CHAPTER VIII.

FRANCE SINCE THE REVOLUTION.

1. The Restoration.--The Allies left the people of France free to

choose their Government, and they accepted the old royal family, who

were on their borders awaiting a recall. The son of Louis XVI. had

perished in the hands of his jailers, and thus the king's next brother,

_Louis XVIII._, succeeded to the throne, bringing back a large emigrant

following. Things were not settled down, when Napoleon, in the spring of

1815, escaped from Elba. The army welcomed him with delight, and Louis

was forced to flee to Ghent. However, the Allies immediately rose in

arms, and the troops of England and Prussia crushed Napoleon entirely at

Waterloo, on the 18th of June, 1815. He was sent to the lonely rock of

St. Helena, in the Atlantic, whence he could not again return to trouble

the peace of Europe. There he died in 1821. Louis XVIII. was restored,

and a charter was devised by which a limited monarchy was established, a

king at the head, and two chambers--one of peers, the other of

deputies, but with a very narrow franchise. It did not, however, work

amiss; till, after Louis's death in 1824, his brother, _Charles X._,

tried to fall back on the old system. He checked the freedom of the

press, and interfered with the freedom of elections. The consequence was

a fresh revolution in July, 1830, happily with little bloodshed, but

which forced Charles X. to go into exile with his grandchild Henry,

whose father, the Duke of Berry, had been assassinated in 1820.

2. Reign of Louis Philippe.--The chambers of deputies offered the

crown to _Louis Philippe_, Duke of Orleans. He was descended from the

regent; his father had been one of the democratic party in the

Revolution, and, when titles were abolished, had called himself Philip

_Egalité_ (Equality). This had not saved his head under the Reign of

Terror, and his son had been obliged to flee and lead a wandering life,

at one time gaining his livelihood by teaching mathematics at a school

in Switzerland. He had recovered his family estates at the Restoration,

and, as the head of the Liberal party, was very popular. He was elected

King of the French, not of France, with a chamber of peers nominated for

life only, and another of deputies elected by voters, whose

qualification was two hundred francs, or eight pounds a year. He did his

utmost to gain the good will of the people, living a simple, friendly

family life, and trying to merit the term of the "citizen king," and in

the earlier years of his reign he was successful. The country was

prosperous, and a great colony was settled in Algiers, and endured a

long and desperate war with the wild Arab tribes. A colony was also

established in New Caledonia, in the Pacific, and attempts were carried

out to compensate thus for the losses of colonial possessions which

France had sustained in wars with England. Discontents, however, began

to arise, on the one hand from those who remembered only the successes

of Buonaparte, and not the miseries they had caused, and on the other

from the working-classes, who declared that the _bourgeois_, or

tradespeople, had gained everything by the revolution of July, but they

themselves nothing. Louis Philippe did his best to gratify and amuse the

people by sending for the remains of Napoleon, and giving him a

magnificent funeral and splendid monument among his old soldiers--the

Invalides; but his popularity was waning. In 1842 his eldest son, the

Duke of Orleans, a favourite with the people, was killed by a fall from

his carriage, and this was another shock to his throne. Two young

grandsons were left; and the king had also several sons, one of whom,

the Duke of Montpensier, he gave in marriage to Louise, the sister and

heiress presumptive to the Queen of Spain; though, by treaty with the

other European Powers, it had been agreed that she should not marry a

French prince unless the queen had children of her own. Ambition for

his family was a great offence to his subjects, and at the same time a

nobleman, the Duke de Praslin, who had murdered his wife, committed

suicide in prison to avoid public execution; and the republicans

declared, whether justly or unjustly, that this had been allowed rather

than let a noble die a felon's death.

3. The Revolution of 1848.--In spite of the increased prosperity of

the country, there was general disaffection. There were four

parties--the Orleanists, who held by Louis Philippe and his minister

Guizot, and whose badge was the tricolour; the Legitimists, who retained

their loyalty to the exiled Henry, and whose symbol was the white

Bourbon flag; the Buonapartists; and the Republicans, whose badge was

the red cap and flag. A demand for a franchise that should include the

mass of the people was rejected, and the general displeasure poured

itself out in speeches at political banquets. An attempt to stop one of

these led to an uproar. The National Guard refused to fire on the

people, and their fury rose unchecked; so that the king, thinking

resistance vain, signed an abdication, and fled to England in February,

1848. A provisional Government was formed, and a new constitution was to

be arranged; but the Paris mob, who found their condition unchanged, and

really wanted equality of wealth, not of rights, made disturbances again

and again, and barricaded the streets, till they were finally put down

by General Cavaignac, while the rest of France was entirely dependent on

the will of the capital. After some months, a republic was determined

on, which was to have a president at its head, chosen every five years

by universal suffrage. Louis Napoleon Buonaparte, nephew to the great

Napoleon, was the first president thus chosen; and, after some

struggles, he not only mastered Paris, but, by the help of the army,

which was mostly Buonapartist, he dismissed the chamber of deputies, and

imprisoned or exiled all the opponents whom the troops had not put to

death, on the plea of an expected rising of the mob. This was called a

_coup d'état_, and Louis Napoleon was then declared president for ten

years.

4. The Second Empire.--In December, 1852, the president took the title

of Emperor, calling himself Napoleon III., as successor to the young son

of the great Napoleon. He kept up a splendid and expensive court, made

Paris more than ever the toy-shop of the world, and did much to improve

it by the widening of streets and removal of old buildings. Treaties

were made which much improved trade, and the country advanced in

prosperity. The reins of government were, however, tightly held, and

nothing was so much avoided as the letting men think or act for

themselves, while their eyes were to be dazzled with splendour and

victory. In 1853, when Russia was attacking Turkey, the Emperor united

with England in opposition, and the two armies together besieged

Sebastopol, and fought the battles of Alma and Inkermann, taking the

city after nearly a year's siege; and then making what is known as the

Treaty of Paris, which guaranteed the safety of Turkey so long as the

subject Christian nations were not misused. In 1859 Napoleon III. joined

in an attack on the Austrian power in Italy, and together with Victor

Emanuel, King of Sardinia, and the Italians, gained two great victories

at Magenta and Solferino; but made peace as soon as it was convenient to

him, without regard to his promises to the King of Sardinia, who was

obliged to purchase his consent to becoming King of United Italy by

yielding up to France his old inheritance of Savoy and Nice. Meantime

discontent began to spring up at home, and the Red Republican spirit was

working on. The huge fortunes made by the successful only added to the

sense of contrast; secret societies were at work, and the Emperor, after

twenty years of success, felt his popularity waning.

5. The Franco-German War.--In 1870 the Spaniards, who had deposed

their queen, Isabel II., made choice of a relation of the King of

Prussia as their king. There had long been bitter jealousy between

France and Prussia, and, though the prince refused the offer of Spain,

the French showed such an overbearing spirit that a war broke out. The

real desire of France was to obtain the much-coveted frontier of the

Rhine, and the Emperor heated their armies with boastful proclamations

which were but the prelude to direful defeats, at Weissenburg, Wörth,

and Forbach. At Sedan, the Emperor was forced to surrender himself as a

prisoner, and the tidings no sooner arrived at Paris than the whole of

the people turned their wrath on him and his family. His wife, the

Empress Eugènie, had to flee, a republic was declared, and the city

prepared to stand a siege. The Germans advanced, and put down all

resistance in other parts of France. Great part of the army had been

made prisoners, and, though there was much bravado, there was little

steadiness or courage left among those who now took up arms. Paris,

which was blockaded, after suffering much from famine, surrendered in

February, 1871; and peace was purchased in a treaty by which great part

of Elsass and Lorraine, and the city of Metz, were given back to

Germany.

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History of France · 第 8 / 8 章