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Texeira follows Mirkhond.
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THEINER, AUGUSTUS. 1. _Monumenta vetera historiam Hungariae sacram
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Rome and Agram, 1863, 1875. 2 vols. 8vo.
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THOMAS, A. _Les lettres à la cour des papes ... 1290-1423._ Rome, 1884,
8vo. Also in _Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire_, vols. ii and iv.
THOMAS, G. M. 1. Collab. with Tafel in compilation of _Urkunden zur
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THORNBERG. Latin trans. of Ibn Khaldun.
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THURY, JOSEF. Hungarian trans. of Neshri.
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l’italien en français par l’abbé Cournand. Paris, 1789. 3 vols. 8vo.
Toderini was chaplain to the Bailie of Venice at Constantinople from
1779 to 1785. In historical points he follows Cantemir pretty closely.
Of the Ottoman historians he seems to know only Seadeddin and Hadji
Khalfa.
TODERINI, T. (in collab. with B. Cecchetti). _Il R. Archivio di
Venezia._ Venice, 1873, 8vo.
TOZER, H. F. 1. _The Church and the Eastern Empire._ London, 1888. 4to.
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TUDELLE, BENJAMIN DE. In Bergeron.
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URSINS, JEAN-J. DES. _Histoire de Charles VI._ Edited by Godefroy.
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établissement jusqu’à présent. Avec les Portraits des Empereurs ottomans
tirez sur les meilleurs originaux._ Paris, 1689. 3 vols. 12mo.
VAN GAVER, JULES. Collab. with Jouannin.
VATTIER, PIERRE. French trans. of Arabshah.
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7 vols. 12mo.
VIGÉNAIRE, BLAISE DE. French trans. of Chalcocondylas.
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Villani died of the plague in 1348.
VILLANI, MATTEO, and his son FILIPPO. _Historia ab 1348 ad 1365._ A
continuation of the _Historia universalis_. (Also in Italian.) Muratori,
xiv. 1-770.
A most valuable contemporary record for first conquests of Murad I in
Europe.
VIVIEN DE SAINT-MARTIN, LOUIS. _Description historique et géogr. de
l’Asie Mineure._ Paris, 1852. 2 vols. 8vo.
VLASTO, E.-A. Trans. into French portion of Hopf which relates to
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VULLERS, J. A. Latin trans. of Mirkhond.
WAVRIN, JEAN DE. _Les Chronicques d’Engleterre._ Edited by Mlle. du
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WENZEL, G. _Monumenta Hungariae historica._ Buda-Pest, 1876, 8vo.
WERUNSKI, E. _Excerpta ex registris Clementis VI et Innocentii VI ..._
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WHITE, JOSEPH. Editor of Clarendon Press (1783) Persian text of Timur’s
memoirs.
WIRTH, A. _Geschichte der Türken._ 2nd ed. Stuttgart, 1913, 12mo.
WÖGERER, H. German trans. of Szalay.
WOLFF. _Geschichte der Mongolen._ Breslau, 1872.
WRIGHT, J. Editor of Mandeville.
WÜSTENFELD, FERDINAND. 1. _Vergleichungs-Tabellen der muhammedanischen
und christlichen Zeitrechnung, nach dem ersten Tage jedes muham. Monats
berechnet und im Auftrage und auf Kosten der Deutschen Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft._ Leipzig, 1854, 4to.
This is reproduced in Mas Latrie’s _Trésor de Chronologie_, &c., pp.
549-622.
2. _Geschichte der Türken mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des
vermeintlichen Anrechts derselben auf den Besitz von Griechenland._
Leipzig, 1899, 8vo.
A book full of inaccuracies and misleading statements: altogether
unworthy of the author of the _Tabellen_.
WUTTKE, HEINRICH. Editor of German trans. of P. J. Safařík.
WYLIE, H. _History of England under Henry IV._ London, 1884-98. 4 vols.
12mo.
XÉNOPOL, A. D. _Histoire des Roumains._ Paris, 1896. 2 vols. 1a. 8vo.
This is a translation, revised and abridged by the author himself, of
_Istoria Rominilor din Dacia traiana_. Jassy, 1888-93. 6 vols. 8vo.
YAHIA, NASREDDIN. _See_ Ibn Bibi.
YALE, H. English trans. of Marco Polo.
ZAGORSKY, VLADIMIR. _François Rački et la renaissance scientifique et
politique de la Croatie._ Paris, 1909, 8vo.
pp. 178-81 contain exposé of Bosno-Serbo-Croatian relations at time of
Ottoman conquest.
ZENKER, J. TH. _Bibliotheca Orientalis._ Leipzig, 1848-61. 2 vols. 4to.
Vol. i contains: Arabic, Persian, and Turkish books from invention of
printing to 1840; vol. ii, a supplement of preceding up to 1860, and
books on Christian Orient.
Compiled in haphazard fashion: very incomplete: most important works are
omitted: in giving translations Seadeddin is confused with Ali.
ZINKEISEN, JOHANN WILHELM. _Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs in
Europa._ Gotha, 1840-63. 7 vols. 8vo. In Allgemeine Staatengeschichte,
I, 15 _Werke_. Vol. i up to 1453.
Jorga’s recent work is 37 in the same series.
ZOLLIKOFER, LUCAS. German trans. of Pedro Mexia.
ZOTENBERG, H. French trans. of Jean of Nikiou.
ANONYMOUS
_Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani_ (1315-1402). In Miklositch and
Müller, _Acta et diplomata_, vol. i.
_Anciennes Chroniques de Savoye._ Cols. 1-382 in _Monumenta Historiae
Patriae_: Scriptores, vol. i.
Contemporary account of Amadeo’s expedition to the Levant.
_Chronik aus Kaiser Sigmunds Zeit (1126-1434)._ Edited by Th. von Kern,
in _Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte_, Nürnberg, i. 344-414. Leipzig,
1862, 8vo.
_La Chronique du duc Loys de Bourbon._ Ed. by P. P. Chazaud, Paris,
1876, 8vo.
_Chronique de Morée._ Edited for Soc. Hist. France by Jean de Longnon.
Paris, 1911, 8vo.
_See also_ Rodd, Sir Rennell, Schmitt, John, and Morel-Fatio, A.
_Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denis._ Edited by Bellaguet, in Coll.
des Doc. inédits sur l’hist. de France, XVII, tome ii. 504. Paris,
1839-52. 6 vols. 4to.
Nicopolis expedition, ii. 425-30, 483-532.
_Chronique des quatre premiers Valois._ (1327-93.) Edited by S. Luce.
Paris, 1861, 8vo.
_Cronica Dolfina._ Bibl. Marc., Venice, MS. ital., class 7, no. 794.
_Derbend Namé._ English trans. with Turkish text, by Mirza A. Kazem bey.
St. Petersburg, 1851, 4to.
The Dominican Friar’s Account of Timur. _See_ Moranvillé, Henri, and
Silvestre de Sacy, A. I.
Έπιρωτικά (Epirotica). _Historia Epiri a Michaele Nepote Duce
conscripta._ Six fragments, forming pp. 207-79, in _Historia et Politica
Patriarchica Constantinopoleos_. (In _Corpus Script. Byz._) Bonn, 1849,
8vo.
_La Généalogie du Grand-Turc_ (Lyon ed.). _See_ Gycaud.
_Livre des faicts du bon messire Jean le Maingre, dit Bouciquaut._ Bibl.
Nat., fonds fr., no. 11432. Th. Godefroy edited and published this MS.,
Paris, 1620, 4to. Modern editions: Collection Petitot, VI and VII;
Michaud et Poujoulat, II; and Buchon, _Choix de chroniques_ (Panthéon
littéraire), III. Paris, 1853.
_Memoirs of Timur._ Supposed to be an autobiography in Djagatai Turkish,
MS. of which was discovered in the Yemen.
1. Persian trans. by Abu Halib Hussein. The text was edited by Professor
White, and publ. by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1783, with a trans.
into English by Major Davy. A second English trans. was made by Charles
Stewart, under title _Mulfuzat timüry_ or autobiographical memoirs of
the Moghul emp. Timur. London, 1830, 4to.
2. French trans. from Persian by L. Langlès, under title _Instituts
politiques et militaires de Tamerlan_, écrit par lui-même. Paris, 1787,
8vo.
_Mira-ari tarikh Osmani._ (Ottoman history.) Constantinople, 1876, 8vo.
_Monumenta Pisana._ In Muratori, xv. 973-1088.
_Relation de la Croisade de Nicopolis par un serviteur de Gui de Blois._
The two MSS. in the Library of the Duc d’Arenbourg and the Ashburnham
collection are published by Kervyn de Lettenhove, in his edition of
Froissart, xv. 439-508; xvi. 413-43.
_Series Imperatorum Turcicorum._ In Foglietta, _de Originibus_.
_Tractatus de ritu et moribus Turcarum._ Cologne, c. 1488; Wittenberg,
with preface by Martin Luther, 1530; German trans. by Sebastian Franck,
without place, 1530; augmented edition of Franck’s trans., Berlin, 1590.
The same work under title _Tractatus de ritu, moribus et multiplicatione
nequitiae Turcarum_, Paris, 1514, 8vo.
By a Christian slave under Murad II. Rambaud, _Hist. gén._, iii. 867,
cites an edition of Paris, 1509, 4to, which he attributes to Ricoldus.
But I do not find this name in other editions.
SERBIAN CHRONICLES
Chronicle of the Abbey Tronosha. Chronicle of Pek, quoted by
Mijatovitch.
BYZANTINE HISTORIANS
1. _Historiae byzantinae scriptores._ Louvre ed. Paris, 1645-1711. 38
vols. fol. Venice, 1727-33. 23 vols.
2. _Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae._ Ed. by Niebuhr. Bonn,
1828-78. 49 vols. 8vo.
3. _Patrologia Graeca._ Ed. by Migne. Paris, 1857-66, 161 vols. 4to.
The writers who deal with the 14th cent. are:
1. Pachymeres (1258-1308). Bonn, 1835. 2 vols. 8vo. Rome, 1660.
2. Nicephorus Gregoras (1204-1351). Bonn, 1855. Paris, 1702, 2 vols.
3. Johannes VI Cantacuzenos (1320-57). Bonn, 1828-32. 3 vols. 8vo.
Paris, 1645. Migne, ciii-civ.
4. Manuel I Palaeologos (1388-1407). Migne, clvi. 82-582.
5. Chalcocondylas, Laonicus (1298-1462). Bonn, 1843. Paris, 1650. Migne,
vol. clix.
6. Ducas, Johannes (1341-1462). Bonn, 1834. Migne, clvii. 750-1166.
Paris, 1649. Chronicon Breve--added to Ducas.
7. Phrantzes, George (1259-1477). Bonn, 1838. Migne, vol. clvi. Vienna,
1796.
8. Panaretos, Michail (1204-1386). For Trebizond. _See_ editions under
his card.
9. Historia Epirotica. Bonn, 1849. (In vol. xxiii.)
VENETIAN ARCHIVES
Original MS. collections referred to in my book:
I. _Commemoriali._ A transcription of miscellaneous acts, bulls, &c.,
1295-1787. 33 vols. la. fol. Vols. i-ix, 1295-1405. i, 1295-8. ii,
1309-16. iii, 1317-26. iv, 1325-43. v, 1342-52. vi, 1353-8. vii,
1358-62. viii, 1362-76. viii (2), 1376-97. ix, 1395-1405. The
_Commemoriali_ have been edited by Riccardo Predelli. _See also_ Thomas.
II. _Misti_ (Deliberationes mixtae). ‘Continentes res terrestres et
maritimas.’ 1293-1440. First 14 volumes (1293-1331) were burned in 1574
or 1577, but indices have been preserved in the Rubricarii. 60 vols.
fol. xv-xxxii, 1332-67; xxxiii-xli, 1368-88; xlii-xlix, 1389-1413.
Rubricarii. Indices of the Misti. 4 vols. i, 1293-1368 (32 registers);
ii, 1368-89 (9 registers); iii, 1389-1413 (9 registers).
III. _Secreti_ (Deliberationes secretae). For foreign affairs.
1345-1401. Numbered by letters. 19 vols., A to S, of which only four
remain. A and B, 1345-50; R (now called E), March 1388-97; and L, May
1373-Feb. 1376. One feels deeply the loss of these records, especially
of S, which went from April 1397 to Feb. 1400.
IV. _Patti._ 7 registers of treaties from 883 to 1496.
V. _Liber Albus._ Treaties, privileges, &c., with the Levant
(principally for commerce) up to 1348.
VI. _Libri Secretorum Consilii Rogatorum_, commonly called ‘Cons. Rog.’.
A continuation of the Secreti from April 10, 1401, to Feb. 26, 1476.
These volumes bear Arabic numerals, not letters. There are 27 registers,
of which no. 1 contains the Anatolian campaign of Timur and the downfall
of Bayezid.
In the classified bibliography, the collections in which documents from
Venetian records have been published are grouped.
INDEX
Adalia, 158, 296, 297-8.
Adana, 74, 282, 296, 298-9.
Adrianople, 39, 91, 100, 103, 112, 114, 121, 123, 125-6,
171-87, 207, 231-2, 261;
unique place of, in Ottoman history, 139.
Afion Kara Hissar, 11, 290.
Aïdin, 65, 86, 158, 185-6, 191, 228, 283, 286, 291;
Ottoman absorption of, 185, 259, 274, 287.
Akbara, 69, 284.
Akridur, 284, 288-9.
Ak Seraï, 16, 162, 187, 189, 237, 284, 300.
Ak Sheïr, 154, 187, 260, 284-5.
Ak Tchaï, battle of, 188-90.
Alaïa, 285, 289.
Albania, Ottoman invasions of, 147, 159-60, 170, 183, 206, 243.
Albanian nobility, conversion of, to Islam, 76.
Albanians, value of, in Ottoman army, 159.
Alaeddin Kaï Kobad, composition of army of, 16-17;
connexion with Osmanlis, 20-2, 264, 266, 269;
fortifies Sivas, 246.
---- of Karamania, 165-7, 187-90, 288;
sons of, set free by Timur after Angora, 257.
---- pasha (brother of Orkhan), 70-2.
Alexander of Bulgaria, 103, 138-9, 170.
Ali pasha (grand vizier of Bayezid), 171-2, 199-200, 234.
Altoluogo, 286.
Amadeo of Savoy, crusade of, 128, 130;
proselytizing zeal of, aids conquests of Murad, 141-2;
intervenes to make peace between Venice and Genoa, 155;
hostility to Theodore Palaeologos, 228.
Amassia, 250, 300.
Anatoli Hissar, 234.
Anatolia (_see_ Asia Minor).
Angora, 16, 68, 155, 162, 188, 191, 250, 259, 264, 285-6, 288;
battle of, 251-5, 262;
capture of, by Osmanlis, 68, 156.
Anna of Savoy, 91-4, 129.
Argos, population of, deported to Anatolia, 230.
Armenia, Little, kingdom of (_see_ Cilicia).
Armenians, bravery and massacre of, at Sivas, 248.
Asia Minor, railways in, 11-12;
new ethnic elements in, 14-15;
obscure geographical names in, 32;
exodus of Greeks to coast of, 35;
Catalans in, 36-8, 123, 301;
importance of Aegaean islands for control of, 43;
not conquered by early Osmanlis, 68-9, 300-2;
Black Death in, 96;
Crusaders’ road through, 162;
Bayezid nominal master of greater part of, 191;
Timur invades, 257-60;
Mongol invasions of, 270-3, 300;
Turkish emirates in, 277-301.
Athens, Osmanlis in, 231.
Attika, Ottoman invasions of, 147, 186, 205.
Ayasoluk, 185, 283, 286, 295.
Bagdad, 244, 249, 269.
Balikesri, 66, 69, 286, 291, 294.
Balkan Christians prefer Ottoman rule to that of Catholics, 133, 194, 240.
---- peninsula, distance between cities of, 162;
Moslem immigration into, 196, 230-91;
Venetian fear of Hungarian hegemony in, 207;
Ottoman activities cease in, 243.
Balsa of Albania, 159.
Baphaeon, battle of, 34, 45.
Bayezid, assassinates Yakub upon his accession, 180;
marries daughter of Lazar, 183;
conquers Anatolian emirates, 184-91, 274;
invests Smyrna, 185;
completes conquest of Bulgaria, 195;
receives privileges in Constantinople,
199;
propitiated by Venetians and Genoese, 204-5, 207;
continues subjugation of Albania and Greece, 230, 243;
defeats crusaders at Nicopolis, 216-24;
invades the Morea, 228-32;
settles Anatolian Turks in Balkan peninsula, and pushes
siege of Constantinople after Nicopolis, 230-4;
extends conquests to valley of the Euphrates, and comes
into contact with Timur, 244;
defies Timur, 246;
defeated by Timur at Angora, 251-5;
taken prisoner and humiliated, 253-6;
dies at Ak Sheïr, 256;
arrogance of, 181-2, 209, 227, 246, 249;
origin of nickname _Yildirim_, 188;
contemporary western conception of, 208;
change of character after success, 225, 235, 249, 257;
claims to greatness as a statesman, 235;
humble origin of, 245, 267;
wrong tactics at Angora, 251-2;
discussion of cage story, 255-6;
durability of conquests of, 262.
Bayezid, sons of, confusion of western writers concerning
identity of, 246, 252;
fate of, after Angora, 255;
fight for succession, 259.
Belgrad, 162.
Bigha, Catalan colony of, 123, 294, 301.
Biledjik, 11, 12, 22, 33.
Black Death, 95-6, 115.
---- Sheep, dynasty of, 245.
Bogomile heresy, 93.
Boli, 286, 292.
Borlu, 286.
Bosnia, Ottoman invasions of, 147, 184, 191.
(_See also_ Tvrtko.)
Bosnian nobility, conversion to Islam, 75.
Bosphorus, 32, 45, 59, 233-4, 237, 260-1.
Boucicaut, crusade of, 128, 236-9;
in Nicopolis campaign, 212-23;
tries to raise ransom at Constantinople, 226;
crusaders left behind by, save Constantinople, 242.
Brusa, 12, 13, 22, 32, 45, 46, 54, 84, 122, 125, 152,
185, 188, 198, 225, 257, 275-6, 286-7;
captured by the Osmanlis, 46-8;
place in Ottoman history, 125.
Buda, John Palaeologos at, 130;
Nicopolis crusaders at, 211.
Bulaïr, 101, 111.
Bulgaria, incorporated in Ottoman Empire, 195.
Bulgarians, early propagation of Islam among, 26;
refuse to aid Byzantines against Osmanlis, 103;
first conflict with Osmanlis in Thrace, 111-14;
make John Palaeologus prisoner, and are attacked by
Savoyard crusaders, 129-30;
struggle against Osmanlis in Thrace, 139-40;
resist Hungarian attempts to convert them to Catholic faith, 141;
lose Sofia, 161;
Ottoman invasion and conquest, 171-3, 194-5;
aid Osmanlis in Karamanian campaign, 188;
oppressed by Greek patriarchate, 195-6.
Bunar Hissar, 112, 139.
Burgas, 129, 142.
Burhaneddin of Caesarea, 190, 287, 297.
Byzantine architecture, influence of, upon Ottoman, 275-6.
---- emperor, glamour of title in Western Europe, 241.
Byzantines, civil dynastic strife among, 35, 47-9, 57-61
91-4, 98-105, 149-54, 197-200, 237-9, 259;
first contact with Osmanlis, 34;
receive aid from Catalans, 37-40;
seek aid of Genoese and Serbians, against Turks, 41;
menaced again by western schemes of conquest, 42;
lose Bithynia to Osmanlis, 45-9;
defeated by Osmanlis at Pelecanon, 59-61;
weakness of opposition of, to Orkhan, 106;
abasement of, before Murad, 122;
fail to cooperate with other Balkan Christians against Osmanlis, 123, 139;
make treaty with Genoese, 162;
reduced to city state of Constantinople, 232-4, 242-3;
aided by Boucicaut’s crusade, 236-9, 242;
fail to take advantage of defeat of Bayezid by Timur,
and help Ottoman armies in retreat to Europe, 261.
Caesarea, 16, 190, 248, 272, 284, 287, 300.
Callixtus, patriarch, 101-3, 144.
Cantacuzenos, Helen, 94.
----, Irene, 91, 94, 103.
----, John, wounded by Turks, 48;
at battle of Pelecanon, 60;
prevents marriage alliance between Orkhan and Dushan, 90;
usurps imperial purple, 91;
marries daughter to Orkhan, 93;
forces widow of Andronicus III to recognize him as
co-emperor, and marries daughter to John Palaeologus, 93-4;
asks aid of Orkhan against Dushan, 98;
dynastic war with John Palaeologus, in which Osmanlis help him, 99-102;
forced to abdicate, and becomes monk, 103;
character of, 104-5;
responsibility for introducing Osmanlis into Europe,
92-5, 97-100, 102-3, 105-10;
grand-daughter of, in harem of Bayezid, 230.
----, Matthew, turns against father, 98;
Patriarch Callixtus refuses to consecrate as co-emperor, 101-2;
forced by John Palaeologus to abdicate, 103.
----, Theodora, wife of Orkhan, 93-4, 98, 107.
Catalans, aid Byzantines in Asia Minor, 37-8;
form state at Gallipoli, 39;
go to Thessaly, 40;
sack Chios, 43;
mercenaries of Cantacuzenos, 103;
remnants of, at Bigha, 123, 301.
Cattaro, 134.
Charles IV (Holy Roman Emperor), 138.
---- of Durazzo, 192.
---- VI of France, rejoices over death of Murad, 178;
opposes Bayezid, 202, 208-9, 233;
insanity of, 202, 209, 242;
receives Manuel Palaeologus, 241;
Timur proposes to share world with, 249;
misinformed about origin and power of Osmanlis, 208-9, 274.
---- Thopia, lord of Durazzo, 159.
Chios, 43, 163, 186, 205.
Chivalry, last effort of, in crusade against Bayezid,
211-14, 217-20, 222-4, 225-8.
Christians in Ottoman Empire, civil status of, 77-8.
Cilicia, 13, 271, 282, 293, 298-9, 300.
Constantine, Bulgarian prince of Kustendil, 140, 143, 173.
Constantinople, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 24, 36, 41, 79, 91,
100, 121, 125, 148-9, 162, 196-200, 205-7, 232-4,
235-9, 241-3, 259-60.
Corfu, Venetians alarmed about safety of, 243.
Croia, 160.
Crusaders, road of, to Jerusalem, 162.
Crusades, end of, 13, 14, 203;
perversion of, in 14th century, 143.
----, Nicopolis the last, 203.
Cypriotes, join league against Murad, 163;
fighting Genoese, 239;
relations with Rhodes and Anatolian emirates, 285, 290, 295, 297, 299-300.
Damascus, 240, 250, 279, 287.
Dardanelles, 22, 128, 261, 291, 293;
‘question’ of, 152, 203, 237.
Demotika, 48, 57, 90, 91, 99, 100, 105, 112, 114, 121, 125, 150.
Despina, daughter of Lazar, marries Bayezid, 183;
disgraced by Timur, 256.
Djagataï, 244.
Djenghiz Khan, 13, 16, 26, 41, 53, 74, 243-4, 256, 264, 270.
Dobrotich, 140, 170.
Drama, 146, 158, 161.
Durazzo, 159, 162, 201-2, 206.
Dushan, Stephen, 86-90, 94, 98-9, 143, 201.
Edebali, Sheik, 23-4, 27.
Egherdir, 284, 288.
Elbassan, 159.
_Emir_, confused by contemporary western writers with Murad, 213;
transcribed into ‘admiral’, 163.
Enos, 114, 123.
Ephesus, 258-9, 283.
Epiros, Ottoman invasion of, 159.
Ertogrul, father of Osman, 20-2, 28, 263-4, 267.
Erzerum, 20, 266, 270, 288, 300.
Erzindjian, 20, 246, 248, 259, 266, 270, 272, 288, 293, 300.
Eski Baba, 112.
---- Sheïr, 11, 12, 22, 32, 290.
Evrenos, general of Murad, 112, 143, 146.
----, general of Osman, 48, 76.
---- of Yanitza, 171, 228, 230.
Famagusta, 239, 298.
Flor, Roger de, 37-9, 43.
Fratricide, Ottoman legal sanction of, 180-1.
Gallipoli, 39, 41, 100-3, 111, 129, 221.
Genoese, aid Michael IX, 41;
supposed to have instigated Turkish attack on Rhodes, 44;
help Osmanlis, 97-8, 100, 107, 165;
fight with Venetians for Tenedos, 152-5;
make treaty with Byzantines in 1386, 162;
make treaty with Osmanlis in 1385, and join league
against them in 1386, 163;
fail to aid Nicopolis crusade, 207;
under protection of France, 236;
encourage Timur to attack Bayezid, 249;
help Ottoman army to cross to Europe after Angora, 261;
wars with Venetians, 96-7, 152-5, 262;
at Kaffa, 294.
Ghazan Khan, 26, 36-7.
Grand vizier, origin of office, 71.
Greece, conquests of Osmanlis in, 171, 186, 228-30, 232.
Gul Hissar, 69, 288-9.
Gumuldjina, 112.
Guzel Hissar, 283, 286.
Hadji Ilbeki, 123-4.
Halicarnassus, 288, 300.
Hamid, 86, 157, 165-6, 187, 284-5, 289.
Hedwig of Hungary, becomes Queen of Poland, 192.
Henry IV of England, not at Nicopolis, 214;
turns from crusades to efforts for English crown, 233;
receives Manuel Palaeologus, 241;
wants to help to save Constantinople, 242;
tries to convert Timur to Christianity, 259.
Hungarians, first conflict with Osmanlis, 122-4;
aid of, solicited by John Palaeologus, 128-30;
urged by Gregory XI to fight Osmanlis, 136-7;
attack Bulgarians,
and are driven back, 141;
attack Venice, 154;
border nobles co-operate with Serbians at Kossova, 170.
Hungary, first Ottoman raid into, 183-4;
first battle of Osmanlis on soil of, 191;
separation of crown of, from Poland, 192;
interest of, in checking progress of Osmanlis, 203-4;
hegemony of, in Balkans feared by Venice, 207;
Ottoman invasion of, after Nicopolis, 224.
Hunyadi, 194.
Ibn Batutah, 69, 277-80.
Ishtiman, 142, 160-2.
Islamic state, theocratic conception of, 72-3.
---- teaching, concrete results of, 75.
Ispahan, 259.
Istip, 158, 160-2.
Italians, city ideal of, 14.
Jagello of Lithuania, converted and becomes Ladislas of Poland, 192.
Janina, 159.
Janissaries, institution of, 80, 117-21;
number of, in early Ottoman history, 118-19, 253;
rôle of, in early history not important, 119-20, 173.
Jean de Nevers, 210, 212, 218, 223, 225-8.
Jeanne d’Arc, 106, 209.
Jews, cruelty of Tartars to, at Brusa, 267.
Kaffa, 165, 264, 291.
Kaouïa, Ottoman absorption of, 69.
Karamania, 165-7, 187-90, 259, 274, 285, 289-90, 300-2.
Karamanlis, power of, in fifteenth century, 190, 290, 301-2.
Kara Khalil Tchenderli, 112.
---- Yuluk, 190.
---- Yussuf, 244-5.
Karasi, 66, 69, 257, 286, 291, 294.
Kastemuni, 191, 259, 291-2, 297.
Kastriota, George, 170.
Kavalla, 146, 161.
Keraïtes, 14.
Keredek, Ottoman absorption of, 69.
Kermasti, 68, 292.
Kermian, 156, 166, 188, 271, 274, 284, 285, 292-3.
Khaïreddin, 146, 159.
Kharesmians, 17.
Kharesm, distinct from Khorassan, 19.
Kharput, 190, 244.
Khorassan, 19, 25, 244, 264.
Kirk Kilissé, 112, 139.
Kir Sheïr, 250.
Koësé, Michail, 52, 76.
Konia, 6, 11, 13, 16, 166-7, 187, 189, 260, 270-2, 274, 284, 290-300.
Kossova, battle of, 174-8, 203-4;
regarded as victory by Bosnians, Italians and French, 178.
Kustendil, 140, 143, 173.
Kutayia, 12, 22, 34, 156-7, 166-7, 188, 257-8, 284, 292.
Lalashahin, 111, 114, 123-4, 126, 142-3.
Laodicea, 287.
Lazar, election of, 148;
tributary to Murad, 149;
increases tribute after fall of Nish, 162;
sends contingent to Murad for Anatolian campaign, 166;
dies at Kossova, 177.
Lemnos, 269.
Louis of Hungary, defeated by Osmanlis, 124;
attacks Bulgarians, 141;
prejudices Christians of Balkans against Catholic
faith by attempts of forcible conversion, 141, 194;
ignored by Tvrtko of Bosnia, 168-9;
death, and contest over succession of, 192.
Lulé Burgas, 112.
Macedonia, Ottoman conquest of, 145-9, 158-9.
Macedonians, uncertainty of, regarding nationality, 144.
Maeander River, caution concerning identity of, 294.
Magnesia, 258.
Malkhatun, wife of Osman, 23-4, 27, 275.
Mamelukes, in Asia Minor, 282, 293, 300-1.
Marash, 279, 293.
Maritza, battle of, 122-4, 144.
Marko, 52, 76.
Marmora, Ottoman absorption of, 69.
Marriage, reason for abandonment of, by Ottoman sultans, 183, 256.
Mary of Hungary, marries Sigismund, 193.
Matthew, patriarch, 243.
Megalopolis, battle of, 230.
Menteshe, 158, 185-6, 191, 259, 274, 283, 287-8, 289, 294, 297, 300;
emir of, invades Rhodes, 43-4.
Messembria, 139.
Mézières, Philippe de, agitation of, for crusade, 160, 203.
Michael Asan, conflict with Byzantines, 59;
repudiates Serbian marriage alliance, 87.
Midia, 139.
Mikhalitch, conquered by Osmanlis, 68;
Nicopolis prisoners at, 225, 294;
Timur’s army reaches, 257;
emirate of, 294.
Miletus, 294, 295.
Mircea of Wallachia, promises to co-operate with Lazar against Osmanlis, 170;
defeated by Osmanlis, and helps Bayezid against Hungarians, 192;
negotiates with Bayezid to desert crusaders, 214;
withdraws from Nicopolis during battle, 221;
defeats invading Ottoman army, 224.
Modon, 230, 240, 243.
Mohammed I, becomes undisputed Ottoman sultan, 262;
building activity of, 275-6;
Karamanians not dependent upon, 301.
---- II (the Conqueror), legislation of, 72-3, 195;
desire of, to connect origin of family with Byzantine imperial family, 265.
---- Sultan, grandson of Timur, 251-2.
Monastir, 158-9, 195.
Mongols, invasion of Asia Minor, 13, 16, 17, 36-7, 300;
attempts of Christian missionaries to convert, 14, 26;
connexion with Byzantines, 36-7, 41, 65;
exposure of women symbol of conquest among, 256.
Morea, 170-1, 228-32, 240, 243.
Mughla, 294, 295.
Murad, first European conquests, 111-15;
creates corps of janissaries, 117-20;
decides to build Ottoman empire in Balkan peninsula,
and makes Adrianople his capital, 125;
extension of conquests in Bulgaria, 138-43, 159-61;
conquers Macedonia, 145-9, 158-9;
extends sovereignty in Asia Minor, 155-8, 274;
treaties with Ragusa, Venice, and Genoa, 126-7, 163-4;
first conflict with Karamania, 165-7;
reaches Danube by further conquests in Bulgaria, 172;
destroys Serbian independence, and is killed, in battle
of Kossova, 175-7;
method of assimilating Balkan Christians, 115-21;
policy in empire-building, 125;
organization of conquered territories, 147-9;
policy in Byzantine dynastic quarrels, 149-55;
anxious not to alarm Venice, 160;
kindness to non-combatants, 167;
policy towards Serbian league, 171;
character of, 178-9;
confused with Bayezid by western travellers and writers, 208-13;
contemporary western conception of, 208.
Musalla, highest mountain in Balkan peninsula, 143.
Mytilene, 163, 205.
Nagy Olosz, battle of, 191.
Nauplia, 230.
Nazlu, 284, 289, 295.
Nicaea, 12, 13, 32, 45-6, 54, 84, 111, 185, 257, 275;
captured by the Osmanlis, 56-7, 61-3;
emirate of, 295.
Nicomedia, 11, 12, 13, 32, 45-6, 54, 84, 111, 185;
captured by the Osmanlis, 63-4.
Nicopolis, 172-3, 193-4, 196;
crusade and battle of, 203, 206, 208-24;
identification of, 215;
significance of battle of, 262;
ransom of prisoners taken at, 225-8.
Nilufer, wife of Orkhan, 25, 62.
Nish, 158, 161-2, 183-4.
Okhrida, 159.
Orkhan, first battles of, 46;
adds Nicaea and Nicomedia to his emirate, 56-7, 61-4;
defeats Byzantines at Pelecanon, 60-1;
completes conquest of Bithynia, 64;
invades and annexes portions of neighbouring emirates, 66-8, 291-2, 294;
invited by Cantacuzenos to aid him against Anna, and
receives Cantacuzenos’s daughter as bride, 92-4;
invited again by Cantacuzenos into Europe to aid him
against John Palaeologus, 98-9;
first conquests in Europe, 100-6;
has Byzantines at his mercy, 107-8;
Ottoman historians unsatisfactory in accounts of reign of, 65;
contemporary statements as to power of, 69-70;
legislation of, 70-3;
policy of towards Christians, 75-80;
organization of army of, 81-4;
death of, and estimate of his character, 109;
extent of emirate of, 301-2.
Orsova, 215.
Orthodox Christians, animosity against Catholics and
unwillingness for reunion of Churches, 128, 132-4, 141, 194.
---- Church, loses hold on Levantine Christians, 49;
oppresses Bulgarians, 195-6.
Orthography, oriental, 5-6.
Osman, birth of, 22;
conversion, marriage, and dream of, 23-9;
principality of, in 1300, 32;
first battle with Byzantines, 34;
conquests of, from Byzantines, 45-9;
legends concerning power and character of, 50-2, 263-76;
reincarnation of early khalifs, 52;
elected as chief of tribe, 55;
army of, 81;
parentage of, 263-5, 267;
relation of with Anatolian Turkish emirs, 17, 44-5, 273-4, 300-2;
error of attributing coinage to, 51.
Osmandjik, 265, 291.
_Osmanli_, connotation of this word, 29, 50, 78, 80-1.
Osmanlis, originate on border of Bithynia, 19, 25, 28, 30-2;
complete conquest of Bithynia, 62-4, 80;
become a distinct race, 78-81;
first invasion of Europe, 100;
advance into Thrace, 101;
conquer Thrace, 121-6, 149;
conquer Bulgaria, 139, 143, 149, 160-1, 171-3, 193-6;
conquer Macedonia, 144, 149, 158-9, 183;
conquer Servia, 161-2, 173-8, 182;
conquer Thessaly, 147, 228-30, 232;
invade Albania, 147, 159-60, 183, 206, 243;
invade Attika, 147, 186, 205;
invade Bosnia, 147, 184;
invade Hungary, 183-4, 191, 224;
invade Wallachia, 192, 224;
invade the Morea, 171, 228-30, 232;
conquests of, in Greece, 171, 186, 228-30, 232;
absorb Anatolian Turkish emirates, 66-9, 155-8, 185-7, 190-1, 274;
invade Karamania, 165-7, 187-90, 290;
besiege Constantinople, 198-9, 232-4, 236;
naval raids of, 186, 205;
first cross the Danube, 191-2;
first cross the Vardar, 147;
contemporary western misconception of their character, 216-17, 247;
composite blood of, 115-17, 126;
character of, 74-5;
distinct from other Anatolian Turks, 19, 28, 31, 78-9,
115, 126, 217, 228, 283;
tolerance of, 74, 81, 115, 179;
rule of, preferred by Balkan Christians to that of
Catholics, 133, 141, 194-5;
not raiders, but colonists, 149, 186;
not feared by Europe until they appeared in Thrace, 111.
Ottoman architecture, Byzantine influence in, 275-6.
---- army, organization of, 81-4;
Christian elements in, 166, 173, 184, 187-8, 217, 252.
---- ceremonial of holding ambassadors’ arms in audience with Sultan, 178.
---- historians, unsatisfactory accounts of reign of Orkhan, 65.
---- history, lacks early sources, 17, 265.
---- legislation, beginning of, 71-3.
---- navy, beginning of, 186;
weakness in reign of Bayezid, 205-6, 234, 237-8.
Palaeologos, Andronicus II, looks to Mongols and Catalans
for aid against Turks, 35-7;
bestows title of Caesar on Roger de Flor, 39;
menaced by Mongols, Venice, and French princes, 41-2;
civil strife with grandson, 48, 57-9;
refuses to co-operate in crusade planned by Marino Sanudo, 49;
seeks aid of papacy against Turks, 85.
----, Andronicus III, set upon by Turks on wedding journey, 48;
captures Salonika, 58;
deposes grandfather, 59;
defeated by Osmanlis at Pelecanon, and abandons Nicaea, 59-61;
invites aid of Anatolian emirs in siege of Phocaea, 65-6, 86;
makes overtures to John XXII, 85;
marries sister to Czar Michael of Bulgaria, 87;
on death-bed entrusts empress and son and heir to care of Cantacuzenos, 91;
assassinates brother, 181.
----, Andronicus IV, charged with suggesting to Bulgarians
that they keep his father prisoner, 128;
rebels against father, and is imprisoned, 149-51;
escapes, imprisons father and brothers, and gives Tenedos to Genoese, 153;
treaty with Genoese, 163.
----, John V (I), under guardianship of Cantacuzenos, 91;
forced to marry daughter of Cantacuzenos, and to accept
father-in-law as co-emperor, 94;
exiled by Cantacuzenos to Tenedos, 99;
returns from exile, and forces John and Matthew Cantacuzenos
to abdicate, 103;
at the mercy of Orkhan, 106-8;
unpopularity of, with Byzantines, 115;
treaties of, with Murad, 122, 128, 136;
fails to send aid to Balkan crusaders at Maritza, 122;
tries to get aid from Venetians against Osmanlis, 128;
goes to Buda to seek aid from Louis of Hungary, and is
made prisoner by Bulgarians, 128-9;
release secured by Amadeo of Savoy, and promises to
submit to Roman Church, 129-30;
visits Rome, and becomes Catholic, 134-5;
last desperate appeal to Pope, 137;
war with Alexander of Bulgaria, 139;
passes over Andronicus, and raises Manuel to imperial purple, 149;
blinds son Andronicus at Murad’s command, 150;
refuses to receive fugitive Manuel at Constantinople for fear of Murad, 152;
gives Tenedos to Venetians, 153;
aids Osmanlis to conquer Philadelphia, last Byzantine
possession in Asia, 154, 197;
treaty with Genoese, 152-3;
ignominious death of, 198.
Palaeologus, John VII (II), rebels against grandfather and uncle, 197;
co-operates with Osmanlis against Manuel, 199-200, 237-8, 243;
becomes co-emperor with Manuel, 238-9;
banished by Manuel to Lemnos, 259.
----, Manuel II (I), ransoms father from Venetian merchants, 135;
serves in Ottoman army, 136, 149, 154, 187, 197;
made co-emperor by father, 149;
fails in conspiracy to drive Osmanlis from Serres, and
has to seek pardon of Murad at Brusa, 151-2, 231;
gives Bayezid privileges in Constantinople, 199;
fails to enlist support of Pope and Western princes, 200, 206, 233, 239;
marries son to Russian princess, 232;
receives aid from Boucicaut, 236-9;
accepts John VII as co-emperor, 238;
unsuccessful visit to Europe, 240-3;
expels Osmanlis from Constantinople, and offers to become
vassal of Timur, 259;
appeals to Rome and Venice for aid against Timur, 260.
----, Michael IX, unsuccessfully opposes Turks in Anatolia, 35;
at Adrianople, 39;
flees before Turks of Halil, 40.
----, Theodore, serves in Ottoman army, 149;
imprisoned by Andronicus IV, 153;
summoned, as ruler of the Morea, to do homage to Bayezid
at Serres, 171, 200, 229;
invites Osmanlis to enter the Morea to aid him against Frankish lords, 228;
defeated by Osmanlis at Megalopolis, 230;
tries to dissuade Manuel from trip to western Europe, 240.
Palatchia, 286, 294-5.
Papacy, and Eastern crusades, 41, 85;
invited to intervene to save Constantinople from Osmanlis, 95;
tries to raise crusades against Osmanlis, 122, 129, 132,
136-8, 141, 153, 201-2, 235-6, 241;
consistently denounces traffic of Italian republics with Moslems, 154.
(_See also under_ Popes.)
_Pasha_, origin of this title, 71-2.
Pergama, 284, 286, 291, 294.
Petrarch, hatred of schismatics, 133.
Philadelphia, 13, 34, 105, 154, 296, 299.
Philippe d’Artois, 212, 217-18, 223, 225.
---- de Bourgogne, 202, 209-10, 212, 218, 226, 236, 242.
---- le Bel, plans to retake Constantinople, 41-2;
aids in conquest of Rhodes, 44.
Philippopolis, 114, 122, 139, 161-2, 231.
Phocaea, Byzantines and Anatolian emirs besiege, 66, 283, 296;
John Palaeologus attacks at command of Orkhan, 107-8;
not dependent upon Osmanlis, 299.
Plochnik, battle of, 169.
Popes:
Gregory X, 164.
Boniface VIII, 164.
Clement V, 41-2, 44.
John XXII, 85.
Clement VI, 95.
Urban V, 122, 129-32, 134-6, 141, 164.
Gregory XI, 136-8, 153, 164.
Urban VI, 201.
Boniface XI, 201-2, 235, 262.
Benedict XIII, 202, 235-6, 241.
Popova Shapkah, 143.
Prilep, 158.
Princes’ Islands, 35.
Pristina, 92, 144.
Ragusa, first Christian state to make tributary treaty with Osmanlis, 127.
_Raïa_, meaning of the word, 77.
Rhodes, 43-4, 186, 205;
grand master of, at Nicopolis, 219, 221;
chevaliers of (_see_ Saint John, Knights of).
Rhodope Mountains, 140, 143, 147.
Rilo, monastery of, 195.
Riva, 237.
Rodosto, 65, 101.
Rumeli Hissar, 234.
Rustchuk, 172.
Saint John, Knights of, conquer Rhodes, 43;
resist Turks, 44, 283;
capture Smyrna, 85, 283;
conspire with Pope to seize the Morea, 240;
lose Smyrna to Timur, 258;
relations with Cyprus and Anatolian emirates, 285-6, 295, 297, 299-300.
---- Sophia, mosque of, 60, 93, 94, 102, 154, 233.
Salona, duchy of, conquered by Bayezid, 229-30.
Salonika, 40, 58, 65, 79, 92, 98, 100, 121, 145, 181, 231.
Samakov, battle of, 142-3, 160.
Samarkand, 244, 251, 256, 260.
Samsun, 191, 196, 291.
Sangarius, 11, 12, 32, 38, 45, 302.
Sarukhan, 65, 86, 158, 185-6, 191, 228, 259, 283, 291, 295-6.
Savoy, origin of armies of, 44.
(_See also_ Amadeo and Anna.)
Savra, battle of, 159.
Scutari (in Albania), 160.
Scutari (on the Bosphorus), 60, 64, 94, 108, 234.
Seljuk architecture, influence upon Ottoman, 275-6.
Seljuks, invasions of Asia Minor, 15-16;
changes of religion, 26.
---- of Rum, contest Asia Minor with Byzantines, 13;
relations with Osmanlis, 20-2, 32, 268-76;
subject to Mongols, 270-2;
end of dynasty, 297.
Serbian Church, autocephalous, 144-5.
---- empire of Stephen Dushan, 86-90.
Serbians, illusions of, concerning their fourteenth-century
empire, 86, 90, 175, 201;
first enter Macedonia to help Byzantines against Turks, 41;
aid Andronicus II against his grandson, 58;
conflict with Orthodox Church, 89-90, 144-5;
refuse to aid Byzantines against Osmanlis, 102;
defeated by Osmanlis at Maritza, 122-4;
anarchy among chieftains of, in Macedonia, 144;
defeated by Osmanlis at Cernomen, and lose Macedonia, 145-8;
become subject to Osmanlis, 160-2;
help Murad in Karamanian campaign, and are punished for looting, 167;
form league against Murad, and are defeated at Kossova, 168-78;
treachery of their nobles, 173;
cast fortunes definitely with Osmanlis, 182-3;
aid Bayezid in Karamanian campaign, 188;
last of Dushan’s following disappear in Macedonia, 201;
fidelity of, to Bayezid at Nicopolis, 220;
fight in Ottoman army at Angora, 252.
Serres, 58, 144, 147, 152, 158, 161, 200, 229.
Shah-Rokh, son of Timur, 255, 258.
Shehabeddin, 69, 277-80.
Shuman, 172.
Sigismund, first invasion of Bulgaria, 188, 193-5;
becomes king of Hungary, and sends threat to Bayezid, 193;
tries to get support of Italian republics against Bayezid, 205-7;
leads Nicopolis crusade, 210-24;
boastfulness of, before Nicopolis, 216;
flees from battle-field, 220-1;
character of, 193, 222.
Silistria, 196.
Silivria, 237.
Sinope, 191, 291-2, 296, 297.
Sis, 282.
Sisman, John, 128, 140-3, 170, 172-3, 194-6.
Sivas, 190, 270, 272, 274, 287, 297, 300;
destruction of, by Timur, 243, 245-8.
Slavery, Greek abhorrence of, 116;
connivance of Italian republics in, 165.
Smyrna, 11, 79, 85, 185, 258-60, 270, 283, 286, 299-300.
Sofia, 142, 158, 160-2, 172, 231.
Soleiman pasha, son of Orkhan, 100-1, 105, 108, 111.
Soleiman Shah, grandfather of Osman, 20, 266.
---- tchelebi, son of Bayezid, 195, 245-8, 252-3, 257-61.
South Slavs, character of, 170.
Sozopolis, 129, 142.
Stambul, origin of name, 199.
Stephen Lazarevitch, kral of Serbia, vassal and
brother-in-law of Bayezid, 182-3;
fights for Osmanlis at Nicopolis, 220;
and at Angora, 253.
Stracimir, 140-1.
Sugut, 12, 22, 25, 33, 63, 115, 285.
Taharten, emir of Erzindjian, 246.
Tarsus, 24, 216, 298.
Taurus Mountains, 24, 125, 187, 289, 298, 300-2.
Tchataldja, 115.
Tchorlu, 105, 112, 162.
Tekke, emirate of, 158, 165-6, 186-7, 285, 289, 297-8.
Tenedos, importance of, to control Dardanelles, 152;
struggle of Venice and Genoa for, 152-5;
John VII Palaeologus banished to, 236.
Thessaly, Ottoman conquest of, 147, 228-30.
Thingizlu, 69.
Thomas, despot of Janina, 159.
Timur, origin of name, and conquests of, 244;
charges against Bayezid, 190, 245-6;
destroys Sivas, 247-8;
makes overtures to Occidental princes, 249;
invades Asia Minor, and crushes Bayezid at Angora, 250-4;
degrades Bayezid and Despina, 255-6;
pushes to Aegaean Sea, and captures Smyrna, 257-60;
death of, 260;
infirmity of, 244;
lacked constructive policy in conquests, 257, 260-1;
restores Anatolian emirs deposed by Bayezid, 257, 259,
283, 288, 290, 292-3, 294.
Timurtash, 142, 158, 166, 187, 188-9, 254.
Tirnovo, 140, 142, 172, 194-6.
Tokat, 190, 250, 287, 298.
Trebizond, 13, 162, 270, 280, 288, 291, 293, 297, 299.
_Tughra_, origin of, 127.
Turin, treaty of, 155.
Turk, connotation of word in Ottoman Empire, 78-81, 228;
lacks family ties and family name, 267.
Turkey, connotation of word in fourteenth century, 107.
Turkish chieftainship elective rather than hereditary, 54, 276.
---- raids in Aegaean Sea, Macedonia and Thrace, 36-40,
65, 84, 185-6, 261, 283.
---- emirates of Asia Minor stronger than Osmanlis, 30, 274, 290, 301-2.
---- refugees from Thrace in 1912, 16.
---- women not veiled in fourteenth century, 157.
Turks, character of Anatolian, 15.
Tvrtko, kral of Bosnia, 168-70, 178, 183-4, 201.
Ulubad, 68, 298.
Uskub, 88, 174, 183.
Valona, 159.
Varna, 129, 172.
Venetians, interfere in Byzantine dynastic quarrels, 35;
invited by Clement V to co-operate in reconquest of Byzantine Empire, 42;
menaced in Aegaean by Turks, 84;
relations with Stephen Dushan, 88-90;
wars with Genoese, 96-7, 152-5, 262;
urged by fellow countrymen to oppose Orkhan, 107;
fail to protect Byzantines against Murad, 128;
detain John Palaeologus because of debts, 135;
refuse to contribute seriously to crusade against Osmanlis, 137;
struggle with Genoa for Tenedos, 152-5;
sapped by prosperity, 163;
make commercial treaty with Murad, 164;
opposition to Hungarians, 169;
indifference to Murad’s conquests, 170;
refuse to buy Lemnos from Byzantines, 200;
fail to aid in Nicopolis crusade, 203-7;
in Athens and Salonika, 230-1;
prefer to curry favour with Bayezid rather than defend Constantinople, 233;
reception of Manuel Palaeologus and their pacifist policy, 240;
alarm over appearance of Osmanlis on Adriatic, 243;
help Ottoman army tocross to Europe after Angora, 261;
at Palatchia, 294-5.
Visconti, Giovanni Galeazzo, 131, 210, 236, 240.
Viza, 139.
Vukasin, 145-6, 159, 173.
Wallachia, Ottoman invasions of, 192, 224.
Wallachians, aid Bulgarians against Hungarians, 141;
aid Osmanlis against Hungarians, 192;
worth of, as soldiers, 192;
aid Osmanlis in Bulgaria, 193;
withdraw during battle of Nicopolis, 221;
successfully resist Ottoman invasion after Nicopolis, 225.
Wenceslaus, 210, 235.
Western Europe, inability to understand Eastern Europe, 132-3.
White Sheep, dynasty of, 190, 245.
Widin, 140, 141, 142, 196, 215.
Yakub, killed by brother Bayezid after Kossova, 180.
Yakub, general of Bayezid, 230.
Yamboli, 140, 142.
Yeni Sheïr, 28, 32, 34, 258, 275.
Printed in England at the Oxford University Press
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The Keraites, a tribe of large numbers, established on the frontier
of China, were Christians in the early times: Resheddin, Quatremère
edition, i. 93. The Council of Lyons sent missionaries to Mongols in
the reign of Innocent IV, 1245. For account of missions to Mongols in
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries see Howorth, i. 68 f., 189-92;
ii. 183 _n._; iii. 72-5, 278-81, 348-55, 576-80: also documents of the
Ming period, trans. by Hirth, p. 65.
[2] I have witnessed a similar migration, when the Bulgarians broke
into Thrace in October 1912. The progress of the fleeing Turks, even on
the plains, was painfully slow, and the mortality was frightful.
[3] Neshri (Nöldeke’s translation), in _Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, xiii. 190.
[4] Seadeddin, _Casa Ottomana_ (Bratutti trans.), i. 6.
[5] Neshri, xiii. 190.
[6] See Appendix B for these emirates.
[7] There is a collection of State papers in Persian, Arabic and
Turkish, Feridun (Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. turc, 79), which contains some
letters and decrees of the earliest sultans, but there is no proof of
the authenticity of these documents.
[8] Neshri and Idris, end fifteenth century; Seadeddin, end sixteenth
century; Hadji Khalfa, seventeenth century. See Bibliography.
[9] In the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, I have examined, as far as I
know, all the books concerning Turkey printed before 1600. See list in
Bibliography.
[10] Jorga, _Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches_ (in the _Geschichte
der europaïschen Staaten_), published 1908-13, preface and i. 152-3.
[11] Up to the death of Ertogrul (1288), I follow Neshri, _ZDMG._,
xiii. 188-98, unless otherwise specified. Direct quotation is indicated
by quotation marks.
[12] A.D. 1219. Evliya effendi, i. 27, gives A.H. 600;
Seadeddin and Hadji Khalfa, A.H. 619; Drechsler, _Chron.
Saracenorum_, A.H. 610.
[13] Or Kharesm? Schéfer, in preface to his translation of Riza Kouly’s
embassy to Kharesm, _Bibl. de l’École des langues viv. orientales_,
1re série, vol. iii., says that Kharesm in part was identical
with Khorassan. But Shehabeddin, trans. by Quatremère in _Notices et
Extraits_, xiii. 289, declares that Kharesm is a country distinct from
Khorassan. Hadji Khalfa, _Djihannuma_, MS. fr., Bibl. Nat., Paris,
nouv. ac., no. 888, p. 815, supports this opinion. The very fact that
these writers are so careful to make this assertion shows, however,
that there was much confusion as to these terms. According to Vambéry,
Kharesm is still in Djagatai Turkish, the diplomatical and political
name for the modern Khanate of Khiva. Howorth, _History of Mongols_,
ii. 78, says that the Turkish tribes remained in these countries after
the Mongol conquest. Is this the Organa or Urgheuz of Marco Polo?
[14] Hussein Hezarfenn, ii. 287, and Chalcocondylas (_Patr. Graec._,
Migne, vol. clix), 21, call the father of Ertogrul Oguzalp. For
critical discussion see Appendix A.
[15] This title is invariably given by Neshri to every ruler in the
direct line of Osman, just as he calls the Christian opponents of the
Osmanlis unbelievers.
[16] Probably Sultan Inoenu, anticipating the later name of this
district.
[17] Sagredo, the Italian historian, whose work was greatly esteemed by
Gibbon, makes the curious error of calling Alaeddin ‘Lord of Aleppo and
Damascus’.
[18] ‘A great mountain situated between Kutayia and Brusa’: Hadji
Khalfa, _Djihannuma_, fol. 1975; ‘The paths up this mountain are so
difficult that one on foot has a thousand pains to reach the top’:
ibid., fol. 1850.
[19] Rasmussen, _Annales Islamici_, p. 41, confuses this city with
Kutayia, and gives its capture by Ertogrul under date of 1285.
[20] Thus in Ali and Neshri. Seadeddin attributes this dream to
Ertogrul. But the confusion between Ertogrul and Osman is marked in all
the Ottoman historians.
[21] The Ottoman historians give as reason for the refusal the social
difference between his daughter and the ‘young prince’. This is an
excellent illustration of how, writing in the zenith of Ottoman
prosperity, the historians lost their sense of proportion or were
actually compelled to write in flattering terms of the founder of their
royal house.
[22] Hammer, i. 67, in relating this dream, has transcribed with
fidelity and felicity the Persian poetry of Idris.
[23] Leunclavius, _Pandectes_, p. 113, following Ali, attributes the
moon dream to Ertogrul, and places it at Konia. Boecler, _Commentarius
de rebus turcicis_, pp. 104-5, following Chalcocondylas, does likewise,
but relates the Koran dream of Osman. Seadeddin, p. 11, makes the
dream distinctly religious, and while not mentioning the love story
or Malkhatun by name, infers that Osman receives intimation of his
marriage with Edebali’s daughter only through Edebali’s interpretation
of the dream. This failure to mention Malkhatun is all the more
significant when we see later how much attention Seadeddin gives to
Nilufer. Evliya effendi, ii. 19, says that through the marriage of
Osman to Malkhatun, the Ottoman sultans became descendants of the
Prophet!
[24] I should except from this statement Rambaud, who, in _Hist.
générale_, iii. 822-4, states that the conversion of the Osmanlis
to Islam took place during the chieftainship of Osman. The general
character of the work to which he was contributing, and the limits
of space, did not allow him to give any reasons in support of this
position. Vanell, _Histoire de l’Empire ottoman_, p. 357, says that
Ertogrul was a pagan until he became converted through reading the
Koran.
[25] From personal acquaintance with them, I can testify that these
nomads (Yuruks) have remained up to the twentieth century with only the
most vague idea of Mohammed and with no idea at all of the Koran and
the ritual observances of Islam.
[26] See Shehabeddin, MS. Paris, Bibl. Nat., fonds arabe 2325, fol. 69
vº-70 rº, citing Mesoudi and earlier writers for the propagation of
Islam among the Bulgarians.
[27] Cf. Cahun’s masterly contribution to _Hist. générale_, ii. 887.
[28] Abul Faradj, _Chronicon Syr._, pp. 606-8.
[29] The Ottoman historians mention none, either of friendship or
enmity, during the entire life of Osman.
[30] The improbable connexion between Ertogrul and Osman and the
Seljuk sovereigns of Konia has been accepted without question by
European historians, on the strength of the assertions of the
Ottoman historians. This is curious, because the evidence against
this connexion is overwhelming. The Seljuk Empire of Rum lost its
independence at the battle of Erzindjian, 1244 (cf. Heyd, _Histoire
du commerce dans le Levant_, i. 534). Neshri himself confesses that
after this date ‘now remained only the bare name of the Seljuk Kings’:
_ZDMG._, xiii. 195. In view of the established facts of history, it
is astonishing that European historians should have up to this time
perpetuated, and given their sanction to, a fiction which was invented
for the purpose of helping Mohammed II to incorporate Karamania in his
empire! The limits of a footnote forbidding the adequate discussion
of this question and the citation of the authorities, I must refer my
readers to Appendix A.
[31] Neshri, _ZDMG._, xiii. 196, says seventy years. But in his
reckoning he constantly contradicts himself. _Sheïr_ means city, _eski_
old, and _yeni_ new.
[32] All the Ottoman historians agree upon this number.
[33] ‘The unbelievers and believers of that land honoured Ertogrul and
his son’: Neshri, p. 197. That Christians lived everywhere without
molestation in the midst of non-converted Turkish tribes is asserted by
Heyd, ii. 65.
[34] It is altogether likely that Osman received his name at the time
of his conversion. Is it not significant that his father, his brothers,
his son even, as well as most of his warriors, had purely pagan Turkish
names?
[35] _Tableau de l’Empire ottoman_, iv. 373.
[36] See Appendix B.
[37] During the late war with the Balkan allies, the newspapers of the
world spoke of ‘driving the Turks back to Asia, where they belong’, and
of the re-establishment of the Ottoman capital at Brusa or Konia!
[38] See Armain’s translation of the _Djihannuma_ (Mirror of the
World), a universal geography by Hadji Khalfa, in the Bibl. Nat.,
Paris, MS., fonds français, nouv. ac., nos. 888-9. The section on Asia
Minor, although written in some detail, does not contain many of the
names which we find in the Ottoman historians. I wish to register a
protest against inflicting on students and readers of history lists of
names that can have no possible meaning to them. I have omitted from
this work the names of places and persons upon which I can get no light.
[39] Hadji Khalfa, op. cit., fol. 1917, makes an error in giving the
distance from Brusa to Yeni Sheïr as two days. I have driven from Brusa
to Nicaea in one day of not fast going. Yeni Sheïr is on the main road
between these cities, six hours from Brusa and four hours from Nicaea.
[40] The early European historians make the wildest statements about
Osman’s field of action. Many of them call Ottomanjik, a place
four days or five north-east of Eski Sheïr, his first conquest:
Cuspianus (Antwerp ed., 1541), p. 6; Spandugino, in Sansovino, p.
143; Egnatius, p. 28. Cf. Hadji Khalfa, op. cit., fol. 1789. But this
place was not captured by the Osmanlis until the reign of Bayezid:
Evliya, op. cit., ii. 95. Paulo Giovio, an Italian historian greatly
esteemed in his day, puts among the notable conquests of Osman the
city and district of Sivas, as does also Rabbi Joseph, in his famous
_Chronicles_, Eng. trans. of Biallobotzky, ii. 505. Donado da Lezze,
_Historia Turchesca_, Rumanian edition of Ursu, pp. 4 and 5, makes him
conqueror of Rum, province of Sivas, Phoenicia, ‘et altri luoghi’!
Cuspianus, _De Turcarum Origine_, quotes Donado da Lezze almost
literally. Richer, _De Rebus Turcarum_, written for the information
of Francis I of France, says, p. 11: ‘Circiter 1300, Ottomannus
impune invitis omnibus _summam imperii_, quod ante partitum tenebant
factiosi magistratus, _occupavit_, seseque Asiae minoris sive Anatoliae
_imperatorem_ nominare sit aggressus. _Syvam_, quae eadem cum Sebaste
est, _expugnavit_, et oppida ad Euxinum posita _non pauca_ cepit.’ (The
italics are mine.) Hussein Hezarfenn, one of the Ottoman historians
whose work has been most widely read and quoted in Europe, says of
Ertogrul, _who never saw the sea_, ‘He equipped several ships, with
which he made a raid into the Aegaean Sea, pillaged the islands,
descended upon Greece, penetrated up to the Peloponnesus, and returned
to his home (_the little village of Sugut!_) laden down with wealth
and followed by a great army composed of experienced warriors of all
sorts of nations whom the renown of his bravery and his good fortune
attracted to his service: which increased so greatly his reputation in
Asia that Sultan Alaeddin even found it to his advantage to cultivate
him’: trans. of _Petits de la Croix_, ii. 288-9.
[41] I am not sure that I am justified in using the expression
‘undisputed sway’ even for this small territory. Pachymeres, IV. 30,
pp. 345-7, speaks of a certain Soleiman pasha, who was threatening
Nicomedia in 1303; and V. 23, p. 427, of Alisur retiring to the
Sangarius after Roger had relieved Philadelphia in 1307.
[42] Probably the first conquest of Osman. This city, on the Kara Su,
is still a thriving place. Its situation is most picturesque. The
author of the _Arabic History of the Kurds_ (Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS.
of Ducaurroy, fol. 151 rº, 152 rº) makes Biledjik the city granted to
Ertogrul by Alaeddin, and declares that he captured Sugut (Sukidjeh)
from the ‘infidels of Tekkur’.
[43] Angelcoma of the Byzantines.
[44] The only conquest of Osman not in the direction of Byzantium.
Hadji Khalfa, op. cit., fol. 1851.
[45] ‘Situated between Yeni Sheïr, Brusa, and Aïnegoel. They count one
day from Yeni Sheïr to Yar Hissar by the road which goes to Kutayia’:
Hadji Khalfa, fol. 1917.
[46] The Ottomans name this place Kuyun Hissar. See Schéfer edition of
Spandugino, p. 16 _n._
[47] Pachymeres, IV. 25, p. 327, says the battle was fought July 27.
Jorga, _Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches_, i. 157, is in error in
placing date June 27; Hammer, i. 190, and Jorga both give year 1301.
Muralt, _Chronographie Byzantine_, ii. 480, has this battle under 1302.
[48] Pach., IV. 25, p. 335.
[49] Cantemir, Rumanian ed., i. 20, seems to infer that Osman attacked
Nicomedia after this battle. He is certainly wrong in stating that
Osman captured Kutayia. See pp. 274, 292-3.
[50] Pach., V. 9; Gregoras, VII, i, p. 214.
[51] Pach., in Stritter, _Memoriae Populorum_, iii. 1086-7; D’Ohsson,
_Histoire des Mongols_, iv. 315. Andronicus made a second appeal
in 1308, and gave his own sister, Marie, who is known to later
Mongol historians as ‘Despina Khatun’, to Mohammed Khodabendah Khan,
after Khodabendah’s conversion to Islam: ibid., iv. 536; Hertzberg,
_Geschichte der Byzantiner und des Osmanischen Reiches_, p. 461.
[52] I can find no justification for Howorth’s statement, ‘This
alliance seems to have had a restraining influence upon the Turks’, in
his _History of the Mongols_, iii. 464.
[53] See _Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes_, vi. 318, where the date
of this momentous event is given as ‘vers 1305’.
[54] Pach., V. 14, pp. 399-400; 21, pp. 410, 417.
[55] Pach., V. 23, pp. 426-8; Greg., VII. 3, p. 221.
[56] Pach., V. 21, p. 423; Greg., loc. cit.
[57] Greg., loc. cit. Cf. Muralt, after Latin authorities, ii. 487.
[58] Pachymeres, Books V, VI, and VII; Gregoras, Book VII, _passim_,
and Phrantzes, Book I; Moncada, _Expedicion de los Catalanes_;
Muntaner, in _Bibliothek des lit. Vereins zu Stuttgart_, vol. viii.
For their later adventures there is an excellent account in Finlay,
_History of Greece_, iv. 146-56.
[59] Andronicus wrote to his empress, urging her not to try to return
to Constantinople from Salonika by land: Pach., VII. 12, p. 586;
Chalcocondylas (ed. Bonn), I, p. 19.
[60] Greg. VII. 8, pp. 254-8; Chalc., I, p. 19; Jorga, op. cit., i.
160, speaks of ‘die schöne mit Perlen und Edelsteinen geschmückte
_Krone_’ of Michael. Was it not rather a turban? See Hammer, i. 364,
note x.
[61] ‘The emperor of Constantinople fears the anger of the Khan of
Kapdjak and is eager to disarm him by protestations of submission and
efforts to obtain a continuance of the truce. Things have always been
on this footing since the children of Djenghiz Khan began to reign in
this country’: Shebabeddin, Paris MS., fol. 70 rº.
[62] Ducange, _Hist. de Constantinople sous les Emp. Français_, map
section, p. 46.
[63] Ducange, _Hist. de Constantinople sous les Emp. Français_, map
section, p. 54.
[64] The Venetians were jealous of the growing power of Genoa and the
hostility shown to Venetian merchants at Constantinople. See Appendix
B. Also Heyd, _Handelsgeschichte des Mittelalters_, i. 366.
[65] Ducange, ibid., p. 57; Buchon, _Collection des chroniques nat.
fr._, p. lv.
[66] Muralt, _Chronographie Byzantine_, ii. 493, no. 21, _n._
[67] A rabble without arms actually arrived at Marseilles. The ships
were prevented from leaving Brindisi by a storm. Cf. Iacomo Bosio,
_Della Historia della Religione_, ii. 1. At the very moment this effort
to start a crusade was ending in dismal failure, the two kings on whose
behalf it was planned were engaged in a bitter quarrel! Clement V,
_Epistola Comm._ vii. 773-4, 787.
[68] Les Giustiniani, _Dynastes de Chios_, Vlasto’s French translation
of Hopf’s great monograph, p. 8.
[69] Mas-Latrie, _Histoire de Chypre_, ii. 602.
[70] Mas-Latrie, op. et loc. cit.; Heyd, French edition, i. 537.
[71] A splendid field for historical research, which, as far as I
know, has never yet been touched, is the compilation, from the Vatican
records, of the dates for the extinction of the dioceses of the early
Christian world in Africa and Asia. When did the bishops of these
dioceses begin to be appointed and consecrated _in partibus_?
[72] Bosio, op. cit., ii. 37; Abbé Vertot, _Histoire des Chevaliers de
Malte_, i. 106.
[73] See Bosio, ii. 37 f., and Vertot, i. 101 f. With a view to
glorifying the Order, and also the Duke of Savoy, this fiction has been
fabricated and perpetuated. Even such a serious work as that of Muralt
gives, upon the strength of Raynaldus, who merely quotes Bosio, Osman
as leader of this attack upon Rhodes: see _Chronographie Byzantine_,
ii. 507. During the recent war between Italy and Turkey, when it was
a question of Rhodes, more than one leading Italian newspaper revived
this story of the founder of the Italian royal house defeating the
founder of the Ottoman royal house. There is, of course, no foundation
whatever for the statement.
[74] So Clement V evidently believed. See his letter to the Genoese in
_Epistola Comm._ vii. 10.
[75] That the Sangarius used to run into the Gulf of Nicomedia instead
of into the Black Sea is the opinion of many geographers, ancient as
well as modern. There have been a number of projects to connect the
Sangarius, Lake Sabandja, and the Gulf of Nicomedia by canals that
would give a deep waterway across the plain and prevent the frequent
overflooding which has always been a source of loss to cultivators in
that region.
[76] Idris, quoted by Hammer, i. 192.
[77] Brusa is three hours by carriage from its port on the southern
side of the Gulf of Mudania, or one hour by narrow-gauge railway. One
can reach Nicaea either from the Gulf of Mudania or that of Nicomedia.
[78] Pach., VII. 18, pp. 597-9.
[79] Pach., VII. 25, p. 620. The Turks call this castle Hodjahissar.
[80] Ibid., loc. cit. But Pachymeres puts the number of these Tartars
as 30,000, which must be at least a tenfold exaggeration.
[81] Seadeddin, translation Brattuti, p. 27. Bratutti, whose
transcription of Turkish names is often unintelligible to me, calls
Karadja Hissar ‘Codgia’.
[82] Ibn Batutah, _Voyages_, ii. 320, speaks of buildings which must
have been erected at these baths by Orkhan within the decade following
the capture of Brusa. Earlier buildings, according to him, were
constructed ‘by a Turcoman king’: ibid., p. 318. Tchekirdje is still a
favourite resort for foreigners as well as for natives.
[83] Cantacuzenos and Gregoras.
[84] Greg., IX. 2, p. 401.
[85] Cant., I. 42, pp. 204-6, 208; Greg., VIII. 15, p. 384; Greg., IX,
c. 1, pp. 390-2, says it was the young Andronicus who first planned to
break again with his grandfather. However that may be, the impression
among the Greeks in Asia Minor who were endeavouring to hold back the
enemies of the empire must have been the same!
[86] Greg., IX. 1, p. 392.
[87] In the volume on ‘L’Ancien Régime’ in Taine’s _Origines de la
France contemporaine_, pp. 3-6, there is a wonderful analysis of the
effect of early Latin Christianity upon the pagan mind. The Greek
Church of the fourteenth century could produce no such impression.
[88] From the earliest Ottoman times to the present day religion and
nationality have not been divorced. Osmanli and Moslem were synonymous
terms, just as to-day in the Balkan peninsula, where the Ottoman
Empire was really founded, Turk and Moslem are synonymous terms. When
once this is understood, the student and traveller is freed from his
preconceived notion that the ‘Turks’, as that expression is to-day
understood in Turkey, are an Asiatic race, who have held the country as
conquering invaders.
[89] Jorga, i. 162, is mistaken in saying, ‘überall wurden die
Goldmünzen Osmans gern angenommen.’ Hadji Khalfa says that Osman struck
no money. Also Colonel Djevad bey, _Histoire militaire de l’Empire
ottoman_, i. 95. Save several silver pieces, which are not proven
genuine, of the collection of Abbé Sestini (Salaberry, _Hist. de l’Emp.
ott._, iv. 193), I can find record in numismatic collections of no
money of Osman. For discussion of this question see Hammer, i. 117, who
cites several Ottoman historians against coinage before Orkhan, and
Toderini, _Historia della letteratura ottomana_, French trans., iii.
183.
[90] Appendix B, on the Emirates of Asia Minor during the Fourteenth
Century, contains the identification and description of these
neighbours.
[91] See Shehabeddin, Paris MS., 139 vº, which is cited in part on p.
70.
[92] The chieftainship among the Turks was elective rather than
hereditary. The Armenian Haython, who had excellent opportunities for
observing their customs at this period, wrote: ‘Puisque les Turcs
pristrent la seigneurie de Turquie, ilz ordonnerent un seigneur entre
eulx, lequel ilz appelerent le Soudan’: MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds
français, 2810, fol. 230 vº. Hussein Hezarfenn says (ii. 287-9) that
Ertogrul succeeded his father by election and, in turn, manœuvred
to secure the election of Osman. Evliya effendi, i. 27, declares
that Osman was elected chief. This is also stated by Barletius, in
Lonicerus, vol. ii, fol. 231-2; Spandugino; Cantemir (Rumanian ed.), i.
19; and Vanell, p. 359. Cf. Chalcocondylas (ed. Migne), col. 24.
[93] For dates see Bibliography.
[94] Nöldeke’s translation, in _Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenlândischen Gesellschaft_, xiii. 214-17.
[95] Gregoras, IX. 1, pp. 390-2. But Cantacuzenos, I. 42, pp. 208-15,
maintains that young Andronicus heard that his grandfather was
preparing a _coup_ before he thought of taking any action himself.
[96] Cant., I. 44, pp. 215-16; Greg., IX. 1, p. 392; Phrantzes, I. 6,
p. 35.
[97] Cant., I. 4-5, pp. 216-23; Greg., IX. 1, p. 396.
[98] Cant., I. 50, pp. 248, 252; Greg., IX. 3, pp. 405-7.
[99] Cant., ibid.; Greg., IX. 3, pp. 407-9.
[100] Cant., I. 52, pp. 260-2; Greg., IX. 4, pp. 409-10; Cant., I. 53,
pp. 267-70.
[101] Cant., I. 55, pp. 277, 281-2; Greg., IX. 4, p. 414.
[102] Cant., I. 55-II. 1, pp. 277-312; Greg., IX. 4-8, pp. 411-32; Phr.
I. 6, p. 35.
[103] IX. 8, p. 431.
[104] Cant., II. 28, p. 473; Greg., IX. 14, p. 461, and X. 1, p. 474.
[105] II. 3, p. 324.
[106] Cantacuzenos uses this same expression concerning the collecting
of the army with which Andronicus III repelled an invasion of seventy
Turkish vessels in the autumn of the same year. Cf. II. 13, p. 390.
[107] I have gathered the account of this battle from Cant., II.
6-8, pp. 341-60; Greg., IX. 9, pp. 433-5; Phr., I. 7, pp. 36-7;
Chalcocondylas (ed. Migne), I. 11, col. 32. It is interesting to note
how much space Cantacuzenos gives in contrast to the brevity of the
other writers.
[108] II, c. 8, 363. Seadeddin, Neshri, and Idris agree with Gregoras,
IX. 13, p. 458, in putting the fall of Nicaea in 1330 or 1331. Gregoras
euphemistically says the city was ‘pillaged by the Turks’. But
Leunclavius, on the authority of Ali, gives A.H. 734, which would be
1333 or 1334.
[109] Phr., I. 7.
[110] In _Djihannuma_, Paris MS., fol. 1934.
[111] When I was in Nicaea in 1913, the imam of the Yeshil Djami told
me that there were seventy thousand houses at the time of the Ottoman
conquest. This is the local tradition.
[112] Hammer, i. 146, makes this claim.
[113] Ibn Batutah, ii. 322-3. For discussion of the value of Ibn
Batutah’s testimony see Appendix B and Bibliography.
[114] Miklositch-Müller, Act. LXXXII, anno 1339, and Act. XCII, anno
1340.
[115] There is no way of establishing the date of the fall of
Nicomedia. The Ottoman historians report that it was added to the
dominions of Orkhan in 1326, the year of his accession and of the fall
of Brusa. It is best here to follow the unanimous testimony of the
Byzantine sources, which is in accord with the natural inference that
Nicomedia fell some time after Nicaea: Greg., XI. 6, p. 545; Phr.,
I. 8, p. 38. Hammer cannot disregard the testimony of Gregoras here.
He ingenuously suggests that the city might have been lost by the
Osmanlis, and recaptured. Cantacuzenos (II. 24, p. 446, and 26, p. 459)
says that Andronicus III went twice to the aid of Nicomedia in 1331,
but he does not record the loss of either Brusa or Nicomedia. In the
collection of Feridun, Bibl. Nat., Paris, MS. anc. fonds turc 79, there
is a diploma appointing Soleiman governor of Nicomedia in 1332, but the
authenticity of the earlier pieces in this collection is open to grave
suspicion (cf. Bibliography).
[116] Howorth, iii. 613.
[117] Canale, i. 215.
[118] Not an actual defensive alliance against Orkhan, as Schlumberger,
_Numismatique de l’Orient latin_, p. 480, supposes. See Cant., II. 13,
pp. 388-90; Phr., I. 8, p. 37.
[119] Cant., II. 28, pp. 470-3.
[120] Ibid., 22, p. 435.
[121] Ibid., 25, pp. 455-6.
[122] Cant. II., 29-30, pp. 480-4; Greg., XI. 2, p. 530.
[123] Hammer, quoting Ashikpashazadé, i. 150-1.
[124] Mordtmann, in _ZDMG_. (1911), lxv. 105, basing his statement,
like Hammer, on Ashikpashazadé, Vatican MS., fol. 33, gives
A.H. 735, 737, or 740. The earliest of these dates is
precluded by the testimony of Ibn Batutah, who found these places still
independent about A.H. 735. A.H. 737
might be possible, if we decide that Orkhan accomplished everything
during the one expedition against Pergama. Mordtmann, still quoting
Ashikpashazadé, says that these three cities were held by relatives
of the Palaeologi. If this be true, it goes to prove that there must
have existed all along in the reigns of Osman and Orkhan quasi-friendly
relations between Moslem and Christian. There was certainly no
religious fanaticism during this period of Ottoman history.
[125] ‘Les Osmanlis avaient étendu leur domination en Asie Mineure et
absorbé les états dont l’indépendance avait jusqu’alors empêché l’unité
politique de l’Empire musulman!’ Delaville-Leroulx, _France en Orient
au XIVe siècle_, i. 118. ‘Osmans Sohn Orkhan Kleinasien unterworfen
hatte’: Wüstenfeld, _Geschichte der Türken_, p. 16. ‘Orkan s’impadroni
di quasi tutta la Natolia’: Alberi, in preface (viii) to series III,
vol. i, of _Relazione Ven. Amb._ One of the earliest western historians
gives Orkhan’s ambition as ‘solus cupiens in minore Asia regnare’:
Cervarius, p. 5. Even Hammer, i. 150, is considerably ahead of time
in saying, in one of his chapters on Orkhan, ‘Les hordes ottomanes se
précipitèrent du haut de l’Olympe comme une avalanche, franchissant
montagnes et vallées, ajoutant à leurs possessions les neuf royaumes
nés des débris de l’Empire seljukide, inondant Asie Mineure depuis
l’Olympe jusqu’au Taurus.’ Hammer does not mean to give this wrong
impression, but one has to read very closely not to get it. See
discussion of this error in Appendix B.
[126] Cant., IV. 37, p. 284. Is it on the strength of this evident
error of a Greek writer that Evliya effendi, ii. 229, says ‘Orkhan
captured Angora from the Prince of Kutayia of the Kermian family’?
Hussein Hezarfenn, following Chalcocondylas, is an example of an
Ottoman historian basing his statements on a Greek authority.
[127] For the time of Ibn Batutah and Shehabeddin see Appendix B, p.
279. Mas-Latrie, _Trésor de Chronologie_, col. 1796, after careful
collation of Shehabeddin and Ibn Batutah, comes to the conclusion
that Orkhan added the emirates of Balikesri, Marmara, Akbara, Kaouïa,
Keredek, Kul Hissar, and Thingizlu to his state between 1349 and 1360.
This, too, is discussed in Appendix B.
[128] Marmara, for example, is given by the Ottoman historians as a
conquest made by Osman. See Hammer, i. 89. But it is mentioned as an
independent principality by Shehabeddin, in _Notices et Extraits des
MSS. de la Bibl. du roi_, xiii. 358, 366.
[129] Ibn Batutah, ii. 321-2.
[130] Shehabeddin, Paris MS., fonds arabe 2325, fol. 139 vº-140 rº.
[131] Ibid., fol. 125 vº.
[132] Hammer, i. 110-11, says that Alaeddin, ‘stranger to the
profession of arms, occupied himself solely with the cares of state’,
but on p. 133 he has Alaeddin commanding the troops in battle while
Orkhan watches from the top of a hill!
[133] For the derivation of vizier, with the double meaning of
burden-bearer and the one who aids, see Ibn Khaldun, _Prolegomena_, in
_Notices et Extraits_, xx. 4.
[134] Gen. xxviii. 11-18.
[135] Sale’s translation, c. 20, verse 30, p. 234.
[136] Col. Djevad bey, p. 20, _n._ 2. Col. Djevad claims that von
Hammer’s derivation of the word ‘pasha’ from the Persian is wrong.
But he gives no reason which would satisfy the philologist when he
asserts that this word is essentially Turkish. Nor does he attempt to
explain its original meaning. ‘Pasha’ is probably a shortened form of
‘padishah’. See _Century Dictionary_, v. 4228.
[137] According to the biographer of Brusa, cited by Hammer, i. 146,
_n._ 4.
[138] I do not understand what Hammer means when he says, i. 116, that
the _Kanunnamé_ must be taken in the sense of political rather than
ecclesiastical law. The two cannot be separated in Islam. Or, perhaps,
it is better to say that there is no political law. The very word
_Kanun_ was taken from the Greeks, was used by them for ecclesiastical
law, and its adoption by the Osmanlis (at a much later period than
Orkhan) serves to emphasize the fact that there was no other land of
law conceivable than the law of the Church. The word _Kanun_ had of
course other meanings, but in its collective legal sense it seems
to have stood only for rules or laws that had to do with things
ecclesiastical or religious. See the various meanings of this word in
A. Souter’s _Text and Canon of the New Testament_ (London, 1913), pp.
154-5.
[139] This petition is in the Litany of the Prayer Book of Edward VI.
Cf. Schaff, _Church History_, iv. 151.
[140] I do not mean to assert that religious feeling has played no part
in the massacres of our own day. But these massacres were arranged
by the government, who incited the Moslems to attack their Christian
neighbours, inflaming the ignorant mind more by an appeal to racial
hatred, to loot, to lust, than to defence of the sacred faith. In the
Armenian massacres it was represented to the ignorant village Moslem
that the Armenians were plotting to set up an independent government or
to betray the fatherland to some European power. I was in Adana during
the terrible massacre of 1909, and make this statement from personal
experience and observation.
[141] Michail Koëzé, Marco, and Evrenos were Greeks. Cf. Leunclavius,
_Pandectes_, p. 125.
[142] Up to the time of the Tanzimat, in 1849, Christians were called
_raïas_. The original meaning of _raïa_ was a flock, and was not a
term of contempt, but a recognition of the fact that Christians were a
taxable asset to the nation, at so much per head.
[143] In western Asia Minor, in Macedonia and Thrace, up to the present
day the convert to Islam, no matter of what race, is immediately
classified before the law as a Turk. When the Sublime Porte, after
the reoccupation of Adrianople in the summer of 1913, laid a memorial
before the Powers, it was claimed that the large majority of the
population of the vilayet of Thrace was ‘Turkish’. This word had
absolutely no racial significance. Every Mohammedan in Thrace, no
matter what his race or language, would be considered a Turk. The
Young Turks, when they established the Constitution in 1908, tried to
revive the word ‘Osmanli’ as a term including all Ottoman subjects. But
they not only failed to convince the nation--they failed to convince
themselves--that a Christian could really be an Osmanli, with the full
rights and privileges enjoyed by the Moslems.
[144] Ricaut, ed. 1682, p. 148. For confusion of the name ‘Turk’ with
‘Saracen’ by early western writers, see _Chronique latine de Guillaume
de Nangis_, Géraud ed., i. 46, 86-8; _Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche_,
Beaune and d’Arbaumont ed., i. 22-5, iv. 83; _Gilles le Muisit_,
Lemaître ed., p. 196. The mistake of Ricaut is common with many of the
fifteenth-to seventeenth-century writers on the Crusades.
[145] Matthew of Edessa (Urfa), fol. 8 of MS. Bibl. Nat., Paris, fonds
arménien, No. 95, quoted in _Notices et Extraits_, ix, 1^[ère] partie,
p. 281, speaks of ‘les calamités que des peuples barbares et corrompus,
tels que les Turcs et les Grecs, LEURS SEMBLABLES, ont
causées’.
[146] This was true even of the conquest of Constantinople, which
caused much more dismay and regret in Europe than among the Greeks. See
the remarkable letter of Francis Fielphus to Mohammed II in _Bibl. de
l’École des langues vivantes orientales_, série 3, xii. 63-6, 211-14.
[147] Cf. Rambaud in _Hist. Générale_, ii. 816.
[148] In Constantinople, Smyrna, Salonika, and the lesser coast
cities of the Ottoman Empire, as well as in many of the cities of the
interior, one feels the atmosphere of Sabbath rest much more on a
Sunday than on a Friday.
[149] Evliya effendi, ii. 241.
[150] In the _Djihannuma_, p. 951.
[151] In a popular Anatolian love-song, there is the line, ‘Benim
sevdijimie din var iman yok’, ‘She whom I love has religion, but not
a bit of faith’, which illustrates the lack of deep religious feeling
in the Osmanli. In this he is like the Greek, and different from the
Slav, the Persian and Arab. See Kúnos, _Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, liii. 237.
[152] At Balikesri the sultan Dambur told Ibn Batutah that ‘the men
follow the religion of their king’: ii. 317. Here was the principle of
_cuius regio eius religio_ two centuries before Augsburg!
[153] Col. Djevad bey, pp. 18-19.
[154] Edward III of England had created a sort of obligatory military
service. His organized infantry took part in the Battle of Crécy, 1346.
Lavisse-Rambaud, _Hist. générale_, iii. 76.
[155] Halil Ganem, i. 39.
[156] This still holds. In October 1912, on the Seraskerat Square in
Constantinople, I saw Sultan Mehmed V give over the command of the army
for the Balkan War to Nazim pasha.
[157] Col. Djevad bey, p. 18.
[158] Bertrandon de la Broquière, Schéfer ed., pp. 220-1.
[159] This statement needs especial emphasis, as many historians have
followed Chalcocondylas and Bosio in attributing the corsair fleets to
Osman and Orkhan. An instance of a careful modern historian making this
error is found in Romanin, _Historia documentata di Venezia_, iii. 147,
where he says, ‘La lega ... per raffrenare l’ognor erescente potenza
_ottomana_.’
[160] In Bongars, _Gesta Dei per Francos_, ii. 313.
[161] This letter, from the manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale,
Paris, is published in _Bibl. de l’École des Chartes_ (1906), lxvii.
587. Other documents on this mission, ibid. (1892), liii. 254-7.
[162] See papers of H. Lot in _Bibl. de l’École des Chartes_, 4e
série (1859), v. 503-9, and (1875) xxxvi. 588-600. Also Bosio, ii. 58.
[163] Raynaldus, Ann. 1334, pp. 17-19. As the repetition of all the
negotiations in connexion with papal attempts for crusades cannot be
included in the text of my book, I refer the reader to the section on
papal negotiations in the Chronological Tables.
[164] Deliberation of Senate, November 18, 1333, in _Misti_, XVI, fol.
40.
[165] Raynaldus, Ann. 1344, p. 11; Stella (in Muratori), col. 1080;
Dandolo, p. 418; Greg., II, p. 686; Cant., III, p. 192; _Mon. Hist.
Patr._ x. 757; _Misti_ for 1344, fol. 30; Rymer, _Acta Publica_, vol.
ii, part IV, p. 172; _Commemorialia_, iv. 80.
[166] For relations of Rhodes with Smyrna from 1347 onwards, see Bosio,
_passim_, but especially ii. 80 and 118-19.
[167] Serbian chronicles, quoted by von Kállay, _Geschichte der
Serben_, i. 66.
[168] In the fratricidal war of July 1913, the ignorant Serbian
peasants really believed that they were fighting to take from the
Bulgarians ‘the sacred soil of the fatherland’, as their newspapers and
addresses to the soldiers called Macedonia. The name of St. Stephen was
invoked when they went into battle.
[169] Orbini, _Il Regno degli Slavi_, p. 259, gives a circumstantial
account of the assassination. He says that Stephen gave the order to
men who strangled the old king in his cell at midnight. This does not
prevent Orbini from saying later of Stephen ‘fu huomo molto pio’!
Borschgrave, p. 266, is not certain of Stephen’s connivance.
[170] J. Schafarik, _Elenchus actorum spectantium ad historiam
Serborum_, XXV-XXVII.
[171] I find no documentary authority for the often repeated statement
that this coronation took place at Skoplje (Uskub or Scopia). At the
time of the recent Balkan War, the Serbians, in order to preserve their
friendly relations with Greece, supported the Uskub theory. But see
Ljubić, _Monumenta spectantia ad hist. Slavorum meridionalium_, ii.
278, 279, 326; _Commemorialia_, IV; _Secreta Rog._, A. 33.
[172] ‘Stephanus, D. G. Serviae ... Albaniae, maritimae regionis rex,
Bulgariae imperii princeps et fere totius imperii Romaniae dominus’:
Ljubić, ii. 278.
[173] Ibid., ii. 326.
[174] Ibid., loc. cit.
[175] _Secr. Rog._, A. 33.
[176] _Misti_, xxiv. 12.
[177] Ibid., xxiv. 110.
[178] _Secr. Rog._, II, B. 4; _Misti_, xxiv. 103.
[179] Cf. _Misti_, xxv. 7, 10. Fiorinsky, _The South Slavs and
Byzantium in the second quarter of the Fourteenth Century_, quoted by
Borchgrave in _Bulletin de l’Académie royale de Belgique_ for 1884,
8e série, iv. 429-30.
[180] _Commem._ iv. 172.
[181] _Misti_, xxvi. 16-22; _Commem._ iv. 157.
[182] MS. Vatican 3765, quoted by Raynaldus, ann. 1347, XXX.
[183] Fiorinsky, p. 207.