A
Abu Shahrein, 46.
_See also_ Eridu
Abydos, 95, 96, 102
administration, Egyptian, 99 ff.
African character of early Egyptian civilization, 39;
modern A. parallels, 33, 70, 120
agriculture: Egyptian, 100, 105 f., 113 f.;
Al Ubaid period, 44;
of Mesopotamian cities, 63 ff.;
neolithic, 29 f., 32;
social consequences of introduction, 34 f.
Akkad, 82, 87, 88
Akkadian, 83
Alabdeh tribe, 34
allotments of temple land, 65 f.
Al Ubaid culture, period, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 83, 126
Amon-re, texts glorifying, 19 f.
Amorites, 88
Amratian culture, 39
amulets, funerary, 123
animal forms, use of, in art, 124 f., 131, 134-35
Anu, 55, 88
Arabia, Southern, 136
Arabs of marshes of S. Iraq, 43, 45 f., 60
architecture, 45, 55, 56, 127, 128;
monumental appearance of, 49, 126, 127;
Protoliterate, influence of in Egypt, 97, 126 f.
_See also_ bricks, houses, recessed buildings, reed
structures, temples
army service, 69;
usually as labour corps, 108 f., 118
art: Egyptian, 92, 97;
Mesopotamian influence in, 124 f.;
Mesopotamian Protoliterate, 59 f.;
palaeolithic, 27;
representational, 50
assemblies in Sumerian cities, 77 f.
Assur, 84
B
Babylon, 48, 137
Badarian culture, 39
Baghdad, 53
barter, 73, 117
Bes, 109
blind, employment of, 69
boats on Nile, 112
Brak, temple at, 84, 87, 133, 136
bricks, 45, 126
Byblos, 36, 119
C
calendar, 62, 86.
_See also_ seasons
canals, 53, 66
Cappadocia, 133
Carchemish, 36
Chagar Bazar, 36
Cilicia, 36
cities: Egyptian, insignificance of, 97;
Mesopotamian, basis of rulers’ power, 98;
economic organization of, 64 ff;
particularism, 88;
political institutions, 77 ff.;
ruled by deity, 54, 61;
rural connections of, 61
civilization, genesis of, 2 ff.
climate, 26, 51 f., 68, 69
Collingwood, R. G., 15 f.
common land, 65
copper, 40 f., 45, 75, 100
_corvée_, 65, 76 n. 27, 80, 108, 109
craftsmen, 67, 73, 110, 111
Crocodilopolis, 116
crops, 29, 68, 113-14
cylinder seals, 58-59, 60 and n., 83, 97, 122
Cyrus the Persian, 89
D
dictatorship, 78 f.
Djet, Stele of, 129, 132
drainage, 34, 113
dress, Sumerian, 75 f.
dynamics of civilizations, 3, 12, 13
E
Egypt: compared with Mesopotamia, 49;
early conditions, 37 f.;
foreign contacts of, 39 f.;
formative period, 51;
ideal of society in, 23-24;
Mesopotamian influence in, 122 ff.;
time of, 135-36;
predynastic culture phases, 39;
rural life in, 104, 105, 106 f.;
sickles, 29;
Spengler’s idea of, 9 f.;
Toynbee’s, 18 f., 22-23;
unification of, 90 f.
Elam, 67, 74
Elamites, 88
Enki, 47
Enlil, 56, 63, 88
_ensi_, “governor,” functions, 79-80;
equality of Mesopotamian citizens, 77
Erech, 54, 55 f., 60, p 78 n., 124
Eridu (Abu Shahrein), 47, 128
exchequer, Egyptian, 100, 101, 118
F
Fayum, 30, 94
festivals, 62
First Dynasty (Egyptian), 30, 95, 113, 122-23, 126, 127, 128, 130,
136-37
First Intermediate period, 39, 111, 119
fish, fishing, 47, 68, 112
floods of Tigris, 53.
_See also_ Nile flood
“forms” of civilization, 3, 7, 25, 49, 94
Fourth Dynasty, 99
frankincense, 118, 137
G
Gebel el Arak, knife-handle from, 92, 124, 134
Gerzean period, 40 f., 122, 136, 137
Gizeh, workmen’s barracks at, 108
gods: chthonic, 57;
of waters, 47;
man created to serve, 63;
Pharaoh regarded as a, 54, 129;
rulers of Mesopotamian cities, 54, 57
“gold” reward of merit, 111
Guti, 88
H
Hadendoa tribe, 33
Hassuna, 30, 36
Herodotus, 8, 137
hieroglyphs, 131
history, idea of progress in, 15 f.;
theories of, 4 ff.;
distinction between prehistory and, 26 f.
Hittites, 88
houses, Mesopotamian, 75
hunting, 38, 112
Hyksos, 18, 19
I
Inanna, temple of, 55
inventions, neolithic, 35 f.
Iraq, 30
irrigation, 31 ff., 34, 49
J
Jamdat Nasr, Late Protoliterate, formerly called, 132
Jericho, 36
K
Kassites, 88
Khafajah, 67 n., 75, 84
king-figure in art, p 78 n., 124
kingship, 78, 79, 86 and n., 93, 94 f., 98, 120
Kish, 75
knife-handles, 92.
_See also_ Gebel el Arak
Koptos, 137
L
labour corps, housing of, 108
Lagash, 68, 79, 81
Lahun, workmen’s town at, 109
land of Mesopotamian cities, division and cultivation, 64 f.
language: Akkadian, 52, 83;
Egyptian, Hamitic elements in, 39, 40 f.;
Sumerian, 51 f.
law, 86;
Pharaoh fount of, 99
Lebanon, timber from, 96, 118
Libya, 28, 97
_lugal_, “great man,” “king,” 78 f., 79
Lugalzaggesi, 83
luxuries, trade in, 37
M
Maat, 104, 107
Marduk, 63
Mari, 84
markets, 117
Memphis, 94
“Memphis Theology,” 94 f.
Menes, 90, 91, 94, 95 f., 113
merchants, 67, 74 f., 118
Mersin, 36, 126
Mesopotamia;
prehistoric, 42 f.;
southern, 44, 45 f.;
cities of, Chapter III _passim_;
compared with Egypt, 50 ff.;
formative age of, 51;
influence in Egypt, 121 ff.;
invasions of, 89
Methen, career of, 101, 103 n.
Min, statues of, 137
money, absence of, 72, 115
“mountain,” religious significance of, 56 f.
N
Naqada, 122
Naramsin, 85, 87
Narmer, 90, 96;
palette of, 91, 92 f., 96, 125
Natufians, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36
Nekhbet, 95
Nesutnefer, 102 f.
New Stone Age, inventions, 35
New Year’s festival, 57, 62
_nigenna_-land, common, 65, 76
Nile flood, 38, 108, 113
Nineveh, 36
nomarchs, 101, 113
_nubanda_, 65, 66, 72, 79, 80
Nubia, 97, 102, 118, 126
O
oath by name of king, 86
officials, 69, 99 ff.;
ideal, 103;
oppression by, 81, 104, 115
Old Stone Age, 28, 29, 30.
_See also_ palaeolithic
oligarchy, 77
ornaments, 74-75
Osiris, 18
P
palaeolithic remains, express religious concepts, 27 f.
Palestine, wild grains in, 29;
early relations with Egypt, 39, 40, 96
palettes, votive: Hunter’s, 93, 126-27, 129;
Narmer’s, 90 ff., 96, 125
Panehsi, 107
peasant life, 104
Persia, 42, 43, 68, 84
Pharaoh, position and functions, 24, 54, 91, 93, 98, 119-20, 129
“planned society” in Sumerian cities, 64, 73
ploughing, 71, 72
pottery: earliest, 35;
in Egypt, 40;
Mesopotamian, 43;
Tell Halaf, 43 n., 46
prehistory, distinction between history and, 26;
of ancient Near East, 27-48
private enterprise, property, 74, 76, 115
progress in history, 15 f.
Protoliterate period, 52;
age of expansion, 132;
seals of, in Egypt, 122;
temples of, 54;
influence Egyptian technique, 97, 125 ff.
pyramids, 108
Q
Qau el Kebir, 110
R
Ras Shamra, 36
rations, 66, 76 n., 112
raw materials, 100, 118-19
recessed buildings, 55, 127 f., 133 n.
Red Sea, 136-37
reed structures, 45, 60
_rekhyt_-birds, 90, 93
religion, palaeolithic, 27 f.;
early Mesopotamian, 62-63 f., 89
rents, in kind or silver, 65
S
Samarra, 42
_sangu_, 65, 72, 79, 80
Sargon of Akkad, 82 f., 85 ff.
Scorpion king, 90, 96;
macehead of, 129
seals, cylinder, 58, 59, 60 and n., 122;
stamp, 122 f.
seasons, 113
Semerkhet, 96
Seneb, 111 f.
serfdom in Egypt, 108, 109-10
Seti, 102
ships, 124.
_See also_ boats
Sialk, 30, 36, 133
sickles, toothed, 30 f.;
clay, 46 f.
Sinai, 40, 96, 97, 118
slaves, 66, 68, 110
Snefru, 23, 119
socialism, Sumerian theocratic, 73
soldiers, 69
specialization, 69
Spengler, O., views discussed, 4-12, 17-18
stock-breeding, 35, 116-17
Sumer, 48, 84, 97, 136, 137
Sumerians, 51 n., 57, 69, 88
Susa, 133
Syria, contacts with Egypt, 96, 97, 117, 136
T
Tasian culture, 39
taxes, 100, 104, 112, 114-15
Tell Asmar (Eshunna), 88
Tell el Amarna, workmen’s village at, 109
Tell Halaf, 36;
pottery, 44 n., 46
Tell Uqair, 55, 60
temples: of Al Ubaid period, 47-48, 54, 128;
Protoliterate, 54;
their influence in Egypt, 97, 127 ff.;
accounts kept by, 71 ff.;
civic importance, 57;
earliest writing in, 57, 58;
economic units, 50, 54, 64 ff.;
magazines, 67 f.
_See also_ Assur, Brak, Erech, Mari
Tepe Gawra, 46, 128
Thebes, 98, 118
Theocracy, 54
This, 90, 95
Tigris, 43, 45, 53;
and Euphrates, cultural continuum along, 84
toilet sets, copper and gold, 75
tools, 67
towers, 129, 132, 133 n.
_See also_ ziggurat
Toynbee, A., views discussed, 2, 4, 10, 12-23
trade, 74, 117, 133
trade routes, defence of, 87 f.
Treasurer of Pharaoh, 100, 101, 102
Troy, 84
“Two Lands, The,” 95
U
Umma, 79, 82
Uni, 107
Ur, 43, 55, 75;
Third Dynasty of, 88
urban-rural contrast, found in early times, 62
Urukagina, reforms of, 81, 82
_Uru-lal_-land, 65, 74
V
vizierate in Egypt, 99
W
Wadi Hammamat, 137
weavers, weaving, 35-36, 111
Wenamon, 119
“White Wall,” Memphis, 94
women as allotment-holders, 66-67
wood, seals made of, 123.
_See also_ Lebanon
wool, 68
writing, 49, 50, 58 and n., 97, 129, 130
Z
ziggurat, 55;
significance, 56
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