on the 14th of July 1794 in the manse of Cambusnethan in Lanarkshire,
where his father, Dr John Lockhart, transferred in 1796 to Glasgow, was
minister. His mother, who was the daughter of the Rev. John Gibson, of
Edinburgh, was a woman of considerable intellectual gifts. He was sent
to the Glasgow high school, where he showed himself clever rather than
industrious. He fell into ill-health, and had to be removed from school
before he was twelve; but on his recovery he was sent at this early age
to Glasgow University, and displayed so much precocious learning,
especially in Greek, that he was offered a Snell exhibition at Oxford.
He was not fourteen when he entered Balliol College, where he acquired a
great store of knowledge outside the regular curriculum. He read French,
Italian, German and Spanish, was interested in classical and British
antiquities, and became versed in heraldic and genealogical lore. In
1813 he took a first class in classics in the final schools. For two
years after leaving Oxford he lived chiefly in Glasgow before settling
to the study of Scottish law in Edinburgh, where he was called to the
bar in 1816. A tour on the continent in 1817, when he visited Goethe at
Weimar, was made possible by the kindness of the publisher Blackwood,
who advanced money for a promised translation of Schlegel's _Lectures on
the History of Literature_, which was not published until 1838.
Edinburgh was then the stronghold of the Whig party, whose organ was the
_Edinburgh Review_, and it was not till 1817 that the Scottish Tories
found a means of expression in _Blackwood's Magazine_. After a somewhat
hum-drum opening, _Blackwood_ suddenly electrified the Edinburgh world
by an outburst of brilliant criticism. John Wilson (Christopher North)
and Lockhart had joined its staff in 1817. Lockhart no doubt took his
share in the caustic and aggressive articles which marked the early
years of _Blackwood_; but his biographer, Mr Andrew Lang, brings
evidence to show that he was not responsible for the virulent articles
on Coleridge and on "The Cockney School of Poetry," that is on Leigh
Hunt, Keats and their friends. He has been persistently accused of the
later _Blackwood_ article (August 1818) on Keats, but he showed at any
rate a real appreciation of Coleridge and Wordsworth. He contributed to
_Blackwood_ many spirited translations of Spanish ballads, which in 1823
were published separately. In 1818 the brilliant and handsome young man
attracted the notice of Sir Walter Scott, and the acquaintance soon
ripened into an intimacy which resulted in a marriage between Lockhart
and Scott's eldest daughter Sophia, in April 1820. Five years of
domestic happiness followed, with winters spent in Edinburgh and summers
at a cottage at Chiefswood, near Abbotsford, where Lockhart's two eldest
children, John Hugh and Charlotte, were born; a second son, Walter, was
born later at Brighton. In 1820 John Scott, the editor of the _London
Magazine_, wrote a series of articles attacking the conduct of
_Blackwood's Magazine_, and making Lockhart chiefly responsible for its
extravagances. A correspondence followed, in which a meeting between
Lockhart and John Scott was proposed, with Jonathan Henry Christie and
Horace Smith as seconds. A series of delays and complicated negotiations
resulted early in 1821 in a duel between Christie and John Scott, in
which Scott was killed. This unhappy affair, which has been the subject
of much misrepresentation, is fully discussed in Mr Lang's book on
Lockhart.
Between 1818 and 1825 Lockhart worked indefatigably. In 1819 _Peter's
Letters to his Kinsfolk_ appeared, and in 1822 he edited Peter Motteux's
edition of _Don Quixote_, to which he prefixed a life of Cervantes. Four
novels followed: _Valerius_ in 1821, _Some Passages in the Life of Adam
Blair_, _Minister of Gospel at Cross Meikle_ in 1822, _Reginald Dalton_
in 1823 and _Matthew Wald_ in 1824. But his strength did not lie in
novel writing, although the vigorous quality of _Adam Blair_ has been
recognized by modern critics. In 1825 Lockhart accepted the editorship
of the _Quarterly Review_, which had been in the hands of Sir John
Taylor Coleridge since Gifford's resignation in 1824. He had now
established his literary position, and, as the next heir to his
unmarried half-brother's property in Scotland, Milton Lockhart, he was
sufficiently independent, though he had abandoned the legal profession.
In London he had great social success, and was recognized as a brilliant
editor. He contributed largely to the _Quarterly Review_ himself, his
biographical articles being especially admirable. He showed the old
railing spirit in an amusing but violent article in the _Quarterly_ on
Tennyson's _Poems_ of 1833, in which he failed to discover the mark of
genius. He continued to write for _Blackwood_; he produced for
_Constable's Miscellany_ in 1828 what remains the most charming of the
biographies of Burns; and he undertook the superintendence of the series
called "Murray's Family Library," which he opened in 1829 with a
_History of Napoleon_. But his chief work was the _Life of Sir Walter
Scott_ (7 vols., 1837-1838; 2nd ed., 10 vols., 1839). There were not
wanting those in Scotland who taxed Lockhart with ungenerous exposure of
his subject, but to most healthy minds the impression conveyed by the
biography was, and is, quite the opposite. Carlyle did justice to many
of its excellencies in a criticism contributed to the _London and
Westminster Review_ (1837). Lockhart's account of the transactions
between Scott and the Ballantynes and Constable caused great outcry; and
in the discussion that followed he showed unfortunate bitterness by his
pamphlet, "The Ballantyne Humbug handled." The _Life of Scott_ has been
called, after Boswell's _Johnson_, the most admirable biography in the
English language. The proceeds, which were considerable, Lockhart
resigned for the benefit of Scott's creditors.
The close of Lockhart's life was saddened by family bereavement,
resulting in his own breakdown in health and spirits. His eldest boy
(the suffering "Hugh Littlejohn" of Scott's _Tales of a Grandfather_)
died in 1831; Scott himself in 1832; Mrs Lockhart in 1837; and the
surviving son, Walter Lockhart, in 1852. Resigning the editorship of the
_Quarterly Review_ in 1853, he spent the next winter in Rome, but
returned to England without recovering his health; and being taken to
Abbotsford by his daughter Charlotte, who had become Mrs James Robert
Hope-Scott, he died there on the 25th of November 1854. He was buried in
Dryburgh Abbey, near Sir Walter Scott.
Lockhart's _Life_ (2 vols., London and New York, 1897) was written by
Andrew Lang. A. W. Pollard's edition of the _Life of Scott_ (1900) is
the best.
LOCKHART, SIR WILLIAM STEPHEN ALEXANDER (1841-1900), British general,
was born in Scotland on the 2nd of September 1841, his father being a
Lanarkshire clergyman. He entered the Indian army in 1858, in the Bengal
native infantry. He served in the Indian Mutiny, the Bhutan campaign
(1864-66), the Abyssinian expedition (1867-68; mentioned in despatches),
the Hazara Black Mountain expedition (1868-69; mentioned in despatches).
From 1869 to 1879 he acted as deputy-assistant and assistant
quartermaster-general in Bengal. In 1877 he was military attaché with
the Dutch army in Acheen. He served in the Afghan War of 1878-80, was
mentioned in despatches and made a C.B., and from 1880 to 1885 was
D.Q.G. in the intelligence branch at headquarters. He commanded a
brigade in the Third Burmese War (1886-87), and was made K.C.B., C.S.I.,
and received the thanks of the government. An attack of fever brought
him to England, where he was employed as assistant military secretary
for Indian affairs; but in 1890 he returned to India to take command of
the Punjab frontier force, and for five years was engaged in various
expeditions against the hill tribes. After the Waziristan campaign in
1894-95 he was made K.C.S.I. He became full general in 1896, and in 1897
he was given the command against the Afridis and Mohmands, and conducted
the difficult Tirah campaign with great skill. He was made G.C.B., and
in 1898 became commander-in-chief in India. He died on the 18th of March
1900. Sir William Lockhart was not only a first-rate soldier, but also
had a great gift for dealing with the native tribesmen. Among the latter
he had the _sobriquet_ of Amir Sahib, on account of their respect and
affection for him.
LOCK HAVEN, a city and the county-seat of Clinton county, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A., on the west branch of the Susquehanna river, near the mouth of
Bald Eagle Creek, about 70 m. N.N.W. of Harrisburg. Pop. (1900) 7210
(618 foreign-born and 122 negroes); (1910) 7772. It is served by
branches of the Pennsylvania and the New York Central & Hudson River
railways and by electric interurban railways. The city is pleasantly
situated in an agricultural region, and there are large deposits of
cement and of fire-brick clay in the vicinity. Lock Haven is the seat of
the Central State Normal School (opened 1877), and has a public library
and a hospital. There are various manufactures. The municipality owns
and operates the water-works. The locality was settled in 1769. A town
was founded in 1833, the Pennsylvania Canal (no longer in use here) was
completed to this point in 1834, and the name of the place was suggested
by two canal locks and the harbour, or haven, for rafts in the river.
Lock Haven was made the county-seat immediately after the erection of
Clinton county in 1839, was incorporated as a borough in 1840, and first
chartered as a city in 1870.
LOCKPORT, a city of Will county, Illinois, U.S.A., on the Des Plaines
river and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the terminus of the Chicago
Sanitary District Drainage Canal, about 33 m. S.W. of Chicago and 4 m.
N.N.E. of Joliet. Pop. (1900) 2659 (552 being foreign-born and 130
negroes); (1910) 2555. Lockport is served by the Chicago & Alton, and
the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé railways, and by the Chicago & Joliet
Electric railway. It is in a picturesque farming country, and there are
good limestone quarries in the valley of the Des Plaines river. It has
manufactures and a considerable trade, especially in grain. A settlement
was made here about 1827; in 1837 the site was chosen as headquarters
for the Illinois & Michigan Canal and a village was laid out; it was
incorporated in 1853, and was chartered as a city in 1904. In 1892 work
was begun on the Chicago Drainage Canal, whose controlling works are
here and whose plant, developing 40,000 h.p. from the 40 ft. fall
between Joliet and Lockport, supplies Lockport with cheap power and has
made it a manufacturing rather than a commercial city.
LOCKPORT, a city and the county-seat of Niagara county, New York,
U.S.A., on the Erie Canal, 26 m. by rail N. by E. of Buffalo and 56 m.
W. of Rochester. Pop. (1900) 16,581, of whom 2036 were foreign-born and
160 were negroes; (1910 census) 17,970. It is served by the New York
Central & Hudson River and the Erie railways, by the International
railway (electric interurban), and by the Erie Canal. The city owes its
name to the five double locks of the canal, which here falls 66 ft.
(over a continuation of the Niagara escarpment locally known as
"Mountain Ridge") from the level of Lake Erie to that of the Genesee
river. In 1909 a scheme was on foot to replace these five locks by a
huge lift lock and to construct a large harbour immediately W. of the
city. The surplus water from Tonawanda Creek, long claimed both by the
Canal and by the Lockport manufacturers, after supplying the canal
furnishes water-power, and electric power is derived from Niagara. The
factory products, mostly paper and wood-pulp, flour and cereal foods,
and foundry and machine-shop products, were valued in 1905 at
$5,807,980. Lockport lies in a rich farming and fruit (especially apple
and pear) country, containing extensive sandstone and Niagara limestone
quarries, and is a shipping point for the fruits and grains and the
limestone and sandstone of the surrounding country. Many buildings in
the business part of the city are heated by the Holly distributing
system, which pipes steam from a central station or plant, and
originated in Lockport. The city owns and operates the water-works, long
operated under the Holly system, which, as well as the Holly
distributing system, was devised by Birdsill Holly, a civil engineer of
Lockport. In 1909 a new system was virtually completed, water being
taken from the Niagara river at Tonawanda and pumped thence to a
stand-pipe in Lockport.
The site, that of the most easterly village in New York state held by
the Neutral Nation of Indians, was part of the tract bought by the
Holland Company in 1792-1793. Subsequently most of the land on which the
city stands was bought from the Holland Company by Esek Brown, the
proprietor of a local tavern, and fourteen others, but there were few
settlers until after 1820. In 1822 the place was made the county-seat,
and in 1823 it was much enlarged by the settlement here of workmen on
the Erie Canal, and was the headquarters for a time of the canal
contractors. It was incorporated as a village in 1829, was reached by
the Erie railway in 1852, and in 1865 was chartered as a city.
LOCKROY, ÉDOUARD (1838- ), French politician, son of Joseph Philippe
Simon (1803-1891), an actor and dramatist who took the name of Lockroy,
was born in Paris on the 18th of July 1838. He had begun by studying
art, but in 1860 enlisted as a volunteer under Garibaldi. The next three
years were spent in Syria as secretary to Ernest Renan, and on his
return to Paris he embarked in militant journalism against the second
empire in the _Figaro_, the _Diable à quatre_, and eventually in the
_Rappel_, with which his name was thenceforward intimately connected. He
commanded a battalion during the siege of Paris, and in February 1871
was elected deputy to the National Assembly where he sat on the extreme
left and protested against the preliminaries of peace. In March he
signed the proclamation for the election of the Commune, and resigned
his seat as deputy. Arrested at Vanves he remained a prisoner at
Versailles and Chartres until June when he was released without being
tried. He was more than once imprisoned for violent articles in the
press, and in 1872 for a duel with Paul de Cassagnac. He was returned to
the Chamber in 1873 as Radical deputy for Bouches-du-Rhône in 1876, 1877
and 1881 for Aix, and in 1881 he was also elected in the 11th
arrondissement of Paris. He elected to sit for Paris, and was repeatedly
re-elected. During the elections of 1893 he was shot at by a cab-driver
poet named Moore, but was not seriously injured. For the first ten years
of his parliamentary life he voted consistently with the extreme left,
but then adopted a more opportunist policy, and gave his unreserved
support to the Brisson ministry of 1885. In the new Freycinet cabinet
formed in January he held the portfolio of commerce and industry, which
he retained in the Goblet ministry of 1886-1887. In 1885 he had been
returned at the head of the poll for Paris, and his inclusion in the
Freycinet ministry was taken to indicate a prospect of reconciliation
between Parisian Radicalism and official Republicanism. During his
tenure of the portfolio of commerce and industry he made the preliminary
arrangements for the Exposition of 1889, and in a witty letter he
defended the erection of the Tour Eiffel against artistic Paris. After
the Panama and Boulangist scandals he became one of the leading
politicians of the Radical party. He was vice-president of the Chamber
in 1894 and in 1895, when he became minister of marine under Léon
Bourgeois. His drastic measures of reform alarmed moderate politicians,
but he had the confidence of the country, and held the same portfolio
under Henri Brisson (1898) and Charles Dupuy (1898-1899). He gave his
support to the Waldeck-Rousseau Administration, but actively criticized
the marine policy of Camille Pelletan in the Combes ministry of
1902-1905, during which period he was again vice-president of the
Chamber. M. Lockroy was a persistent and successful advocate of a strong
naval policy, in defence of which he published _La Marine de Guerre_
(1890), _Six mois rue Royale_ (1897), _La Défense navale_ (1900), _Du
Weser à la Vistula_ (1901), _Les Marines française et allemande_ (1904),
_Le Programme naval_ (1906). His other works include _M. de Moltke et la
guerre future_ (1891) and _Journal d'une bourgeoise pendant la
Révolution_ (1881) derived from the letters of his great-grandmother. M.
Lockroy married in 1877 Madame Charles Hugo, the daughter-in-law of the
poet.
LOCKWOOD, SIR FRANK (1846-1897), English lawyer, was born at Doncaster.
His grandfather and great-grandfather were mayors of Doncaster, and the
former for some years filled the office of judge on the racecourse. He
was educated at a private school, at Manchester grammar school, and
Caius College, Cambridge. Called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1872, he
joined the old midland circuit, afterwards going to the north-eastern,
making in his first year 120 guineas and in the next 265 guineas. From
that time he had a career of uninterrupted success. In 1882 he was made
a queen's counsel, in 1884 he was made recorder of Sheffield, and in
1894 he became solicitor-general in Lord Rosebery's ministry, and was
knighted, having first entered parliament as Liberal member for York in
1885, after two unsuccessful attempts, the one at King's Lynn in 1880,
the other at York in 1883. He was solicitor-general for less than a
year. In 1896 Lord Chief Justice Coleridge, Mr Montague Crackanthorpe
and Sir Frank Lockwood went to the United States to attend, as specially
invited representatives of the English bar, the nineteenth meeting of
the American Bar Association. On this trip Sir Frank Lockwood sustained
the reputation which he enjoyed in England as a humorous after-dinner
speaker, and helped to strengthen the bond of friendship which unites
the bench and bar of the United States with the bench and bar of
England. He died in London on the 18th of December 1897. Lockwood had
considerable talent for drawing, inherited from his father, which he
employed, chiefly for the amusement of himself and his friends, in the
making of admirable caricatures in pen and ink, and of sketches of
humorous incidents, real or imaginary, relating to the topic nearest at
hand. An exhibition of them was held soon after his death.
See Augustine Birrell's biography of Lockwood and _The Frank Lockwood
Sketch-Book_ (1898).
LOCKWOOD, WILTON (1861- ), American artist, was born at Wilton,
Connecticut, on the 12th of September 1861. He was a pupil and an
assistant of John La Farge, and also studied in Paris, becoming a
well-known portrait and flower painter. He became a member of the
Society of American Artists (1898), and of the Copley Society, Boston,
and an associate of the National Academy of Design, New York.
LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN (1836- ), English astronomer, was born at
Rugby on the 17th of May 1836. After completing his education on the
Continent of Europe, he obtained a clerkship in the War Office in 1857.
His leisure was devoted to the study of astronomy, and he was appointed
in 1870 secretary to the duke of Devonshire's royal commission on
science. In 1875 he was transferred to the Science and Art Department at
South Kensington, and on the foundation of the Royal College of Science
he became director of the solar physics observatory and professor of
astronomical physics. Eight British government expeditions for observing
total solar eclipses were conducted by him between 1870 and 1905. On the
26th of October 1868 he communicated to the Paris Academy of Sciences,
almost simultaneously with Dr P. J. C. Janssen, a spectroscopic method
for observing the solar prominences in daylight, and the names of both
astronomers appear on a medal which was struck by the French government
in 1872 to commemorate the discovery. Lockyer was elected a fellow of
the Royal Society in 1869, and received the Rumford medal in 1874. He
initiated in 1866 the spectroscopic observation of sunspots; applied
Doppler's principle in 1869 to determine the radial velocities of the
chromospheric gases; and successfully investigated the chemistry of the
sun from 1872 onward. Besides numerous contributions to the
_Proceedings_ of the Royal and the Royal Astronomical Societies, he
published several books, both explanatory and speculative. The
_Chemistry of the Sun_ (1887) is an elaborate treatise on solar
spectroscopy based on the hypothesis of elemental dissociation through
the intensity of solar heat. The _Meteoritic Hypothesis_ (1890)
propounds a comprehensive scheme of cosmical evolution, which has evoked
more dissent than approval, while the _Sun's Place in Nature_ (1897)
lays down the lines of a classification of the stars, depending upon
their supposed temperature-relations. Among Lockyer's other works
are--_The Dawn of Astronomy_ (1894), to which _Stonehenge and other
British Stone Monuments astronomically considered_ (1906) may be
considered a sequel; _Recent and coming Eclipses_ (1897); and _Inorganic
Evolution_ (1900). He was created K.C.B. in 1897, and acted as president
of the British Association in 1903-1904. His fifth son, WILLIAM JAMES
STEWART LOCKYER (b. 1868), devoted himself to solar research, and became
chief assistant in the Solar Physics Observatory, South Kensington.
LOCLE, LE, a town in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel, 24 m. by rail N. of
Neuchâtel, and 5 m. S.W. of La Chaux de Fonds. It is built (3035 ft.
above the sea-level) on the Bied stream in a valley of the Jura, and is
about 1 m. from the French frontier. In 1681 Daniel Jean Richard
introduced watch-making here, which soon drove out all other industries.
In 1900 the population was 12,559, mainly Protestants and
French-speaking. The church tower dates from 1521, but the old town was
destroyed by fire in 1833. The valley in which the town is situated used
to be subject to inundations, but in 1805 a tunnel was constructed by
means of which the surplus waters of the Bied are carried into the
Doubs. About 1 m. W. of the town the Bied plunged into a deep chasm, on
the steep rock face of which were formerly the subterranean mills of the
Col des Roches, situated one above another; but the stream is now
diverted by the above-mentioned tunnel, while another serves the railway
line from Le Locle to Morteau in France (8 m.). (W. A. B. C.)
LOCMARIAQUER, a village of western France, on the W. shore of the Gulf
of Morbihan, in the department of Morbihan, 8½ m. S. of Auray by road.
Pop. (1906) 756. Locmariaquer has a small port, and oyster culture is
carried on close to it. Roman remains are to be seen, but the place owes
its celebrity to the megalithic monuments in the vicinity, some of which
are among the largest extant. The menhir of Men-er-H'roeck (Fairy
stone), which was broken into four pieces by lightning in the 18th
century, previously measured about 67 ft. in height, and from 9 to 13
ft. in thickness.
LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA (Gr. [Greek: ha], priv., and [Greek: taxis], order;
synonyms, _Tabes dorsalis_, _posterior spinal sclerosis_), a progressive
degeneration of the nervous system, involving the posterior columns of
the spinal cord with other structures, and causing muscular
incoordination and disorder of gait and station. The essential symptoms
of the disease--stamping gait, and swaying with the eyes shut, the
occurrence of blindness and of small fixed pupils--were recognized by
Romberg (1851), but it was the clinical genius of Duchenne and his
masterly description of the symptoms which led to its acceptance as a
definite disease (1858), and he named it locomotor ataxia after its most
striking symptom. In 1869 Argyll Robertson discovered that the eye-pupil
is inactive to light but acts upon accommodation in the great majority
of cases. This most important sign is named the "Argyll Robertson
pupil." With an ever-increasing knowledge of the widespread character of
this disease and its manifold variations in the complex of symptoms, the
tendency among neurologists is to revert to the term employed by
Romberg--_tabes dorsalis_. "Locomotor ataxia," although it expresses a
very characteristic feature of the disease, has this objection: it is a
symptom which does not occur in the first (preataxic) stage of the
disease; indeed a great number of years may elapse before ataxy comes
on, and sometimes the patient, after suffering a very long time from the
disease, may die from some intercurrent complication, having never been
ataxic.