The Bliss resembles the Rocket log in shape, and is
secured to the taffrail by a rope or sling. A governor is not
employed. The blades of the rotator are adjustable, being fitted into
its tube or body by slits and holes and then soldered. The outer ends
of the blades are slit (fig. 12) to form two tongues, and with the
wrench (fig. 12) the angle of the pitch can be altered.
[Illustration: FIG. 8.--Ball Bearings of Neptune Log.]
All patent logs have errors, the amounts of which should be ascertained
by shore observations when passing a well surveyed coast in tideless
waters on a calm day. Constant use, increased friction (more especially
at high speeds), and damage to the rotator will alter an ascertained log
error; head or following seas, strong winds, currents and tidal streams
also affect the correctness.
[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Ball Bearings of Neptune Log in Skeleton Case.]
[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Rocket Log.]
[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Neptune Log fitted with Governor.]
[Illustration: FIG. 12.--Bliss Log.]
A _Log Book_ is a marine or sea journal, containing, in the British
navy, the speed, course, leeway, direction and force of the wind, state
of the weather, and barometric and thermometric observations. Under the
heading "Remarks" are noted (for vessels with sail power) making,
shortening and trimming sails; and (for all ships) employment of crew,
times of passing prominent landmarks, altering of course, and any
subject of interest and importance. The deck log book, kept by the
officers of the watch, is copied into the ship's log book by the
navigating officer, and the latter is an official journal. In steam
vessels a rough and fair engine room register are kept, giving
information with regard to the engines and boilers. In the British
mercantile marine all ships (except those employed exclusively in
trading between ports on the coasts of Scotland) are compelled to keep
an official log book in a form approved by the Board of Trade. A mate's
log book and engine room register are not compulsory, but are usually
kept. (J. W. D.)
LOGAN, JOHN (c. 1725-1780), also known as TAHGAHJUTÉ, American Indian
chief, a Cayuga by birth, was the son of Shikellamy, a white man who had
been captured when a child by the Indians, had been reared among them,
and had become chief of the Indians living on the Shamokin Creek in what
is now Northumberland county, Pennsylvania. The name Logan was given to
the son in honour of James Logan (1674-1751), secretary of William Penn
and a steadfast friend of the Indians. John Logan lived for some time
near Reedsville, Penn., and removed to the banks of the Ohio river about
1770. He was not technically a chief, but acquired great influence among
the Shawnees, into which tribe he married. He was on good terms with the
whites until April 1774, when, friction having arisen between the
Indians and the whites, a band of marauders, led by one Greathouse,
attacked and murdered several Indians, including, it appears, Logan's
sister and possibly one or more other relatives. Believing that Captain
Michael Cresap was responsible for this murder, Logan sent him a
declaration of hostilities, the result of which was the bloody conflict
known as Lord Dunmore's war. Logan refused to join the Shawnee chief,
Cornstalk, in meeting Governor Dunmore in a peace council after the
battle of Point Pleasant, but sent him a message which has become famous
as an example of Indian eloquence. The message seems to have been given
by Logan to Colonel John Gibson, by whom it was delivered to Lord
Dunmore. Thomas Jefferson first called general attention to it in his
_Notes on Virginia_ (1787), where he quoted it and added: "I may
challenge the whole orations of Demosthenes and Cicero, and of any more
eminent orator, if Europe has furnished more eminent, to produce a
single passage superior to it." Logan became a victim of drink, and in
1780 was killed near Lake Erie by his nephew whom he had attacked. There
is a monument to him in Fair Hill Cemetery, near Auburn, New York.
Brantz Mayer's _Tahgahjuté, or Logan the Indian and Captain Michael
Cresap_ (Baltimore, 1851, 2nd ed., Albany, 1867) defends Captain
Cresap against Jefferson's charges, and also questions the
authenticity of Logan's message, about which there has been
considerable controversy, though its actual wording seems to be that
of Gibson rather than of Logan.
LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788), Scottish poet, was born at Soutra, Midlothian,
in 1748. His father, George Logan, was a farmer and a member of the
Burgher sect of the Secession church. John Logan was sent to Musselburgh
grammar school, and in 1762 to the university of Edinburgh. In 1768-1769
he was tutor to John, afterwards Sir John, Sinclair, at Ulbster,
Caithness, and in 1770, having left the Secession church, he was
licensed as a preacher by the presbytery of Haddington. In 1771 he was
presented to the charge of South Leith, but was not ordained till two
years later. On the death of Michael Bruce (q.v.) he obtained that
poet's MSS. with a view to publication. In 1770 he published _Poems on
Several Occasions, by Michael Bruce_ with a preface, in which, after
eulogizing Bruce, who had been a fellow student of his, he remarked that
"to make up a miscellany some poems wrote by different authors are
inserted, all of them originals, and none of them destitute of merit.
The reader of taste will easily distinguish them from those of Mr Bruce,
without their being particularized by any mark." Logan was an active
member of the committee of the General Assembly of the Church of
Scotland which worked from 1775 to 1781 at revising the "Translations
and Paraphrases" for public worship, in which many of his hymns are
printed. In 1779-1781 he delivered a course of lectures on the
philosophy of history at St Mary's Chapel, Edinburgh. An analysis of
these lectures, _Elements of the Philosophy of History_ (1781), bears
striking resemblance to _A View of Ancient History_ (1787), printed as
the work of Dr W. Rutherford, but thought by Logan's friends to be his.
In 1781 he published his own _Poems_, including the "Ode to the Cuckoo"
and some other poems which had appeared in his volume of Michael Bruce's
poems, and also his own contributions to the Paraphrases. His other
publications were _An Essay on the Manners and Governments of Asia_
(1782), _Runnamede, a tragedy_ (1783), and _A Review of the Principal
Charges against Warren Hastings_ (1788). His connexion with the theatre
gave offence to his congregation at South Leith; he was intemperate in
his habits, and there was some local scandal attached to his name. He
resigned his charge in 1786, retaining part of his stipend, and
proceeded to London, where he became a writer for the _English Review_.
He died on the 28th of December 1788. Two posthumous volumes of sermons
appeared in 1790 and 1791. They were very popular, and were reprinted in
1810. His _Poetical Works_ were printed in Dr Robert Anderson's _British
Poets_ (vol. xi., 1795), with a life of the author. They were reprinted
in similar collections, and separately in 1805.
Logan was accused of having appropriated in his _Poems_ (1781) verses
written by Michael Bruce. The statements of John Birrell and David
Pearson on behalf of Bruce were included in Dr Anderson's _Life of
Logan_. The charge of plagiarism has been revived from time to time,
notably by Dr W. Mackelvie (1837) and Mr James Mackenzie (1905). The
whole controversy has been marked by strong partisanship. The chief
points against Logan are the suppression of the major portion of Bruce's
MSS. and some proved cases of plagiarism in his sermons and hymns. Even
in the beautiful "Braes of Yarrow" one of the verses is borrowed direct
from an old border ballad. The traditional evidence in favour of Bruce's
authorship of the "Ode to the Cuckoo" can hardly be set aside, but Dr
Robertson of Dalmeny, who was Logan's literary executor, stated that he
had gone over the MSS. procured at Kinnesswood with Logan.
Logan's authorship of the poems in dispute is defended by David Laing,
_Ode to the Cuckoo with remarks on its authorship, in a letter to J.
C. Shairp, LL.D._ (1873); by John Small in the _British and Foreign
Evangelical Review_ (July, 1877, April and October, 1879); and by R.
Small in two papers (ibid., 1878). See also BRUCE, MICHAEL.
LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-1886), American soldier and political
leader, was born in what is now Murphysborough, Jackson county,
Illinois, on the 9th of February 1826. He had no schooling until he was
fourteen; he then studied for three years in Shiloh College, served in
the Mexican war as a lieutenant of volunteers, studied law in the office
of an uncle, graduated from the Law Department of Louisville University
in 1851, and practised law with success. He entered politics as a
Douglas Democrat, was elected county clerk in 1849, served in the State
House of Representatives in 1853-1854 and in 1857, and for a time,
during the interval, was prosecuting attorney of the Third Judicial
District of Illinois. In 1858 and 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to
the National House of Representatives. Though unattached and unenlisted,
he fought at Bull Run, and then returned to Washington, resigned his
seat, and entered the Union army as colonel of the 31st Illinois
Volunteers, which he organized. He was regarded as one of the ablest
officers who entered the army from civil life. In Grant's campaigns
terminating in the capture of Vicksburg, which city Logan's division was
the first to enter and of which he was military governor, he rose to the
rank of major-general of volunteers; in November 1863 he succeeded
Sherman in command of the XV. Army Corps; and after the death of
McPherson he was in command of the Army of the Tennessee at the battle
of Atlanta. When the war closed, Logan resumed his political career as a
Republican, and was a member of the National House of Representatives
from 1867 to 1871, and of the United States Senate from 1871 until 1877
and again from 1879 until his death, which took place at Washington,
D.C., on the 26th of December 1886. He was always a violent partisan,
and was identified with the radical wing of the Republican party. In
1868 he was one of the managers in the impeachment of President Johnson.
His war record and his great personal following, especially in the Grand
Army of the Republic, contributed to his nomination for Vice-President
in 1884 on the ticket with James G. Blaine, but he was not elected. His
impetuous oratory, popular on the platform, was less adapted to the
halls of legislation. He was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the
Republic from 1868 to 1871, and in this position successfully urged the
observance of Memorial or Decoration Day, an idea which probably
originated with him. He was the author of _The Great Conspiracy: Its
Origin and History_ (1886), a partisan account of the Civil war, and of
_The Volunteer Soldier of America_ (1887). There is a fine statue of him
by St Gaudens in Chicago.
The best biography is that by George F. Dawson, _The Life and Services
of Gen. John A. Logan, as Soldier and Statesman_ (Chicago and New
York, 1887).
LOGAN, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND (1798-1875), British geologist, was born in
Montreal on the 20th of April 1798, of Scottish parents. He was educated
partly in Montreal, and subsequently at the High School and university
of Edinburgh, where Robert Jameson did much to excite his interest in
geology. He was in a business house in London from 1817 to 1830. In 1831
he settled in Swansea to take charge of a colliery and some
copper-smelting works, and here his interest in geology found abundant
scope. He collected a great amount of information respecting the South
Wales coal-field; and his data, which he had depicted on the 1-in.
ordnance survey map, were generously placed at the disposal of the
geological survey under Sir H. T. de la Beche and fully utilized. In
1840 Logan brought before the Geological Society of London his
celebrated paper "On the character of the beds of clay lying immediately
below the coal-seams of South Wales, and on the occurrence of
coal-boulders in the Pennant Grit of that district." He then pointed out
that each coal-seam rests on an under-clay with rootlets of _Stigmaria_,
and he expressed his opinion that the under-clay was the old soil in
which grew the plants from which the coal was formed. To confirm this
observation he visited America in 1841 and examined the coal-fields of
Pennsylvania and Nova Scotia, where he found the under-clay almost
invariably present beneath the seams of coal. In 1842 he was appointed
to take charge of the newly established geological survey in Canada, and
he continued as director until 1869. During the earlier years of the
survey he had many difficulties to surmount and privations to undergo,
but the work was carried on with great tact and energy, and he spared no
pains to make his reports trustworthy. He described the Laurentian rocks
of the Laurentian mountains in Canada and of the Adirondacks in the
state of New York, pointing out that they comprised an immense series of
crystalline rocks, gneiss, mica-schist, quartzite and limestone, more
than 30,000 ft. in thickness. The series was rightly recognized as
representing the oldest type of rocks on the globe, but it is now known
to be a complex of highly altered sedimentary and intrusive rocks; and
the supposed oldest known fossil, the _Eozoon_ described by Sir J. W.
Dawson, is now regarded as a mineral structure. Logan was elected F.R.S.
in 1851, and in 1856 was knighted. In the same year he was awarded the
Wollaston medal by the Geological Society of London for his researches
on the coal-strata, and for his excellent geological map of Canada.
After his retirement in 1869, he returned to England, and eventually
settled in South Wales. He died at Castle Malgwyn in Pembrokeshire, on
the 22nd of June 1875.
See the _Life_, by B. J. Harrington (1883). (H. B. Wo.)
LOGAN, a city and the county-seat of Cache county, Utah, U.S.A., on the
Logan river, about 70 m. N. of Salt Lake City. Pop. (1900) 5451 (1440
foreign-born); (1910) 7522. It is served by the Oregon Short Line
railroad. It lies at the mouth of Logan Cañon, about 4500 ft. above the
sea, and commands magnificent views of the Wasatch Mountains and the
fertile Cache Valley. At Logan is a temple of the Latter-Day Saints (or
Mormons), built in 1883, and the city is the seat of the Agricultural
College of Utah, of Brigham Young College, and of New Jersey Academy
(1878), erected by the women of the Synod of New Jersey and managed by
the Woman's Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church. The
Agricultural College was founded in 1888 and opened in 1890; an
agricultural experiment station is connected with it and the institution
comprises schools of agriculture, domestic science and arts, commerce,
mechanic arts and general science. Six experiment stations in different
parts of the state and a central experimental farm near St George,
Washington county, were in 1908 under the direction of the experiment
station in Logan. Brigham Young College was endowed by Brigham Young in
1877 and was opened in 1878; it offers courses in the arts, theology,
civil engineering, music, physical culture, domestic science, nurse
training and manual training. Logan has various manufactures, and is the
trade centre for a fertile farming region. The municipality owns and
operates its water works and its electric lighting plant. Logan was
settled in 1859 and first incorporated in 1866.
LOGANSPORT, a city and the county-seat of Cass county, Indiana, U.S.A.,
on the Wabash river, at the mouth of the Eel river, about 67 m. N. by W.
of Indianapolis and 117 m. S. by E. of Chicago. Pop. (1900) 16,204, of
whom 1432 were foreign-born, (1910 census) 19,050. It is served by six
divisions of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, two
divisions of the Vandalia (Pennsylvania Lines), and the Wabash railways,
and by electric interurban lines. The city is the seat of the Northern
Indiana Hospital for the Insane (1888), and has a public library, and a
hospital (conducted by the Sisters of St Joseph). Among the principal
buildings are the court house, a Masonic temple, an Odd Fellows' temple,
and buildings of the Order of Elks, of the Knights of Pythias, and of
the fraternal order of Eagles. Situated in the centre of a rich
agricultural region, Logansport is one of the most important grain and
produce markets in the state. The Wabash and the Eel rivers provide good
water power, and the city has various manufactures, besides the railway
repair shops of the Vandalia and of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago &
St Louis railways. The value of the city's factory product increased
from $2,100,394 in 1900 to $2,955,921 in 1905, or 40.7%. Limestone, for
use in the manufacture of iron, is quarried in the vicinity. The city
owns and operates the water works and the electric-lighting plant.
Logansport was platted in 1828, was probably named in honour of a
Shawnee chief, Captain Logan (d. 1812), became the county-seat of Cass
county in 1829, and was chartered as a city in 1838.
LOGAR, a river and valley of Afghanistan. The Logar river drains a wide
tract of country, rising in the southern slopes of the Sanglakh range
and receiving affluents from the Kharwar hills, N.E. of Ghazni. It joins
the Kabul river a few miles below the city of Kabul. The Logar valley,
which is watered by its southern affluents, is rich and beautiful, about
40 m. long by 12 wide, and highly irrigated throughout. Lying in the
vicinity of the capital, the district contributes largely to its
food-supply. The valley was traversed in 1879 by a brigade under Sir F.
(afterwards Lord) Roberts.