The half-franc piece = 10 sous.
The one-sou piece = 1 sou.
[31] The word “conservative” is not used in this place with reference
to the Tory party alone. There is much conservative sentiment in other
parties.
[32] Even if the English did ultimately adopt the French weights
and measures, without the coinage, they would not enjoy the full
convenience of those systems, which consists in great part in their
_relation_ to the coinage. For example, in English land measure (what
is called “square measure”) you have 160 poles to the acre. A farmer
takes an acre at thirty-seven shillings, how much is that per pole?
I do not know; I must make an elaborate calculation to find it out.
A French farmer takes a _hectare_ at sixty-seven francs, how much is
that per _are_? Owing to the _intentional relation between measures
and money_, the answer comes instantaneously, without calculation,
sixty-seven centimes.
[33] M. de Freycinet, at the time when he was Foreign Minister in
France, expressed a feeling of regret, that owing to the instability
of English cabinets, it was not easy to carry on protracted
negotiations.--_Speech of the 27th of November 1886._
[34] _Memoirs of Mrs. Jameson_, by her niece Gerardine Macpherson,
First Edition, p. 154.
[35] This curé was an acquaintance of mine. His sister-in-law told me
the amount of the subscription as an example of clerical influence.
[36] Here is a case well known to me. The income of the commune is 3000
francs, that of the curé about 1000. To offer the free disposal of the
curé’s income to the municipal council is to offer a great temptation.
[37]
“‘And will not one man in the town help him, no constables--no
law?’
“‘Oh, he’s a Quaker, the law don’t help Quakers.’
“That was the truth--the hard, grinding truth--in those days.
Liberty, justice, were idle names to nonconformists of every
kind; and all they knew of the glorious constitution of English
law was that its iron hand was turned against them.”--_John
Halifax_, ch. viii.
[38] This excellent lady went on a visit to an old friend, who found
her appearance so miserable that she took the liberty of clothing her
from head to foot. The saint was _aware_ that she had been clothed,
but neither pleased nor offended. She only laughed, and I believe her
secret satisfaction in the matter was that she could give the old
clothes to some beggar. I hope, but feel by no means sure, that she did
not give away the _new_ ones, which were a surprising improvement to
her appearance.
[39]
“Her faith through form is pure as thine,
_Her hands are quicker unto good_.”
_In Memoriam._
[40]
[Sidenote: A Civil Funeral.]
Hardly any one with the least pretension to rank or station, unless he
might be some republican functionary, would venture to attend a civil
interment in a French provincial town. A lady who knows the interest I
take in these matters, wrote me a letter in March 1886, from which I
make the following extract:--
“Il vient de passer sous mes fenêtres un convoi de la Libre Pensée, ce
titre étant brodé en lettres d’argent sur tous les côtés du corbillard,
qui est très beau avec ses franges d’argent. Une très grosse couronne
d’immortelles rouges est placée sur le cercueil, et tous les assistants
en portaient à la boutonnière. Le convoi marchait très lentement, très
silencieusement. Que de méchants propos se disaient sur le passage du
cortège! Nous n’avons pas encore le droit à l’indépendance. Il faudra
bien des années pour que nous ayons notre libre arbitre sans être
calomniés.”
Insults addressed to a funeral procession are immensely significant in
France, where so much outward respect is usually paid to the dead.
[41] For Mr. Arnold the Trinity was “the fairy tale of the Three
Supernatural Men.”
[42] This is a religion entirely without dogma, and Christian only in
the sense that it would cultivate a Christian spirit.
[43] I have even known a sincere and severe Catholic who told me that
no one who disobeyed habitually the moral law, whatever his beliefs,
could be a Catholic. Giving drunkenness as an example, he said that
there had never been such a person as a Catholic drunkard, because
by the mere fact of being a drunkard a man proved that he was not a
Catholic.
[44]
[Sidenote: Mr. Mivart.]
How much intellectual liberty is now enjoyed within the Roman pale
may be seen in Mr. Mivart’s most interesting article on “The Catholic
Church and Biblical Criticism” published in _The Nineteenth Century_
for July 1887. Mr. Mivart does not think it probable that a line of
the Bible was written by Moses, whilst it is “in the highest degree
unlikely that Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob ever really existed, and
no passage of the history of any one of them is of the slightest
historical value in the old sense.” The book of Jonah is a parable,
that of Daniel quite untrustworthy and little more than a mass of
fiction. With regard to the Deluge Mr. Mivart says, “I well recollect
dining at a priest’s house (in or about 1870) when one of the party,
the late accomplished Mr. Richard Simpson of Clapham (a most pious
Catholic and weekly communicant), expressed some ordinary scientific
views on the subject of the Deluge. A startled auditor asked anxiously,
‘But is not, then, the account in the Bible of the Deluge true?’ To
which Mr. Simpson replied, ‘True! of course it is true. There was a
local inundation, and some of the sacerdotal caste saved themselves in
a punt, with their cocks and hens.’”
[45] “_L’Angleterre est instruite, élevée, gouvernée par ses
clergymen._”--PHILIPPE DARYL.
[46] An essential difference between France and England. “No one,”
says Professor Dicey, “can maintain that the law of England recognises
anything like that natural right to the free communication of thoughts
and opinions which was proclaimed in France nearly a hundred years
ago to be one of the most valuable rights of man.”--_The Law of the
Constitution_, first edition, pp. 257, 258.
[47]
[Sidenote: Law about Associations not Obsolete.]
The ordinary law about associations was declared by some English
journals to be “obsolete,” and revived only for persecution. It was so
little obsolete that it was steadily applied to lay associations. I was
at one time an honorary member of a French club limited to eighteen in
order that an “authorisation” might not be required; and I have been
vice-president of another club, not limited in numbers, so that we had
to send our statutes to be approved by the prefect, and whenever the
slightest change was made in them they had to be submitted again to the
same authority. It was a very simple formality, costing three sous for
a postage stamp. Had we acted like the unauthorised religious orders,
which declined to submit to this not very terrible piece of tyranny,
we should have been dissolved as they were, and turned out of our
club-house as they were turned out of their establishments.
[48] Author of _L’Irréligion de l’Avenir_, _Esquisse d’une Morale
sans Obligation ni Sanction_, _Les Problèmes de l’Esthétique
Contemporaine_, _La Morale d’Epicure et ses Rapports avec les Doctrines
Contemporaines_, etc. Guyau died in 1888 at the age of thirty-three.
[49] The reverend father is speaking of Her Majesty’s visit to the
Grande Chartreuse, which she was able to make by taking advantage of
an ancient rule made before the Church could foresee the monstrous
anomaly of an heretical king or queen. By that rule, which still
remains in force, a bishop or a reigning sovereign can visit a house of
cloistered monks or nuns. The Archbishop of Canterbury could, however,
scarcely get into a nunnery, as the Rev. Father du Lac informs us that
the ancient English sees were erased by Pius IX. from the list of the
bishoprics of Christendom.
[50] In the number for 23d July 1887.
[51] A Natural History Society was founded in Autun (a small old town
in Burgundy) two or three years ago. It now includes more than four
hundred members. Their principal pleasure is to take long walks in
the neighbourhood for geological and botanical purposes. They have
meetings, lectures, and a museum. Anything more moral or more healthy
it is impossible to imagine.
[52] There have been years in the memory of living men when anybody who
would take two barrels to a wine-grower might carry away one of them
full of wine (the wine being worth less than the wood); and when for
the payment of one sou a man might drink wine as if it were water.
[53] An interesting example of English improvidence came to my
knowledge recently. A professional man of great talent, who had been
eminently successful, died, leaving a widow and a large family of
children. At the time of his death the children were all married. The
widow was left without a penny, and was anxious to find a situation,
because the married children _all living up to the extreme limit of
their incomes, as their father had done_, were unable to subscribe an
annuity. In France they would probably all have had savings, and, with
the national love of the mother and sense of filial duty, would have
cheerfully hastened to provide for her old age.
[54] This is rather too favourable to the English of that day, as they
certainly did not take warm baths so frequently as French people do
now. They had not the conveniences. Few private houses had a bath-room
and few towns had public baths.
[55] Especially in combination with the beautiful colour of the waxed
walnut furniture and the red hangings of the beds.
[56] What follows is sketched from life.
[57] Plays were performed on Sunday at the court of Queen Elizabeth.
[58] Dancing, archery, leaping, May-games, and morris dances, were
expressly permitted by James I. on Sunday in his Book of Sports. He
forbade brutal sports only.
[59] The idea that governs the action of the Church of Rome with regard
to the observation of Sunday in countries where she is free to do what
she thinks best, appears to be simply the protection of toilers from
their own drudgery on one day of the week. She herself keeps the day as
a festival, and requires the attendance of the laity at one mass, which
may be short and early.
[60] I made inquiry afterwards to ascertain what the parish priest
thought of these proceedings, and discovered that he made a
distinction. He did not approve of dancing on the public dancing-floors
in the village, especially at night, because it sometimes led to wrong,
but he was not opposed in any way to Sunday dancing in private houses.
[61] The distinction between sacred and profane music is fictitious,
merely depending on the title that a musician chooses to give to his
composition. The distinction between serious and light music is real,
whatever the title. This is so well understood in the Church of Rome
that the priests allow any music to be performed in their churches
which is the expression of a serious or sublime idea.
[62] M. de St. Victor managed the estates belonging to the Countess
de Talleyrand, and he lived at her old château of Montjeu, one of the
most romantically situated places in France, in the midst of a large
well-wooded park upon the hills.
[63] The passage is very well known, but I may quote it for the
convenience of some readers:--
“And how is it possible that a man who has nothing, who is naked,
houseless, without a hearth, squalid, without a slave, without a
city, can pass a life that flows easily? See, God has sent you a man
to show you that it is possible. Look at me, who am without a city,
without a house, without possessions, without a slave; I sleep on the
ground; I have no wife, no children, no prætorium, but only the earth
and heavens, and one poor cloak. And what do I want? Am I not without
sorrow? Am I not without fear? Am I not free? When did any of you see
me failing in the object of my desire? or ever falling into that which
I would avoid? Did I ever blame God or man? Did I ever accuse any man?
Did any of you ever see me with a sorrowful countenance? And how do I
meet with those whom ye are afraid of and admire? Do not I treat them
like slaves? Who, when he sees me, does not think that he sees his king
and master?”--_Epictetus_, Long’s Translation, Book III. chap. xxii.
[64] A friend of mine knows an impoverished French Marquis, the head
of an old family, who lives like a peasant in a bare old house that is
never repaired. He and his sister consume one bottle of common wine
between them each week, and they are served by one old faithful female
domestic. Their ruin was caused by lavish uncalculating generosity, by
what Herbert Spencer would call the culpable excess of altruism.
[65] It is very significant that as the spirit of luxury has increased
in France, the width and costliness of picture-frames have increased
along with it.
[66] This reminds me of a French proverb often quoted by an old
naval officer whom I knew. _Rien n’est bien fait qui n’est pas fait
habituellement._
[67] I am myself old enough to remember how, when I was a boy, two
gentlemen of good family quarrelled over their port wine after dinner,
and one of them shouted to the other, “I’ll pull your nose, sir, I’ll
pull your nose!” Some highly polished young reviewer of the present day
will say that I had fallen into low company, but those gentlemen of a
past time were quite as good as he is likely to be with all his polish,
and it is probable that the aristocratic spirit was far more genuine in
them than it is in anybody now.
[68] For example, in the French neighbourhood best known to me it is
contrary to peasant decorum for a farmer and his wife to walk to church
together. He must go first with his male companions, and she must
follow with the women. It is also contrary to decorum for a man to be
seen giving his arm to his wife, under any circumstances.
[69] I have heard of two cases that ended fatally, simply in
consequence of obedience to English decorum.
[70] A French gentleman wanted to let me a country house, and said,
with an air of conscious superiority, “It would be quiet and convenient
for the prosecution of your--your _industry_.”
[71] As a system of recruiting party adherents, it has the great
advantage of catching rather rich and influential people, especially
landowners. Very poor families would gain nothing by the “de,” and, in
fact, they drop it when it is theirs by right.
[72] This is stated simply as a fact and not in depreciation. There is
not a more respectable class in France than the peasantry.
[73] He also takes precedence of the bishop. An intimate friend of mine
was appointed to a prefecture. On his arrival the archbishop sent to
say that he would receive him at his palace. This was an attempt to put
the prefect in an inferior position, so he answered that it was not
further from the palace to the prefecture than from the prefecture to
the palace. The archbishop then came.
[74] George du Maurier attributes this happiness in the wealth
of others to what he calls “The British Passion for inequality,”
illustrated by him in _Punch_. An Englishman is walking with a
Frenchman in Hyde Park, and gives utterance to that passion in these
words:--
“_Sturdy Briton._ It’s all very well to turn up your nose at your _own_
beggarly Counts and Barons, Mossoo! But you can’t find fault with _our_
nobility! Take a man like our Dook o’ Bayswater, now! Why, he could
buy up your Foreign Dukes and Princes by the dozen! and as for you and
me, he’d look upon us as so much dirt beneath his feet! Now, that’s
something _like_ a nobleman, that is! That’s a kind o’ nobleman that I,
as an Englishman, feel as I’ve got some right to be _proud_ of!”
[75] The want of money, in these days, very frequently induces a French
nobleman to marry an heiress in the middle classes. This is the most
powerful cause of infractions of French exclusiveness.
[76] The essential difference between the scientific and the religious
views is that the one sees a special Providential commission, where the
other only perceives an undesigned accumulation of natural force.
[77] There is more English poetry of the same order, for example the
following, also quoted from Mr. Gerald Massey--
“Oh! this world might be lighted
With Eden’s first smile--
Angel-haunted--unblighted,
With Freedom for Toil:
But they wring out our blood
For their banquet of gold!
They annul laws of God,
Soul and body are sold!
Hark now! hall and palace,
Ring out, dome and rafter!
Ay, laugh on, ye callous!
In Hell there’ll be laughter.”
[78] “Well, before _I’d_ put on stockings no better washed than those!”
[79] “Paid for, is it? It would not have been if thou hadst had to earn
the money.”
[80] Just before returning the proof-sheet of this chapter I heard one
French peasant describing his landlord to another in these terms:--
“Monsieur le Comte is one of the best landlords in this neighbourhood.
He thoroughly understands agriculture, he looks after everything on the
estate, but he never presses his tenants, never asks them for rent. On
the contrary, he is always ready to help a tenant in any reasonable
outlay.”
The landlord in question is a rich nobleman, living on his own land,
and not by any means regarded with “the most savage enmity,” though he
happens to be a Frenchman. I have seen his château and estate, a fine
property, beautifully situated.
[81] Probably her chief reason, unexpressed, was that to have been
asked in marriage for her good looks would have implied a deficiency of
dowry, or, at least, left room for the supposition that there had not
been dowry enough, of itself, to attract an offer of marriage.
[82] I was permitted to read a letter from the young lady’s father, in
which he said, “The offer was quite beyond anything that my daughter
could have hoped for, but after full consideration she decided to
decline it, and I think she acted wisely, as money is not everything
in this world.” The girl was left entirely free, as if she had been in
England.
[83] A girl with £200 a year will expect, in marriage, a household
expenditure of £800 a year. I proposed this theoretical proportion to a
French gentleman of much experience, and he said that the estimate was
moderate.
[84] Of course I mean with reference to aristocratic rank. A duke who
has talent of his own is likely to recognise it in others.
[85]
[Sidenote: An Artist in Goodness.]
The public knows something of Madame Boucicaut’s acts of public
beneficence (though they were so numerous that it is impossible to
remember such a list), but I have learned through several different
private channels how thoughtful her kindness was to individuals. By
long practice she had become quite an artist in goodness, having
cultivated her talent in that way as another might have learned to
paint or to sing. There was an inventiveness about her beneficence that
made it as original as poetry, and as beautiful in its originality.
[86] In any case a French officer cannot marry without an authorisation
emanating from the Ministry of War. A military friend told me that the
following mishap occurred to an officer in his regiment who thought
he would like to marry a certain girl in a certain town. He applied
for permission, which was refused. The regiment was sent elsewhere,
and the sensitive officer was smitten a second time, so he applied for
permission again. It came in the form of an authorisation to marry
not the second, but the first young lady. The officer did so, and
discovered, when too late, that she was one of those governing women
who order about their husbands like children, so he has leisure to
deplore the decision of the authorities.
[87] French carelessness in correcting is especially lamentable in
school-books. I have before me a French school edition of _Childe
Harold_, abounding in gross typographic blunders that must be most
puzzling to French boys. M. Taine’s _Histoire de la Littérature
Anglaise_ is very faulty in this respect.
[88] “Mr. Arnold’s studies of other nations, other ages, and
other creeds would, I should have thought, have led him to regard
Nonconformity as an universal power in societies, which has, in our
time and country, its particular embodiment, but which is to be
understood only when contemplated in all its other embodiments; the
thing is one in spirit and tendency, whether shown amongst the Jews or
the Greeks--whether in Catholic Europe or Protestant England. Wherever
there is disagreement with a current belief, no matter what its nature,
there is Nonconformity. The open expression of difference and avowed
opposition to that which is authoritatively established constitutes
Dissent, whether the religion be Pagan or Christian, Monotheistic or
Polytheistic. The relative attitudes of the Dissenter, and of those in
power, are essentially the same in all cases, and in all cases lead
to vituperation and persecution.”--_The Study of Sociology_, ninth
edition, p. 234.
[89] The French in Shakespeare has been said (never by French critics)
to prove that he knew the language. It proves just the contrary.
[90] Lady Scott was of French extraction, yet Scott could not speak
French.
[91] The place on the steep on the right bank of the Saône, behind the
cathedral. Since Michelet wrote, a gorgeous new church has been built
there for the miracle-working Virgin.
INDEX
A
Accent, purity of, a mark of rank in England, not in France, 59
Affections, family, strong in the French, 47;
cooler in England, 49;
cultured in France, 49;
example of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, 51;
English sympathy with the lower animals, 52, 53;
French hardness, _ib._
Agnostics, their influence in the French University, 42
Allen, Mr. Grant, just to France as regards Algeria, 202
Alliances.
See Marriage
America, system of Presidential government unsuitable to France, 110
Americans, their condemnation of idleness, 46
Anglicans, philosophical, different opinions, 171;
treatment of dogma, _ib._;
formalists but not hypocrites, 172;
amongst the English clergy, _ib._;
nearest French equivalent, 173.
See Church of England
Animals, humanity of the English and hardness of the French, 52;
cruelties in both nations in sport and cookery, 53
Apocrypha, no longer venerated in England, 55
Archery, unbecoming in English clergymen, 7
Army, English, a profession regarding volunteers and militia
as amateurs, 92;
old purchase system, _ib._;
French army under the Second Empire, raised by conscription but
not national, 93;
healthy revolution after the Franco-German war, _ib._;
real dignity of all military service, 94;
conscription under the Republic compensated by unity of sentiment
with civil population, 95;
by improvement in physical strength and activity, and extension
of education, _ib._;
national armies essentially peaceful when combined with
parliamentary government, 96;
French averse to the war in Tonquin, _ib._;
conscription in the English army inevitable, 97
Aristocracy, English, strong views of Matthew Arnold, 324;
overshadowing the English mind, 326;
favourable to simplicity of life, 327;
faults of the French Noblesse, _ib._;
their contempt for trade, 328;
usurpations of the territorial “de” in France, 329
Arnold, Dr., his personal influence in moral training, 39;
depended on his being a clergyman, 43
Arnold, Matthew, error as regards a French catechism used in
_lycées_, 195, 196;
confusion of _l’État_ with _le Pays_, _ib._;
charges the French with immorality, 220;
strong views of aristocracy, 324;
his influence, 400;
his division of the English into Barbarians, Philistines,
and Populace, 401
Art, independent of luxury, 295;
beautiful materials, _ib._;
the nude, 317;
realism, 318;
depreciation of English art in France, 410;
appreciated by cultivated French artists, 411;
English prejudice against French art, 412, 413;
patriotic bias of French art, 414.
See Education, Artistic.
Artists, French, their generosity, 31
Ascanius, his friendship for Euryalus excessively French, 47
B
Bagehot, Mr., his defence of titles, 325
Balzac, a hard-working genius, 403
Beckwith, Miss, the English swimmer, 10
Beljame, his evidence respecting the teachers and teaching of modern
languages in France, 20;
recent reforms in examinations and certificates of teachers, 21
Bible, English knowledge of, 27;
French ignorance of, 28, 55
Bifurcation, introduced into French schools by Fortoul’s ministry, 29
Bishops in France, may not ride or drive, 7
Bismarck, Prince, charges the French with hating their neighbours, 83
Black, William, his appreciation of patriotic tenderness in the
“Princess of Thule,” 66
Boar, wild, shooting in France, 11
Boating in England, 3;
limited in France, 8;
French regatta clubs, 9
Bonheur, Rosa, nothing in common with Landseer, 398;
her reputation in England, 412
Book-buyers in France, 395
Boucicaut, Madame, a true success, 376;
her goodness, _ib._
_Bourgeoisie_, or middle class in France, 35;
ignorant of art, 35;
vastly increased by French system of education, 56, 57;
inferior to the French _noblesse_ in field sports and equipages,
but not in learning, 59;
equal in purity of speech and language, 60
Bright, John, a salmon-fisher, 3
Britain.
See Variety in
Brittany contrasted with Provence, 434
Browning, Robert, unknown in France, 24;
his love for Italy, 72
Burgundy, contrasted with the Morvan district, 436
Byron, Lord, a distinguished swimmer, 3;
widely known in France, 24, 408
C
Cabinets, government of, in France and England, 110
Cafés, French, maintained by habitués, 237;
tend to separate the sexes, 367
Calendar, ought to be international, 124
Canadian society, Mrs. Jameson’s first impression, 81
Carlyle, Thomas, his teaching not followed by the English, 399
Carnot, President, his election a proof of the obedience of the
French army to the civil authorities, 94
Caste in France and England, 321;
true and false, 322;
aristocratic spirit, _ib._;
titles, 323;
peerage of Tennyson and Victor Hugo, _ib._;
strong views of Matthew Arnold, 324;
defence of titles by Bagehot, 325;
faults of the French _noblesse_, 327;
contempt for trade, 328;
absence of pure caste in England, 330;
new peers, 331;
Anglican clergy, _ib._;
French clergy and religious orders, 332;
military officers in France and England, 334;
officials, 335;
_Noblesse_, _Bourgeoisie_, _Peuple_, 336;
English gentlemen, _ib._;
fashionable and educated classes, 337;
French peasantry, _ib._;
pariahs in England and France, 338;
infidels and republicans, _ib._
Catholics, Roman, results of emancipation in England, 125;
English sympathies with French Catholics, _ib._;
an international religion, 142;
social preponderance in France, 153;
devotion of Catholic Sisters, 161;
genuine and formal, 174;
liberal interpretation of the Jesuits, _ib._;
dogma of eternal punishment, 175;
misrepresentation as to the expulsion of religious orders from
France, 191,
horror at the marriage of the Protestant clergy, 208;
good reputation of the French clergy, 223;
observance of Sunday for the protection of labour, 273;
incomes of the clergy in France as compared with England, 379
Catholicism in England and France, xii;
how far persecuted, xvi
Cetewayo, question of England’s right to break his power, 87, 88
Chambers, Robert, self-defence as to the authorship of _Vestiges of
Creation_, 196
Changes, dislike of, described by Sir Henry Maine, 120;
detested by Mohammedans, Chinese, and Hindus, 120;
by women, 121;
provoked by old institutions, 129;
future, in Great Britain and Ireland, 130
Channel Islands, French jealousy of English occupation, 88
Chauvinisme, a vulgar patriotism, ix
Cheerfulness, no equivalent in France, 389
Chevreul, the centenarian, respected in France, 54
Church of England, its social influence over the laity, 40;
its strength, 125;
subjection to the Queen or Parliament, 141;
intensely national, 142;
question of disestablishment, 151;
natural jealousy of nonconformists, _ib._;
freethinkers not eager for disestablishment, 152;
Mr. Voysey’s views, 154;
many formalists but few hypocrites, 167;
philosophical Anglicans, 171;
their treatment of dogma, _ib._;
examples amongst the clergy, 172;
ritualism promoted by formalism, 175;
old-fashioned Anglican formalism, 176;
opposite ideas of the marriage of ecclesiastics, 208
Church of Rome, founds all moral teaching on authority, 43;
clerical jealousy of family influence in France, _ib._
Classics, ancient, proposed abandonment in French schools, 18;
views of M. Frary and Professor Seeley, _ib._;
neglected in France, 19;
value as mental discipline, _ib._;
decay of the old veneration for in France, 55
Cleanliness, English, an invention of the nineteenth century, 254;
in England and France, 255;
English pride in hardihood, 256;
French warm baths, _ib._;
cleanly appearance of the French, 257;
effects of coal-smoke in England, _ib._;
whitewash in England, unknown in France, 258;
superior cleanness of the English, 259
Clergy, French and English, contrast in horse-riding and other
exercises, 7;
in yearly emoluments, 379
Clifford, Professor, fond of gymnastics, 2
Closure, adopted by the English from the French, 127
Clubs, more sociable in France than in England, 369
Colonisation, unfavourable to patriotism, 67
Comfort, English passion for, 285;
opposed to Christianity and Greek philosophy, 286;
difficulty of plain living, 287;
English prejudice against self-indulgence, 287;
stoicism of the French peasantry, 288;
comfort combined in England with mental anxiety, 289;
little known in France, _ib._;
as costly as luxury, 290
Commerce, its influence on art-culture, 32
Communes, proposed payment of the French clergy, 150
Communist, confounded with Communard, xii, _note_.
Conscription in the French army, faults under the Second Empire, 93;
revolution under the Republic, 94;
improved health of the French nation, 95;
increase of gymnastics and extension of education, 95;
repugnant to English feeling but inevitable in the future, 97;
disappearance of jealousies and social distinctions in the event
of war, _ib._
Conservatism and Experiment in French written constitutions, 119;
not produced by love of change but desire for order and
permanence, 120;
Sir Henry Maine on the dislike to change, _ib._;
tendency of the French to democratic conservatism, 121;
permanent innovations in France, 122;
decimal coinage, departmental administration, French university,
universal suffrage, representative government, 122, 123;
abolition of the republican calendar, 124;
permanent innovations in England, _ib._;
the Anglican Church, Catholic Emancipation, revolutionary
monarchy, 126;
opposition of Frenchmen to railways and of Englishmen to the Suez
Canal and decimal systems, _ib._;
adoption by the English of the French closure, 127.
See Change
Constable, revolutionised French landscape, 411
Conversation in foreign tongues a rare accomplishment, 25
Country, not an equivalent word to _patrie_, 75
Courage, national, apparent decline in England and France, 261;
shrinking from war, _ib._;
French courage after Sedan, 263;
bottled up in the Paris Commune, _ib._;
difference of training in England and France, _ib._;
football, duelling, boxing, and bull-fighting, 264;
field sports and military service, 265
Cricket in England, 3;
not popular in France, 4
Criticisms, international, reasonable and unreasonable, 89
Crosses, alleged removal from French cemeteries, 192;
the true story, 193
Cruelty to animals, sympathies of the English and indifference of
the French, 52;
cruelties of both nations in sport and cookery, 53
Culture of the affections in France, 50;
want of it in England, _ib._;
example of Queen Victoria, 51
Culture _versus_ Rank, 60
D
Dancing in the open air, out of fashion in France, 10;
objectionable balls, _ib._
“De,” the particle, supposed to indicate nobility in France, 329;
assumed by many of the _bourgeois_, 330;
money value in marriage alliances, 355
Debt, disapproved by the French, 46
Decimal system, a permanent innovation in France, 122, 127
Decorum, difference in national ideas, 307;
French and English bathing, 308;
artists’ models, 309;
natural necessities, 310;
language, 311;
inequalities of strictness, 312;
French reserve, 313;
at funerals, 313;
in literature, 314;
divorce reports in France and England, 315;
English tolerance of old books, _ib._;
Byron and Shakespeare, 316;
comic papers, _ib._;
the nude in art, 317;
realism, 318
Deer in France, 11
Democracy inevitable in France after Mirabeau’s declaration of the
sovereignty of the people, 105;
resemblance in the growth in France and England, 106;
comparison of the two revolutions, 107;
government in France, 109
Departmental administration in France, a permanent innovation, 123
Dicey, Professor, his explanation of the sovereignty of parliament
and people in England, 107
Dickens, a great reputation in France as an inventor, 408
Dissenters, dislike to being treated as inferiors, 132.
See Nonconformist.
Dissimulation encouraged in France by clerical teachers, 41
Dowries, in France, 359;
in England, 360
Drouet, Juliette, her relations with Victor Hugo, 211
Du Lac, Father, his views respecting Her Majesty the Queen, 200
Duelling in France and England, 277;
an appeal to divine justice, _ib._;
its survival in France, 278;
English sentiment expressed in Thackeray’s _Newcomes_, 279;
French sentiment, _ib._;
extinguished in England by ridicule, 279;
a modern French duel, 280;
its causes, _ib._;
difficulty in abolishing the custom, 281
Duruy’s Ministry, established the _Enseignement Spécial_ in the
French Schools, 29
Duty. See Patriotic Duty.
E
Edinburgh, its superiority as an art-centre to Lyons or
Marseilles, 36;
the centre of the literature and art of the Scottish
Lowlanders, 425
Education, artistic, French and English, 31;
seriousness of the French in teaching, _ib._;
generosity of French artists towards all art students, _ib._;
extension of art teaching in England, 32;
spread of sound elementary drawing amongst the French people, _ib._;
promoted by the desire for commercial success, _ib._;
art schools in Lancashire, a reaction against the ugliness of the
industrial age, 33;
comparative torpor of artistic life in French country towns, 34;
leadership of art in France maintained by Paris, 35;
academical teaching in England, 35;
superiority of Edinburgh as an art-centre to Lyons or Marseilles, 36;
difficult for the English to understand art, 37;
success of Ruskin’s moral criticism, _ib._;
English love of nature an impediment, 38;
feebler moral sense of Parisians favourable to their acceptance of
art, _ib._;
contrast of English and Parisian ideals, _ib._
Education of feelings of French and English, 47;
cultivated in France, repressed in England, _ib._;
love of mothers by Frenchmen and Englishmen compared, _ib._;
sentiment of friendship, 48;
coolness of the family affections in England, 49;
their culture in France, 50;
causes of the difference, _ib._;
healthy influence of the Queen in the expression of the feelings, 51;
English sympathy with the lower animals ridiculed in France, 52;
hardness of the scientific spirit, _ib._;
cruelties for the sake of sport or cookery, 53;
sentiment of reverence dying out in France, 54;
decaying in England except towards the Bible and the Throne, 55;
loss of veneration and faith, _ib._
Education, Intellectual, French and English, 15;
superiority of Latin and Greek maintained by both, _ib._;
Latin more important in France, and Greek in England, _ib._;
antiquity and mystery of ancient languages and dignity of the
teacher, 16;
priestly character of Latin in France, _ib._;
French contempt for modern languages, 17;
present tendency to thorough study of the classics or to abandon
them, 18;
views of M. Raoul Frary and Professor Seeley as regards Latin and
Greek, _ib._;
of masters in the French _lycées_, 19;
Latin and Greek regarded as mental gymnastics, _ib._;
neglect of Greek, _ib._;
inferior study of modern languages in French schools, 20;
inferior teachers, _ib._;
neglect of English, 21;
recent reforms, _ib._;
vast improvement in teachers of modern languages in France, _ib._;
examinations and certificates, 21;
inferior teachers of modern languages in England, 22;
difficulties in appreciating foreign poetry, 23;
English difficulties with French verse, 24;
conventional ignorance of English literature in France, _ib._;
knowledge of languages apart from a knowledge of literature, 25;
hollow pretensions to superior education, 26;
diminution of libraries in France and England, 27;
superiority
of the English in a knowledge of the Bible, 27;
science more studied than literature, 28;
present varieties in French secondary education, _ib._;
old system of Napoleon I, _ib._;
the _Bifurcation_ of Fortoul’s ministry, 29;
the _Enseignement Spécial_ of Duruy’s ministry, _ib._;
present varieties, 30
Education, moral training, French and English, 39;
difficulty in ascertaining its results on character, _ib._;
personal influence of Dr. Arnold, _ib._;
national moral sense stronger in England than in France, 40;
moral influence of the Church of England superior to that of the
Roman Catholic clergy, _ib._;
clerical education only beneficial to believers, 41;
creates habits of dissimulation in unbelievers, _ib._;
turns French unbelievers into hypocrites, _ib._;
Agnostics in the French University, 42;
moral authority of the Catholic clergy wanting in lay teaching, _ib._;
moral authority of parents discouraged by the Catholic clergy, 43;
value of home influences in France, _ib._;
French boys civilised by their mothers, 44;
manners acquired in French seminaries, _ib._;
home influences and school influences in England, _ib._;
advantages of English grammar schools in the country, 45;
conflict between social morality and international immorality, _ib._;
value of public opinion as a moral authority, 46;
French disapproval of debt, and American disapproval of
idleness, _ib._;
professional virtues of soldiers and medical practitioners, _ib._
Education, Physical, French and English, 1;
English not scientifically trained except for boat races, _ib._;
activity due to open air amusements, _ib._;
physical pursuits of distinguished Englishmen, 2;
Professor Clifford, Gladstone, Wordsworth, Scott, Byron, Keats,
Shelley, Tyndall, Millais, John Bright, Fawcett, Trollope,
and Palmerston, 3;
cricket exclusively English, 4;
French abandonment of tennis, _ib._;
tendency towards gymnastics and military drill, 5;
fencing, 6;
walking powers of English women, _ib._;
of French peasants, _ib._;
horse-riding in England and France, _ib._;
contrast in French and English clergy, 7;
relative strictness as regards amusements, _ib._;
activity and dignity, 8;
disappearance of French prejudice against boating, _ib._;
swimming cultivated more in France than in England, 9;
exceptional cases of Miss Beckwith, Captain Webb, and
Vice-Chancellor Shadwell’s family, 10;
French dancing, past and present, _ib._;
field sports in France and England, _ib._;
hunting in France, 11;
opposition of French farmers and peasant proprietors, 12;
contrasts in the physical life of classes more striking in
England, _ib._;
ideal of a whole nation equal to the English aristocracy, _ib._;
sedentary life of the French middle classes, 13;
velocipedes and volunteering of the English middle class, _ib._;
French peasantry and English factory workers, _ib._;
comparison of the physical qualities of the two races, _ib._;
decline of health and strength in both, 14
Education, rank of, in France and England, 56;
not a class distinction in France, _ib._;
the bachelor degree necessary in France for some professions, _ib._;
not absolutely necessary in England, _ib._;
French boys trained as _bourgeois_, English boys as gentlemen, 57;
no Eton or Oxford in France, _ib._;
confers social distinction in England, _ib._;
English mistakes about French _lycées_, 58;
little social distinction conferred by education in France, 59;
purity of accent a mark of rank in England, not in France, _ib._;
French _noblesse_ outshine the _bourgeoisie_, not in learning, but
in field sports and equipages, _ib._;
culture _versus_ rank, 60
Egypt, French jealousy of English occupation, 87
England. See French and English
English and French. See French
English, peculiar notions of political evolution in France, 104;
their preservation of an aristocracy and monarchy, 108;
misrepresented in France, 187, 188;
untruthful charges against the French Government, 190
_Enigmas of Life_, by Mr. W. R. Greg, want of sympathy for the
growth of free institutions in France, 105
_Enseignement Spécial_ established in France by Duruy’s Ministry, 29
Epictetus, indifference to comfort, 286
Etching, revival of, 398
Eton, boating and cricket surprising to foreigners, 3;
associated with social distinction, 57, 59
Etty, prejudiced against French art, 413
Europe, considered by Orientals as one nation, 421;
evidence of Mr. Palgrave, _ib._;
differences between England and France, 422.
See Variety in Britain and Variety in France
Euryalus, his affection for his mother, 47
Exhibitions, public, English in the provinces superior to those in
France, 34
F
Factory population in England, its deterioration, 13
Faith, two meanings, custom and conviction, 159;
sacrifice the test of sincerity, 160;
example of a young Frenchman, _ib._;
devotion of Catholic sisters, 161;
an Anglican saint, 163;
an Anglican layman, 164;
a Catholic and Protestant, 165;
political and social convictions, 166
Family influence in France, 43;
undervalued in England, 44;
love of sons for mothers in France and England, 47;
coolness of the affections in England, 49;
their culture in France, 50;
decay of reverence in France, 54;
dispersion of middle-class families in England, 69
Farmers in France, their opposition to hunting, 12
Fawcett, Mr., love of riding and skating after his blindness, 3
Fencing, practised in France, 6
Feelings. See Education of
Field sports, difference between France and England in
game-preserving, 10;
game in France, 11;
deer and wild boar, _ib._;
French hunting, _ib._
Flaxman, his illustrations of Homer appreciated in France, 411
Foreign policy, its continuity in England, 98;
unpatriotic in France, _ib._
Foreigners, impartial treatment of, viii;
ridiculous or wicked, x;
their difficulties in society, 25
Formalism, distinct from hypocrisy, 167;
prevalence in the Church of England, _ib._;
among atheists, 168;
in England and France, 169;
at marriages and funerals, _ib._;
of philosophical Anglicans, 171;
association with ritualism, 175;
weakening effect on faith, 177
Fortoul’s ministry, introduced the “_bifurcation_” into French
schools, 29
France. See Variety in
France, desire for rest, 135;
no ritualist party, 176;
her sympathy with Gordon at Khartoum, 202;
feeling about war, 203.
See French and English
France and England, second-class powers, 262;
varying degrees of dissimilarity at different periods, 269;
courtesy in France and England, 297;
caste in France and England, 321;
aristocratic spirit, 322;
comparative wealth of France and England, 339;
creations of the nineteenth century, 340;
developments of industries, 341;
necessity for wealth in England, 342;
French feeling about riches, 343;
sanctity of wealth in England, 344;
sentiments of the poor, 345;
national defence, 351;
marriage alliances, 353;
sociability greater in England, 363;
separation of the sexes in France, _ib._;
difference in England, 365;
want of amusements in France, 367;
divisions in France and England, 371;
personal success, 375;
known in France to the middle classes, _ib._;
money-making in France, 376;
lotteries and private gambling, 377;
overcrowded professions in France, 378;
incomes of French and English clergy, 379;
of the army, public offices, etc., 381;
wealthy traders, 382;
English manufacturers, _ib._;
cost of living in France and England, 383;
strong contrasts in France, 385;
little pleasures, 386;
Paris and London, 387;
provincial life in France and England, _ib._;
industrial civilisation a failure, 388;
French gaiety and English gravity, 389;
national success at home, 390;
comparison of France and England in religion and politics, 391;
in finance, 392;
party feeling, 393;
science, _ib._;
manufactures, 394;
printing, 395;
painting, 396;
literature, 399;
poetry, 401;
young philosophers, 403;
journalists, _ib._;
dread of war in both countries, 404;
English and French prejudices in art, 413;
difference in the military reputation of France and England, 417;
former French confidence and present English anxiety, _ib._;
difference between England and France. See _Variety in Britain_
and _Variety in France_;
modern changes in the national character of France and England, 445
Frary, M. Raoul, proposed abandonment of the classics, 18
Freethinkers, not eager for disestablishment, 152;
support state religions, 157;
dislike dissenters in England and Protestants in France, 158
French and English, euphony of title, vii;
question of mutual consideration, ix;
tendencies to resemblance, xiii;
Catholics and Protestants, xv;
opposition of French Republicans to England, xvii
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, CUSTOM, 267;
chronology, 269;
comfort, 285;
luxury, 291;
manners, 297;
decorum, 307
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, EDUCATION, 1;
physical, _ib._;
intellectual, 15;
artistic, 31;
moral training, 39;
feelings, 47;
rank, 56
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, PATRIOTISM, 63;
patriotic tenderness, 65;
pride, 77;
jealousy, 85;
duty, 91
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, POLITICS, 101;
revolution, 103;
liberty, 112;
conservatism, 119;
stability, 129
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, RELIGION, 139;
state establishments, 141;
disestablishment in France and England, 147;
social power, 153;
faith, 159;
formalism, 167
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, SOCIETY, 319;
caste, 321;
wealth, 339;
alliances, 353;
intercourse, 363
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, SUCCESS, 373;
personal, 375;
national, at home, 390;
abroad, 406
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, VARIETY, 419;
in Britain, 421;
in France, 432
FRENCH AND ENGLISH, VIRTUES, 179;
truth, 181;
justice, 198;
purity, 207;
temperance, 233;
thrift, 247;
cleanliness, 254;
courage, 261
Funerals in France, religious formalism at, 169;
unpopularity of civil interments in provincial towns, 170
G
Gaiety, French, compared with English, 389
Game-preserving in France and England, 10;
poaching, 11;
Baron Rothschild’s preserves at Ferrières, 11 _note_
Gibraltar, English possession galling to Spain, 88
Gladstone, Mr., skill in felling trees, 2;
opposes the masses to the classes, 113;
bitterness of the contest on the question of Home Rule, 114;
causes of his downfall, 116
Glasgow, the centre of the industry of the Scottish Lowlanders, 425
Gormandism in France, 239;
variety of terms, 240;
temperance of the real _gourmet_, 241
Government, deceptive use of the terms “Monarchy” and “Republic,” xi;
essentially the same in England and France, _ib._;
confusion between Communist and Communard, xii _note_;
adoption of French institutions by England, xiii;
the author’s opportunism, _ib._;
parliamentary system alone practicable in England and France, xiv;
faulty workings, _ib._;
opposition of French Republicans to England, xvii
Grammar schools in England, their effect on family life, 45
Gravity, English, compared with French gaiety, 389
Greeks, ancient, their physical life compared with that of the
modern English, 1;
their surroundings compared with those of Manchester, 12
Greek language and literature studied more in England than in
France, 15;
antiquity and mystery of the language, 16;
neglected in French schools, 19
Greg, Mr. W. R., want of sympathy for the growth of free institutions
in France, 104;
_Enigmas of Life_ quoted, 105
Grévy, President, expelled by the French chamber, 117
Guyot, M. Yves, proposal to pay the French clergy through the
communes, 150
Gymnastics, general indifference of Englishmen, 2;
training rare except for boat races, _ib._;
accepted by the French as discipline and drill, 5;
discouraged in France by the Church, _ib. note_
Gymnastics, mental, superiority of Latin and Greek as, 19
H
Harrison, Mr. F., his view of the autocracy of the House of Commons, 116
Hartington, Lord, quotes Professor Dicey’s explanations of the
sovereignty of the House of Commons, 107
Haydon, prejudiced against French art, 413
Highlands, French, 433
Highlanders, Scotch, their inertia, 423;
lack of enterprise, _ib._;
naturally gentlemen, 424;
absence of the Fine Arts and poverty of literature, _ib._;
outside European civilisation, 427
Horse-riding, associated in France with military exercises, in
England with hunting, 6;
denied to French ecclesiastics, but permitted English clergy, 7;
hunting in France, 11
Home Rule in Ireland, bitterness of the contest between the masses
and the classes, 113, 114
Hospitality, decline of, in France, 369
House of Commons, its sovereignty as explained by Professor Dicey, 107;
quoted by Lord Hartington, _ib._
Houses of Parliament, English, depreciated by foreigners, 415
Hugo, Victor, French veneration for, 54;
his relations with Juliette Drouet, 210;
his peerage, 323;
his resistance to Napoleon III, 402
Hunting in France and England, 11
Hypocrisy, distinct from formalism, 167;
example of a church-going atheist, 168
I
Ideals, English moral contrasted with the artistic of the Parisians, 38
Idleness condemned in America, 46
Ignorance of the English as regards Scotland and Ireland, 81
Ingres, Father, venerated in France, 54
Intellectual education. See Education, French and English
Invasion, no cruel experiences of, felt in England, 75
Ireland, English ignorance of, 81
Irish, their patriotic tenderness, 70;
exemplification in Mr. Robert Joyce the Irish poet, 71
Intercourse. See Sociability
J
Jameson’s, Mrs., first impressions of Canadian society, 81
Jealousies, National, reasonable and unreasonable, 89
Jesuits, liberal interpretation of Catholic doctrines, 174
Joyce, Mr. Robert, the Irish poet, his patriotic tenderness, 71
Justice, Intellectual, less appreciated in France than in England, 198;
obscured by party dissensions, 199;
sympathies of classes, _ib._;
English gentlemen with American slaveholders, _ib._;
with French Catholics, 200;
class ideas in England, 201;
in France, _ib._;
vulgar patriotism, 202;
French criticisms of France, 203;
exaggerations in literature, _ib._;
French pleasantry as regards Her Majesty the Queen, 204;
injustice of Victor Hugo, Carlyle, Michelet, and Ruskin, 205;
just and unjust accounts of railways, _ib._
K
Keats, unknown in France, 24
Knighthood, orders of, retained in England but not in France, 133
L
Labouchere, his resolution against the hereditary principle of the
House of Lords, 131
Lamartine, signs of revival, 403
Lancashire, art schools of, 33;
a reaction against the industrial age, 34;
almost a nation, 426;
character of the Lancastrians, _ib._;
their energy, encouragement of literature and art, and severe
Protestantism, _ib._;
connection with the Scotch lowlanders, 427;
open to European civilisation, _ib._
Landseer, nothing in common with Rosa Bonheur, 398
Languages, relative study of Latin and Greek in England and France, 15;
dignity of the teacher only to be secured by an ancient language, 16;
antiquity and mystery, _ib._;
proposed abandonment of the ancient for the modern, 18;
inferior teachers of English in France, 20;
vast improvement in the present study of modern languages in
France, 21;
in the status of the masters, _ib._;
low status of teachers of modern languages in England, 22;
difficulties in appreciating foreign poetry, 23;
English difficulties in judging French verse, 24;
exceptional knowledge of Swinburne, _ib._;
rarity of conversational accomplishment in foreign tongues, 25;
direction of future studies, _ib._;
fail to elevate the mind, 26
Language, English, its musical qualities denied in France, 407
Latin, more studied than Greek in France, 15;
antiquity and mystery of the language, 16;
sacerdotal and aristocratic, _ib._;
gave a dignity to laymen over inferiors and women, 17;
proposed abolition in French schools, 18;
neglected as a mental discipline, 19, 20;
required for the bachelor’s degree necessary to professions, 56
Lecky, unknown in France, 24
Leslie, C. R., his depreciation of continental art, 412
Liberty of thought in religion unfavourable to moral authority, 42
Liberty, in England and France, 112;
rule of majorities accepted in England, but not in France, 113;
growing hostility of the classes in England, and hatred against
Mr. Gladstone, _ib._;
approximating to that of the classes in France, 114;
opposition of the French Chamber to personal rule, 115;
Gambetta, Ferry, Wilson, and
Boulanger, 116;
English jealousy of Mr. Gladstone, _ib._;
Mr. F. Harrison on the autocracy of the House of Commons, _ib._;
autocracy of the French Chamber, 117;
religious liberty curtailed by political liberty, 118;
free discussion in England limited by juries, _ib._
Libraries, private, in France and England, 27;
exclusion of indecent books, 219
Literature rendered brilliant by malevolence, ix
Literature, French ignorance of English, 24;
superseded by science, 28;
more influential in England than in France, 399;
novelists and playwrights successful in France, 403;
English writers known in France only in translations, 408;
Russian novels popular in France, 409;
English demand for French novels, _ib._
Liverpool, cultivation of the fine arts better than in Rouen or Lyons, 34
London, inferior to Paris in its maintenance of art, 35;
French siege of, inconceivable, 89;
a nation, 427;
a state within a state, 428;
its standard of civilisation, _ib._;
not insular but cosmopolitan, _ib._;
absorbing the English aristocracy, 429
Lords, House of, its hereditary principle threatened, 131
Lotteries in France, 377
Louis XIV of France, the realisation of ideal monarchy, 109
Lowlanders, Scotch, repugnance to polish, 424;
sabbatarianism, industrial triumphs, intellectual distinction, and
taste for the Fine Arts, 425;
their resemblances to the Lancastrians, 426
Lunch, English, unknown in France, 368
Luxury, definition of, 291;
connected with expense and not with cheap pleasures, 292;
development, _ib._;
a home product in France but an exotic in England, 293;
domestic servants, _ib._;
dress, 294;
independent of Art, 295;
French commonplace, 296
_Lycées_, French, absence of cricket, 4;
proposed abolition of Latin as compulsory, 18;
question of excluding Greek, 19;
teaching of modern languages, 20;
examination and certificate of teachers, 21;
pupils compared with those in seminaries, 44;
disregard of social distinctions, 58;
their cheapness, _ib._;
distinguished from seminaries, 59;
lay masters and priests, _ib._;
deny the use of the catechism described by Matthew Arnold, 195
Lyons, cultivation of the Fine Arts inferior to that in Manchester
or Liverpool, 34;
a town of contrasts, 439;
Michelet’s description of, _ib._
M
Macculloch, Dr., his description of the inertia of the Scotch
Highlanders, 423
Macpherson’s _Ossian_ the one literary success in the Scotch
Highlands, 424
Madagascar, English jealousy of French expedition, 87
Maine, Sir Henry, his view of the dislike to change, 120;
interest in Mohammedans, Africans, Chinese, and Hindus, 121;
conservatism of women, _ib._;
his contemptuous estimate of the French President, 135
Majority, government of, in France and England, 113;
a state of liberty only when balanced by a minority, 115
Malevolence entertaining in literature, ix
Manchester, cultivation of the Fine Arts better than in Rouen or
Lyons, 34
Manners, national and class codes, 297;
courtesy in France and England, _ib._;
epistolary forms, 298;
French ceremony, 299;
old-fashioned, 300;
embarrassments, 301;
John Stuart Mill’s observation in France and England, 303;
English hospitality, 304;
defensive
politeness, _ib._;
bad manners in France and England, 305;
French manners of George H. Lewes, 306.
See Decorum
Marriage, French and English ideas of, 228, 353;
_mésalliances_, _ib._;
class ideas in France, 354;
pecuniary value of the French _de_, 355;
London market, _ib._;
_le mariage de convenance_, 356;
prudent marriages, _ib._;
French customs, 357;
dowerless French girls, 358;
varying dowries, 249, 359;
English contempt for small dowries, 360;
clerical influence, 361;
companionship the only ideal, _ib._;
prudence and rashness, 362;
marriage-feasts of the French peasantry, 369;
marriage of French army officers, 381
Marriage of clergy, opposite ideas in England and France, 208;
Catholic horror at the marriage of a bishop, 209
Meissonier, comparable only with the Dutch, 398
_Mésalliance_ defined, 353
Michelet, his description of Lyons, 439
Milan, King of Servia, educated in a French _lycée_, 58
Military exercises, imposed in France by the conscription, 5;
duelling, 6
Military officers in France and England, 334
Militia in England, a reserve of military amateurs, 92
Mill, John Stuart, observations on French feeling, 47;
on French and English manners, 303;
his influence, 399
Millais, a grouse-shooter, 3
Mirabeau, his declaration of the sovereignty of the people, 105
Mivart, Mr., on intellectual liberty in the Catholic church, 174;
story of the Deluge, 175
Monarchy and Republic, misuse of the terms in France and England, 103;
character of the old monarchy in France, 109
Monarchy in England, its possible duration, 134
Moral training, French and English, the outcome of personal
influence, 39;
a national moral sense necessary, _ib._;
stronger in England than in France, 40;
influence of the Church of England superior to that of Rome, _ib._;
effect of clerical education on unbelievers, 41;
influence of Agnostics, 42;
want of moral authority in lay teaching in France, _ib._;
truthfulness damaged by clerical education of unbelievers, 43;
French boys civilised by their mothers, 44;
home influences and school influences in England, _ib._;
advantages of rural life and grammar schools, 45;
immorality in dealings between nations, _ib._;
value of public opinion as moral authority, 46;
national and professional virtues, _ib._
Morley, Mr. John, his views regarding the House of Lords, 113;
his influence, 401
Morvan, district in France, a peculiar country, language, and
people, 434;
material civilisation, 435;
ignorance of cookery, 436;
contrasted with the Burgundy wine country, _ib._;
absence of the Fine Arts, _ib._
Music, national, prejudices created by political jealousy, 413
Music, sacred and profane, 275
Musset, Alfred de, popularity in France, 403
N
Napoleon I, system of education founded on the classics, and lighter
scientific studies, 28
Napoleon III, never won any real deference, 83
Nature, English love of, not always favourable to art, 37
National Assembly in France, declared sovereign, 107
Nationality in ideas, xviii
National success. See Success
_Noblesse_, French, surpass the _bourgeoisie_ not in learning but in
field sports and equipages, 59;
absence of culture, 60;
life of the rural aristocracy in France, 61;
barbarians in the upper classes, _ib._;
despise trade and all professions save that of a soldier, 62;
faults of, 327;
contempt for work, 328;
effect of poverty, 331;
Nonconformists, natural jealousy of the Church of England, 151;
less tolerant than Anglicans, 152;
social equality not to be gained by disestablishment, 154;
disadvantage in belonging to inferior sects, 155;
Herbert Spencer’s views concerning, 400
Novels and novelists, French and English, 213;
invention of situations, 214;
temptations, 215;
French novels cosmopolitan, 216;
variety in the demand, 217;
trash, 218
O
Ochlocracy, or popular government, 105;
in France a mere question of time, 106
Opportunist politics of the author, xiii
Orders, Religious, story of their expulsion from France explained,
190, 191
Orleans family, misrepresentations as regards expulsion from
France, 194
Orleans princes, educated like other French boys in a _lycée_, 58
Ossian, Macpherson’s, the one literary success in the Scotch
Highlands, 424
Oxford University, associated with social distinctions, 57, 59
P
Painting in France, the exquisite and the vulgar, 396;
qualities of English art, 397;
relative success, _ib._
Palgrave, Mr., statement that Orientals regard Europe as one
nation, 421
Palmerston, Lord, love of hunting and riding, 3
Paris, superior to London in artistic Europe, 35;
artistic ideal contrasted with the English moral ideal, 38;
English siege of, impossible without allies, 89;
a nation like London, 440;
characteristics differing from London, _ib._;
contrast with provincial life, 441;
the light of France, _ib._;
contrast in manners, 442;
in morals, 443;
in individual character, _ib._
Parliamentary system, alone practicable in England and France, xiv;
faulty working, _ib._
Parties in England, probable opposition between strong monarchists
and open republicans, 134
Patrie, a sacred word in France, 74;
“country” no equivalent, 75
Patriotic Duty, in France and England, 91;
English and French ideas compared, _ib._;
volunteer movement in England, 92;
English army more professional than national, _ib._;
want of national feeling in the French army under the Second
Empire, 93;
revolution in public opinion under the Republic, 94;
unity of sentiment between the French army and the nation, 95;
influence of national armies on peace and war, 96;
English repugnance to conscription, _ib._;
likely to be overcome, 97;
patriotism of the English in foreign policy during peace, 98;
absent in France except during war, _ib._;
confusion of patriotism with hatred, 99.
Patriotic Jealousy, between France and England, 85;
rivalry in Europe, _ib._;
in naval strength, _ib._;
equalities and resemblances, 86;
rivalry in Africa and the East, 86, 87;
English jealousy of French colonial enterprise, 87;
French jealousy of English possession of the Channel Islands, 88;
not to be settled by war, 87, 88;
difficulties of conquest on either side, 89;
jealousies reasonable and unreasonable, _ib._
Patriotic Pride, in France and England, 77;
strong in France before the Franco-German war, _ib._;
subdued by the loss of security, 78;
aristocracy humiliated by the establishment of the Republic, 79;
not wounded in England, 80;
strengthened by being the head of English-speaking nations, 81;
by underrating other nations, 82;
easy indifference of the French, 83;
hatred of France for her neighbours, _ib._
Patriotic Tenderness, in France and England, 65;
increasing in France and diminishing in England, _ib._;
loyal and pathetic as expressed in Black’s _Princess of Thule_, 66;
nourished by rural life, _ib._;
colonisation unfavourable to English patriotism, 67;
expression in composite states, _ib._;
increased by religion and poetry, but diminished by travel, _ib._;
causes of its diminution in England, 68;
dispersion of English middle-class families, 69;
reluctance of the French to emigrate, 70;
patriotic tenderness of the Irish, 70;
of the poet Wordsworth, 71;
attachment of the English to foreign countries, 72;
Robert Browning’s love for Italy, _ib._;
illusions of the French as regards France, 73;
provincial feeling stronger in France than in England, 74;
the words _pays_ and _patrie_, _ib._;
no cruel experience of invasion felt in England, 75;
varying intensity, 76
Patriotism, as opposed to impartiality in discussing foreigners, viii;
degenerates into _chauvinisme_, ix
Peasants, French, endurance in walking, 6;
their healthy and active lives in comparison with English factory
workers, 13
Pedestrianism, English ladies better walkers than French, 6
Photography, French superior to English, 399
Physical Education. See Education, French and English
Physical Education, imperfect in England, 1;
amusements of distinguished Englishmen, 2;
cricket and boating, 3;
high physical life of the English aristocracy contrasted with that
of towns, 12;
peasant life in France and factory life in England, 13;
English and French compared, _ib._;
future of the two races, 14
Poaching in France and England, 11
Poetry, foreign difficulties in appreciating, 23;
in France and England, 402;
English not appreciated in France, 406, 407
Politeness. See Manners
Political celebrity in England, 326
Pope, veneration for by Catholics, 54
Prefect, his official rank in France, 335
Pride. See Patriotic
Priests in France, may not shoot, hunt, or row in a boat, 7;
may fish with a hook, 8
President of the French Republic, contemptuous estimate of his
position refuted, 136;
his real influence, 137
Presidential government, American system of, unsuited to France, 110;
compulsory retirement of Grévy and peaceful election of his
successor, 111
_Princess of Thule_, an example of local patriotism, 65
Printing, French and English compared, 395
Protestantism, in England and France, xii;
protected in France by Freethinkers, xv
Protestants, their isolation in France, 155;
ultra-simplicity, 177
Provence contrasted with Brittany, 434
Provincial Feeling, strong in France but not in England, 74;
no cruel experiences of invasion felt in England, 75
Public opinion, its value as a moral authority, 46;
national and professional virtues, _ib._
Puritanism, revolutionised the English
people, 270;
especially the middle classes, 271;
experiences of an English family on a Sunday in Paris, _ib._;
success of Puritanism in Scotland, 274;
sacred and profane music, 275;
effect on literature, 276
Purity, dual relations between the sexes, 207;
physical and mental, 208;
opposite views of Catholic and Protestant of the marriage of
Anglican clergymen, _ib._;
Catholic horror at the marriage of a bishop, 209;
opposite views of marriage with a deceased wife’s sister, _ib._;
illegitimate unions in the lower classes, _ib._;
tolerated in artists and writers, 210;
Victor Hugo and Juliette Drouet, French opinion, 211;
Lewes and Liszt, 212;
immorality in great cities, _ib._;
French novels no evidence of French immorality, 213;
crimes frequent in all imaginary literature, _ib._;
especially in English novels, 214;
French novelists and their readers, 215, 216;
pure literature in France, 219;
misrepresentation of French lubricity, 220;
extreme cases of vice, 221;
social penalties, _ib._;
rustic morals in England and France, 221;
unmarried girls in middle and upper classes, 223;
French and Anglican clergy, _ib._;
soldiers and sailors, 224;
student life in France and England, _ib._;
Scotch and French students, 225;
French and English schools, 226;
domestic life in Paris, 227;
conflicting views of marriage, 228;
moral pride of the English, 229;
want of it in France, 230;
worship of the Virgin Mary, 231;
moral feeling in England stronger than in France, 232
R
Railways, just and unjust accounts of, 205;
Mr. Ruskin’s diatribe, _ib._
Rank, associated as with education in France and England, 56.
See Education
Regattas in France, 8;
clubs, 9
Religion, changed by political revolution, 118;
denial of Christianity or of the authority of the Scriptures a
criminal offence under English law, 118;
dislike of dissenters to be treated as inferiors, 132
Religion, real similarity between England and France, xii;
anomalous antipathies, xv;
relations between Catholics, Protestants, and Freethinkers, _ib._;
decay of reverence in France, 54;
in England confined to the Bible and the throne, 55;
State establishments, French and English compared, 141;
not national in France, 142;
international character of the Catholic priesthood, _ib._;
Anglicanism in England, Presbyterianism in Scotland, and
Catholicism in Ireland, 143;
co-establishments in France, _ib._;
changes under the Republic, 144;
contradiction, 145;
neutrality in France, _ib._;
toleration in England, 146;
modern idea of State protection to all creeds, _ib._;
disestablishment easy in France, 147;
in Great Britain and Ireland, _ib._;
impolicy of confiscating the stipends of priests in France, 148;
subscriptions for the Church easier than for science, 149;
proposed payment of the French clergy through the communes, 150;
disestablishment in England, 151;
natural jealousy of nonconformists, _ib._;
social power of the Church of Rome in France, 153;
isolation of Protestants in France, 155;
disadvantage of belonging to inferior sects, _ib._;
nominal orthodoxy alone required, 156;
dangers of nominal heterodoxy, 157;
State religion supported by Freethinkers, 157, 158;
two senses in the word “faith,” “custom” and “conviction,” 159;
sincerity tested by sacrifice, 160;
example of a young Frenchman, _ib._;
devotion of Catholic Sisters, 161;
strong faith in both Catholics and Protestants, 165;
distinction
between formalism and hypocrisy, 167;
philosophical Anglicans, 171;
examples in the English clergy, 172;
French equivalent, 173;
religion hereditary, _ib._;
external conformity in France, 174;
ritualism and formalism in England, 175;
no ritualist party in France, 176;
sham Christians in England and France, 184, 185;
revolutionised in England by Puritanism, 270;
observance of Sunday in France and England, 272;
incomes of the clergy in France and England, 379
Renan, his influence, 403
Republic, French, regarded by the Conservatives as a foreign
occupation, 391
Republic and Monarchy, misuse of the terms in France and England, 103
Republicans, French, their opposition to England, xvii
Republican sentiment cooling in France, 135
Reverence, dying out in France, 54;
decaying in England except towards the Bible and the Throne, 55
Revolutions in France and England, misleading terms “Republic” and
“Monarchy,” 103;
abolition of absolutism similar in both countries, 104;
want of English sympathy for the growth of liberty in France, _ib._;
beginning of democracy in France, 105;
sovereignty of the people, _ib._;
resemblances between the two revolutions, 106;
sovereignty of the National Assembly and House of Commons, 107;
aristocratic republic in England, 108;
irregular progress of the democracy in France, 109;
absence of a written constitution in England, 109, 110;
cabinet government in England copied by France, 110;
the misleading use in France of American terms, “Republic,”
“President,” “Senate,” 111;
peaceful changes, _ib._
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, his writings on art appreciated in France, 408;
his paintings depreciated as imitations, 410
Rhyme in poetry, difficulties of pronunciation, 23
Ritualism in England promoted by formalism, 175
Rothschild, Baron, abundance of game in his preserves at Ferrières,
11 _note_
Rouen, cultivation of the Fine Arts inferior to that in Manchester
or Liverpool, 34
Royalist sentiment extinct in France, 54, 135
Rural and urban life in France and England, 34
Ruskin, Mr., causes of his success, an art teacher to the English, 37;
his diatribe against railways, 205;
his influence, 400;
no readers in France, 408;
depreciates French art, 413
Russian novels, demand for in France, 409
S
Sabbath. See Sunday
Sabbatarianism of the Scotch Lowlanders, 425
Sarcey, F., his evidence respecting the neglect of English and
German in France, 21
_Saturday Review_, remarks on education in France, 218
Science, superseding literature, 28;
its place in secondary education in France, 29
Science and Art Department in England, 32
Scotland. See _Highlanders_ and _Lowlanders_
Scotland, English ignorance of, 81;
French confusion of Highlanders and Lowlanders, 425
Scott, Sir Walter, a keen sportsman, 3;
his denial of the authorship of Waverley novels, 196;
ignorance of French, 430
Seeley, Professor, proposals as regards Latin and Greek, 18
Seminaries, French ecclesiastical, their effect on pupils, 44
Sentiment, natural to the French, but ridiculous to the English, 47;
filial affection, _ib._;
friendship, 48;
sympathy, 49;
degrees of relationship, _ib._;
funerals, _ib._;
neglected tombs, _ib._;
cultured by the French, 50;
in the English clergy, 51;
English tenderness for animals, 52;
French hardness, 53;
reverence, _ib._;
royalist, absent in France, 54
Servants, domestic, in France and England, 293
Sisters, Catholic working Orders, their devotion, 161;
activity and cheerfulness, 162;
example of an Anglican saint, 163;
more common in France than in England, 164
Shadwell, Vice-Chancellor, family swimming in the Thames, 10
Shakespeare as an Englishman, 429;
his ignorance of French, 430
Shelley, his love of boating and swimming, 3
Shelley unknown in France, 24
Sociability, greater in England than in France, 363;
French liking for talk, 364;
separation of the sexes in France, _ib._;
difference in England, 365;
want of amusements in France, 367;
especially in the provinces, 368;
English lunch unknown in France, _ib._;
decline of hospitality in France, 369;
the club and the _cercle_, _ib._;
restricted by religious and political bigotry, 370;
divisions in France and England, 371
Social distinctions. See Caste
Socrates, indifference to comfort, 286
Spain, her pride wounded by English possession of Gibraltar, 88
Spencer, Herbert, great reputation in France as a thinker, 408
Spencer, Herbert, his term “anti-patriotism,” vii
Spenser, Edmund, not known in France, 24, 26
Sports: see Field sports.
Drill: see Military exercise
Stability, English, French faith in, 129;
wanting in English cabinets, 130;
in the House of Commons, 131;
threatened abolition of the hereditary principle in the House of
Lords, _ib._;
causes of the instability of a State Church, 132;
question as regards the English Throne, 133;
future of England, 134;
of France, 135;
coolness of French republican sentiment, _ib._;
Sir Henry Maine’s estimate of a French president refuted, 136, 137
Stoicism of the English, 47
Strathclyde, old, included the western Lowlanders and Lancashire, 427
Student life in France, 224;
Scotch and French students compared, 225;
morality of boys in French schools, 227
Success, National, abroad, its vanity, 406;
non-appreciation of English poetry in France, _ib._;
French opinions of English writers, 408;
Russian novels in France, 409;
English demand for French novels, _ib._;
French opinion of English art, 411;
influence of Constable on French landscape, _ib._;
wide celebrity of French painters, _ib._;
French art appreciated in England, 412;
English and German music unpopular in France, 413;
national appreciation of minor excellencies, 414;
depreciation of the Houses of Parliament by foreigners, 415;
moral eminence of success in war, _ib._;
French depreciation of the English navy, 416;
military reputation of France and England compared, 417;
changes since the Franco-Prussian war, _ib._;
greatness of England dependent on her superiority in arms, 418
Success, National, at home, 390;
England greater in religion and politics, _ib._;
isolation of French conservatives, 391;
partial success of the Republic, _ib._;
English and French finances,
392;
contrast in party feeling, 393;
arts and sciences, _ib._;
manufactures, 394;
printing, 395;
painting, 396;
home success of French and English artists, 397;
literature, 399;
poetry, 401;
young philosophers, 403;
journalists, _ib._;
dread of war in England and France, 404
Success, Personal, difficult for a French gentleman, 375;
familiar to the middle classes, _ib._;
example of Madame Boucicaut, 376;
money-making, 377;
lotteries and private gambling, _ib._;
overcrowding professions, 378;
wealthy traders, 382;
English manufacturers, _ib._;
cost of living in France and England, 383;
definition of real success, _ib._;
little pleasures, 386;
industrial civilisation a failure, 388
Suffrage in England and France, xi
Sunday in Paris shocking to English and Scotch, 271;
in England before the Puritan revolution, 272;
Catholic observance for the protection of toilers, 273;
example of a French Sunday, _ib._;
in England and Scotland, 274;
distinction between sacred and profane music, 275;
rowing and sailing, _ib._;
effect of the Sabbatarian customs on literature, 276
Swinburne, his exceptional knowledge of technical workmanship in
French poetry, 24
Swimming, cultivated more in France than in England, 9;
exceptional cases of Miss Beckwith, Captain Webb, and
Vice-Chancellor Shadwell’s family, 10
T
Tea-drinking in England opposed to French ideas, 283
Temperance, drinking in France as distinct from drunkenness, 233;
possible allowance of a Frenchman, 234;
wine a safeguard against spirits, 235;
German wine drinking, 236;
difference in drinking habits in France, 237;
French abstainers between meals, 239;
gormandism, _ib._;
temperance of the _gourmet_, 241;
quotation from Thackeray, _ib._;
plain living in France, 242;
consumption of spirits in England, 243;
dipsomania, _ib._;
growing temperance in England, 244;
English love of flesh meat, 245;
French economy, _ib._;
English asceticism, 246
Tenderness. See Patriotic
Tennis, abandoned in France, 4;
the parent of English lawn tennis, _ib._
Tennyson known in France only to students in English literature, 408
Tennyson, his peerage, 323
Thackeray, a French _gourmet_, 241;
ideas of duelling expressed in the _Newcomes_, 278
Thackeray, little appreciated in France, 408
Thrift, superiority of the French to the English, 247;
pettiness and meanness, 248;
English contempt for meanness, _ib._;
selfishness and self-denial, 249;
French anxiety to provide dowries, _ib._;
discouragements to thrift in England, 249;
contempt for small sums, 250;
prodigality of the old French nobility, _ib._;
modern examples of extreme thrift, 251;
English improvidence, 252;
results of thrift on the French nation, _ib._
Titles, the consecration of wealth, 323;
peerages of Tennyson and Victor Hugo, _ib._;
defended by Mr. Bagehot, 325
Tonquin, English jealousy of French expedition, 87;
unpopular in France, 96
Trollope, Anthony, love for fox-hunting, 3
Toussenel, misrepresentations of England in _L’Esprit des Bêtes_,
187, 188
Towns, French, pleasantness compared with English, 34;
render artistic life torpid, _ib._;
their exhibitions inferior to English, _ib._;
inferior taste in
buildings, 35;
inferior to English as art centres, 37
Training. See Moral
Training, physical. See Physical Education
Truth, repressed in French education, 181;
intellectual dishonesty encouraged, 182;
sham admiration in literature and art, 183;
less in England than in France, _ib._;
literary lying about Shakespeare and the classics, _ib._;
sham Christians rewarded, 184;
Sunday observance and family prayers, 185;
political lying, 186;
difference between French and English, _ib._;
French reliance on ignorance, 187;
misrepresentations of Toussenel as regards England, 188;
superiority of English falsehood, 190;
French Government pronounced atheistical, _ib._;
alleged expulsion of religious orders from France, 191;
of removal of crosses from the French cemeteries, 192;
expulsion of the Orleans family, 194;
story of a French catechism, 195;
Walter Scott’s denial of the authorship of _Waverley_, 196;
silence of Chambers as to his _Vestiges of Creation_, _ib._;
French and English ideas of truth, 197
Truthfulness, a social virtue, 41;
damaged by clerical education of unbelievers, _ib._
Turner, not comparable with any French artist, 398
Tyndall, Professor, a mountaineer, 3
U
University in France, teachers of modern languages assuming the
status of classical masters, 21;
professors mostly Agnostics, 42;
bachelor’s degree necessary in France for professions, 56;
not absolutely necessary in England, _ib._;
confers social distinctions in England, not in France, 57
Urban and rural life in France and England, 34
V
Variety in Britain, 421;
four distinct nationalities, 423;
Scotch Highlanders, their inertia, _ib._;
Lowlanders, their Sabbatarianism, industry, intellect, and Fine
Arts, 425;
Lancastrians, their resemblance to the Scotch Lowlanders, 426;
London, a nation, 427;
a state within a state, 428;
Irish, Scotch, Welsh, 429;
Shakespeare and Walter Scott, 430
Variety in France, 432;
English ignorance of provincial France, _ib._;
highlands, plains, and coasts, 433;
seven distinct climates, _ib._;
contrast between Brittany and Provence, 434;
between the Morvan and Burgundy, 435, 436;
departments, provinces, districts, 437;
local climates, 438;
diversities in towns, _ib._;
Paris, a nation, 440;
local as distinguished from London, _ib._;
the most artistic city in Europe, _ib._;
contrasted with the provinces, 441;
contrast in manners, 442;
in morals, 443;
modern diminution of variety in France, 444
Velocipedes in France and England, 8
Velocipedes, undignified in France, 8
Veneration, Catholic, for priests, 54;
absence of in French republicans, _ib._;
for Victor Hugo, Ingres, Chevreul, _ib._;
want of in French family life, 55;
in England for the Bible and the Throne, _ib._
Victoria, Queen, an example of open expression of the feelings, 51
Victorian era, probable consequences, 133;
monarchy in England, its probable duration, 134
Virtues, maintained only by a strong public opinion, 46
Virtues. See Truth
Volunteer movement in England produced by a sense of danger, 92
Voysey, Mr., his warning to dissenters, 154
W
War, diminution of national enthusiasm in England and France, 262
War, dreaded in England and France, 405
Wealth of France and England compared, 339;
creations of the nineteenth century, 340;
developments of industries, 341;
social value of wealth in England, 342;
French feeling, 343;
sanctity of wealth in England, 344;
sentiments of the poor, 345;
views of Matthew Arnold, _ib._;
and Gerald Massey, 346;
aggressiveness of mill-hands in Lancashire, 347;
respectful civility in France, 349;
national defence, 351;
rich traders and manufacturers, 382;
cost of living in France and England, 383
Webb, Captain, the English swimmer, 10
Wine drinking in France, 233, 234;
in Germany, 236;
advantages of cheap wine, 236;
wine and water, 238;
growth of English taste for French wines, 282
Women, their severe conservatism, 121
Wordsworth, a pedestrian, 2
THE END
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_.
Transcriber’s Notes
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations
in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other
spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.
Italics are represented thus _italic_.