b, Egg-pod extracted from ground, with the end broken open.
c, A few eggs lying loose on the ground.
d, e show the earth partially removed, to illustrate an egg-mass
already in place, and one being placed.
f, shows where such a mass has been covered up.]
Locusts have many enemies besides man. Many birds greedily devour
them, and it has many times been remarked that migratory swarms of the
insects were closely followed by myriads of birds. Predatory insects
of other orders also attack them, especially when they are in the
unwinged condition. Moreover, they have still more deadly insect foes
as parasites. Some attack the fully developed winged insect. But the
greater part attack the eggs. To such belong certain beetles, chiefly
of the family _Cantharidae_, and especially certain two-winged flies
of the family _Bombyliidae_. These latter, both in the Old and New
World, must prevent vast quantities of eggs from producing larvae.
The larger Old World species form articles of food with certain
semi-civilized and savage races, by whom they are considered as
delicacies, or as part of ordinary diet, according to the race and the
method of preparation. (R. M'L.; R. I. P.)
FOOTNOTE:
[1] The Lat. _locusta_ was first applied to a lobster or other marine
shell-fish and then, from its resemblance, to the insect.
LOCUST-TREE, or CAROB-TREE (_Ceratonia siliqua_), a member of the tribe
_Cassieae_ of the order Leguminosae, the sole species of its genus, and
widely diffused spontaneously and by cultivation from Spain to the
eastern Mediterranean regions. The name of the genus is derived from the
often curved pod (Gr. [Greek: keration], a little horn). The flowers
have no petals and are polygamous or dioecious (male, female and
hermaphrodite flowers occur). The seed-pod is compressed, often curved,
indehiscent and coriaceous, but with sweet pulpy divisions between the
seeds, which, as in other genera of the _Cassieae_, are albuminous. The
pods are eaten by men and animals, and in Sicily a spirit and a syrup
are made from them. These husks being often used for swine are called
swine's bread, and are probably referred to in the parable of the
Prodigal Son. It is also called St John's bread, from a misunderstanding
of Matt. iii. 4. The carob-tree was regarded by Sprengel as the tree
with which Moses sweetened the bitter waters of Marah (Exod. xv. 25), as
the _kharrúb_, according to Avicenna (p. 205), has the property of
sweetening salt and bitter waters. Gerard (_Herball_, p. 1241)
cultivated it in 1597, it having been introduced in 1570.
LODÈVE, a town of southern France, capital of an arrondissement of the
department of Hérault, 36 m. W.N.W. of Montpellier by rail. Pop. (1906),
6142. It is situated in the southern Cévennes at the foot of steep hills
in a small valley where the Soulondres joins the Lergue, a tributary of
the Hérault. Two bridges over the Lergue connect the town with the
faubourg of Carmes on the left bank of the river, and two others over
the Soulondres lead to the extensive ruins of the château de Montbrun
(13th century). The old fortified cathedral of St Fulcran, founded by
him in 950, dates in its present condition from the 13th, 14th and 16th
centuries; the cloister, dating from the 15th and 17th centuries, is in
ruins. In the picturesque environs of the town stands the well-preserved
monastery of St Michel de Grammont, dating from the 12th century and now
used as farm buildings. In the neighbourhood are three fine dolmens. The
manufacture of woollens for army clothing is the chief industry. Wool is
imported in large quantities from the neighbouring departments, and from
Morocco; the exports are cloth to Italy and the Levant, wine, brandy and
wood. The town has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a board
of trade-arbitrators, a chamber of arts and manufactures, and a communal
college.
Lodève (Luteva) existed before the invasion of the Romans, who for some
time called it _Forum Neronis_. The inhabitants were converted to
Christianity by St Flour, first bishop of the city, about 323. After
passing successively into the hands of the Visigoths, the Franks, the
Ostrogoths, the Arabs and the Carolingians, it became in the 9th century
a separate countship, and afterwards the domain of its bishops. During
the religious wars it suffered much, especially in 1573, when it was
sacked. It ceased to be an episcopal see at the Revolution.
LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839), English writer on heraldry, was born in
London on the 13th of June 1756, son of Edmund Lodge, rector of
Carshalton, Surrey. He held a cornet's commission in the army, which he
resigned in 1773. In 1782 he became Bluemantle pursuivant-at-arms in the
College of Arms. He subsequently became Lancaster herald, Norroy
king-at-arms, Clarencieux king-at-arms, and, in 1832, knight of the
order of the Guelphs of Hanover. He died in London on the 16th of
January 1839. He wrote _Illustrations of British History_, _Biography
and Manners in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth
and James I._ ... (3 vols., 1791), consisting of selections from the
MSS. of the Howard, Talbot and Cecil families preserved at the College
of Arms; _Life of Sir Julius Caesar ..._ (2nd ed., 1827). He contributed
the literary matter to _Portraits of Illustrious Personages of Great
Britain_ (1814, &c.), an elaborate work of which a popular edition is
included in Bohn's "Illustrated Library." His most important work on
heraldry was _The Genealogy of the existing British Peerage ..._ (1832;
enlarged edition, 1859). In _The Annual Peerage and Baronetage_
(1827-1829), reissued after 1832 as _Peerage of the British Empire_, and
generally known as Lodge's Peerage, his share did not go beyond the
title-page.
LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850- ), American political leader and author, was
born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 12th of May 1850. He graduated at
Harvard College in 1871 and at the Harvard Law School in 1875; was
admitted to the Suffolk (Massachusetts) bar in 1876; and in 1876-1879
was instructor in American history at Harvard. He was a member of the
Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1880-1881, and of the National
House of Representatives in 1887-1893; succeeded Henry L. Dawes as
United States Senator from Massachusetts in 1893; and in 1899 and in
1905 was re-elected to the Senate, where he became one of the most
prominent of the Republican leaders, and an influential supporter of
President Roosevelt. He was a member of the Alaskan Boundary Commission
of 1903, and of the United States Immigration Commission of 1907. In the
National Republican Convention of 1896 his influence did much to secure
the adoption of the gold standard "plank" of the party's platform. He
was the permanent chairman of the National Republican Convention of
1900, and of that of 1908. In 1874-1876 he edited the _North American
Review_ with Henry Adams; and in 1879-1882, with John T. Morse, Jr., he
edited the _International Review_. In 1884-1890 he was an overseer of
Harvard College. His doctoral thesis at Harvard was published with
essays by Henry Adams, J. L. Laughlin and Ernest Young, under the title
_Essays on Anglo-Saxon Land Law_ (1876). He wrote: _Life and Letters of
George Cabot_ (1877); _Alexander Hamilton_ (1882), _Daniel Webster_
(1883) and _George Washington_ (2 vols., 1889), in the "American
Statesmen" series; _A Short History of the English Colonies in America_
(1881); _Studies in History_ (1884); _Boston_ (1891), in the "Historic
Towns" series; _Historical and Political Essays_ (1892); with Theodore
Roosevelt, _Hero Tales from American History_ (1895); _Certain Accepted
Heroes_ (1897); _The Story of the American Revolution_ (2 vols., 1898);
_The War with Spain_ (1899); _A Fighting Frigate_ (1902); _A Frontier
Town_ (1906); and, with J. W. Garner, _A History of the United States_
(4 vols., 1906). He edited _The Works of Alexander Hamilton_ (9 vols.,
1885-1886) and _The Federalist_ (1891).
His son, GEORGE CABOT LODGE (1873-1909), also became known as an author,
with _The Song of the Wave_ (1898), _Poems, 1899-1902_ (1902), _The
Great Adventure_ (1905), _Cain: a Drama_ (1904), _Herakles_ (1908) and
other verse.
LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851- ), English physicist, was born at
Penkhull, Staffordshire, on the 12th of June 1851, and was educated at
Newport (Salop) grammar school. He was intended for a business career,
but being attracted to science he entered University College, London, in
1872, graduating D.Sc. at London University in 1877. In 1875 he was
appointed reader in natural philosophy at Bedford College for Women, and
in 1879 he became assistant professor of applied mathematics at
University College, London. Two years later he was called to the chair
of physics in University College, Liverpool, where he remained till in
1900 he was chosen first principal of the new Birmingham University. He
was knighted in 1902. His original work includes investigations on
lightning, the seat of the electromotive force in the voltaic cell, the
phenomena of electrolysis and the speed of the ion, electromagnetic
waves and wireless telegraphy, the motion of the aether near the earth,
and the application of electricity to the dispersal of fog and smoke. He
presided over the mathematical and physical section of the British
Association in 1891, and served as president of the Physical Society in
1899-1900 and of the Society for Psychical Research in 1901-1904. In
addition to numerous scientific memoirs he wrote, among other works,
_Lightning Conductors and Lightning Guards_, _Signalling without Wires_,
_Modern Views of Electricity_, _Electrons_ and _The Ether of Space_,
together with various books and papers of a metaphysical and theological
character.
LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558-1625), English dramatist and miscellaneous
writer, was born about 1558 at West Ham. He was the second son of Sir
Thomas Lodge, who was lord mayor of London in 1562-1563. He was educated
at Merchant Taylors' School and Trinity College, Oxford; taking his B.A.
degree in 1577 and that of M.A. in 1581. In 1578 he entered Lincoln's
Inn, where, as in the other Inns of Court, a love of letters and a crop
of debts and difficulties were alike wont to spring up in a kindly soil.
Lodge, apparently in disregard of the wishes of his family, speedily
showed his inclination towards the looser ways of life and the lighter
aspects of literature. When the penitent Stephen Gosson had (in 1579)
published his _Schoole of Abuse_, Lodge took up the glove in his
_Defence of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays_ (1579 or 1580; reprinted for
the Shakespeare Society, 1853), which shows a certain restraint, though
neither deficient in force of invective nor backward in display of
erudition. The pamphlet was prohibited, but appears to have been
circulated privately. It was answered by Gosson in his _Playes Confuted
in Five Actions_; and Lodge retorted with his _Alarum Against Usurers_
(1584, reprinted ib.)--a "tract for the times" which no doubt was in
some measure indebted to the author's personal experience. In the same
year he produced the first tale written by him on his own account in
prose and verse, _The Delectable History of Forbonius and Prisceria_,
both published and reprinted with the _Alarum_. From 1587 onwards he
seems to have made a series of attempts as a playwright, though most of
those attributed to him are mainly conjectural. That he ever became an
actor is improbable in itself, and Collier's conclusion to that effect
rested on the two assumptions that the "Lodge" of Henslowe's M.S. was a
player and that his name was Thomas, neither of which is supported by
the text (see C. M. Ingleby, _Was Thomas Lodge an Actor?_ 1868). Having,
in the spirit of his age, "tried the waves" with Captain Clarke in his
expedition to Terceira and the Canaries, Lodge in 1591 made a voyage
with Thomas Cavendish to Brazil and the Straits of Magellan, returning
home by 1593. During the Canaries expedition, to beguile the tedium of
his voyage, he composed his prose tale of _Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden
Legacie_, which, printed in 1590, afterwards furnished the story of
Shakespeare's _As You Like It_. The novel, which in its turn owes some,
though no very considerable, debt to the medieval _Tale of Gamelyn_
(unwarrantably appended to the fragmentary _Cookes Tale_ in certain MSS.
of Chaucer's works), is written in the euphuistic manner, but decidedly
attractive both by its plot and by the situations arising from it. It
has been frequently reprinted. Before starting on his second expedition
he had published an historical romance, _The History of Robert, Second
Duke of Normandy, surnamed Robert the Divell_; and he left behind him
for publication _Catharos, Diogenes in his Singularity_, a discourse on
the immorality of Athens (London). Both appeared in 1591. Another
romance in the manner of Lyly, _Euphues Shadow, the Battaile of the
Sences_ (1592), appeared while Lodge was still on his travels. His
second historical romance, the _Life and Death of William Longbeard_
(1593), was more successful than the first. Lodge also brought back with
him from the new world _A Margarite of America_ (published 1596), a
romance of the same description interspersed with many lyrics. Already
in 1589 Lodge had given to the world a volume of poems bearing the title
of the chief among them, _Scillaes Metamorphosis, Enterlaced with the
Unfortunate Love of Glaucus_, more briefly known as _Glaucus and Scilla_
(reprinted with preface by S. W. Singer in 1819). To this tale
Shakespeare was possibly indebted for the idea of _Venus and Adonis_.
Some readers would perhaps be prepared to give up this and much else of
Lodge's sugared verse, fine though much of it is in quality, largely
borrowed from other writers, French and Italian in particular, in
exchange for the lost _Sailor's Kalendar_, in which he must in one way
or another have recounted his sea adventures. If Lodge, as has been
supposed, was the Alcon in _Colin Clout's come Home Again_, it may have
been the influence of Spenser which led to the composition of _Phillis_,
a volume of sonnets, in which the voice of nature seems only now and
then to become audible, published with the narrative poem, _The
Complaynte of Elstred_, in 1593. _A Fig for Momus_, on the strength of
which he has been called the earliest English satirist, and which
contains eclogues addressed to Daniel and others, an epistle addressed
to Drayton, and other pieces, appeared in 1595. Lodge's ascertained
dramatic work is small in quantity. In conjunction with Greene he,
probably in 1590, produced in a popular vein the odd but far from feeble
play of _A Looking Glasse for London and England_ (printed in 1594). He
had already written _The Wounds of Civile War. Lively set forth in the
Tragedies of Marius and Scilla_ (produced perhaps as early as 1587, and
published in 1594), a good second-rate piece in the half-chronicle
fashion of its age. Mr F. G. Fleay thinks there were grounds for
assigning to Lodge _Mucedorus and Amadine_, played by the Queen's Men
about 1588, a share with Robert Greene in _George a Greene, the Pinner
of Wakefield_, and in Shakespeare's 2nd part of _Henry VI._; he also
regards him as at least part-author of _The True Chronicle of King Leir
and his three Daughters_ (1594); and _The Troublesome Raigne of John,
King of England_ (c. 1588); in the case of two other plays he allowed
the assignation to Lodge to be purely conjectural. That Lodge is the
"Young Juvenal" of Greene's _Groatsworth of Wit_ is no longer a
generally accepted hypothesis. In the latter part of his life--possibly
about 1596, when he published his _Wits Miserie_ and the _World's
Madnesse_, which is dated from Low Leyton in Essex, and the religious
tract _Prosopopeia_ (if, as seems probable, it was his), in which he
repents him of his "lewd lines" of other days--he became a Catholic and
engaged in the practice of medicine, for which Wood says he qualified
himself by a degree at Avignon in 1600. Two years afterwards he received
the degree of M.D. from Oxford University. His works henceforth have a
sober cast, comprising translations of Josephus (1602), of Seneca
(1614), a _Learned Summary_ of Du Bartas's _Divine Sepmaine_ (1625 and
1637), besides a _Treatise of the Plague_ (1603), and a popular manual,
which remained unpublished, on _Domestic Medicine_. Early in 1606 he
seems to have left England, to escape the persecution then directed
against the Catholics; and a letter from him dated 1610 thanks the
English ambassador in Paris for enabling him to return in safety. He was
abroad on urgent private affairs of one kind and another in 1616. From
this time to his death in 1625 nothing further concerning him remains to
be noted.
Lodge's works, with the exception of his translations, have been
reprinted for the Hunterian Club with an introductory essay by Mr
Edmund Gosse. This preface was reprinted in Mr Gosse's _Seventeenth
Century Studies_ (1883). Of _Rosalynde_ there are numerous modern
editions. See also J. J. Jusserand, _English Novel in the Time of
Shakespeare_ (Eng. trans., 1890); F. G. Fleay, _Biographical Chronicle
of the English Drama_ (vol. ii., 1891). (A. W. W.)
LODGE, a dwelling-place, small and usually temporary, a hut, booth or
tent. The word was in M. Eng. _logge_, from Fr. _loge_, arbour, in
modern French a hut; also box in a theatre; the French word, like the
Italian _loggia_, came from the Med. Lat. _laubia_ or _lobia_, the
sheltered promenade in a cloister, from which English "lobby" is
derived. The Latin is of Teutonic origin from the word which survives in
the Mod. Ger. _Laube_, an arbour, but which earlier was used for any
hut, booth, &c. The word is probably ultimately from the root which
appears in "leaf," meaning a rough shelter of foliage or boughs. The
word is especially used of a house built either in a forest or away from
habitation, where people stay for the purpose of sport, as a "hunting
lodge," "shooting lodge," &c. The most frequent use of the word is of a
small building, usually placed at the entrance to an estate or park and
inhabited by a dependant of the owner. In the same sense the word means
the room or box inhabited by the porter of a college, factory or public
institution. Among Freemasons and other societies the "lodge" is the
name given to the meeting-place of the members of the branch or
district, and is applied to the members collectively as "a meeting of
the lodge." The governing body of the Freemasons presided over by the
grand master is called the "Grand Lodge." At the university of Cambridge
the house where the head of a college lives is called the "lodge."
Formerly the word was used of the den or lair of an animal, but is now
only applied to that of the beaver and the otter. It is also applied to
the tent of a North American Indian, a wigwam or tepee, and to the
number of inhabitants of such a tent. In mining the term is used of a
subterraneous reservoir made at the bottom of the pit, or at different
levels in the shaft for the purpose of draining the mine. It is used
also of a room or landing-place next to the shaft, for discharging ore,
&c.
LODGER AND LODGINGS. The term "lodger" (Fr. _loger_, to lodge) is used
in English law in several slightly different senses. It is applied (i.)
most frequently and properly to a person who takes furnished rooms in a
house, the landlord also residing on the premises, and supplying him
with attendance; (ii.) sometimes to a person, who takes unfurnished
rooms in a house finding his own attendance; (iii.) to a boarder in a
boarding-house (q.v.). It is with (i.) and (ii.) alone that this article
is concerned.
Where furnished apartments are let for immediate use, the law implies an
undertaking on the part of the landlord that they are fit for
habitation, and, if this condition is broken, the tenant may refuse to
occupy the premises or to pay any rent. But there is no implied contract
that the apartments shall _continue_ fit for habitation; and the rule
has no application in the case of unfurnished lodgings. In the absence
of express agreement to the contrary, a lodger has a right to the use of
everything necessary to the enjoyment of the premises, such as the door
bell and knocker and the skylight of a staircase, whether the rent of
apartments can be distrained for by the immediate landlord where he
resides on the premises and supplies attendance is a question the answer
to which is involved in some uncertainty. The weight of authority seems
to support the negative view (see Foa, _Landlord and Tenant_, 3rd ed. p.
434). To make good a right to distrain it is necessary to show that the
terms of the letting create a tenancy or exclusive occupation and not a
mere licence, where the owner, although residing on the premises, does
not supply attendance, the question depends on whether there is a real
tenancy, giving the lodger an exclusive right of occupation as against
the owner. The ordinary test is whether the lodger has the control of
the outer door. But the whole circumstances of each case have to be
taken account of. A lodger is rateable to the poor-rate where he is in
exclusive occupation of the apartments let to him, and the landlord does
not retain the control and dominion of the whole structure. As to
distress on a lodger's goods for rent due by an immediate to a superior
landlord, see RENT. As to the termination of short tenancies, as of
apartments, see LANDLORD AND TENANT. The landlord has no lien on the
goods of the lodger for rent or charges. Overcrowding lodging-houses may
be dealt with as a nuisance under the Public Health Acts 1875 and 1891
and the Housing of the Working Classes Acts. As to the lodger franchise,
see REGISTRATION OF VOTERS. It has been held in England that keepers of
lodging-houses do not come within the category of those persons (see
CARRIER; INNKEEPER) who hold themselves out to the public generally as
trustworthy in certain employments; but that they are under an
obligation to take reasonable care for the safety of their lodgers'
goods; see _Scarborough_ v. _Cosgrove_, 1905, 2 K.B. 805. As to Scots
Law see Bell's _Prin._ s. 236 (4).
In the United States, the English doctrine of an implied warranty of
fitness for habitation on a letting of furnished apartments has only met
with partial acceptance; it was repudiated, e.g. in the District of
Columbia, but has been accepted in Massachusetts. In the French _Code
Civil_, there are some special rules with regard to furnished
apartments. The letting is reputed to be made for a year, a month or a
day, according as the rent is so much per year, per month or per day; if
that test is inapplicable, the letting is deemed to be made according to
the custom of the place (art. 1758). There are similar provisions in the
Civil Codes of Belgium (art. 1758), Holland (art. 1622) and Spain (Civil
Code, art. 1581).
See also the articles, BOARDING HOUSE, and FLAT; and the
bibliographies to FLAT and LANDLORD AND TENANT. (A. W. R.)