In several of my former Letters I have given sketches of the village,
and some few of the customs of these peculiar people; and I have many
more yet in store; some of which will induce the readers to laugh, and
others almost dispose them to weep. But at present, I drop them, and
introduce a few of the wild and gentlemanly Mandans themselves; and
first, Ha-na-tah-nu-mauh, the wolf chief (+plate+ 49). This man is
head-chief of the nation, and familiarly known by the name of “Chef
de Loup,” as the French Traders call him; a haughty, austere, and
overbearing man, respected and feared by his people rather than loved.
The tenure by which this man holds his office, is that by which the
head-chiefs of most of the tribes claim, that of inheritance. It is
a general, though not an infallible rule amongst the numerous tribes
of North American Indians, that the office of chief belongs to the
eldest son of a chief; provided he shews himself, by his conduct, to be
equally worthy of it as any other in the nation: making it hereditary
on a very proper condition—in default of which requisites, or others
which may happen, the office is elective.
The dress of this chief was one of great extravagance, and some beauty;
manufactured of skins, and a great number of quills of the raven,
forming his stylish head-dress.
The next and second chief of the tribe, is Mah-to-toh-pa (the four
bears). This extraordinary man, though second in office is undoubtedly
the first and most popular man in the nation. Free, generous, elegant
and gentlemanly in his deportment—handsome, brave and valiant; wearing
a robe on his back, with the history of his battles emblazoned on it;
which would fill a book of themselves, if properly translated. This,
readers, is the most extraordinary man, perhaps, who lives at this day,
in the atmosphere of Nature’s noblemen; and I shall certainly tell you
more of him anon.
After him, there are Mah-tahp-ta-ha, he who rushes through the middle
(+plate+ 50); Seehk-hee-da, the mouse-coloured feather (+plate+ 51);
San-ja-ka-ko-kah (the deceiving wolf); Mah-to-he-ha (the old bear), and
others, distinguished as chiefs and warriors—and there are belles also;
such as Mi-neek-e-sunk-te-ca, the mink (+plate+ 53); and the little
gray-haired Sha-ko-ka, mint (+plate+ 52); and fifty others, who are
famous for their conquests, not with the bow or the javelin, but
with their small black eyes, which shoot out from under their unfledged
brows, and pierce the boldest, fiercest chieftain to the heart.
[Illustration: 49]
[Illustration: 50 51]
[Illustration: 52 53]
The Mandans are certainly a very interesting and pleasing people in
their personal appearance and manners; differing in many respects, both
in looks and customs, from all other tribes which I have seen. They
are not a warlike people; for they seldom, if ever, carry war into
their enemies’ country; but when invaded, shew their valour and courage
to be equal to that of any people on earth. Being a small tribe, and
unable to contend on the wide prairies with the Sioux and other roaming
tribes, who are ten times more numerous; they have very judiciously
located themselves in a permanent village, which is strongly fortified,
and ensures their preservation. By this means they have advanced
further in the arts of manufacture; have supplied their lodges more
abundantly with the comforts, and even luxuries of life, than any
Indian nation I know of. The consequence of this is, that this tribe
have taken many steps ahead of other tribes in manners and refinements
(if I may be allowed to apply the word refinement to Indian life); and
are therefore familiarly (and correctly) denominated, by the Traders
and others, who have been amongst them, “the polite and friendly
Mandans.”
There is certainly great justice in the remark; and so forcibly have
I been struck with the peculiar ease and elegance of these people,
together with the diversity of complexions, the various colours of
their hair and eyes; the singularity of their language, and their
peculiar and unaccountable customs, that I am fully convinced that
they have sprung from some other origin than that of the other North
American tribes, or that they are an amalgam of natives with some
civilized race.
Here arises a question of very great interest and importance for
discussion; and, after further familiarity with their character,
customs, and traditions, if I forget it not, I will eventually give it
further consideration. Suffice it then, for the present, that their
_personal appearance_ alone, independent of their modes and customs,
pronounces them at once, as more or less, than savage.
A stranger in the Mandan village is first struck with the different
shades of complexion, and various colours of hair which he sees in a
crowd about him; and is at once almost disposed to exclaim that “these
are not Indians.”
There are a great many of these people whose complexions appear as
light as half breeds; and amongst the women particularly, there are
many whose skins are almost white, with the most pleasing symmetry
and proportion of features; with hazel, with grey, and with blue
eyes,—with mildness and sweetness of expression, and excessive modesty
of demeanour, which render them exceedingly pleasing and beautiful.
Why this diversity of complexion I cannot tell, nor can they
themselves account for it. Their traditions, so far as I have yet
learned them, afford us no information of their having had any
knowledge of white men before the visit of Lewis and Clarke, made to
their village thirty-three years ago. Since that time there have been
but very few visits from white men to this place, and surely not enough
to have changed the complexions and the customs of a nation. And I
recollect perfectly well that Governor Clarke told me, before I started
for this place, that I would find the Mandans a strange people and half
white.
The diversity in the colour of hair is also equally as great as that
in the complexion; for in a numerous group of these people (and more
particularly amongst the females, who never take pains to change its
natural colour, as the men often do), there may be seen every shade and
colour of hair that can be seen in our own country, with the exception
of red or auburn, which is not to be found.
And there is yet one more strange and unaccountable peculiarity, which
can probably be seen nowhere else on earth; nor on any rational grounds
accounted for,—other than it is a freak or order of Nature, for which
she has not seen fit to assign a reason. There are very many, of both
sexes, and of every age, from infancy to manhood and old age, with hair
of a bright silvery grey; and in some instances almost perfectly white.
This singular and eccentric appearance is much oftener seen among the
women than it is with the men; for many of the latter who have it,
seem ashamed of it, and artfully conceal it, by filling their hair
with glue and black and red earth. The women, on the other hand, seem
proud of it, and display it often in an almost incredible profusion,
which spreads over their shoulders and falls as low as the knee. I have
ascertained, on a careful enquiry, that about one in ten or twelve of
the whole tribe are what the French call “cheveux gris,” or greyhairs;
and that this strange and unaccountable phenomenon is not the result of
disease or habit; but that it is unquestionably a hereditary character
which runs in families, and indicates no inequality in disposition or
intellect. And by passing this hair through my hands, as I often have,
I have found it uniformly to be as coarse and harsh as a horse’s mane;
differing materially from the hair of other colours, which amongst the
Mandans, is generally as fine and as soft as silk.
The reader will at once see, by the above facts, that there is enough
upon the faces and heads of these people to stamp them peculiar,—when
he meets them in the heart of this almost boundless wilderness,
presenting such diversities of colour in the complexion and hair; when
he knows from what he has seen, and what he has read, that all other
primitive tribes known in America, are dark copper-coloured, with jet
black hair.
From these few facts alone, the reader will see that I am amongst a
strange and interesting people, and know how to pardon me, if I lead
him through a maze of novelty and mysteries to the knowledge of a
strange, yet kind and hospitable, people, whose fate, like that of all
their race is sealed;— whose doom is fixed, to live just long enough
to be imperfectly known, and then to fall before the fell disease or
sword of civilizing devastation.
The stature of the Mandans is rather below the ordinary size of
man, with beautiful symmetry of form and proportion, and wonderful
suppleness and elasticity; they are pleasingly erect and graceful,
both in their walk and their attitudes; and the hair of the men,
which generally spreads over their backs, falling down to the hams,
and sometimes to the ground, is divided into plaits or slabs of two
inches in width, and filled with a profusion of glue and red earth or
vermilion, at intervals of an inch or two, which becoming very hard,
remains in and unchanged from year to year.
This mode of dressing the hair is curious, and gives to the Mandans the
most singular appearance. The hair of the men is uniformly all laid
over from the forehead backwards; carefully kept above and resting on
the ear, and thence falling down over the back, in these flattened
bunches, and painted red, extending oftentimes quite on to the calf
of the leg, and sometimes in such profusion as almost to conceal the
whole figure from the person walking behind them. In the portrait
of San-ja-ka-ko-kah (the deceiving wolf, +plate+ 54), where he is
represented at full length, with several others of his family around
him in a group, there will be seen a fair illustration of these and
other customs of these people.
The hair of the women is also worn as long as they can possibly
cultivate it, oiled very often, which preserves on it a beautiful gloss
and shows its natural colour. They often braid it in two large plaits,
one falling down just back of the ear, on each side of the head; and
on any occasion which requires them to “put on their best looks,” they
pass their fingers through it, drawing it out of braid, and spreading
it over their shoulders. The Mandan women observe strictly the same
custom, which I observed amongst the Crows and Blackfeet (and, in fact,
all other tribes I have seen, without a single exception), of parting
the hair on the forehead, and always keeping the crease or separation
filled with vermilion or other red paint. This is one of the very few
little (and apparently trivial) customs which I have found amongst the
Indians, without being able to assign any cause for it, other than that
“they are Indians,” and that this is an Indian fashion.
In mourning, like the Crows and most other tribes the women are obliged
to crop their hair all off; and the usual term of that condolence is
until the hair has grown again to its former length.
When a man mourns for the death of a near relation the case is quite
different; his long, valued tresses, are of much greater importance,
and only a lock or two can be spared. Just enough to tell of his grief
to his friends, without destroying his most valued ornament, is doing
just reverence and respect to the dead.
To repeat what I have said before, the Mandans are a pleasing and
friendly race of people, of whom it is proverbial amongst the Traders
and all who ever have known them that their treatment of white men
in their country has been friendly and kind ever since their first
acquaintance with them—they have ever met and received them, on the
prairie or in their villages, with hospitality and honour.
They are handsome, straight and elegant in their forms—not tall,
but quick and graceful; easy and polite in their manners, neat in
their persons and beautifully clad. When I say “neat in person and
beautifully clad,” however, I do not intend my readers to understand
that such is the case with them all, for among them and most other
tribes, as with the enlightened world, there are different grades of
society—those who care but little for their personal appearance, and
those who take great pains to please themselves and their friends.
Amongst this class of personages, such as chiefs and braves, or
warriors of distinction, and their families, and dandies or exquisites
(a class of beings of whom I shall take due time to speak in a future
Letter), the strictest regard to decency, and cleanliness and elegance
of dress is observed; and there are few people, perhaps, who take more
pains to keep their persons neat and cleanly than they do.
At the distance of half a mile or so above the village, is the
customary place where the women and girls resort every morning in the
summer months, to bathe in the river. To this spot they repair by
hundreds, every morning at sunrise, where, on a beautiful beach, they
can be seen running and glistening in the sun, whilst they are playing
their innocent gambols and leaping into the stream. They all learn to
swim well, and the poorest swimmer amongst them will dash fearlessly
into the boiling and eddying current of the Missouri, and cross it with
perfect ease. At the distance of a quarter of a mile back from the
river, extends a terrace or elevated prairie, running north from the
village, and forming a kind of semi-circle around this bathing-place;
and on this terrace, which is some twenty or thirty feet higher than
the meadow between it and the river, are stationed every morning
several sentinels, with their bows and arrows in hand, to guard and
protect this sacred ground from the approach of boys or men from any
directions.
At a little distance below the village, also, is the place where
the men and boys go to bathe and learn to swim. After this morning
ablution, they return to their village, wipe their limbs dry, and use a
profusion of bear’s grease through their hair and over their bodies.
The art of swimming is known to all the American Indians; and perhaps
no people on earth have taken more pains to learn it, nor any who turn
it to better account. There certainly are no people whose avocations
of life more often call for the use of their limbs in this way; as
many of the tribes spend their lives on the shores of our vast lakes
and rivers, paddling about from their childhood in their fragile bark
canoes, which are liable to continual accidents, which often throw the
Indian upon his natural resources for the preservation of his life.
There are many times also, when out upon their long marches in the
prosecution of their almost continued warfare, when it becomes
necessary to plunge into and swim across the wildest streams and
rivers, at times when they have no canoes or craft in which to cross
them. I have as yet seen no tribe where this art is neglected. It is
learned at a very early age by both sexes, and enables the strong and
hardy muscles of the squaws to take their child upon the back, and
successfully to pass any river that lies in their way.
[Illustration: 54]
The mode of swimming amongst the Mandans, as well as amongst most of
the other tribes, is quite different from that practiced in those parts
of the civilized world, which I have had the pleasure yet to visit. The
Indian, instead of parting his hands simultaneously under the chin, and
making the stroke outward, in a horizontal direction, causing thereby
a serious strain upon the chest, throws his body alternately upon the
left and the right side, raising one arm entirely above the water and
reaching as far forward as he can, to dip it, whilst his whole weight
and force are spent upon the one that is passing under him, and like a
paddle propelling him along; whilst this arm is making a half circle,
and is being raised out of the water behind him, the opposite arm is
describing a similar arch in the air over his head, to be dipped in the
water as far as he can reach before him, with the hand turned under,
forming a sort of bucket, to act most effectively as it passes in its
turn underneath him.
By this bold and powerful mode of swimming, which may want the grace
that many would wish to see, I am quite sure, from the experience I
have had, that much of the fatigue and strain upon the breast and spine
are avoided, and that a man will preserve his strength and his breath
much longer in this alternate and rolling motion, than he can in the
usual mode of swimming, in the polished world.
In addition to the modes of bathing which I have above described,
the Mandans have another, which is a much greater luxury, and often
resorted to by the sick, but far more often by the well and sound, as
a matter of luxury only, or perhaps for the purpose of hardening their
limbs and preparing them for the thousand exposures and vicissitudes
of life to which they are continually liable. I allude to their vapour
baths, or _sudatories_, of which each village has several, and which
seem to be a kind of public property—accessible to all, and resorted to
by all, male and female, old and young, sick and well.
In every Mandan lodge is to be seen a crib or basket, much in the shape
of a bathing-tub, curiously woven with willow boughs, and sufficiently
large to receive any person of the family in a reclining or recumbent
posture; which, when any one is to take a bath, is carried by the squaw
to the sudatory for the purpose, and brought back to the wigwam again
after it has been used.
These sudatories are always near the village, above or below it, on
the bank of the river. They are generally built of skins (in form of
a Crow or Sioux lodge which I have before described), covered with
buffalo skins sewed tight together, with a kind of furnace in the
centre; or in other words, in the centre of the lodge are two walls of
stone about six feet long and two and a half apart, and about three
feet high; across and over this space, between the two walls, are laid
a number of round sticks, on which the bathing crib is placed (vide
+plate+ 71). Contiguous to the lodge, and outside of it, is a little
furnace something similar, in the side of the bank, where the woman
kindles a hot fire, and heats to a red heat a number of large stones,
which are kept at these places for this particular purpose; and having
them all in readiness, she goes home or sends word to inform her
husband or other one who is waiting, that all is ready; when he makes
his appearance entirely naked, though with a large buffalo robe wrapped
around him. He then enters the lodge and places himself in the crib or
basket, either on his back or in a sitting posture (the latter of which
is generally preferred), with his back towards the door of the lodge;
when the squaw brings in a large stone red hot, between two sticks
(lashed together somewhat in the form of a pair of tongs) and, placing
it under him, throws cold water upon it, which raises a profusion of
vapour about him. He is at once enveloped in a cloud of steam, and a
woman or child will sit at a little distance and continue to dash water
upon the stone, whilst the matron of the lodge is out, and preparing to
make her appearance with another heated stone: or he will sit and dip
from a wooden bowl, with a ladle made of the mountain-sheep’s horn, and
throw upon the heated stones, with his own hands, the water which he is
drawing through his lungs and pores, in the next moment, in the most
delectable and exhilarating vapours, as it distils through the mat of
wild sage and other medicinal and aromatic herbs, which he has strewed
over the bottom of his basket, and on which he reclines.
During all this time the lodge is shut perfectly tight, and he quaffs
this delicious and renovating draught to his lungs with deep drawn
sighs, and with extended nostrils, until he is drenched in the most
profuse degree of perspiration that can be produced; when he makes a
kind of strangled signal, at which the lodge is opened, and he darts
forth with the speed of a frightened deer, and plunges headlong into
the river, from which he instantly escapes again, wraps his robe around
him and “leans” as fast as possible for home. Here his limbs are wiped
dry, and wrapped close and tight within the fur of the buffalo robes,
in which he takes his nap, with his feet to the fire; then oils his
limbs and hair with bear’s grease, dresses and plumes himself for a
visit—a feast—a parade, or a council; or slicks down his long hair,
and rubs his oiled limbs to a polish, with a piece of soft buckskin,
prepared to join in games of ball or Tchung-kee.
Such is the sudatory or the vapour bath of the Mandans, and as I before
observed, it is resorted to both as an every-day luxury by those who
have the time and energy or industry to indulge in it; and also used
by the sick as a remedy for nearly all the diseases which are known
amongst them. Fevers are very rare, and in fact almost unknown amongst
these people: but in the few cases of fever which have been known, this
treatment has been applied, and without the fatal consequences which
we would naturally predict. The greater part of their diseases are
inflammatory rheumatisms, and other chronic diseases; and for these,
this mode of treatment, with their modes of life, does admirably well.
This custom is similar amongst nearly all of these Missouri Indians,
and amongst the Pawnees, Omahas, and Punchas and other tribes, who have
suffered with the small-pox (the dread destroyer of the Indian race),
this mode was practiced by the poor creatures, who fled by hundreds
to the river’s edge, and by hundreds died before they could escape
from the waves, into which they had plunged in the heat and rage of a
burning fever. Such will yet be the scourge, and such the misery of
these poor unthinking people, and each tribe to the Rocky Mountains,
as it has been with every tribe between here and the Atlantic
Ocean. White men—whiskey—tomahawks—scalping knives—guns, powder and
ball—small-pox—debauchery—extermination.
LETTER No. 14.