THE FALL OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN AND THE GREAT INTERREGNUM [1250–1273].[44]
The Reign of Conrad IV.—Innocent IV. and Manfred—Alexander IV. and
Edmund of England—Manfred King of Sicily—Fall of Eccelin da
Romano—Ghibelline triumph in Tuscany—Urban IV.—Clement
IV.—Coronation of Charles of Anjou—Battle of Grandella and Death of
Manfred—Charles conquers Sicily—Guelfic Revolution in
Tuscany—Conradin’s Expedition to Italy—Battle of Tagliacozzo—The
Papal Vacancy and the Restoration of Peace by Gregory IX.—the Great
Interregnum in Germany—Rivalry of Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso of
Castile—Destruction of the German Kingdom—The Triumph of the Princes
and the Town Leagues—The Election of Rudolf of Hapsburg.
[Sidenote: The Reign of Conrad IV., 1250–1254.]
According to his father’s testament, King Conrad succeeded on Frederick
II.’s death-bed to the Empire and the kingdom of Sicily. Conrad remained
in Germany. Manfred, Frederick’s bastard son, acted as lieutenant for
his brother in Sicily, and received as his share in the inheritance the
principality of Taranto. To Henry, Frederick’s son by Isabella of
England, was assigned either Jerusalem or Burgundy, at Conrad’s
discretion, while to Frederick, son of the dead Henry VII., Austria and
Styria, his mother’s heritage, were allotted. But the hostility of the
Church was not abated by the death of the chief offender. ‘Root out the
name of the Babylonian, and what remains of him, his succession and his
seed,’ was now the cry of Innocent IV. The careful precautions taken by
the dead Emperor to maintain the union of the Empire and Sicily showed
that the long struggle was still far from its end.
Conrad IV., finding that he made no way against his rival, William of
Holland, left his wife with her father, Duke Otto of Bavaria, his chief
supporter, and abandoned Germany. Early in 1252 he appeared in Italy.
[Sidenote: Conrad in Italy, 1252–1254.] After rallying his partisans in
Upper Italy, he took ship at Venice for Siponto, where Manfred and the
Apulian barons gave him a hearty welcome. His appearance within his
kingdom was followed by a strong reaction in his favour. The magnates
generally recognised him, and Naples and Capua were forced to open their
gates. But misfortunes still dogged the house of Hohenstaufen. Conrad’s
position in southern Germany was now shattered by the death of his
father-in-law, the Duke of Bavaria, which was rapidly followed by that
of Conrad’s nephew, the young Duke Frederick of Austria and Styria.
Early in 1254 Henry, Conrad’s half-brother, also died, and his removal
destroyed the last ties which bound the Hohenstaufen to England. Worse
than all, Conrad and Manfred began to disagree, and their dispute gave
the Papacy an opportunity to intervene with effect in Apulia. [Sidenote:
Innocent IV.’s hostility to him.] So early as 1250 Innocent had sought
to set up candidates of his own for the Sicilian throne. He had sounded
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., as to his willingness
to accept it, and in 1252 he had renewed his offer. But neither Richard
nor his brother, the King of England, were willing to break from the
Hohenstaufen, though, after the death of Isabella’s son, in 1253, their
scruples were removed, and in the same year Henry III. accepted another
offer of the Sicilian throne on behalf of his younger son Edmund.
Meanwhile Innocent had returned in 1251 from Lyons to Italy, and had,
after a progress through the north-Italian cities, taken up his
residence at Perugia. Before the end of 1253 he was strong enough to
return to Rome. Active hostilities were now threatened. Mendicant Friars
vigorously proclaimed the Crusade against Conrad, and in the spring of
1254 Innocent renewed his excommunication. [Sidenote: Death of Conrad,
1254.] But in May 1254 Conrad died suddenly, when only twenty-six years
old, leaving Conradin, a child of two, as his heir, and, in his distrust
of Manfred, intrusting the regency to the Margrave Berthold of
Hohenburg. The body of the deceased king had hardly been laid in its
tomb at Messina when the ancient hatred of the Germans and South
Italians burst out as violently as of old. Berthold found himself so
powerless that he cheerfully gave up the regency, and Manfred was put in
his place. [Sidenote: Innocent IV. and Manfred, 1254.] Meanwhile
Innocent’s troops had invaded the kingdom, and took possession of the
important border stronghold of San Germano. The barons of the
neighbourhood sent in their submission, and the Margrave Berthold made
overtures to the Pope. Manfred was forced to negotiate with Innocent,
and in September 1254 a peace was signed, in which Innocent recognised
Manfred as Prince of Taranto and reconciled him to the Church. Nothing
was said as to the rights of Conradin, and in October Innocent himself
went on progress through the cities of the kingdom, and took up his
quarters at Naples, where he posed as feudal lord of the realm, the
disposal of which rested entirely in his hands. Manfred had hoped that
his submission would be followed by the recognition, if not of his
nephew, at least of himself as King of Sicily. He now saw that he had
been tricked by the Pope, and that the king whom the Pope would
acknowledge was not himself but the young Edmund of England. [Sidenote:
Death of Innocent, 1254.] He rode hastily to the trusty Saracens of
Lucera, and with their help gathered together an army to withstand the
aggressions of the Pope. Before any decisive action could take place,
Innocent died on 7th December at Naples.
[Sidenote: Alexander IV., 1254–1261.]
The Conclave assembled at Naples and elected a nephew of Gregory IX.,
who took the name of Alexander IV. The new Pope was described by Matthew
Paris as ‘kindly and pious, assiduous in prayer and strenuously ascetic,
but easily moved by flatterers and inclined to avarice.’ He had not the
inflexible will of his predecessor and (though he continued Innocent’s
policy) he was not very successful in his efforts, despite the fact that
it was easier to carry on the war against the Hohenstaufen now that the
legitimate stock was almost extinct and Germany entirely isolated from
Sicily. He soon found it prudent to withdraw from Naples to his own
territories, but he excommunicated Manfred and renewed Innocent’s offer
of the Sicilian throne to Edmund of England. [Sidenote: Edmund of
England King of Sicily.] In April 1255 the conditions were drawn up on
which Edmund was to obtain the proffered kingship. He was to pay a
yearly tribute of two thousand ounces of pure gold, and be responsible
for all past and future expenses involved in the prosecution of the war
against Manfred, besides sending an army and a general to assist in the
conquest of his kingdom. Edmund was still a mere child, and remained in
England while papal legates waged war against the usurper in his name
and sent in the bills to King Henry, who exhausted his last resources in
a vain effort to extract from the clergy and laity of England the sums
necessary for their payment. Meanwhile Manfred more than held his own
against the papalists, and showed in the struggle a daring courage and
force of character that proved that he was no unworthy son of his
father. [Sidenote: Manfred conquers Naples and Sicily, 1255–1256.]
Before the end of 1255 the bastard of Frederick had established his
position on the mainland. Early in 1256 he crossed over to Sicily, and
soon subjected the whole of the island to his obedience. Alexander now
found that there was no prospect of the promised English army and
subsidies. In 1257 the Pope’s difficulties were increased by a popular
revolt in Rome, where the Senator Brancaleone drove him to take refuge
in Viterbo, while a violent and sanguinary democracy lorded over the
capital and entered into friendly relations with Manfred, to whom the
Ghibelline towns now turned as their best protector against Pope and
Clergy. By politic commercial treaties Manfred secured the active
alliance of both Genoa and Venice. At last he grew so strong that he
scorned any longer to rule merely as the regent of his nephew. An untrue
report of Conradin’s death gave him a pretext for accepting the offer of
the throne from the Sicilian magnates, and in August 1258 he was crowned
at Palermo. [Sidenote: Manfred’s Coronation, 1258.] He soon learnt that
Conradin was still alive, but he did not lay down his crown. For a brief
space Naples and Sicily enjoyed peace and prosperity under his rule. The
early years of Frederick II. seemed revived, and the strong national
traditions of the South Italian kingdom were never more capably
expressed than in the brilliant court of Manfred at Palermo.
The cause of the Hohenstaufen seemed once more in the ascendant. Even in
Germany, where the little Conradin had hitherto found but scanty
acknowledgment outside his hereditary estates in Swabia, things took a
turn for the better. William of Holland died in 1256, and nearly a year
elapsed before a new election was made. Even then the papalists
disagreed, and, instead of a single strong partisan with an undoubted
title, two weak foreign claimants, neither of whom were very zealous for
Rome, disputed, as we shall see, the title of King of the Romans.
[Sidenote: Guelfs and Ghibellines in Northern and Central Italy.] In
Italy the success of Manfred had led to a strong Ghibelline revival, and
the one apparent reverse which their cause now suffered in the fall of
Eccelin da Romano did good by relieving the party from complicity in the
odious deeds of the ‘most cruel and redoubtable tyrant that ever was
among Christians.’ The cities of north-eastern Italy began to revolt
against the horrors of his rule, and the papal Crusade preached against
him now found a welcome even among his own subjects. [Sidenote: Fall of
Eccelin da Romano, 1259.] But Eccelin lacked neither energy nor ability,
and in September 1258 he signally defeated the Guelfic Crusaders at
Torricella. But his comrade in victory, the Marquis Pallavicino, soon
deserted his blood-stained cause, and was joined by Cremona, Mantua,
Ferrara, and revolted Padua. Manfred himself expressed his goodwill to
the confederates. Eccelin’s days were now numbered. He made a last
desperate effort to regain power by allying himself with the Milanese
nobles who had been recently exiled from their city by the popular
leader, Martin della Torre. But the attack on Milan failed, and Eccelin
himself was wounded and taken prisoner at Casciano by Pallavicino and
the Cremonese. Conscious that the game was up, he tore off his bandages
and perished (7th October 1259). The allies now wreaked their revenge on
his brother Alberic, murdering his wife and eight children before his
eyes, and then tearing him to pieces with wild horses. The house of
Romano had fought for its own hand rather than for the Emperor, and
their fall did little towards helping forward the papal cause. Yet
Eccelin was the prototype of the swarm of Ghibelline tyrants who in
subsequent generations were the most characteristic upholders of a once
great cause in Italy.
The fall of Eccelin made Manfred the uncontested head of the Italian
Ghibellines. In 1258 the Guelfic city of Florence had driven out the
local Ghibellines, who took refuge in Siena and appealed to Manfred for
help. In 1260 the Florentines marched out against Siena with their
_carroccio_. They were utterly defeated on 4th September at Montaperto,
a battle which secured the triumph of the Ghibellines over all Tuscany
save Lucca. [Sidenote: Battle of Montaperto and Ghibelline triumph in
Tuscany, 1260.] The victors proposed to reduce Florence to open
villages, but the patriotism and courage of the exiled Farinata degli
Uberti dissuaded his fellow-countrymen from this act of sacrilege.
Manfred had sent a troop of German horsemen to help the allies at
Montaperto. He now, says Villani, ‘rose to great lordship and state, and
all the imperial party in Tuscany and in Lombardy greatly increased in
power, and the Church and its devout and faithful followers were much
abased.’ The baffled Guelfs were now reduced to the sorry shift of
sending to Conradin’s mother in Germany, hoping to stir up her and her
son to resent the power of Manfred.
[Sidenote: Urban IV. 1261–1264.]
Alexander IV. was now so hopeless that he vainly sought to make peace
with Manfred. He died in May 1261, and a three months’ vacancy showed
even more clearly the impotence of the cardinals and the abasement of
the Church. At last the choice of the conclave fell upon the nominal
Patriarch of Jerusalem, James of Court Palais, the son of a cobbler of
Troyes, who took the title of Urban IV. During the three years of his
pontificate, the French Pope lived mostly at Viterbo and Orvieto, while
at Rome the Ghibellines again won the upper hand, and talked of making
Manfred their Senator. But Urban was a hot-tempered, strong and active
partisan, who brought back the Papacy to the policy of Innocent IV., and
struggled with all his might to lay low the power of Manfred, and
strove, though in vain, to end the schism of rival kings in Germany. He
was clear-sighted enough to see that it was no use fighting Manfred in
the name of a nominal king like Edmund of England, especially since,
after 1258, the Provisions of Oxford had effectually deprived his father
of money and power. [Sidenote: Charles of Anjou offered Sicily.] Urban
therefore prudently threw over the creature of Innocent and Alexander,
and offered the Sicilian throne to Charles of Anjou, the brother of St.
Louis, whose successful rule of Provence had shown his fitness for the
difficult task of withstanding the son of Frederick. St. Louis shrank
from countenancing the aggression of his brother, but Charles was
ambitious, and brushing aside all objections, gladly accepted the offer.
Manfred meanwhile grew more powerful than ever, and was steadily
extending his authority over the States of the Church. Before the
Angevin could come to his assistance, Urban IV. died on 2nd October
1264.
There was no delay in electing the next Pope. Guy Foulquois, a native of
Saint Gilles, and a born subject of the King of France, who had attained
the cardinal bishopric of Sabina, and was at the moment striving as
papal legate to uphold Henry III. against his barons, was chosen in his
absence by the cardinals, and assumed the name of Clement IV. [Sidenote:
Clement IV., 1264–1268.] A capable man and a strong partisan, Clement at
once entered into the enjoyment of the results of the labours of his
predecessors. He proclaimed a Crusade against Manfred, and in May 1265
Charles of Anjou himself appeared in Rome, where the fickle Romans,
among whom the Pope never ventured to risk himself, received him with
enthusiasm and named him their Senator. Next month a commission of
cardinals conferred upon him the investiture of Sicily, and received his
acceptance of the onerous conditions on which he was permitted to occupy
the papal fief. [Sidenote: Charles of Anjou crowned King of Sicily,
1266.] He was to pay 8000 ounces of gold as tribute, to surrender
Benevento to the Apostolic See, and to renounce the office of Roman
Senator as soon as he had conquered Manfred’s dominions. Charles
returned to Provence to raise an adequate army. Before the end of the
year he was back in Rome, where on 6th January 1266 he and his wife
Beatrice were crowned King and Queen of Sicily.
Within a few weeks of his hallowing, Charles invaded Manfred’s dominions
with an army of Provençals, North-French adventurers, and Italian
Guelfs. The Neapolitans were unprepared to fight a winter campaign, and
many towns and castles opened their gates to the French. Manfred
retreated from Capua to Benevento, where he resolved to strike his great
blow. [Sidenote: Battle of Grandella and Death of Manfred 1266.] On 26th
February the decisive battle was fought in the plain of Grandella,
north-westward of Benevento. Manfred’s Saracens easily scattered the
Provençal foot, but were in their turn overwhelmed by the mail-clad
mounted knights. The German cavalry, that were still faithful to the
Hohenstaufen, sought to redress the fortunes of the day. Charles hastily
directed the flower of his army against the Germans, who after a short
sharp fight were outnumbered and defeated. The chivalry of Apulia took
fright at the discomfiture of the Germans, and rode off the field
without striking a blow. [Sidenote: Charles conquers Sicily.] Manfred
saw the hopelessness of the situation, spurred his horse into the thick
of the fight, and valiantly met his fate. His wife and children fell
into the victor’s hands, and on that one day Charles gained his new
kingdom, which he now sought to tame by stern and systematic cruelty. He
was soon able to give material help to the struggling Guelfs of Tuscany.
On the news of Charles’s victory reaching Florence, the Ghibellines were
expelled, and the Guelfs availed themselves of their triumph to
reorganise the constitution. It was the first faint beginning of
Florentine democracy, and the turning-point in the whole history of the
city. [Sidenote: Guelfic Revolution in Tuscany, 1266–1267.] Fearing for
the permanence of their power, the Florentines called upon Charles to
aid them. On Easter Day 1267, Count Guy of Montfort, the fiercest and
wildest of the banished sons of Leicester, marched into the city at the
head of a band of French horse. Charles was made lord of Florence for
ten years. The Guelfs were almost as triumphant in Tuscany as in Naples.
[Sidenote: Conradin’s Italian Expedition, 1267–1268.]
Conradin was in his fifteenth year when the death of his uncle made him
the sole surviving representative of the house of Hohenstaufen. He was a
precocious and gallant youth, conscious that there was no prospect of
his playing a great part in Germany, and greedily listening to the
stories which Ghibelline exiles told of the wrongs of Italy and the
violence of the Angevin usurper. The triumph of Charles had been too
rapid to be permanent, and a strong reaction set in both in Apulia and
Tuscany against the brutal violence of his partisans. A revolt broke out
in Calabria. The Pope himself trembled at the completeness of his ally’s
success, and Rome chose Henry of Castile, brother of Alfonso X. and an
old enemy of Charles, as her Senator. Pisa raised the Ghibelline
standard in Tuscany, and the northern feudalists vied with the
Ghibelline cities in stemming the Guelfic tide. Conradin judged the
moment opportune to try his fortunes in Italy. At the head of a small
army, and accompanied by his uncle, Duke Louis of Bavaria, and by his
closest friend, Frederick, the nominal Duke of Austria, the young prince
crossed the Brenner, and in October 1267 entered Verona. But he was not
strong enough to act at once, and Charles profited by the delay to
prepare thoroughly for the struggle. At the approach of danger the
jealousies of the Guelfs vanished, and Clement was as eager as Charles
to destroy the ‘basilisk sprung from the seed of the dragon.’
[Sidenote: Battle of Tagliacozzo and Death of Conradin, 1268.]
Early in 1268 Conradin began to move. Welcomed in January in Ghibelline
Pavia, in April he was nobly received in Pisa, where he long tarried,
hoping to make head against the Guelfic reaction which, thanks to
Charles’s energy, was already apparent in Tuscany. In July he entered
Rome, where the Senator Henry of Castile joined his forces with the
Ghibelline host. He pressed on into Apulia, hoping to join hands with
the revolted Saracens of Lucera. But Charles hurried to meet him, and on
23rd August annihilated his army at the battle of Tagliacozzo. Conradin
fled from the ruin of his hopes, but was betrayed to Charles, and was
beheaded at Naples along with his comrade Frederick of Austria. He was
the last of his race, and his death ensured the Guelfic triumph in
Italy, which was henceforth to be utterly separate from Germany, and was
to go through long generations of anguish before she could work out her
destinies for herself. Clement IV. only just outlived the success of his
policy. After his death, in November 1268, a three years’ vacancy in the
Papacy completed the victory of Charles of Anjou by depriving him of the
only control that could be set over his actions. It was during this
period that he attained that fatal ascendency over Louis IX. that led to
the expedition to Tunis, where even the sacred crusading cause was made
subservient to the ambition of the lord of Naples. Yet, fierce and
violent as he was, Charles’s power alone kept Italy from absolute
anarchy.
While Italy was distracted by the contest between Guelfs and
Ghibellines, Germany was equally divided by the troubles of the Great
Interregnum which followed the death of William of Holland in 1256.
[Sidenote: Germany, 1254–1273.] After Conrad IV.’s departure to Italy,
William had begun to make way in Germany, and his marriage with the
daughter of Duke Otto of Brunswick connected him closely with the
traditional leaders of the German Guelfs. After Conrad’s death many of
the partisans of the Hohenstaufen, including the Rhenish cities,
recognised his claim, and no attempt was made to set up the infant
Conradin as his rival. [Sidenote: King William of Holland, 1254–1256.]
But if he thus gained formal recognition, William never aspired to be
more than a king in name. The chief event of his reign was the union in
1254 of the Rhenish cities in a league which extended beyond its
original limits as far as Ratisbon, and gave a precedent for other and
even more memorable unions of German towns. The local alliance between
Lübeck and Hamburg, established as far back as 1241, proved the nucleus
of the famous Hanseatic League. William’s death was only important
because of the troubles that a contested election evoked. The friends of
the Hohenstaufen found it useless to pursue the candidature of Conradin,
and were anxious to effect a compromise. They sought to find some prince
who, while friendly to the Swabian traditions, was acceptable to the
Pope and his partisans. Even the Rhenish archbishops, who had procured
the elections of Henry and William, felt the need for peace. Thus both
the Bavarian kinsfolk of Conradin, and Conrad of Hochstaden, the Guelfic
archbishop of Cologne, agreed in the sort of candidate that they would
welcome. They soon found no one in Germany who answered their
requirements. [Sidenote: The Double Election of 1257.] Ottocar, King of
Bohemia, possessed a power that far outshadowed that of any native
prince, and his recent acquisition of Austria and Styria gave him a sort
of claim to be considered a German. But all parties viewed with alarm
the aggrandisement of so powerful and dangerous a neighbour, and looked
further afield, hoping to find a candidate who, though not strong enough
to overwhelm their independence, was rich and energetic enough to save
them from the ambitious Czech. Conrad of Hochstaden, already well
acquainted with England, declared himself in favour of Richard, Earl of
Cornwall, whose wealth and reputation were great, and whose rejection of
the Sicilian throne, afterwards bestowed by the Pope on his nephew
Edmund, showed that he would keep clear from the complications of
Italian politics. Henry III., delighted that his brother and son should
divide the Hohenstaufen inheritance between them, backed up his
candidature. Richard was a good friend of the Pope, and yet had been the
brother-in-law and ally of Frederick II. He scattered his money freely,
and the Jews, his faithful dependants in England, actively furthered his
candidature. But France took the alarm at the extension of the power of
her English enemies, and the inveterate Ghibelline partisans of the
Italian cities would hear of no Emperor indifferent to their ancient
feuds. The citizens of Pisa suggested that Alfonso X. of Castile would
be a better candidate than the Earl of Cornwall, and the French party
eagerly took up his claims. The ancient rights of all the German nobles
to choose their king had fallen into disuse during the recent troubles,
and the right of election had gradually passed to seven of their
leaders, who on this occasion first definitely exercised the power that
belonged to the Seven Electors of later times.
In January 1257 the Archbishop of Cologne appeared with the Count
Palatine Otto of Bavaria and the proxy of the captive Archbishop of
Mainz before the walls of Frankfurt. On being refused admission to the
city, they formally elected Richard as King of the Romans before the
gates. The Archbishop of Trier, who had held the town against them, was
soon joined by the Duke of Saxony and the Margrave of Brandenburg, and
on 1st April these three elected Alfonso of Castile. Ottocar of Bohemia,
the remaining elector, for some time hesitated between the two, but his
declaration in favour of Richard gave the English earl a majority of the
votes of the electoral college. [Sidenote: The Great Interregnum,
1257–1273.] In May Richard crossed over the North Sea, and was crowned
at Aachen by Archbishop Conrad. He remained nearly two years in Germany,
and succeeded in getting himself generally recognised by the estates of
the Rhineland. But the rest of Germany took little interest in his
movements, and as soon as his money was exhausted, even his Rhenish
friends grew lukewarm in his cause. More hopeful was the support of
Alexander IV. and the alliance of Milan and other Italian cities. The
Castilians refused to allow Alfonso to prosecute his candidature in
person, and an absentee competitor might safely be neglected. Richard
now hoped to be able to seek the Imperial crown at Rome. But his
absorption in English politics required his return to his native land,
and the death of Alexander IV. deprived him of his best chance of formal
recognition.
Richard paid three subsequent visits to Germany, but never obtained any
greater power. Neither his character nor his resources were adequate to
the difficult task that he had undertaken, and his divided allegiance to
his old and new country made real success quite impossible. His simple
policy was to obtain formal recognition from the princes by making them
lavish grants of privileges. A striking example of this was when in 1262
he secured the permanent friendship of Ottocar by confirming his
acquisitions of Austria and Styria. For all practical purposes Germany
had no king at all. The abeyance of the central power forced the princes
to exercise all sovereign rights, and their feuds and factions reduced
the realm to a deplorable state of anarchy. Richard’s gold had broken up
the league of the Rhenish cities, and for the time the feudal party
seemed to have it all their own way. Richard, despairing of general
recognition, at last agreed to submit his claims to the judgment of
Clement IV., though he had refused similar proffers from Urban IV.
Clement died in 1268 before anything could be decided, and three years’
vacancy of the Papacy between 1268 and 1271 left the world without
either a spiritual or a temporal head. The great days of Papacy and
Empire were plainly over.
Henceforth the Empire was little more than an unrealised theory, but the
Papacy was still a practical necessity for the age, however much the
furious Guelfic partisanship of recent pontiffs had deprived the
Apostolic See of its former position as spiritual director of Europe.
Only a good and a strong Pope could restore peace to Italy and Germany,
and in September 1271 the election of the holy Theobald of Piacenza,
Archdeacon of Liége, then actually on pilgrimage in the Holy Land,
secured for Europe a high-minded spiritual leader. [Sidenote: Gregory X.
and the restoration of peace 1271–1276.] The short pontificate of
Theobald, who took the name of Gregory X. (1271–1276), stands in noble
contrast to the reigns of a Gregory IX., an Innocent IV., or a Clement
IV. With the wise and peace-loving pontiff, who sought to win back
Europe to better ways, the highest spirit of the Roman Church was
restored. We have seen how Gregory laboured in the second Council of
Lyons for the organisation of the Mendicant Orders, for the union of
East and West, and for the renewal of the Crusades. He devoted himself
with equal energy to ending the long anarchy in Germany. Richard of
Cornwall submitted to his decision, but died in 1272 before it could be
pronounced. In 1273 the Electors chose Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, in his
stead. Gregory smoothed over the difficulties which might have attended
his candidature, and established friendly relations with him. But the
peace that the Pope loved was but of short duration. The Papacy again
succumbed to the spirit of intrigue and violence, and before long fell
at the hands of the grandson of St. Louis, the great-nephew of Charles
of Anjou. The glory of the Papacy only outlasted the glory of the Empire
for two generations: but while the Empire had become little more than a
mere name, the Papacy, even in the days of the Captivity, continued,
though with diminished lustre, to command the spiritual allegiance of
Europe. Germany and Italy, the chief names of the Imperial idea, had
hopelessly lost any prospect of national unity, while losing the wider
unity of the Roman State. The real future thus remained with the
localised national states, which were best represented by France,
England, and the Spanish kingdoms. With their establishment on the ruins
of the older system, the age of the Papacy and Empire came to an end.
APPENDIX
TABLES OF SOVEREIGNS
(1) POPES.
John X., 914–928.
Leo VI., 928–929.
Stephen VII., 929–931.
John XI., 931–936.
Leo VII., 936–939.
Stephen VIII., 939–942.
Martin III. or Marinus II., 942–946.
Agapet II., 946–955.
John XII., 955–963.
Leo VIII., 963–964.
Benedict V., 964–965.
John XIII., 965–972.
Benedict VI., 972–974.
Benedict VII., 974–983.
John XIV., 983–984.
Boniface VII., Antipope, 974–984;
recognised, 984–985.
John XV., 985–996.
Gregory V., 996–999.
John XVI., 997–998 (partisan of Crescentius).
Sylvester II., 999–1003.
John XVII., 1003.
John XVIII., 1003–1009.
Sergius IV., 1009–1012.
Benedict VIII., 1012–1024.
John XIX., 1024–1033.
Benedict IX., 1033–1046. } deposed in 1046.
[Antipope, Sylvester III., 1044–1046.] } deposed in 1046.
Gregory VI., 1044–1046. } deposed in 1046.
Clement II., 1046–1047.
Damasus II., 1048.
Leo IX., 1048–1054.
Victor II., 1055–1057.
Stephen IX., 1057–1058.
[Antipope, Benedict X., 1058–1059.]
Nicholas II., 1058–1061.
Alexander II., 1061–1073.
[Antipope, Honorius, 1061–1062.]
Gregory VII., 1073–1085.
[Antipope, Clement III., 1080–1100.]
Victor III., 1086–1087.
Urban II., 1088–1099.
Paschal II., 1099–1118.
[Antipopes, Albert, Theodoric, and Sylvester IV.]
Gelasius II., 1118–1119.
[Antipope, Gregory VIII., 1118–1121.]
Calixtus II., 1119–1124.
Honorius II., 1124–1130.
Innocent II., 1130–1143.
[Antipopes, Anacletus, 1130–1138.
Victor, 1138 (abdicated).]
Celestine II., 1143–1144.
Lucius II., 1144–1145.
Eugenius III., 1145–1153.
Anastasius IV., 1153–1154.
Adrian IV., 1154–1159.
Alexander III., 1159–1181.
[Antipopes, Victor, 1159–1164.
Paschal III., 1164–1168.
Calixtus III., 1168–1178.
Lando, 1178–1180.]
Lucius III., 1181–1185.
Urban III., 1185–1187.
Gregory VIII., 1187.
Clement III., 1187–1191.
Celestine III., 1191–1198.
Innocent III., 1198–1216.
Honorius III., 1216–1227.
Gregory IX., 1227–1241.
Celestine IV., 1241.
Innocent IV., 1243–1254.
Alexander IV., 1254–1261.
Urban IV., 1261–1264.
Clement IV., 1265–1268.
Gregory X., 1271–1276.
(2) EMPERORS AND KINGS OF THE ROMANS.
Henry I. (the Fowler), 918–936.
*Otto I. (the Great), 936–973.
*Otto II., 973–983.
*Otto III., 983–1002.
*Henry II. (the Saint), 1002–1024.
*Conrad II. (the Salic), 1024–1039.
*Henry III. (the Black), 1039–1056.
*Henry IV., 1056–1106.
[Rivals—Rudolf of Swabia, 1077–1080.
Hermann of Luxemburg, 1082–1093.
Conrad of Franconia, 1093–1101.]
*Henry V., 1106–1125.
*Lothair II., 1125–1138.
Conrad III., 1138–1152.
*Frederick I. (Barbarossa), 1152–1190.
*Henry VI., 1190–1197.
*Otto IV., 1197–1212, } Rivals.
Philip II., 1197–1208, } Rivals.
*Frederick II., 1212–1250.
[Rivals—Henry Raspe, 1246–1247;
William of Holland, 1247–1256.]
Conrad IV., 1250–1254.
The Great Interregnum, 1254–1273.
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, } Rivals, 1257–1272.
Alfonso X., King of Castile, } Rivals, 1257–1272.
* An asterisk is affixed to these Kings who were crowned Emperors by the
Pope.
(3) EASTERN EMPERORS.
Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), 912–959.
[Joint-rulers—Alexander, 912–913.
Romanus I. (Lecapenus), 919–945.]
Romanus II., 959–963.
Basil II. (Bulgaroctonus), 963–1025.
[Joint-rulers—Nicephorus II. (Phocas), 963–969.
John I. (Zimisces), 969–976.]
Constantine VIII., 1025–1028.
Romanus III. (Argyrus), 1028–1034.
Michael IV. (the Paphlagonian), 1034–1041.
Michael V., 1041–1042.
Constantine IX. (Monomachus), 1042–1054.
Theodora, 1054–1057.
Michael VI. (Stratioticus), 1057.
Isaac I. (Comnenus), 1057–1059.
Constantine X. (Ducas), 1059–1067.
Michael VII. (Ducas), 1067–1078.
[Joint-ruler—Romanus IV. (Diogenes), 1068–1071.]
Nicephorus III. (Botaniates), 1078–1081.
Alexius I. (Comnenus), 1081–1118.
John II. (Comnenus), 1118–1143.
Manuel I. (Comnenus), 1143–1180.
Alexius II. (Comnenus), 1180–1183.
Andronicus I. (Comnenus), 1183–1185.
Isaac II. (Angelus), 1185–1195.
Alexius III. (Angelus), 1195–1203.
Isaac II. (restored) } Joint-rulers 1203–1204.
Alexius IV. (Angelus) } Joint-rulers 1203–1204.
Alexius V. (Ducas), 1204.
(4) LATIN EMPERORS OF THE EAST.
Baldwin I., 1204–1205.
Henry of Flanders, 1205–1216.
Peter of Courtenay, 1216–1219.
Robert, 1219–1228.
Baldwin II., 1228–1261.
(5) KINGS OF JERUSALEM.
Godfrey of Boulogne, 1099–1100 [refused the title].
Baldwin I. of Edessa, 1100–1118.
Baldwin II. of Edessa, 1118–1130.
Fulk of Anjou, 1130–1143.
Baldwin III., 1143–1163.
Amalric I., 1163–1174.
Baldwin IV. (the Leper), 1173–1185.
Baldwin V. (the Child), 1185–1186.
Guy of Lusignan, 1186–1194.
[Conrad of Montferrat, 1191–1192.]
[Henry of Champagne, 1192–1197.]
Amalric II. of Lusignan, 1197–1205.
Amalric III., 1205–1206.
John of Brienne, 1210–1225.
Iolande of Brienne, 1225–1228.
Frederick II., 1228–1250.
Hugh of Lusignan (King of Cyprus), 1268–1284.
(6) KINGS OF FRANCE.
Charles the Simple, 896–929.
[Rivals—Robert of Paris, 922–923;
Rudolf of Burgundy, 923–936.]
Rudolf of Burgundy, 929–936.
Louis IV., 936–954.
Lothaire, 954–986.
Louis V., 986–987.
Hugh Capet, 987–996.
Robert II., 996–1031.
Henry I., 1031–1060.
Philip I., 1060–1108.
Louis VI., 1108–1137.
Louis VII., 1137–1180.
Philip II., Augustus, 1180–1223.
Louis VIII., 1223–1226.
Louis IX. (Saint Louis), 1226–1270.
INDEX
Aachen, 18, 46, 51, 139, 141, 258, 331, 371.
—— palace at, 46, 80.
Aarhus, 22.
Aba, king of Hungary, 61.
Abbassides, the, 158, 465.
Abbeville, 416.
Abelard, 7, 208, 211–214, 239, 240, 241, 429, 432.
Abotrites, the, 21, 226, 227, 264.
Abul Cassim, 39.
Acarnania, 348.
Acerra, Diepold of. _See_ Diepold.
Achaia, Villehardouin, Prince of, 349.
—— Princes of, 355.
Acre, 186, 192, 300, 302–303, 304, 312, 337, 368, 453, 461, 462, 463.
—— battle of, 459–460.
—— St. Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.
Adalbero, Archbishop of Reims, 44, 70, 71, 74, 77.
—— Archbishop of Trier, 231.
Adalbert, St., 43, 45, 379.
—— Archbishop of Bremen, 121, 122, 123, 223, 236.
—— —— of Mainz, 144, 146, 231.
Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, 87.
—— of Champagne, third wife of Louis VII., 290, 291.
Adelaide of Burgundy, wife of Otto I., 28, 29, 31, 41.
—— of Maurienne, queen of Louis VI., 282.
—— of Poitou, 69.
Adenulfus, Duke of Benevento, 106.
Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, 182, 183.
Adige, the, 29, 258.
Adolf of Holstein, 265.
—— Archbishop of Cologne, 311.
Adrian IV., Pope, 249–250, 252–254, 256.
Adrianople, 155, 162, 299, 348;
battle at, 351.
Ægean, islands of, 158, 348;
crusaders in, 345.
Ætolia, 348.
Affonso Henriquez, king of Portugal, 325, 470–471, 475.
Afghanistan, 168.
Africa, 158, 170, 236–237, 468, 409, 471.
—— Christianity in, 103.
Agenais, the, 416.
Agnes of Poitou, wife of Henry III., 62, 121, 122, 128.
—— daughter of Henry IV., 221.
—— wife of Henry of Brunswick, and daughter of Conrad, Count Palatine,
308, 319.
—— of France, daughter of Louis VII., and wife of Alexius II., 340.
—— of Meran, wife of Philip Augustus, 323–324, 408.
Agriculture under Frederick I., 272.
Aigues Mortes, 457.
Ain Talut, battle of, 460.
Aix (in Provence), 417, 418.
Alan ‘of the Twisted Beard,’ first Count of Brittany, 85.
Alarcos, battle of, 471.
Albania, 164, 348; Greeks in, 350.
Alberic I., Marquis of Camerino, 30.
—— II., 30, 38.
—— 381.
—— da Romano, 483.
Albert the Bear, the Margrave, 226, 232, 233, 251, 264, 265, 268.
—— of Brabant, claimant to Liège, 307.
—— of Buxhöwden, 379.
—— the Great, 378, 447.
Albi, 216.
Albigenses, the, 216–217, 334, 394, 397, 398, 401, 419, 433, 436.
Albigensian Crusade, the, 332. _See also_ Albigenses.
Albigeois, 287.
Albina, daughter of Tancred, 317.
Alcantara, Order of, 207, 471.
Alençon, Peter, Count of. _See_ Peter.
Aleppo, 158, 195;
Ameer of, 159–160.
Alessandria founded (1168), 259, 260;
besieged, 261, 382.
Alexander II., Pope, 116, 124, 145.
—— III., Pope, 6, 256, 257–264, 269–270, 288, 471.
—— IV., Pope, 444, 446, 481–484, 490.
—— joint-emperor of Eastern Empire, 152.
—— of Hales, 445, 446, 447.
Alexandria, 195, 458.
Alexius I., Comnenus, 173–175, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184–185, 336–338.
—— II., Comnenus, 340.
—— III., 312, 342, 345.
—— IV., Angelus, 342, 344–346.
—— V. (Ducas), Murzuphlus, 346.
Alfonse of Poitiers, Count of Poitou, 407, 408, 410, 413, 414, 415,
416, 417, 418, 458.
—— Jordan, Count of Toulouse, 283–284, 287.
Alfonso, king of Leon, 326.
—— I., of Aragon, 467, 470.
—— VI., of Castile, 467, 468, 469.
—— VIII., king of Castile, 395, 421, 431, 467, 468, 469.
—— X., the Wise, of Castile, 10, 473, 475–476, 487, 490.
Alfred, king of Wessex, 15, 25.
Algarve, 473, 475.
—— Spanish, 473.
Algebra, Arabic, 363.
Alice, daughter of Louis VII. and Constance of Castile, betrothed to
Richard of Aquitaine, 288, 290, 293, 302.
—— of Champagne. _See_ Adela.
—— queen of Cyprus, 409.
Almansor, 466.
Almohades, the, 469–472.
Almoravides, the, 468–471.
Alp Arslan, Seljukian Sultan, 169, 171, 172, 179.
Amalfi, 117, 227.
Amalric I., king of Jerusalem, 185, 193.
—— II., of Lusignan, 453.
—— III., of Lusignan, 453.
—— of Bena, 433.
—— of Montfort, 456. _See_ Amaury.
Amaury, abbot of Cîteaux, 399, 400.
—— de Montfort, 402, 406.
Amiens, 291, 292.
—— treaty of, 416.
Anacletus II., Antipope, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 241, 281.
Anagni, 257, 262;
meeting of Gregory IX. and Frederick II. at, 369.
Anastasius IV., Pope, 249.
Ancona, 310;
siege of, 261, 310;
March of, 384.
Andalous (Andalusia), 464, 468, 470, 471, 472, 473.
Andechs-Meran, house of, 323.
Andernach, 19.
Andrew, king of Hungary, 61, 326, 452, 453, 454.
Andronicus Comnenus, 340–341.
Angelus, house of, 341–346, 351, 353.
Angevins. _See_ Anjou.
Angoulême, Isabella of. _See_ Isabella.
Ani captured, 169.
Aniane, Benedict of, 97.
Anjou, county of, 71, 76, 79, 87, 88;
rise of the house of, 286–287, 395–396, 404, 415, 416, 417.
_See_ Bertrada, Charles, Fulk, Geoffrey, Henry, Joan, John, Richard.
Anna Comnena, 107, 173, 337, 338.
Anne of Russia, wife of Henry I. of France, 79.
Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, 116, 121, 122, 123.
Anselm, St., of Canterbury, 7, 100, 139, 141, 210.
—— of Laon, 211.
—— Bishop of Lucca. _See_ Alexander II.
Anthony, St., of Padua, 441, 445.
Antioch, 160, 163, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 192, 195, 196, 285–300,
453;
principality of, 117, 460;
capture of by Bibars, 460.
—— Frederick of. _See_ Frederick.
Anweiler, Markwald of. _See_ Markwald.
Aosta, 210.
Apulia, 10, 11, 50, 166, 227, 228, 230, 253, 261, 306–307, 309–310,
311–312, 316–318, 328, 367, 369, 374, 390, 458, 479;
the Normans and, 105, 106, 114, 117.
Aquileia, 29;
patriarch of, 50.
Aquino, St Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.
Aquitaine, 75, 89, 90, 280–281, 286–287, 395, 396, 398, 406, 415, 416;
barons of, 76;
dukes of, 91.
_See also_ William V. of;
William the Pious of, and Eleanor of.
Arabs, the, 39;
of South Italy, 34;
and Aristotle, 432;
civilisation of, 169, 170;
and Holy Sepulchre, 178;
and Frederick II., 360, 361.
Aragon, 215, 229, 325, 326, 327, 467, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475–476.
—— kings of. _See_ Peter II. and James I.
Aral, Sea of, 456.
Arbrissel, Robert of. _See_ Robert.
Archers, Norman, 175.
Archipelago, Duchy of the, 352.
Architecture, Romanesque, 7.
_See also_ Romanesque.
—— Gothic, 7, 378, 403.
_See also_ Gothic.
Ardoin of Ivrea, 49, 52, 106.
Arelate, the, 3, 23, 53, 55, 56, 80, 266, 289, 308, 320, 386, 398, 417,
419.
Arezzo, 100.
Argenton, 320.
Argyrus, son of Meles, 107.
Aribert, archbishop of Milan, 53, 58, 59, 238.
Aribo, archbishop of Mainz, 50, 51, 52.
Aristotle, 214, 447;
translations by Michael Scot of, 363;
study of, 432;
Averroes’ commentaries on, 433.
Arles, kingdom of. _See_ Arelate.
—— kings of, Conrad, 51.
_See_ Rudolf III.;
Constance of. _See_ Constance;
archbishop of, 418.
Armenia, 155, 170, 171, 326;
kingdom of, 303, 311, 453, 454;
attacked by Togrul Beg, 169.
Armenian kingdom in Cilicia, the, 179.
Armenians, the, 165, 339.
Arnold of Brescia, 208, 213, 234, 239–242, 249–250.
—— archbishop of Mainz, 250.
Arnulf of Carinthia, 13.
—— duke of Bavaria, 15, 18, 20.
—— (2), Count Palatine, 19.
—— archbishop of Reims, 42, 44.
Arpad, house of, 61.
Arthur, legend of, 378.
—— duke of Brittany, 395.
Artois, 86, 291, 292.
—— Robert of. _See_ Robert.
Art, 2, 7, 10.
Arts in East, 157;
under Frederick II., 362, 363.
Arundel, Earl of, 454.
Ascalon, battle of, 183;
barony of, 186.
Asia, 169;
nobles of, 171.
—— Central, 167, 168.
—— Minor, 4, 155, 163, 172, 179, 182–183, 192, 351.
Assisi, 333, 388, 434, 435, 439;
St. Francis’ chapel at, 439.
Assizes of Jerusalem, 186, 355.
—— of Romania, 355.
Asti, 260;
captured, 261.
Atabeks, rise of the, 191, 195.
Athelstan, 15, 68.
Athens, Odo, Lord of, 349;
dukes of, 355.
Athos, Mount, 157.
Attalia, 192.
Attica, 155.
Attila, 167.
Augsburg, 23;
treaty at, 269.
Augustine of Hippo, St., 205, 440.
Augustus. _See_ Philip Augustus, King of France.
Aumâle, the peace of, 292.
Aurillac, 42, 43, 209.
Austin, St., rule of, 437.
—— Canons, 204–206.
—— Friars, the, 440.
Austria, 23, 37, 223, 329;
the duchy of, created, 251, 265;
dukes of, 353, 375, 478, 479, 490.
_See_ Frederick and Leopold.
Auvergne, 89, 90, 287, 289, 407, 413, 415;
Synod in, 138;
and Hugh Capet, 76;
William of. _See_ William.
Auxerre, Peter of. _See_ Peter.
Aventine, palace on, 44.
Averroes, 432, 433, 466.
Averroists, the, 433.
Aversa, 107;
foundation of, 105.
Avignon, 398, 406, 448.
Ayoub, 457.
Ayoubites, the, 455.
_Azymites_, 350.
Bacon, Roger, friar, 447, 451.
Badajoz, 468.
Bagdad, 158, 169, 170, 465.
_Baillage_, the court of the, 425.
_Baillis_, the, 404, 424.
Bailiffs, Frederick II.’s, 362.
Balearic Islands, the, 473.
Balkans, the, 163.
Baltic, the, 21, 380.
Baldwin of Boulogne, first Count of Edessa, 182, 184, 185.
—— —— the younger, 182.
—— of the Iron Arm, first Count of Flanders, 85.
—— V., Count of Flanders, 80, 86.
—— VII., Count of Flanders, 278.
—— IX., Count of Flanders, 343. _See also_ Baldwin I., Latin Emperor in
the East.
—— Count of Hainault, 291.
—— I., King of Jerusalem, 185. _See also_ Baldwin of Boulogne, and
Baldwin, Count of Edessa.
—— II., King of Jerusalem, 185. _See also_ Baldwin of Boulogne the
younger.
—— III., King of Jerusalem, 185, 193.
—— IV., King of Jerusalem, 193.
—— I., Latin Emperor in the East, 348, 351, 352.
—— II., Latin Emperor in the East, 353, 354, 355, 387.
Bamberg, 225.
—— cathedral of, consecrated, 50.
—— Suidgar, bishop of, 63. _See_ Clement II.
Bandinelli, Roland, 253–254, 256. _See also_ Alexander III.
Barbarians, invasions of, 15.
Barbarossa. _See_ Frederick I.
Barcelona, 43, 91, 419.
—— county of, 465, 466, 470.
Bari, 38, 103, 104, 107, 117, 118, 156, 172, 174, 230.
—— Synod of, 139.
Barral des Baux, 418.
Basil, dynasty of, 170.
—— I., the Macedonian, Eastern Emperor, 152, 167.
—— II., Eastern Emperor, 159, 163, 164, 165, 167.
—— St., shrine of, 171.
_Basilica_, the, code of laws, 154.
Basilius, chamberlain of John Zimisces, 162, 163.
Basque language, the, 90.
_Bastides_, 415.
Baty, Tartar chief, 385.
Bavaria, 2, 15, 16, 18, 19, 28, 37, 40, 47, 56, 58, 64, 121, 133, 139,
231, 232, 248, 266, 268, 329.
—— Otto of Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of. _See_ Otto.
—— Welf or Guelf, Duke of. _See_ Welf.
Beatrice of Provence, 418, 485.
—— wife of Otto IV., 329.
—— wife (1) of Boniface of Tuscany, (2) of Godfrey the Bearded, 109.
Beatrix of Savoy, 417.
Beaucaire, 418.
—— Seneschal of, 413.
Beauce, the, 78, 277.
Beaugency, Council of, 285.
_Beauséant_, 190.
Beauvais, 277.
Bec, Le, abbey of, 48, 100, 209, 210.
Becket. _See_ Thomas, St., archbishop of Canterbury.
Bela II., King of Hungary, 226.
—— III., King of Hungary, 299.
Bena, Amalric of. _See_ Amalric.
Benedict V., Pope, 33.
—— VIII., Pope, 48, 50, 63. 105.
—— IX., Pope, 63.
—— X., Antipope, 112, 113.
—— St., of Nursia, rule of, 94, 98.
—— St., of Aniane, 97.
Benedictine nuns, 438.
Benedictines, the, 443.
Benefices, feudal, become hereditary, 56, 57.
Benevento, 34, 107, 127, 485.
—— Lombard dukes of, 103.
Berbers, the, 468, 469.
Berengar, the Emperor, 27, 28.
—— of Ivrea, King of Italy, 28, 29, 30, 33.
—— of Tours, 111, 114, 209.
Berengaria of Castile, 326.
—— of Navarre, queen of Richard I., 302.
Bergamo, 259, 269.
Bernard, St., 7, 189, 191–192, 199, 202, 207–208, 209, 212–214, 215,
228–229, 232, 234–235, 240, 241, 242, 276, 281–282, 285, 432, 470.
—— of Anhalt, 268.
—— of Ventadour, 397.
—— Sylvester, 211.
Bernardone, John. _See_ Francis, St. Berno of Cluny, 97.
Bernward, St., bishop of Hildesheim, 41, 45, 46.
Berri, 76, 90, 287.
Bertha of Sulzbach, wife of Manuel I., 192. _See also_ Irene.
—— Empress of Henry IV., and daughter of Odo of Turin, 122, 123, 130,
138.
—— of Holland, repudiated by Philip I. of France, 80, 81, 275.
—— widow of Odo I. wife of Robert II., 78.
Berthold of Hohenburg, 480.
—— of Zähringen, 222, 248, 251.
—— Duke of Bavaria, 18.
—— of Ratisbon, 441, 442.
Bertrada of Montfort, Countess of Anjou, 80, 138, 278.
Bertrand de Born, 397.
Bessin, the, 83.
Besançon, 130.
—— Diet at, 252, 253, 254, 268.
Bethlehem, 368.
Béziers, Raymond Roger, Viscount of. _See_ Raymond Roger.
Biandrate, Counts of, 260.
Bibars, the Sultan, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463.
Bieda, 140.
Billung, Hermann, the Margrave, 19, 21, 23, 35.
Billungs, the, 232.
Birthen, 19.
Black Forest, 54.
Blanche of Castile wife of Louis VIII., 395, 407, 408, 410, 420, 426.
Blaye, 414.
Blois, 286, 289–291, 343.
—— the house of, 76, 79, 86, 87, 277, 279–280, 286, 291–292, 416.
Bobbio, 44.
Bogomilians, 174, 216.
Bohemia, 5, 23, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 60, 61, 142, 215, 226, 252, 326,
329.
Bohemund, son of Robert Guiscard, prince of Antioch, 47, 175, 182, 184,
185, 194.
Boleslav, king of Poland, 54.
—— king of Bohemia, 23.
—— duke of Poland, 48, 226.
—— IV., king of Poland, 252.
Bologna, 219, 237, 247, 259, 269, 382, 386, 391, 437, 444, 445.
—— schools and university of, 218, 219, 255, 313, 429, 430.
Bonaventura, St., 447.
Boniface of Tuscany, 109.
—— of Montferrat, king of Thessalonica, 344, 345, 347, 348, 351, 352.
_Boni homines_ (municipal), 238.
Bordeaux, English seneschal of, 413.
—— siege of, 414.
Born, Bertrand de. _See_ Bertrand.
Borrel, Count of Barcelona, 43.
Boso, founder of kingdom of Provence, brother of Richard the Justiciar,
88.
Bouchard the Venerable, 76.
Boulogne, 286, 287, 291.
—— the Counts of, 86, 87, 330. _See_ also Eustace, Philip, Stephen.
—— Godfrey of. _See_ Godfrey.
Bourbon, 417.
Bourges, 75, 81, 277, 287.
—— Peter, archbishop of. _See_ Châtre, Peter de la.
Bouvines, battle of, 331, 393, 396.
Bowides, the, 158, 169.
Brabant, the Dukes of, 307, 308, 330, 388.
Braga, Burdinus of. _See_ Gregory VIII.
Brancaleone, senator of Rome, 482.
Brandenburg, 16, 22, 223, 378, 490.
—— the Margraves of, 378.
Breakspear, Nicholas, 249. _See also_ Adrian IV.
Brennabor. _See_ Brandenburg.
Bremen, 226, 379.
—— Adalbert of. _See_ Adalbert.
—— archbishopric of, 223, 265.
Brenner Pass, the, 31, 50, 53, 134, 248, 250.
Brenner, the, 487.
Brescia, 239, 240, 381, 382.
—— Arnold of. _See_ Arnold.
Bretislav, Duke of Bohemia, 60, 61.
Brienne, house of, 355.
—— John of. _See_ John.
—— Iolande or Isabella of. _See_ Isabella.
—— Walter of. _See_ Walter.
Brindisi, 367, 368, 452.
Brittany, 75, 84, 85, 91, 212, 395, 408, 416.
—— Arthur of. _See_ Arthur.
—— Peter of. _See_ Peter.
Brixen, Poppo, bishop of. _See_ Damasus II.
Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, 24, 25, 31.
—— bishop of Toul. _See_ Leo IX.
—— St., founder of the Carthusian order, 200–201, 209.
—— cousin of Otto III. _See_ Gregory V.
Brunswick, 265, 268, 331.
—— Egbert of, 121. _See_ Egbert.
—— new duchy of, 375.
Bruys, Peter de. _See_ Peter.
Bulgaria, 34, 155, 157, 162–164, 167, 168, 192, 215, 326, 341–342,
361–352, 353.
Burdinus of Braga. _See_ Gregory VIII.
Burgundy, 28, 55, 59, 60, 67, 69, 116, 138, 202, 228, 260, 289, 413,
416.
—— Frederick I.’s policy in, 248, 251–252, 270, 478, 479.
—— as buffer-state, 56.
—— Conrad II.’s policy in, 58.
—— dialect of, 90.
—— duchy of, history of, 88, 89.
—— Robert II.’s conquest of, 78.
—— duchy of, Capetian, 76.
—— Free County of, 145.
—— kingdom of, 3, 55. _See also_ Arelate, and Arles, kingdom of.
Burgundies, consolidation of the two, 4.
Burkhard, Duke of Swabia, 37.
—— bishop of Worms, 50.
Buxhöwden, Albert of. _See_ Albert.
Byzantine power in South Italy, 160.
—— Empire, the, 161–175;
in the twelfth century, 336–342.
Byzantium. _See_ Constantinople.
_Byzants_, the, 156.
Cadalus, Bishop of Parma. _See_ Honorius II., 116.
Cadiz, 473.
Caen, French of, 83.
Cærularius, Michael, Patriarch of Constantinople, 103, 109, 167.
Cæsarea captured by Seljukians, 171.
Cæsar, title of, renewed, 270.
Cahors, 287, 415.
Cahorsins, 426.
Cairo, 195, 465.
Cairoan, 158, 178.
Calabria, 39, 53, 114, 115, 166, 201, 227, 230, 486.
—— Greeks of, 53.
—— Theme of, 156.
Calatrava, 470, 471, 472.
—— Order of, 207, 470–471.
Caliphate, break-up of, 168, 169, 178.
—— of Bagdad, destroyed by the Tartars, 460.
Caliphs, Abbasside, 158.
—— Fatimite, 117, 158, 178.
—— Ommeyad, 158.
—— —— at Cordova, 465–466.
Calixtus II., Pope, 145, 146, 147, 149, 202.
—— Antipope, 260, 263.
Camaldoli, order of, 100, 219.
Camerino, 30.
Campagna, Saracens in the, 386.
Cannæ, battle of, 105.
Canon Law, the, 219–220, 382.
Canonists, the, 432.
Canons, Regular, 6, 204–206, 226, 438.
—— —— in cathedrals, 205, 226.
—— Secular, 226.
Canossa, 143, 263.
—— Henry IV. at, 131, 132.
—— siege of, 137.
Canterbury, 210.
—— disputed election to, 325.
—— shrine of St. Thomas at, 289.
—— Anselm of. _See_ Anselm, St.
—— Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.
Canute the Great, King of Denmark and England, 53.
—— VI., King of Denmark, 265, 270, 320, 323, 326.
Capet, Hugh. _See_ Hugh.
Cappadocia, 161, 171, 172.
Capua, 34, 50, 106, 114, 227, 328, 362, 485.
—— Dukes of, 103.
—— Norman principality of, 117.
Carcassonne, 400, 409, 414, 418.
—— the _ville_ and _cité_ of, 425, 426.
—— Seneschal of, 413.
Cardinal, Peire, 398.
Carinthia, 37.
—— Arnulf of. _See_ Arnulf.
—— Conrad of. _See_ Conrad.
Carmel, Mount, hermits of. _See_ Carmelites.
Carmelites, 440.
Carniola, 37.
Carolingian Empire, the, 15.
Carolingians, West Frankish, fall of the, 40.
Carolings, the, 2, 3, 13, 14, 17, 23, 26, 31, 38, 47, 51, 66, 67, 69,
70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 97.
_Carta Caritatis_, the, 202, 204.
Carthage, 461, 462.
Carthusians, the, 6, 200–201, 257, 290.
_Cas Royal_, the, 425.
Casciano, battle of, 483.
Cassim, Abul, 39.
Castel del Monte, 364.
Castelnau, Peter of. _See_ Peter.
Castile, 10, 229, 336, 420, 431, 465, 466, 467–469, 471, 472, 473–476.
—— Blanche of. _See_ Blanche.
Castle, the feudal, 3, 9.
—— building in the Latin East, 188.
Castrogiovanni, battle of, 118.
Catalans, the, 355, 361.
Catalonia, 465.
_Catapan_, the, 103.
Cathari, the, 215, 334, 388, 433.
Cavalry, feudal, 3, 175.
Cavalry, heavy, in army of John Zimisces, 162.
—— Greek, 171.
—— Saxon, 16.
Celano, Thomas of. _See_ Thomas.
Celestine II., Pope, 241.
—— III., Pope, 271, 305–306, 309–313, 314, 323, 233.
—— IV., Pope, 385.
_Centumgravii_, the, 373.
Cevennes, the, 90.
Châlon, 213.
—— the Bishop of, 203.
Châlons, Bishops of, 86. _See also_ William.
Chamberlains, Frederick II.’s, 362.
_Chambre des Comptes_, the, 425.
Champagne, 76, 79, 86, 87, 284, 286, 289–291, 343, 413, 416.
—— its union with Blois, 280.
—— Odo of. _See_ Urban II., 137.
—— Counts of. _See_ Odo, Theobald, Henry of.
Champeaux, William of, 145. _See_ William.
Chancellor, the Episcopal, of the University of Paris, 430.
Chandax, Saracen stronghold, 159.
_Chansons de Geste_, 84.
Charente, the, 414, 416.
Charismians, 456, 457.
Charlemagne, romances of, 378. _See_ Charles the Great.
Charles the Bald, 56, 85.
—— the Great, 3, 4, 22, 31, 46, 151, 230, 378.
—— —— House of, 70, 72, 73. _See_ Carolingians.
—— —— Canonisation of, 258.
—— Martel, 170.
—— the Simple, 14, 15, 17, 66, 67, 68, 83.
—— of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, 354, 355, 407, 408, 416, 418,
419, 421, 447, 458, 461, 462, 484, 488.
—— of Denmark, Count of Flanders (the Good), 278.
—— Duke of Lower Lorraine, uncle of Louis V., 71, 77.
_Charter of Charity_, the, 202, 204.
Chateau Gaillard, castle of, 394.
Châtre, Peter de la, Archbishop of Bourges, 284. _See_ Peter.
Chartres, 286.
—— the School of, 211, 213, 214.
—— Ivo, Bishop of. _See_ Ivo.
—— House of, 78, 87. _See also_ Blois, house of.
Chartreuse, la Grande, 289. _See also_ Carthusians.
Cherson, theme of, 155.
Chester, Earl of, 454.
Chiavenna, 206, 261.
Children, the Crusade of the, 452.
China, 168, 174, 385.
Chios, 348.
_Chiusa di Verona, La_, 258.
Chivalry, 2.
Chrodegang, the rule of, 205.
Christian, Archbishop of Mainz, 262.
—— first Bishop of the Prussians, 379.
Cid, the, 467–469.
Cilicia, 155, 159, 160, 271, 300, 339.
—— Armenian kingdom in, 183.
Cistercians, the, 6, 201–204, 257, 265, 290, 399, 438, 443.
—— in Spain, 470–471.
Citeaux, 202–204, 206, 290, 385.
Civitate, battle of (1017), 105.
—— battle of (1053), 108, 114.
—— Diet at (1232), 372.
Civil Law, the, 7, 217–219.
Clair-on-Epte, Treaty of, 83.
Clairvaux, 202, 204, 234, 385. _See also_ Bernard, St.
Clara Scifi. _See_ Clare, St.
Clare, St., 439.
Clares, the Poor. _See_ Claresses.
Claresses, 439.
Clari, Robert of. _See_ Robert.
Classics, study of, in 11th and 12th centuries, 100.
Clement II., Pope, 63, 64.
—— III., Pope, 271, 278, 305, 313.
—— III., Antipope, 134, 135, 140.
—— IV., 485–491.
Clermont, Council of, 138, 139, 180–181.
—— Innocent II.’s Synod at, 229.
Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Robert of. _See_ Robert.
Clito. _See_ William the Clito.
Cluny, 5, 6, 25, 56, 63, 84, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 120, 125, 126, 137,
145, 178, 199, 203, 209, 213, 228, 229, 384, 387, 420.
—— and Gregory VII., 125, 126.
Cluniac ideals, 51.
Cluniacs, the, 41, 50, 51, 52, 92.
Coblenz, 140, 231.
Coimbra, county of, 467, 470.
Coinage, St. Louis and the, 425.
Cologne, 121, 141, 144, 201, 206, 255, 268, 320, 321, 330, 331, 378.
—— archbishops of, 25, 50, 51, 52, 262, 305, 307. _See also_ Adolf,
Anno, Engelbert, Philip, Pilgrim, and Rainold.
—— Diet at (1198), 320.
—— School of, 447.
Colonisation, German, 264, 265, 266.
Colombières, 294.
Columban, St., 44.
Combat, trial by, 424.
Comedies, Latin, 25.
_Comites Imperialis Militiæ_, 45.
Commerce, Greek, 157, 158.
—— treaty of, between Sviatoslav and John Zimisces, 162.
—— under Frederick I., 272.
Comminges, Count of, 401.
Commune of Rome, the, 240–241, 250, 253, 318–319.
Communes, the French, 282, 429.
—— the Italian, 237–239.
Como, 261, 269.
Company of Death, the, 262.
Compiègne, synod at, 323, 324.
Comnenus, dynasty of, 171–173, 336–340, 350, 351, 355.
Conan, Duke of Brittany, 287.
Conceptualism, 212.
Conches, William of. _See_ William.
Concordat of Worms (1122), 147, 148, 149, 225.
Congregational idea, 199–200, 204.
Congregation of Cluny, the, 97, 100.
Conrad I., king of the Germans, 12, 13, 14.
—— II., the Salic, Emperor, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 78, 101, 106,
224.
—— III., 192–193, 231–234, 236, 242–243, 245–246, 283, 340.
—— IV., 456, 459, 460, 478–480.
—— of Franconia, son of Henry IV. (Anti-Cæsar), 1093 137, 139, 140.
—— Duke of Franconia, son of Frederick of Büren, 222, 224, 225, 231.
_See also_ Conrad III.
—— son of Frederick II., king of the Romans, 368, 375, 383, 385, 388,
391. _See also_ Conrad IV.
—— Duke of Swabia, 51. _See_ Conrad II.
—— Duke of Carinthia, cousin of Conrad II. of Swabia, 51, 58, 101.
—— father of Conrad of Carinthia, 51, 101.
—— Count Palatine of the Rhine, half-brother of Frederick Barbarossa,
251, 308.
—— of Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne, 488–490.
—— of Marburg, Franciscan, 373, 382.
—— of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem, 302–303, 341, 453.
—— the Pacific, king of Arles, 23, 51, 55.
—— the Red, Duke of Lorraine, 20, 21, 23, 29, 51.
—— of Urslingen, 310.
Conradin, 459, 480, 482, 486–487.
_Conseil, Grand_, the, 424.
_Consolamentum_, the, 216.
Constance, 55.
—— Diet of, 62.
—— the treaty of (1153), 248, 249.
—— treaty of (1183), 263–264, 309.
Constance of Arles, 78.
—— of Brittany, 287.
—— of Castile, queen of Louis VII., 290.
—— of Sicily, wife of Henry VI., 269, 270, 301, 305, 306, 310, 316–317.
—— sister of Louis VII., Countess of Toulouse, 287, 398.
Constantine I., 144, 177.
—— VII., Porphyrogenitus, 152–158, 162, 163.
—— VIII., 159–165.
—— IX., Monomachus, 109, 166.
—— X., Ducas, 171.
Constantinople, 8, 34, 45, 152, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 182, 192,
193, 236, 322, 337, 338, 339, 341, 353, 354.
—— church of St. Sophia in, 341, 348, 350.
—— Fourth Crusade turned against, 345, 346.
—— organisation of, 348.
—— sack of, 351.
—— and Thessalonica, rivalry of, 351
_Consuetudines Cluniacenses_, 97.
_Consuls_ (municipal), 238, 263.
Conti, house of, 313.
_Conversi_, 200, 201, 440.
Corbeil, 76.
—— treaty of (1258), 419.
Corbogha, Ameer of Mosul, 183.
Cordova, 43, 473.
—— the Caliphs of, 465–466.
—— Mosque and cathedral of, 473.
—— Schools of, 466.
Corfu, Robert Guiscard dies at, 136.
Corinth, Marquises of, 349.
Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. _See_ Richard.
Corsairs, Moorish, 159.
Corsi, house of, 228.
Corsica, 239, 310.
Cortenuova, battle of, 381.
_Cortes_ of Spain, the, 474.
Cortona, Elias of. _See_ Elias.
Corvey, 25, 122.
Cos, 348.
Côtentin, the, 83, 106.
Cotrone, 39.
Coucy, the forest of, 206.
—— house of, 277.
Council of Beaugency, 285.
—— at Genoa (1241), 384.
—— at Ingelheim, 69.
—— the first General Lateran (1123), 149.
—— the second General Lateran (1139), 234, 240.
—— the third General Lateran (1179), 269.
—— the fourth General Lateran (1215), 315, 334, 437, 452.
—— General, at Lyons, the first (1245), 386, 387.
—— ——the second (1274), 440, 457, 462.
—— at Mantua, 116.
—— at Pavia (1046), 63.
—— of Pavia (1159), 256.
—— at Reims (1119), 145.
—— at Rome, summoned by Gregory IX., 384.
—— of Sens, 240.
—— —— (1131), 281.
—— of Sutri (1046), 63.
—— at Tours (1163), 257, 288.
—— at Worms (1076), 128.
Councils. _See also_ Synods.
Courçon, Cardinal, his statutes for the University of Paris, 433.
Courtenay, Peter of. _See_ Peter
_Credentia_ (municipal), 238.
Crema, 255.
—— Guy of. _See_ Paschal III.
Cremona, 28, 261, 269, 270, 309, 382, 383, 390, 483.
—— Diet at, 366.
—— Liutprand of. _See_ Liutprand.
Crescentii, the, 35, 112.
Crescentius I., 38.
—— II., John, son of the above, 41, 42, 43.
—— III., son of the above, 49, 50.
Crete, 155, 158, 159, 348, 355.
Crimea, the, 156.
Cross, the True, 178, 195.
Croton, 39.
Crown, the Iron, 137.
Crusade, the first, 138, 175, 179.
—— the second, 191–193, 208, 232–233, 284–285.
—— the third, 294, 295–304, 393.
—— the fourth, 8, 156, 343–346, 450.
—— the fifth, 452–455.
—— the sixth, 420, 421, 457–459.
—— the seventh, 425, 461–462.
—— the last, 450–463.
—— of Edward I., 462.
—— of the Children, the, 452.
—— projected by Henry VI., 311, 312.
—— preached by Urban IV., 354, 355.
Crusades, the, 2, 10, 39, 40, 84, 92, 139, 140, 170, 271, 348, 349,
350, 351, 364, 394.
—— their effects on the Byzantine Empire, 337.
—— Frederick II.’s, 364, 365, 366, 379, 455.
—— Innocent III. and the, 332–333.
—— Innocent IV. and the, 387.
—— the Albigensian, 394, 399, 400, 401, 405, 406, 407, 409.
_Curia Regis_, the, 424.
Cunigunde, Empress of Henry II., 48.
Cyclades, duchy of the, 348, 352.
Cyprus, 157, 160, 161, 301, 302, 303, 304, 340–341, 342, 351, 355, 457,
459.
—— the kings of, 463.
Cyril, 157.
Czechs, the, 266, 379. _See also_ Bohemia.
Dalmatia, 155, 345.
Damascus, 160, 192, 193, 195, 456.
Damasus II., Pope, 64, 101.
Damiani, Peter. _See_ Peter.
Damietta, 365, 454, 455, 458.
Dandolo, Henry, Doge of Venice, 343, 344, 348, 349.
Danes, the, 15, 16, 23, 37, 40, 155, 163, 178.
Dante, 363, 390, 392, 449.
Dardanelles, the, 345.
Dark Ages, end of, 3–4, 96.
Dassel. _See_ Rainald of Dassel.
Dauphiny, 301, 214.
David, monk, 142.
_De Consideratione_, Bernard’s, 242.
Decretals of Gregory IX., the, 382.
_Decretum_ of Gratian, the, 219.
Dedi, the Margrave, 122, 123.
Demetrius, king of Thessalonica, 352, 353.
_Demiurgus_, the, 216.
Denmark, 34, 83, 84, 248, 320, 321, 323, 326, 331, 383.
—— Canute of. _See_ Canute.
—— Engelbert’s war with, 371.
—— German influence over, 226.
—— Valdemar II. of. _See_ Valdemar.
Desiderius, Abbot of Monte Casino. _See_ Victor III.
Dialects, Romance, 89, 90.
Diepold of Acerra, 317–318, 328.
_Dies Iræ_, the, 442.
Diet at Civitate (1232), 372.
—— of Cologne (1198), 320.
—— of Constance, 62.
—— at Forchheim, 132.
—— of Mühlhausen, 320.
—— at Pavia, 59.
—— of Roncaglia (1154), 248.
—— —— (1158), 254–255.
—— at Tribur, 122.
—— at Verona (983), 39.
Diets, 48.
—— at Besançon, 252, 253, 254, 268.
—— at Mainz, 268, 374.
—— of Worms (1179), 266.
—— of Würzburg, 146, 257, 267.
Diocletian, 270.
Dionysius the Areopagite, St., 212.
Dominic de Guzman, St., 316, 333, 367, 399, 410, 434, 436, 437, 438,
439, 441, 444.
Dominicans, the, 436–439, 440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 446.
—— in Germany and Italy, 373.
—— and St. Louis, 422, 423.
—— at Toulouse, 410, 413, 414.
Dordogne, 90, 406.
Dorylæum, battle of, 183.
Dorystolum, battle of, 162.
Douai, 85.
Douro, the, 465, 467.
Drogo, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 106, 107, 114.
Dreux, 285.
Ducas, house of, 172, 353.
Dudo of St. Quentin, 83.
Durance, the, 417.
Durazzo. _See_ Dyrrhachium.
Düsseldorf, 121.
Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), 164, 175, 180, 352.
—— theme of, 155.
Eadgifu, daughter of Edward the Elder, 68.
East Mark, the, 223. _See also_ Austria.
Eberhard, Duke of Franconia, 12, 18–19.
Ebles, Count of Poitou, 89.
Ebro, the, 465.
Eckhard, Margrave of Meissen, 41, 43, 47.
Eccelin da Romano, 381, 382, 390, 482–483.
Edessa, 163, 184.
—— county of, 183.
—— fall of, 191.
Edith, daughter of Edward the Elder of Wessex, 15, 35.
Edmund of England, son of Henry III., 480, 481, 484.
Edward the Elder of Wessex, 15, 68, 89.
—— I. of England, 10, 416, 443, 461, 462.
Egbert, Count of Brunswick, 121.
—— Margrave of Meissen, 223.
Eger, Golden Bull of, 331.
Egypt, 158, 178, 195, 343, 359, 420, 426, 454, 456.
Eisenach, 378.
El Hakim, 178.
Elbe, the, 21, 40, 48, 264, 268.
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II. of England, 9, 192, 281, 283,
284, 285–286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 395.
—— sister of John, 395.
—— of Provence, Queen of Henry III. of England, 417.
Electors, the seven, 489.
Elias of Cortona, friar, 436, 445.
Elizabeth, St., of Thuringia, 382, 388.
El-Kamil, Sultan of Egypt, 368, 454, 455.
Elster, battle of the, 134.
Emeric, King of Hungary, 326.
_Emirs-ul-Omra_, 158.
Engelbert, St., archbishop of Cologne, 370, 371, 372, 378.
England, 3, 10, 15, 53, 80, 87, 229, 265, 267, 288, 327, 374, 375, 396,
414.
—— and Frederick II., 374, 375.
—— and the Guelfs, 265, 268.
—— imperial overlordship over, 308.
—— and Innocent III., 327.
_Enquesteurs_, the, 424.
Enzio, son of Frederick II., 382, 385, 390, 391.
Ephesus, bishopric of, 173.
Epic, the, 7.
Epirus, 155, 348, 350, 351.
—— Despot of, 352, 353, 354.
Erfurt, 268.
Ernest, Duke of Swabia, 51, 52, 54.
Es-Saleh Ayoub, 456, 459.
Eschenbach, Wolfram of. _See_ Wolfram.
Esthonians, the, 379.
Etampes, 76, 277.
Eubœa, 348.
Eudocia, widow of Constantine X., 171.
Eugenius III., Pope, 208, 213, 241–242, 249.
Euphrates, the, 163, 183.
Eustace of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey, 182.
—— —— son of King Stephen, 287.
—— of Flanders, 343.
Evora, Order of, 471.
Evreux, 395.
Exchequer Court, the (France), 424.
Faculties, University, 430.
Faenza, 384.
Farfa, 27.
Fatimites, the, 117, 178, 183, 195.
Federation of Lombard cities, 258, 259, 260.
Ferdinand I., first king of Castile, 466.
—— III., Saint, king of Castile, 473.
Ferrand, Count of Flanders, 330.
Ferrara, 483.
Ferté, La, abbey of, 204.
Feudal system, 13.
Feudalisation of South Italy, 118.
Feudalism, 1, 2, 5, 10, 13, 27, 448,
French, 73, 74, 350;
in Brittany, 85;
in Syria, 186;
in the 11th century, 96;
under Frederick I., 272;
growth of, 57;
political weakness of, 4.
Fiesco, Sinobaldo, 386.
_Filioque_ Clause, the, 350.
Finland, Gulf of, 379.
Fiorentino, 391.
Flanders, 85, 278, 291, 330, 343, 416.
—— Counts of. _See_ Baldwin, Charles, Ferrand, Philip, Robert, Thierry.
Flarchheim, battle of (1080), 133.
Flemings, the, 91, 350;
colonies of, 264;
of Constantinople, 351.
Fleury, 82.
Flora, 391.
Florence, 483–484, 486;
Hildebrand at, 112;
Conrad, son of Henry IV., dies at, 140.
_Fodrum_, the, 264.
Foggia, 391;
Frederick II.’s summer palace at, 364.
Foix, 419;
counts of, 401.
Foligno, 384.
Folmar, archdeacon, 270, 271.
Forchheim, Diet at, 132.
Fontevrault, order of, 201.
Fortore, the, 108.
Fossalta, 391.
Foulquois, Guy, 485. _See also_ Clement IV.
Fowler, the. _See_ Henry.
Franche-Comté, 145.
Francia, 68.
Francis, St., of Assisi, 7, 316, 333, 382, 388, 434, 435, 436, 437,
438, 439, 441, 442, 451;
and Gregory IX., 367;
and Sultan of Egypt, 435.
Franciscans, the, 434, 435, 436, 438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 447;
in Germany and Italy, 373;
and St. Louis, 422, 423.
Franconia, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20;
Duke of, 12, 56.
Frangipani, house of, 228.
Franks, the, 13, 19, 20, 26, 156, 174, 344–347;
character of the, 350;
the West, 14, 19, 66;
West, kingdom of, 72, 82;
in the East, 13, 88;
kings of, 67;
of Peloponnesus, 354, 355.
Frankfurt, 245, 311, 388, 489–490;
treaty of, 232.
Frascati, 306.
Fraticelli, the, 389, 442.
Frederick I., the Emperor (Barbarossa), 6, 243, 245–273, 292, 342, 370,
377, 428, 432.
—— II., 6, 10, 299–300, 305, 310, 315, 316–318, 328–332, 358–392, 394,
396, 408, 420, 429, 431, 451, 452, 455, 456, 482.
—— —— will of, 478.
—— archbishop of Mainz, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25.
—— of Büren (1), Duke of Swabia, 220, 222.
—— of Hohenstaufen (2), Duke of Swabia, son of above, 222, 224, 225,
231.
—— of Rothenburg, Duke of Swabia, 248, 259, 271.
—— of Hohenstaufen (3), Duke of Swabia, 232. _See also_ Frederick I.,
Barbarossa.
—— younger son of Frederick I., Duke of Swabia, 271, 300.
—— son of Henry VII., 478, 479.
—— of Antioch, 390.
—— brother of Godfrey of Lorraine. _See_ Stephen IX.
—— of Austria, 378.
—— nominal Duke of Austria, 487.
Freinet, 27.
French in Sicily, 317.
—— —— the, and the Council of Lyons, 386.
—— language, 72, 91.
Friars, the Mendicant, 7, 367, 382, 391, 437–444.
_See_ also Mendicants; the Grey.
_See_ Franciscans;
the Austin, 440;
the White, 440.
_See also_ Carmelites; the Black.
_See_ Dominicans.
Friars of the Sack, 440.
Friesland, 144, 373.
Fritzlar, 12.
Friuli, 37, 372, 373.
Fulcher of Chartres, quoted, 189.
Fulda, treaty of, 305.
—— peace of, 307.
Fulk (I.), the Red, Count of Anjou, 87, 88.
Fulk (III.), the Black, of Anjou, 178;
king of Jerusalem, 185, 286.
—— (IV.), le Réchin, Count of Anjou, 80, 81, 278.
—— (V.), Count of Anjou and king of Jerusalem, 280.
—— of Neuilly, 332, 342, 343.
Gabriel, 164.
Gaeta, 258.
—— John of. _See_ Gelasius II.
Galilee, barony of, 186.
Gandersheim, 25, 45, 46.
Gargano, Monte, 104.
Garlande, family of, 277.
—— Stephen de, 277.
Garonne, the, 90, 406.
Gascon language, the, 90.
Gascony, 89, 90, 406.
—— English dukes of, 415.
Gaza, 457.
Gebhard. _See_ Pope Victor II.
Gelasius II., Pope, 144.
_General Courts_, Frederick II.’s, 362.
Genghiz Khan , 385, 456.
Geneva, 55.
Genoa, 185, 188, 228, 239, 257, 260, 304, 305, 306, 309, 310, 337, 340,
386, 459, 460, 482.
—— council at, 384.
_Gens des Comptes_, the, 425.
Geoffrey the Bearded, Count of Anjou, 88.
—— Martel, Count of Anjou, 79, 88.
—— Count of Anjou, father of Henry II., 88, 185, 280, 286.
—— son of Henry II., Duke of Brittany, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294.
Georgians, the, subdued, 169.
Gerard, Grand Master of the Hospital, 190.
Gerbert of Aurillac, St., 42, 43, 44, 70, 71, 74, 77, 100, 309. _See
also_ Sylvester II.
Gerberga, queen of Louis IV., 23.
Gerhard, Count, 223.
Gero, the Margrave, 19, 21, 23.
Gerstungen, 124.
Gertrude, daughter of Lothair II., wife of Henry the Proud, 224, 232.
—— daughter of Henry the Lion, 265.
Ghazni, 168, 169.
Ghibelline, origin of the name, 221.
Ghibellines, 224–225, 246, 307–309, 320–322, 327–331, 381, 386, 390,
391.
—— Italian, 482–488.
Gibraltar, Straits of, 468.
Giglio, island of, 384.
Gilbert de la Porée, 208, 213.
Giotto, 436.
Girgenti, 118.
Gironde, the, 90, 414.
Gisela, Duchess of Swabia, Empress of Conrad II., 51, 52, 55, 60.
Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine, 19, 23.
Gnesen, 38, 252.
—— archbishopric of, 45, 226.
Gnostics, the, 216.
Godfrey of Boulogne (Bouillon), Duke of Lorraine and crusading leader,
152, 181, 184–185.
—— Duke of Lorraine, 112, 122, 123.
Golden Horn, the, 337.
Gorm the Old, King of Denmark, 16.
Goslar, 64.
Gothic architecture, 7, 378, 403, 415, 426.
—— —— in the East, 157.
—— —— in Italy, 203.
—— —— in Germany, 378.
—— —— in southern France, 415.
Gottfried of Strasburg, 378.
Grammont, order of, 200.
Gran, 45.
Granada, kingdom of, 472.
Grandella, battle of, 485–486.
Gratian, 7, 219, 382.
Greeks, character of, 350.
—— expulsion of, from Italy, 166.
—— in Sicily, 236.
—— in south of Italy, 3, 34, 53.
Gregory I., St., Pope, 209.
—— V., Pope, 42, 43, 44, 51.
—— VI., Pope, 63, 110.
—— VII. Pope, 80, 81, 116, 117, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129–136, 140,
143, 180, 182, 198, 210. _See also_ Hildebrand.
—— VIII., Pope, 271, 298.
—— —— Antipope, 144.
—— IX., Pope, 367–369, 382–385, 410, 420, 431, 433, 435, 436, 440, 442,
444, 456, 481. _See also_ Ugolino, cardinal.
—— X., Pope, 462, 491–492.
—— cardinal of St. Angelo, 228. _See also_ Innocent II.
Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, 386.
Guadalquivir, the, 472, 473.
Guadarrama, the, 465, 467.
Guadiana, the, 470.
Gualbert, St. John, 100.
Guelf, Duke of Bavaria, 137. _See also_ Welf.
—— house of, origin of the, 222, 224, 225.
Guelfs, the, 245–246, 265, 268, 331, 370, 371, 375, 382, 390, 394.
—— Italian, 482–488.
—— and Hohenstaufen, struggle of, 307–309.
—— renewed struggle of, 320–322, 327–331.
Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, elected Antipope. _See_ Clement III.
Guido, archbishop of Milan, 115.
—— cardinal, 240.
—— Marquis of Tuscany, 30.
Guienne, 281. _See also_ Gascony and Aquitaine.
Guilds, merchant, 429.
Guilhems, the, of Poitiers, 90, 395–396.
Guiscard, meaning of the name, 107. _See also_ Robert Guiscard.
Guthrum, 3.
Guy, archbishop of Vienne. _See_ Calixtus II.
—— of Crema. _See_ Paschal III.
—— of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem and Cyprus, 193, 195, 302–303.
—— de Montfort, 486.
Guzman, Dominic de. _See_ Dominic, St.
Haco, King of Norway, 388.
Hainault, 291, 417.
Halberstadt, Ulrich of. _See_ Ulrich.
Hales, Alexander of, 445. _See_ Alexander.
Hamburg, 22, 488.
Hamdanides, the, 158, 159.
Hanseatic League, origin of the, 488.
Harding, or Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux, 202.
Harold, King of England, 72, 73.
—— Blue Tooth, King of Denmark, 83.
Harran, battle of, 184, 185.
Harzburg, castle of, 124.
Harz Mountains, the, 17, 35.
Hastings, battle of, 80, 162, 175.
Hattin, battle of, 195.
Hauteville, Roger of. _See_ Roger.
Havel, the, 16.
Havelberg, 22.
Havellers, the, 16.
Hawking, treatise by Frederick II. on, 359.
Hedwig, Duchess of Swabia, 37.
Heidelberg, 251.
Heinsberg, Philip of. _See_ Philip.
Helena, mother of Constantine, 177, 178.
Hellas, theme of, 155.
Heloisa, 212.
Henfrid of Toron, 302.
Henry I., the Fowler, King of the Germans, 3, 4, 12–18, 21, 45.
—— II. (emperor), 47–50, 52, 54, 55, 105, 257.
—— III. (king), succeeds to Conrad II., 54, 59, 60;
(emperor), 61, 62, 63, 80, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 113, 120–122.
—— IV. (emperor), 64, 65, 116, 120, 141, 180, 181, 220.
—— V. (king), 140;
(emperor), 141, 147, 149, 223, 246.
—— VI. (king), 269, 270;
(emperor), 304–312, 314, 328, 329, 342, 428, 453.
—— ‘VII.’, son of Frederick II., 331, 364, 365;
Duke of Swabia, 371;
king of Romans, 371, 372, 375, 377, 380.
—— I. of Normandy and England, 88, 141, 145, 149, 277, 278, 280, 283.
—— II. of England, Normandy and Anjou, 6, 88, 195, 235, 243, 257, 260,
267, 268, 269, 270, 286–294, 299, 361, 393, 413, 423.
—— ‘III.’, son of Henry II. of England, 288, 289, 290, 291–292.
—— III. of England, 327, 374, 396, 406, 408, 409, 414, 415, 416, 418,
419, 421, 479, 481, 489.
—— VIII. of England, 389.
—— I., king of France, 61, 78–80, 89, 102, 103.
—— I. Duke of Bavaria, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, 35.
—— II. the Quarrelsome, Duke of Bavaria, 37, 40, 47.
—— Duke of Bavaria, 58. _See also_ Henry III., emperor.
—— the Black, Duke of Bavaria, 222, 224, 246.
—— the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, son of Henry the Black, 224, 225, 229,
231, 232.
—— the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, 232, 233, 246,
248, 250, 251, 260–261, 264–269, 273, 271, 292, 305, 309.
—— of Brunswick, eldest son of Henry the Lion, 306–307, 308, 319.
—— son of Frederick II. and Isabella of England, 459, 478, 479.
—— of Castile, brother of Alfonso X., 487.
—— of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, 453.
—— Duke of Burgundy, uncle of Robert I., 78.
—— Duke of Burgundy, afterwards Henry I. of France, 78. _See_ Henry I.
of France.
—— of Cluny, 214, 217.
—— archbishop of Mainz, 248.
—— Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria, 250–251.
—— archbishop of Sens, 281.
—— the Liberal, Count of Champagne, 289, 290, 291.
—— II. of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, 301, 303, 409.
—— of Kalden, 328, 329.
—— of Flanders, 343;
afterwards Latin Emperor of the East, 352.
—— of Schwerin, 371.
—— Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, 388.
Heraclius, the Emperor, 184.
Herbert, Count of Vermandois, 67.
Heresy, 115, 214–217, 433–434, 444, 451;
Monophysite, 155;
and Frederick II., 365, 373;
in Lombardy, 383;
Innocent IV. and, 387;
in Provence, 397, 398, 399;
in Anjou, 406;
Albigensian, 410;
and St. Louis, 426;
in Spain and Italy, 433;
and the Mendicants, 444, 446.
Hermann, bishop of Metz, 129.
—— of Luxemburg, 143.
—— Count Palatine, 250, 251.
—— of Thuringia, 378.
—— of Salza, 366, 368, 369, 374, 379, 383, 451.
Hermits, 201.
Hersfeld, 124.
Hierarchy, Cluniac conception of the, 99.
Hildebrand, 6, 8, 84, 101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 143, 145, 149, 198–199,
209, 247, 314. _See_ Gregory VII.
Hildesheim, 41.
Hirschau, 199.
Hochstaden, Lothair of, bishop of Liège. _See_ Lothair.
Hohenburg, battle of, 124, 128.
Hohenstaufen, the, 5, 269, 348, 377, 378, 394, 421;
castle of, 221;
house of, 221–223;
ruin of, 370;
policy of, 373;
fall of the, 478–488.
Holland, William, Count of, 330. _See_ William, King of the Romans.
Holstein, renounced by Valdemar II. 371;
Adolf of. _See_ Adolf.
Holy Roman Empire, 56, 60.
Honorius II., Antipope, 116;
Pope, 189, 225, 227–228.
—— III., Pope, 364, 365, 366, 406, 408, 410, 435, 437, 439.
Hospitallers, 194, 398, 456, 463, 470.
Hrotswitha, 25.
Hugh of Provence, 28, 30.
—— the Great, 23, 67, 68, 69.
—— Capet, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78.
—— the Great, brother of Philip I. of France, Count of Vermandois, 86,
181, 291.
—— of Cluny, 86, 130, 131, 145.
—— de Payens, 189, 190.
—— du Puiset, 277.
—— Duke of Burgundy, 301, 303.
—— de Lusignan, Count of La Marche, 395, 406, 408, 413, 414.
—— III. of Lusignan, king of Cyprus and Jerusalem, 453, 459.
—— of Saint-Cher, 447.
Humphrey, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 106, 108, 114.
Hungarians, 5, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 27, 48, 162, 339;
against Conrad II., 54;
and Henry III., 60, 61.
Hungary, 34, 45, 192, 226, 299, 326, 340, 385;
Stephen, king of (_see_ Stephen);
against Henry V., 142;
conversion of, 178;
king of, 344;
Margaret of. _See_ Margaret.
Huns, the, 167.
Hyacinth, the cardinal. 305. _See also_ Celestine III.
Ibelin, house of, 459;
lordship of, 186.
Iconium, 192.
Ida of Lorraine, 181.
—— Countess of Boulogne, 291.
Ikshidites, the, 158, 160, 168, 178.
Imad-ed-din Zangi. _See_ Zangi.
Incoronata, forest of the, 364.
India, Turkish state in, 168.
Infantry, Varangian heavy-armed, 175.
Ingeborg of Denmark, wife of Philip Augustus, 322–325, 328.
Ingelheim, Council at, 69.