Rice is extensively cultivated in the districts of Rosetta, Damietta,
Fouah, and Facous; but it is the opinion of a very excellent authority
that rice cultivation and the growth of this grain, which is seen at its
best in the swamps of Asia, will gradually die out of Egypt and become a
thing of the past. For, given ample water and a level of mud in which
the planter may thrust in the plant in its early green state of blades,
an abundant crop is pretty sure; but now that Egypt is becoming more and
more in a state of transition, with good drainage extending, and modern
applications at work for the proper washing and purifying of a soil that
is impregnated with salt and soda, this country will no longer be the
paddy field of yore, and the culture of rice may well be relegated to
the mud swamps of the countries farther east.
There is no cause for regret here, for, in comparison with those easier
of production, rice is far from being one of the best crops that can be
sown. Among farmers and gardeners there is a term known as sickness of
the land, marked by a want of vigour in its productions; and in Egypt
this may be produced by the want of that great sustainer of plant life,
decaying vegetable matter, or the impregnation of the soil with some
form of salt, soda in the main.
With the improved farming now going on, the natural soil, which was once
ready enough in its production of rice, is rapidly changing its
character, constant tillage, the flooding and washing which carry out
the efflorescing salts, and the constant addition of vegetable manures,
aided by one or two crops of clover, being the agents which are working
this alteration.
There are five varieties of rice grown in Egypt, namely Sultani, Fino,
Sabeini, Indian, and Japan. In regard to quality, the Fino occupies the
first place.
The sowing commences in the middle of April, and continues till June.
The crop occupies the land from three to six months, according to the
variety grown. The rice for seeding is put into water for twelve days,
then taken out and drained for two more. It is subsequently emptied out
of the sacks on to a floor and covered with hay, to remain four days
till heating and germination take place. Then the seed is sown on the
land, which is covered with four inches of water, this being drained off
after three days, leaving the seed for twelve hours exposed to the sun.
Then water is allowed to flow on to the plot once more, and a portion to
drain off, the surface at this later stage always having a covering of
from four to five inches in depth, so that the irrigation is always
fresh. This is continued during the growth of the crop.
The harvesting is in October and November, and the yield of an acre may
average fifty bushels of Paddy, which, when shelled, or husked, will
give twenty bushels of clean rice, valued at 6 pounds 10 shillings per
twenty bushels. The straw may be estimated at a ton per acre, and be
valued at one pound per ton.
Rice is one of the chief foods of the Egyptian, and it is an excellent
crop to grow on newly redeemed land, provided that water is abundant;
for the soil is impregnated with salt, and after a few crops have been
taken off the land becomes "sweet," in consequence of the perpetual
flooding. It can then be cropped with clover and cotton, but requires
much labour in the way of weeding, transplanting to fill up blanks, and
attention to irrigation. After paying rent and working expenses the
margin of profit is not great. The size of the plots ranges from half
to one and a half acres. The patches are encircled by drains or
ditches, which discharge into the main irrigating system.