157. Intention of, 158.
_Europe_, general review of the several nations of, as to their
improvement since the discovery of America, 85. The two richest
countries in, enjoy the greatest shares of the carrying trade, 153.
Inquiry into the advantages derived by, from the discovery and
colonization of America, 243. The particular advantages derived by
each colonizing country, 244. And by others which have no colonies,
259.
_Exchange_, the operation of, in the commercial intercourse of
different countries, 174. The course of, an uncertain criterion of
the balance of trade between two countries, 192, 193. Is generally
in favour of those countries which pay in bank money, against those
which pay in common currency, 198.
_Excise_, the principal objects of, 371. The duties of, more clear
and distinct than the customs, 373. Affects only a few articles of
the most general consumption, ib. The scheme of Sir Robert Walpole
defended, 375. The excise upon home-made fermented and spiritous
liquors the most productive, 376. Expense of levying excise duties
computed, 380. The laws of, more vexatious than those of the
customs, 381.
_Exercise_, military, alteration in, produced by the invention of
fire-arms, 292.
_Expenses_, private, how they influence the national capital, 33.
Advantage of bestowing them on durable commodities, ib.
_Export trade_, the principles of, explained, 153. When rude produce
may be advantageously exported, even by a foreign capital, 156,
157. Why encouraged by European nations, 182, 183. By what means
promoted, ib. The motives to, and tendency of, drawbacks of duties,
203. The grants of bounties on, considered, 205. Exportation of the
materials of manufactures, review of the restraints and prohibitions
of, 268.
F
_Faith_, articles of, how regulated by the civil magistrate, 354.
_Families_ seldom remain on large estates many generations in
commercial countries, 170.
_Famine_. See _Dearth_.
_Farmers of land_, the several articles that compose their gain
distinguished, 22. Require more knowledge and experience than the
generality of manufacturers, 53. In what their capitals consist,
112. The great quantity of productive labour put into motion by
their capitals, 149. Artificers necessary to them, 156. Their
situation better in England than in any other part of Europe, 160.
Labour under great disadvantages everywhere, 161. Origin of long
leases of farms, 170. Are a class of men least subject to the
wretched spirit of monopoly, 187. Were forced by old statutes to
become the only dealers in corn, 215. Could not sell corn cheaper
than any other corn merchant, 216. Could seldom sell it so cheap,
ib. The culture of land obstructed by this division of their
capitals, 217. The use of corn-dealers to the farmers, ib. How they
contribute to the annual production of the land, according to the
French agricultural system of political economy, 275.
_Farmers_ of the public revenue, their character, 383, 391.
_Feudal government_, miserable state of the occupiers of land
under, 137. Trade and interest of money under, ib. Chiefs, their
power, 157. Slaves, their situation, 159. Tenures of land, ib.
Taxation, 161. Original poverty and servile state of the tradesmen
in towns, 162. Immunities seldom granted but for valuable
considerations, 163. Origin of free burghs, ib. The power of the
barons reduced by municipal privileges, ib. The cause and effect of
ancient hospitality, 167. Extensive power of the ancient barons,
168. Was not established in England until the Norman conquest, ib.
Was silently subverted by manufactures and commerce, 169.
_Feudal wars_, how supported, 290. Military exercises not well
attended to, under, 291. Standing armies gradually introduced to
supply the place of the feudal militia, 295. Account of the
casualties or taxes under, 363. Revenues under, how enjoyed by the
great landholders, 385.
_Fairs_, public, in Scotland, the nature of the institution,
explained, 76, 77.
_Fines_ for the renewal of leases, the motive for exacting them,
and their tendency, 349.
_Fire-arms_, alteration in the art of war effected by the invention
of, 292, 295. The invention of, favourable to the extension of
civilisation, 296.
_Fish_, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21. The
multiplication of, at market, by human industry, both limited and
uncertain, 99. How an increase of demand raises the price of fish,
100.
_Fisheries_, observations on the tonnage bounties granted to, 211.
To the herring fishery ib. The boat fishery ruined by this bounty,
212.
_Flanders_, the ancient commercial prosperity of, perpetuated by
the solid improvements of agriculture, 172.
_Flax_, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.
_Fleetwood_, Bishop, remarks on his Chronicon Pretiosum, 77, 78.
_Flour_, the component parts of the price of, explained, 21.
_Food_, will always purchase as much labor as it can maintain on
the spot, 61. Bread and butcher's meat compared, 62, 63. Is the
original source of every other production, 69. The abundance of,
constitutes the principal part of the riches of the world, and
gives the principal value to many other kinds of riches, 73.
_Forestalling_ and _engrossing_, the popular fear of, like the
suspicions of witchcraft, 218.
_Forts_, when necessary for the protection of commerce, 306.
_France_, fluctuations in the legal rate of interest for money
there during the course of the present century, 37, 38. Remarks on
the trade and riches of, ib. The nature of apprenticeships there,
51. The propriety of restraining the planting of vineyards
examined, 65. Variations in the price of grain there, 73. The money
price of labour has sunk gradually with the money price of corn,
84. Foundation of the Mississippi scheme, 130. Little trade or
industry to be found in the parliament towns of, 138. Description
of the class of farmers called metayers, 159. Laws relating to the
tenure of land, 161. Services formerly exacted besides rent, ib.
The taille, what, and in operation in checking the cultivation of
land, ib. Origin of the magistrates and councils of cities, 164. No
direct legal encouragement given to agriculture, 171. Ill policy of
M. Colbert's commercial regulations, 189. French goods heavily
taxed in Great Britain, 192. The commercial intercourse between
France and England, now chiefly carried on by smugglers, ib. The
policy of the commercial restraints between France and Britain
considered, ib. State of the coinage there, 194. Why the commerce
with England has been subjected to discouragement, 202. Foundation
of the enmity between these countries, ib. Remarks concerning the
seignorage on coin, 225. Standard of the gold coin there, ib. The
trade of the French colonies, how regulated, 237. The government of
the colonies conducted with moderation, 241. The sugar colonies of,
better governed than those of Britain, ib. The kingdom of, how
taxed, 256. The members of the league fought more in defence of
their own importance than for any other cause, 258. The present
agricultural system of political economy adopted by philosophers
there described, 275. Under what direction the funds for the
repair of the roads are placed, 305. General state of the roads,
ib. The universities badly governed, 319. Remarks on the management
of the parliaments of, 335. Measures taken in, to reduce the power
of the clergy, 337. Account of the mode of rectifying the
inequalities of the predial taille in the generality of Montauban,
352. The personal taille explained, 360. The inequalities in, how
remedied, 361. How the personal taille discourages cultivation, ib.
The vingtieme, 362. Stamp duties and the controle, 364, 365. The
capitation tax, how rated, 367. Restraints upon the interior trade
of the country by the local variety of the revenue laws, 382. The
duties on tobacco and salt, how levied, 383. The different sources
of revenue in, 384. How the finances of, might be reformed, ib. The
French system of taxation compared with that in Britain, ib. The
nature of tontines explained, 390. Estimate of the whole national
debt of, ib.
_Frugality_, generally a predominating principle in human nature, 140.
_Fuller's earth_, the exportation of why prohibited, 271.
_Funds_, British, brief historical view of, 387. Operation of,
politically considered, 393. The practice of funding has gradually
enfeebled every state that has adopted it, 395.
_Fur trade_, the first principles of, 68.
G
_Gama_, Vasco de, the first European who discovered a naval track
to the East Indies, 229.
_Gardening_, the gains from, distinguished into the component
parts, 22. Not a profitable employment, 64.
_Gems_, See _Stones_.
_General_ fund in the British finances explained, 389.
_Genoa_, why corn is dear in the territory of, 80.
_Glasgow_, the trade of, doubled in fifteen years, by erecting banks
there, 120. Why a city of greater trade than Edinburgh, 138.
_Gold_, not the standard value in England, 16. Its value measured
by silver, 17. Reformation of the gold coin, ib. Mint price of gold
in England, ib. The working the mines of, in Peru, very
unprofitable, 71. Qualities for which this metal is valued, 72. The
proportionate value of, to silver, how rated before and after the
discovery of the American mines, 89. Is cheaper in the Spanish
market than silver, 90. Great quantities of, remitted annually from
Portugal to England, 223. Why little of it remains in England, ib.
Is always to be had for its value, 224.
_Gold_ and _Silver_, the prices of, how affected by the increase of
the quantity of the metals, 79. Are commodities that naturally seek
the best market, 80. Are metals of the least value among the
poorest nations, ib. The increase in the quantity of, by means of
wealth and improvement, has no tendency to diminish their value,
81. The annual consumption of those metals very considerable, 87.
Annual importation of, into Spain and Portugal, 88. Are not likely
to multiply beyond the demand, ib. The durability of, the cause of
the steadiness of their price, ib. On what circumstances the
quantity of, in every particular country, depends, 100. The low
value of these metals in a country no evidence of its wealth, nor
their high value of its poverty, 101. If not employed at home, will
be sent abroad notwithstanding all prohibitions, 139. The reason
why European nations have studied to accumulate these metals, 174.
Commercial arguments in favour of their exportation, ib. These and
all other commodities are mutually the prices of each other, 175.
The quantity of, in every country, regulated by the effectual
demand, 176. Why the prices of these metals do not fluctuate so
much as those of other commodities, ib. To preserve a due quantity
of, in a country, no proper object of attention for the government,
176. The accumulated gold and silver in a country distinguished
into three parts, 178. A great quantity of bullion alternately
exported and imported for the purposes of foreign trade, 179.
Annual amount of these metals imported into Spain and Portugal,
180. The importation of, not the principal benefit derived from
foreign trade, 181. The value of, how affected by the discovery of
the American mines, ib. And by the passage round the Cape of Good
Hope to the East Indies, ib. Effect of the annual exportation of
silver to the East Indies, 182. The commercial means pursued to
increase the quantity of these metals in a country, ib., 192.
Bullion, how received and paid at the bank of Amsterdam, 195. At
what prices, 196, _note_. A trading country without mines not
likely to be exhausted by an annual exportation of these metals,
200. The value of, in Spain and Portugal, depreciated by
restraining the exportation of them, 208. Are not imported for the
purposes of plate or coin, but for foreign trade, 224. The search
after mines of, the most ruinous of all projects, 230. Are valuable
because scarce and difficult to be procured, 231.
_Gorgias_, evidence of the wealth he acquired by teaching, 56.
_Government_, civil, indispensibly necessary for the security of
private property, 297. Subordination in society, by what means
introduced, ib. Inequality of fortune introduces civil government
for its preservation, 299. The administration of justice a source
of revenue in early times, ib. Why government ought not to have the
management of turnpikes, 304. Nor of other public works, 306. Want
of parsimony during peace imposes a necessity of contracting debts,
to carry on a war, 386. Must support a regular administration of
justice to cause manufactures and commerce to flourish, 387. Origin
of a national debt, ib. Progression of public debts, ib. War, why
generally agreeable to the people, 391.
_Governors_, political, the greatest spendthrifts in society, 142.
_Grasses_, artificial, tend to reduce the price of butcher's meat, 63.
_Graziers_, subject to monopolies obtained by manufactures to their
prejudice, 271.
_Greece_, foreign trade promoted in several of the ancient states
of, 284. Military exercises a part of general education, 291.
Soldiers not a distinct profession in, ib. Course of education in
the republics of, 324. The morals of the Greeks inferior to those
of the Romans, ib. Schools of the philosophers and rhetoricians,
325. Law no science among the Greeks, ib. Courts, of justice, ib.
The martial spirit of the people, how supported, 329.
_Greek colonies_, how distinguished from Roman colonies, 227, 228.
Rapid progress of these colonies, 232.
_Greek language_, how introduced as a part of university education,
322. Philosophy, the three great branches of, ib.
_Ground rents_, great variations of, according to situation, 354.
Are a more proper subject of taxation, than houses, 355.
_Gum senega_, review of the regulations imposed on the trade for, 272.
_Gunpowder_, great revolution effected in the art of war by the
invention of, 292, 296. This invention favourable to the extension
of civilization, 296.
_Gustavus Vasa_, how enabled to establish the Reformation in Sweden,
338.
H
_Hanseatic league_, causes that rendered it formidable, 164. Why no
vestige remains of the wealth of the Hans towns, 172.
_Hamburgh_, agio of the bank of, explained, 195. Sources of the
revenue of that city, 343, 344. The inhabitants of, how taxed to
the state, 359.
_Hamburgh company_, some account of, 308.
_Hearth money_, why abolished in England, 356, 357.
_Henry VIII._ of England, prepares the way for the Reformation, by
shutting out the authority of the pope, 338.
_Herring buss bounty_, remarks on, 211. Fraudulent claims of the
bounty, ib. The boat fishery the most natural and profitable, 212.
Account of the British white herring fishery, ib. Account of the
busses fitted out in Scotland, the amount of their cargoes, and the
bounties on them, 287, _Append._
_Hides_, the produce of rude countries commonly carried to a
distant market, 97. Price of, in England three centuries ago, 98.
Salted hides inferior to fresh ones, 98, 99. The price of, how
affected by circumstances in cultivated and in uncultivated
countries, ib.
_Highlands of Scotland_, interesting remarks on the population of,
33. Military character of the Highlanders, 293.
_Hobbes_, Mr. remarks on his definition of wealth, 13.
_Hogs_, circumstances which render their flesh cheap or dear, 95.
_Holland_, observations on the riches, and trade of the republic
of, 38. Not to follow some business unfashionable there, 40. Cause
of the dearness of corn there, 80. Enjoys the greatest share in the
carrying trade of Europe, 153. How the Dutch were excluded from
being the carriers to Great Britain, 188. Is a country that
prospers under the heaviest taxation, 189. Account of the bank of
Amsterdam, 194, 195. This republic derives even its subsistence
from foreign trade, 202, 203. Tax paid on houses there, 356.
Account of the tax upon successions, 363. Stamp duties, 364. High
amount of the taxes in, 370, 384. Its prosperity depends on the
republican form of government, 385.
_Honoraries_, from pupils to teachers in colleges tendency of, to
quicken their diligence, 319.
_Hose_, in the time of Edward IV., how made, 104.
_Hospitality_, ancient, the cause and effect of, 169, 385.
_House_, different acceptations of the term in England, and some
other countries, 49. Houses considered as part of the national
stock, 113. Houses produce no revenue, ib. The rent of,
distinguished into two parts, 354. Operation of a tax upon house
rent, payable by the tenant, ib. House rent, the best test of the
tenant's circumstances, 355. Proper regulation of a tax on, ib. How
taxed in Holland, 356. Hearth money, ib. Window tax, 357.
_Hudson's Bay company_, the nature of their establishment and
trade, 312. Their profits not so high as has been reported, ib.
_Hunters_, war, how supported by a nation of, 289. Cannot be very
numerous, 290. No established administration of justice needful
among them, 297. Age the sole foundation of rank and precedency
among, ib. No considerable inequality of fortune or subordination
to be found among them, 298. No hereditary honours in such a
society, ib.
_Husbandmen_, war, how supported by a nation of, 290.
_Husbandry._ See _Agriculture_.
I, J
_Jamaica_, the returns of trade from that island, why irregular, 402.
_Idleness_ unfashionable in Holland, 40.
_Jewels._ See _Stones_.
_Importation_, why restraints have been imposed on, with the two
kinds of, 182. How restrained to secure a monopoly of the home
market to domestic industry, 183. The true policy of these
restraints doubtful, ib. The free importation of foreign
manufactures more dangerous than that of raw materials, 186. How
far it may be proper to continue the free importation of certain
foreign goods, 189. How far it may be proper to restore the free
importation of goods, after it has been interrupted, ib. Of the
materials of manufacture, review of the legal encouragements given
to, 266.
_Independents_, the principles of that sect, explained, 332.
_Indies._ See _East_ and _West_.
_Indostan_, the several classes of people there kept distinct, 283.
The natives of, how prevented from undertaking long sea voyages,
ib.
_Industry_, the different kinds of, seldom dealt impartially with
by any nation, 1, 2. The species of, frequently local, 8. Naturally
suited to the demand, 24. Is increased by the liberal reward of
labour, 34. How affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity, ib.,
35. Is more advantageously exerted in towns than in the country,
53. The average produce of, always suited to the average
consumption, 79. Is promoted by the circulation of paper money,
119. Three requisites to putting industry in motion, 120. How the
general character of nations is estimated by, 137. And idleness,
the proportion between, how regulated, ib. Is employed for
subsistence before it extends to conveniencies and luxury, 155.
Whether the general industry of a society is promoted by commercial
restraints on importation, 183. Private interest naturally points
to that employment most advantageous to the society, ib. But
without intending or knowing it, 184. Legal regulations of private
industry dangerous assumptions of power, 185. Domestic industry
ought not to be employed on what can be purchased cheaper from
abroad, ib. Of the society, can augment only in proportion as its
capital augments, ib. When it may be necessary to impose some
burden upon foreign industry to favour that at home, 187. The free
exercise of industry ought to be allowed to all, 191. The natural
effort of every individual to better his condition, will, if
unrestrained, result in the prosperity of the society, 221.
_Insurance_, from fire and sea risks, the nature and profits of
examined, 45. The trade of insurance may be successfully carried on
by a joint-stock company, 317, 318.
_Interest_, landed, monied, and trading, distinguished, 144.
_Interest_ for the use of money, the foundation of that allowance
explained, 22. Historical view of the alterations of, in England,
and other countries, 37. Remarks on the high rates of, in Bengal,
39. And in China, 40. May be raised by defective laws, independent
on the influence of wealth or poverty, ib. The lowest ordinary rate
of, must somewhat more than compensate occasional losses, ib. The
common relative proportion between interest and mercantile profits
inquired into, ib. Was not lowered, in consequence of the discovery
of the American mines, 145. How the legal rate of, ought to be
fixed, 146. Consequences of its being fixed too high or too low,
ib., 147. The market rate of, regulates the price of land, ib.
Whether a proper object of taxation, 357.
_Ireland_, why never likely to furnish cattle to the prejudice of
Great Britain, 186. The proposed absentee tax there considered,
379. Ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of the
public debt of Great Britain, 402. Expediency of an union with
Great Britain, ib.
_Isocrates_, the handsome income he made by teaching, 56.
_Italy_, the only great country in Europe which has been cultivated
and improved in every part by means of its foreign commerce, 172.
Was originally colonized by the Dorians, 227.
_Jurisdictions_, territorial, did not originate in the feudal law,
168.
_Justice_, the administration of, a duty of the sovereign, 297. In
early times a source of revenue to him, 299. The making justice
subservient to the revenue a source of great abuses, ib. Is never
administered gratis, 300. The whole administration of, but an
inconsiderable part of the expense of government, ib. How the whole
expense of justice might be defrayed from the fees of court, ib.
The interference of the jurisdictions of the several English courts
of law accounted for, 301. Law language, how corrupted, 302. The
judicial and executive power, why divided, ib. By whom the expense
of administration of, ought to be borne, 342.
K
_Kalm_, the Swedish traveller, his account of the husbandry of the
British colonies in North America, 94.
_Kelp_, a rent demanded for the rocks on which it grows, 61.
_King_, Mr. his account of the average price of wheat, 83.
_King_, under feudal institutions, no more than the greatest baron
in the nation, 168. Was unable to restrain the violence of his
barons, 169. Treasure-trove an important branch of revenue to, 385,
386. His situation, how favourable for the accumulating treasure,
ib. In a commercial country, naturally spends his revenue in
luxuries, ib. Is hence driven to call upon his subjects for
extraordinary aids, ib.
_Kings_ and their ministers the greatest spendthrifts in a country,
149.
L
_Labour_, the fund which originally supplies every nation with its
annual consumption, 1. How the proportion between labour and
consumption in regulated, ib. The different kinds of industry
seldom dealt impartially with by any nation, 2. The division of
labour considered, ib., 3. This division increases the quantity of
work, 4. Instances in illustration, 5. From what principle the
division of labour originates, 6. The divisibility of governed by
the market, 8. Labour the real measure of the exchangeable value of
commodities, 12. Different kinds of, not easily estimated by
immediate comparison, 13. Is compared by the intermediate standard
of money, ib. In an invariable standard for the value of
commodities, 14. Has a real and a nominal price, ib. The quantity
of labour employed on different objects, the only rule for
exchanging them in the rude stages of society, 20. Difference
between the wages of labour and profits on stock in manufactures,
ib. The whole labour of a country never exerted, 22. Is in every
instance suited to the demand, 24. The effect of extraordinary
calls for, 25. The deductions made from the produce of labour
employed upon land, 27. Why dearer in North America than in
England, 29. Is cheap in countries that are stationary, ib. The
demand for, would continually decrease, in a declining country, 30.
The province of Bengal cited as an instance, ib. Is not badly paid
for in Great Britain, ib., 31. An increasing demand for, favourable
to population, 33. That of freemen cheaper to the employers than
that of slaves, ib. The money price of, how regulated, 36. Is
liberally rewarded in new colonies, 38. Common labour and skilful
labour distinguished, 42. The free circulation of, from one
employment to another, obstructed by corporation laws, 57. The
unequal prices of, in different places, probably owing to the law
of settlements, 59. Can always procure subsistence on the spot,
where it is purchased, 61. The money price of, in different
countries, how governed, 80. Is set into motion by stock employed
for profit, 106. The division of, depends on the accumulation of
stock, 111. Machines to facilitate labour advantageous to society,
116. Productive and unproductive distinguished, 135. Various orders
of men specified whose labour in unproductive, 136. Unproductive
labourers all maintained by revenue, ib. The price of, how raised
by the increase of the national capital, 145. Its price, though
nominally raised, may continue the same, 146. Is liberally rewarded
in new colonies, 231. Of artificers and manufacturers, never adds
any value to the whole amount of the rude produce of the land,
according to the French agricultural system of political economy,
277. This doctrine shewn to be erroneous, 281. The productive
powers of labour, how to be improved, ib.
_Labourers_, useful and productive, everywhere proportioned to the
capital stock on which they are employed, 1, 2. Share the produce
of their labour, in most cases, with the owners of the stock on
which they are employed, 20. Their wages a continued subject of
contest between them and their masters, 28. Are seldom successful
in their outrageous combinations, ib. The sufficiency of their
earnings a point not easily determined, ib. Their wages sometimes
raised by increase of work, ib. Their demands limited by the funds
destined for payment, 29. Are continually wanted in North America,
ib. Miserable condition of those in China, ib., 30. Are not ill
paid in Great Britain, ib., 31. If able to maintain their families
in dear years, they must be at their ease in plentiful seasons, ib.
A proof furnished in the complaints of their luxury, 33. Why worse
paid than artificers, 42. Their interests, strictly connected with
the interests of the society, 106. Labour the only source of their
revenue, 112. Effects of a life of labour on the understandings of
the poor, 327.
_Land_, the demand of rent for, how founded, 21. The rent paid
enters into the greater part of all commodities, ib. Generally
produces more food than will maintain the labour necessary to bring
it to market, 61. Good roads and navigable canals equalize
difference of situation, 62. That employed in raising food for men
and cattle regulates the rent of all other cultivated land, 64, 67.
Can clothe and lodge more than it can feed while uncultivated, and
the contrary when improved, 68. The culture of land producing food
creates a demand for the produce of other lands, 73. Produces by
agriculture a much greater quantity of vegetable than of animal
food, 79. The full improvement of, requires a stock of cattle to
supply manure, 93. Cause and effect of the diminution of cottagers,
95. Signs of the land being completely improved, 96. The whole
annual produce, or the price of it, naturally divides itself into
rent, wages, and profit of stock, 106. The usual price of, depends
on the common rate of interest for money, 147. The profits of
cultivation exaggerated by projectors, 154. The cultivation of,
naturally preferred to trade and manufactures, on equal terms, 155.
Artificers necessary to the cultivation of, 156. Was all
appropriated, though not cultivated, by the northern destroyers of
the Roman empire, 157. Origin of the law of primogeniture under the
feudal government, ib. Entails, 158. Obstacles to the improvement
of land under feudal proprietors, ib. Feudal tenures, 159, 160.
Feudal taxation, 161. The improvement of land checked in France, by
the taille, ib. Occupiers of, labour under great disadvantages, ib.
Origin of long leases of, 169. Small proprietors the best improvers
of, 170. Small purchasers of, cannot hope to raise fortunes by
cultivation, ib., 171. Tenures of, in the British American
colonies, 235. Is the most permanent source of revenue, 345. The
rent of a whole country not equal to the ordinary levy upon the
people, ib. The revenue from, proportioned not to the rent, but to
the produce, 346. Reasons for selling the crown lands, ib. The land
tax of Great Britain considered, 348. An improved land-tax
suggested, 349. A land-tax, however equally rated by a general
survey, will soon become unequal, 352. Tithes a very unequal tax,
ib. Tithes discourage improvement, ib.
_Landholders_, why frequently inattentive to their own particular
interests, 106. How they contribute to the annual production of the
land, according to the French agricultural system of political
economy, 275. Should be encouraged to cultivate a part of their own
land, 350.
_Latin language_, how it became an essential part of university
education, 321.
_Law_, the language of, how corrupted, 302. Did not improve into a
science in ancient Greece, 325. Remarks on the courts of justice in
Greece and Rome, ib., 326.
_Law_, Mr. account of his banking scheme for the improvement of
Scotland, 130.
_Lawyers_, why amply rewarded for their labour, 44. Great amount of
their fees, 300.
_Leases_, the various usual conditions of, 349, 350.
_Leather_, restrictions on the exportation of unmanufactured, 271.
_Lectures_ in universities frequently improper for instruction,
320.
_Levity_, the vices of, ruinous to the common people, and therefore
severely censured by them, 332, 333.
_Liberty_, three duties only necessary for a sovereign to attend to
for supporting a system of, 286.
_Lima_, computed number of inhabitants in that city, 233.
_Linen manufacture_, narrow policy of the master manufacturers in,
266.
_Literature_, the rewards of, reduced by competition, 56. Was more
profitable in ancient Greece, ib. The cheapness of literary
education an advantage to the public, 57.
_Loans of money_, the nature of, analysed, 144. The extensive
operation of, ib.
_Locke_, Mr. remarks on his opinion of the difference between the
market and mint prices of silver bullion, 18. His account of the
cause of lowering the rates of interest for money, examined, 145.
His distinction between money and moveable goods, 173.
_Lodgings_, cheaper in London than in any other capital city in
Europe, 49.
_Logic_, the origin and employment of, 322.
_Lotteries_, the true nature of, and the causes of their success,
explained, 45.
_Luck_, instances of the universal reliance mankind have on it, 45.
_Lutherans_, origin and principles of that sect, 339.
_Luxuries_, distinguished from necessaries, 368. Operation of taxes
on, ib. The good and bad properties of taxes on, 380.
M
_Macedon_, Philip of, the superiority that discipline gave his army
over that of his enemies, 294.
_Machines_ for facilitating mechanical operations, how invented and
improved, 4, 5. Are advantageous to every society, 116.
_Madder_, the cultivation of, long confined to Holland by English
tithes, 353.
_Madeira wines_, how introduced into North America and Britain, 204.
_Malt_, reasons for transferring the duties on brewing to, 378.
Distillery, how to prevent smuggling, 377.
_Manufactures_, the great advantages resulting from a division of
labour in, 3. Instances in illustration, 5. Why profits increase in
the higher stages of, 21. Of what parts the gain consists, 22. The
private advantages of secrets in, 25. Peculiar advantages of soil
and situation, ib. Monopolies, ib. Corporation privileges, 26. The
deductions made from labour employed on manufactures, 27. Inquiry
how far they are affected by seasons of plenty and scarcity, 35.
Are not no materially affected by circumstances in the country
where they are carried on, as in the places where they are
consumed, ib. New manufactures generally give higher wages than old
ones, 48. Are more profitably carried on in towns than in the open
country, 53. By what means the prices of, are reduced while the
society continues improving, 103. Instances in hardware, ib.
Instances in the woollen manufacture, 104. What fixed capitals are
required to carry on particular manufactures, 112. Manufactures for
distant sale, why not established in North America, 156. Why
preferred to foreign trade for the employment of a capital, ib.
Motives to the establishment of manufactures for distant sale, 165.
How shifted from one country to another, ib., 166. Natural
circumstances which contribute to the establishment of them, ib.
Their effect on the government and manners of a country, 167. The
independence of artisans explained, 169. May flourish amidst the
ruin of a country, and begin to decay on the return of its
prosperity, 180. Inquiry how far manufactures might be affected by
a freedom of trade, 190. British restraints on manufactures in
North America, 238, 239. The exportation of instruments in,
prohibited, 273. By the principal support of foreign trade, 283.
Require a more extensive market than rude produce of the land, ib.
Were exercised by slaves in ancient Greece, 284. High prices of, in
Greece and at Rome, 285. False policy to check manufactures in
order to promote agriculture, ib. In Great Britain, why principally
fixed in the coal countries, 370.
_Manufacturers_, those thrown out of one business can transfer
their industry to colateral employments, 190. A spirit of
combination among them to support monopolies, 191. Manufacturers
prohibited by old statutes from keeping a shop, or selling their
own goods by retail, 215, 216. The use of wholesale dealers to
manufacturers, 217. An unproductive class of the people, according
to the French agricultural system of political economy, 276. The
error of this doctrine shewn, 280. How manufacturers augment the
revenue of a country, 281.
_Manure_, the supply of, in most places depends on the stock of
cattle raised, 93.
_Maritime countries_, why the first that are civilized and
improved, 9.
_Martial spirit_, how supported in the ancient republics of Greece
and Rome, 329. The want of it now supplied by standing armies, ib.
The establishment of a militia little able to support it, ib.
_Mediterranean sea_, peculiarly favourable for the first attempts
in navigation, 9.
_Meggens_, Mr. his account of the annual importation of gold and
silver into Spain and Portugal, 88. His relative proportion of
each, 89.
_Mercantile system_ explained, 372.
_Mercenary troops_, origin and reason of, 291. The numbers of, how
limited, ib.
_Merchants_, their judgments more to be depended on respecting the
interest of their particular branches of trade, than with regard to
the public interest, 106, 107. Their capitals altogether
circulating, 112. Their dealings extended by the aid of bankers
notes, 121, 124. Customs of, first established to supply the want
of laws, and afterwards admitted as laws, 126. The manner of
negociating bills of exchange, explained, ib. The pernicious
tendency of drawing and redrawing, ib., 127. In what method their
capitals are employed, 147. Their capitals, dispersed and unfixed,
149. The principles of foreign trade examined, 153. Are the best of
improvers when they turn country gentlemen, 167. Their preference
among the different species of trade, how determined, 183. Are
actuated by a narrow spirit of monopoly, 201. The several branches
of the corn trade specified and considered, 215. The government of
a company of, the worst a country can be under, 234. Of London, not
good economists, 253. An unproductive class of men, according to
the present agricultural system of political economy in France,
277. The quick return of mercantile capitals enables merchants to
advance money to government, 386, 387. Their capitals increased by
lending money to the state, 387.
_Mercier_, de la Riviere, M. character of his natural and essential
order of political societies, 282.
_Metals_, why the best medium of commerce, 10. Origin of stamped
coins, 11. Why different metals became the standard of value among
different nations, 16. The durability of, the cause of the
steadiness of their price, 88. On what the quantity of precious
metals in every particular country depends, 100. Restraints upon
the exportation of, 272.
_Metaphysics_, the science of, explained, 323.
_Metayers_, description of the class of farmers so called in
France, 159.
_Methodists_, the teachers among, why popular preachers, 330.
_Methuen_, Mr. translation of the commercial treaty concluded by
him between England and Portugal, 223.
_Mexico_, was a less civilized country than Peru, when first
visited by the Spaniards, 85. Present populousness of the capital
city, 233. Low state of arts at the first discovery of that empire,
ib.
_Militia_, why allowed to be formed in cities, and its formidable
nature, 164. The origin and nature of, explained, 292. How
distinguished from a regular standing army, ib. Must always be
inferior to a standing army, 293. A few campaigns of service may
make a militia equal to a standing army, ib. Instances, 294.
_Milk_, a most perishable commodity, how manufactured for store, 96.
_Mills_, wind and water, their late introduction into England, 105.
_Mines_, distinguished by their fertility or barrenness, 70.
Comparison between those of coal and those of metals, 71. The
competition between, extends to all parts of the world, ib. The
working of, a lottery, 72. Diamond mines not always worth working,
73. Tax paid to the king of Spain from the Peruvian mines, 85. The
discovery of mines not dependent on human skill or industry, 100.
In Hungary, why worked at less expense than the neighbouring ones
in Turkey, 284.
_Mining_, projects of, uncertain and ruinous, and unfit for legal
encouragement, 230.
_Mirabeau_, Marquis de, his character of the economical table, 282.
_Mississippi_ scheme in France, the real foundation of, 130.
_Modus_ for tithe, a relief to the farmer, 353.
_Money_, the origin of, traced, 10. Is the representative of
labour, 13. The value of, greatly depreciated by the discovery of
the American mines, 14. How different metals became the standard
money of different nations, 16. The only part of the circulating
capital of a society, of which the maintenance can diminish their
neat revenue, 116. Makes no part of the revenue of a society, 117.
The term money, in common acceptation, of ambiguous meaning, ib.
The circulating money, in society, no measure of its revenue, 118.
Paper money, ib. Effect of paper on the circulation of cash, ib.,
119. Inquiry into the proportion the circulating money of any
country bears to the annual produce circulated by it, 120. Paper
can never exceed the value of the cash, of which it supplies the
place, in any country, 122. The pernicious practice of raising
money by circulation, explained, 126. The true cause of its
exportation, 139. Loans of, the principles of, analysed, 144.
Monied interest distinguished from the landed and trading interest,
ib. Inquiry into the real causes of the reduction of interest, 145.
Money and wealth synonymous terms in popular language, 173. And
moveable goods compared, ib. The accumulation of, studied by the
European nations, 174. The mercantile arguments for liberty to
export gold and silver, ib. The validity of these arguments
examined, 175. Money and goods mutually the price of each other,
ib. Over-trading causes complaints of the scarcity of money, 176.
Why more easy to buy goods with money, than to buy money with
goods, 177. Inquiry into the circulating quantity of, in Great
Britain, 178. Effect of the discovery of the American mines on the
value of, 181. Money and wealth different things, 182. Bank money
explained, 195. See _Coins_, _Gold_, and _Silver_.
_Monopolies_ in trade or manufactures, the tendency of, 25. Are
enemies to good management, 62. Tendency of making a monopoly, of
colony trade, 251. Countries which have colonies obliged to share
their advantages with many other countries, 260. The chief engine
in the mercantile system, 261. How monopolies derange the natural
distribution of the stock of the society, ib. Are supported by
unjust and cruel laws, 268. Of a temporary nature, how far
justifiable, 316. Perpetual monopolies injurious to the people at
large, ib.
_Montauban_, the inequalities in the predial taille in that
generality, how rectified, 352.
_Montesquieu_, reasons given by him for the high rates of interest
among all Mahometan nations, 40. Examination of his idea of the
cause of lowering the rate of interest of money, 145.
_Morality_, two different systems of, in every civilized society,
332. The principal points of distinction between them, 333. The
ties of obligation in each system, ib. Why the morals of the common
people are more regular in sectaries than under the established
church, ib. The excesses of, how to be corrected, ib.
_Morellet_, M. his account of joint-stock companies, defective, 317.
_Mun_, Mr. his illustration of the operation of money exported for
commercial purposes, 174.
_Music_, why a part of the ancient Grecian education, 324. And
dancing, great amusement among barbarous nations, ib.
N
_Nations_, sometimes driven to inhuman customs, by poverty, 1. The
number of useful and productive labourers in, always proportioned
to the capital stock on which they are employed, 1, 2. The several
sorts of industry seldom dealt impartially by, 2. Maritime nations,
why the first improved, 8. How ruined by a neglect of public
economy, 140. Evidences of the increase of a national capital, 141.
How the expenses of individuals may increase the national capital,
142.
_Navigation_, inland, a great means of improving a country in arts
and industry, 9. The advantages of, 62. May be successfully managed
by joint-stock companies, 317.
_Navigation act of England_, the principal dispositions of, 187.
Motives that dictated, this law, 188. Its political and commercial
tendency, ib. Its consequences, so far as it affected the colony
trade with England, 245. Diminished the foreign trade with Europe,
246. Has kept up high profits in the British trade, ib. Subjects
Britain to a disadvantage in every branch of trade of which she has
not the monopoly, ib., 247.
_Necessaries_ distinguished from luxuries, 368. Operation of taxes
on, ib. Principal necessaries taxed, 369.
_Negro slaves_, why not much employed in raising corn in the
English colonies, 159. Why more numerous on sugar than on tobacco
plantations, ib.
_Nile_, river, the cause of the early improvement of agriculture and
manufactures in Egypt, 9.
O
_Oats_, bread made of, not so suitable to the human constitution as
that made of wheat, 68.
_Ontology_, the science of, explained, 323.
_Oxford_, the professorships there, sinecures, 319.
P
_Paper money_, the credit of, how established, 118. Its operation
explained, ib. Its effect on the circulation of cash, ib., 119.
Promotes industry, ib. Operation of the several banking companies
established in Scotland, 120. Can never exceed the value of the
gold and silver, of which it supplies the place in any country,
122. Consequences of too much paper being issued, ib. The practice
of drawing and redrawing explained, with its pernicious effects,
126. The advantages and disadvantages of paper credit, stated, 131.
Ill effects of notes issued for small sums, 132. Suppressing small
notes renders money more plentiful, ib. The currency of, does not
affect the prices of goods, 133. Account of the paper currency in
North America, 134. Expedient of the government of Pennsylvania to
raise money, 345. Why convenient for the domestic purposes of the
North Americans, 400.
_Paris_ enjoys a little more trade than is necessary for the
consumption of its inhabitants, 138.
_Parish ministers_, evils attending vesting the election of, in the
people, 339.
_Parsimony_ is the immediate cause of the increase of capitals,
138. Promotes industry, ib. Frugal men public benefactors, 140. Is
the only means by which artificers and manufacturers can add to the
revenue and wealth of society, according to the French agricultural
system of political economy, 277.
_Pasture land_, under what circumstances more profitable than
arable land, 62, 63. Why it ought to be inclosed, 63.
_Patronage_, the right of, why established in Scotland, 340.
_Pay_, military, origin and reason of, 291.
_Pennsylvania_, account of the paper currency there, 134. Good
consequences of the government there having no religious
establishment, 332. Derive a revenue from their paper currency,
401.
_People_, how divided into productive and unproductive classes
according to the present French system of agricultural political
economy, 275. The unproductive class greatly useful to the others,
277. The great body of, how rendered unwarlike, 292. The different
opportunities of education in the different ranks of, 328. The
inferior ranks of, the greatest consumers, 375. The luxurious
expenses of these ranks ought only to be taxed, 376.
_Persecution_ for religious opinions, the true cause of, 330.
_Peru_, the discovery of the silver mines in, occasioned those in
Europe to be in a great measure abandoned, 71. These mines yield
but small profit to the proprietors, ib. Tax paid to the king of
Spain from these mines, 85. The early accounts of the splendour and
state of arts, in this country greatly exaggerated, 85, 86. Present
state of, under the Spanish government, 86. The working of the
mines there becomes gradually more expensive, 90. Low state of arts
there when first discovered, 233. Is probably more populous now
than at any former period, ib.
_Philosophy_, natural, the origin and objects of, 322. Moral, the
nature of, explained, ib. Logic, the origin and employment of, ib.
_Physicians_, why amply rewarded for their labour, 43, 44.
_Physics_, the ancient system of, explained, 322.
_Pin-making_, the extraordinary advantage of a division of labour
in this art, 3.
_Plate_ of private families, the melting it down to supply state
exigencies, an insignificant resource, 178. New plate is chiefly
made from old, 225.
_Ploughmen_, their knowledge more extensive than the generality of
mechanics, 53.
_Pneumatics_, the science of, explained, 323.
_Poivre_, M. his account of the agriculture of Chochin-China, 66.
_Poland_, a country still kept in poverty by the feudal system of
its government, 101.
_Political economy_, the two distinct objects and two different
systems of, 173. The present agricultural system of, adopted by
French philosophers, described, 275. Classes of the people who
contribute to the annual produce of the land, ib. How proprietors
contribute, ib. How cultivators contribute, ib. Artificers and
manufacturers unproductive, 276. The unproductive classes
maintained by the others, 277. Bad tendency of restrictions and
prohibitions in trade, 279. How this system is delineated by M.
Quesnai. The bad effects of an injudicious political economy, how
corrected, 280. The capital error in this system pointed out, ib.
_Poll-taxes_, origin of, under the feudal government, 162, 163. Why
esteemed badges of slavery, 362. The nature of, considered, 367.
_Poor_, history of the laws made for the provision of, in England, 57.
_Pope of Rome_, the great power formerly assumed by, 335. His power
how reduced, 337. Rapid progress of the Reformation, 338.
_Population_, riches and extreme poverty equally unfavourable to,
33. Is limited by the means of subsistence, ib., 69.
_Porter_, the proportion of malt used in the brewing of, 376.
_Portugal_, the cultivation of the country not advanced by its
commerce, 171, 172. The value of gold and silver there depreciated
by prohibiting their exportation, 208. Translation of the
commercial treaty concluded in 1703 with England, 223. A large
share of the Portugal gold sent annually to England, ib. Motives
that led to the discovery of a passage to the East round the Cape
of Good Hope, 229. Lost its manufactures by acquiring rich and
fertile colonies, 251.
_Post-office_, a mercantile project, well calculated for being
managed by a government, 344.
_Potatoes_, remarks on, as an article of food, 67. Culture and
great produce of, ib. The difficulty of preserving them the great
obstacle to cultivating them for general diet, 68.
_Poverty_, sometimes urges nations to inhuman customs, 1. Is no
check to the production of children, 33. But very unfavourable to
raising them, ib.
_Poultry_, the cause of their cheapness, 95. Is a more important
article of rural economy in France than in England, ib.
_Pragmatic sanction in France_, the object of, 337. Is followed by
the concordat, ib.
_Preferments_, ecclesiastical, the means by which a national clergy
ought to be managed by the civil magistrate, 335. Alterations in
the mode of electing to them, ib., 337.
_Presbyterian church government_, the nature of, described, 340.
Character of the clergy of, ib., 341.
_Prices_, real and nominal, of commodities, distinguished, 14.
Money price of goods explained, 19. Rent for land enters into the
price of the greater part of all commodities, 21. The component
parts of the price of goods explained, ib. Natural and market
prices distinguished, and how governed, 23, 36. Though raised at
first by an increase of demand, always reduced by it in the result,
314.
_Primogeniture_, origin and motive of the law of succession by,
under the feudal government, 157. In contrary to the real interest
of families, 158.
_Princes_, why not well calculated to manage mercantile projects
for the sake of a revenue, 344.
_Prodigality_, the natural tendency of, both to the individual and
to the public, 138. Prodigal men enemies to their country, 140.
_Produce_ of land and labour the source of all revenue, 136. The
value of, how to be increased, 141.
_Professors in Universities_, circumstances which determine their
merit, 340, 341.
_Profit_, the various articles of gain that pass under the common
idea of, 22. An average rate of, in all countries, 23. Averages of,
extremely difficult to ascertain, 37. Interest of money the best
standard of, ib. The diminution of, a natural consequence of
prosperity, 38. Clear and gross profit distinguished, 40. The
nature of the highest ordinary rate of, defined, ib. Double
interest deemed in Great Britain a reasonable mercantile profit,
ib. In thriving countries low profit may compensate the high wages
of labour, 41. The operation of high profits and high wages
compared, ib. Compensates inconvenience and disgrace, 42. Of stock,
how affected, 46. Large profits must be made from small capitals,
47. Why goods are cheaper in the metropolis than in country
villages, ib. Great fortunes more frequently made by trade in large
towns than in small ones, ib. Is naturally low in rich, and high in
poor countries, 106. How that of the different classes of traders
is raised, 148. Private, the sole motive of employing capitals in
any branch of business, 154. When raised by monopolies, encourage
luxury, 253.
_Projects_, unsuccessful in arts, injurious to a country, 140.
_Property_, passions which prompt mankind to the invasion of, 297.
Civil government necessary for the production of, ib. Wealth a
source of authority, 298.
_Provisions_, how far the variations in the price of, affect labour
and industry, 30, 34, 36. Whether cheaper in the metropolis or in
country villages, 47. The prices of, better regulated by
competition than by law, 60. A rise in the prices of, must be
uniform, to shew that it proceeds from a depreciation of the value
of silver, 102.
_Provisers_, object of the statute of, in England, 337.
_Prussia_, mode of assessing the land-tax there, 351.
_Public works_ and _institutions_, how to be maintained, 302.
Equity of tolls for passage over roads, bridges and canals, 303.
Why government ought not to have the management of turnpikes, 304.
Nor of other public works, 306.
_Purveyance_, a service still exacted in most parts of Europe, 161.
Q
_Quakers of Pennsylvania_, inference from their resolution to
emancipate all their negro slaves, 159.
_Quesnai_, M. view of his agricultural system of political economy,
279. His doctrine generally subscribed to, 282.
_Quito_, populousness of that city, 233.
R
_Reformation_, rapid progress of the doctrines of, in Germany, 338.
In Sweden and Switzerland, ib. In England and Scotland, ib. 339.
Origin of the Lutheran and the Calvinistic sects, ib.
_Regulated companies_. See _Companies_.
_Religion_, the object of instruction in, 330. Advantage the
teachers of a new religion enjoy over those of one that is
established, ib. Origin of persecutions for heretical opinions, ib.
How the zeal of the inferior clergy of the church of Rome is kept
alive, ib. Utility of ecclesiastical establishments, 331. How
united with the civil power, ib., 332.
_Rent_, reserved, ought not to consist of money, 14. But of corn,
ib. Of land, constitutes a third part of the price of most kinds of
goods, 21. An average rate of, in all countries, and how regulated,
23. Makes the first deduction from the produce of labour employed
upon land, 27. The terms of, how adjusted between landlord and
tenant, 60, 61. Is sometimes demanded for what is altogether
incapable of human improvement, 61. Is paid for, and produced, by
land in almost all situations, ib. The general proportion paid for
coal mines, 71. And metal mines, ib. Mines of precious stones
frequently yield no rent, 73. How paid in ancient times, 76. Is
raised, either directly or indirectly, by every improvement in the
circumstances of society, 105. Gross and neat rent distinguished,
115. How raised and paid under feudal governments, 137. Present
average proportion of, compared with the produce of the land, ib.
Of houses distinguished into two parts, 354. Difference between
rent of house and rent of land, 355. Rent of a house the best
estimate of a tenants circumstances, ib.
_Retainers_, under the feudal system of government described, 167.
How the connection between them and their lords was broken, 169.
_Revenue_, the original source of, pointed out, 22. Of a country,
of what it consists, 115. The neat revenue of a society diminished
by supporting a circulating stock of money, 116. Money no part of
revenue, 117. Is not to be computed in money, but in what money
will purchase, ib. How produced, and how appropriated, in the first
instance. 136. Produce of land, ib. Produce of manufactures, ib.
Must always replace capital, ib. The proportion between revenue and
capital regulates the proportion between idleness and industry,
138. Both the savings and the spendings of, annually, consumed, ib.
Of every society, equal to the exchangeable value of the whole
produce of its industry, 184. Of the customs, increase by
drawbacks, 205. Why government ought not to take the management of
turnpikes, to derive a revenue from them, 304. Public works of a
local nature always better maintained by provincial revenues than
by the general revenue of the state, 306. The abuses in provincial
revenues trifling, when compared with those in the revenue of a
great empire, ib. The greater the revenue of the church, the
smaller must be that of the state, 341. The revenue of the state
ought to be raised proportionably from the whole society, 342.
Local expenses ought to be defrayed by a local revenue, 343.
Inquiry into the sources of public revenue, ib. Of the republic of
Hamburgh, ib., 344. Whether the government of Britain could
undertake the management of the bank, to derive a revenue from it,
ib. The post office, a mercantile project, well calculated for
being managed by government, ib. Princes not well qualified to
improve their fortunes by trade, ib. The English East India Company
good traders before they became sovereigns, but each character now
spoils the other, ib. Expedient of the government of Pennsylvania
to raise money, 345. Rent of land the most permanent fund, ib.
Feudal revenues, ib. Of Great Britain, ib. Revenue from land
proportioned not to the rent but to the produce, 346. Reasons for
selling the crown lands, ib., 347. An improved land-tax suggested,
349. The nature and effect of tithes explained, 352. Why a revenue
cannot be raised in kind, 353. When raised in money, how affected
by different modes of valuation, ib. A proportionable tax on houses
the best source of revenue, 355. Remedies for the diminution of,
according to their causes, 374. Bad effects of farming out public
revenues, 381. The different sources of revenue in France, 384. How
expended in the rude state of society, 385.
_Rice_, a very productive article of cultivation, 67. Requires a
soil unfit for raising any other kind of food, ib. Rice countries
more populous than corn countries, 86.
_Riches_, the chief enjoyment of, consists in the parade of, 72, 73.
_Risk_, instances of the inattention mankind pay to it, 45.
_Roads_, good, the public advantages of, 62. How to be made and
maintained, 303. The maintenance of, why improper to be trusted to
private interest, 304. General state of, in France, 305. In China,
ib.
_Romans_, why copper became the standard of value among them, 16.
The extravagant prices paid by them for certain luxuries for the
table accounted for, 92. The value of silver higher among them than
at the present time, ib. The republic of, founded on a division of
land among the citizens, 228. The Agrarian law only executed upon
one or two occasions, ib. How the citizens who had no land
subsisted, ib. Distinction between the Roman and Greek colonies,
ib. The improvement of the former slower than that of the latter,
232. Origin of the social war, 257. The republic ruined by
extending the privilege of Roman citizens to the greater part of
the inhabitants of Italy, 258. When contributions were first raised
to maintain those who went to the wars, 290. Soldiers not a
distinct profession there, 291. Improvement of the Roman armies by
discipline, 294. How that discipline was lost, 295. The fall of the
western empire, how effected, ib. Remarks on the education of the
ancient Romans, 324. Their morals superior to those of the Greeks,
ib. State of law, and forms of justice, 325. The martial spirit of
the people, how supported, 329. Great reductions of the coin
practised by, at particular exigencies, 396.
_Rome_, modern, how the zeal of the inferior clergy of, is kept
alive, 330. The clergy of, one great spiritual army dispersed in
different quarters over Europe, 335. Their power during the feudal
monkish ages similar to that of the temporal barons, 336. Their
power, how reduced, 337.
_Rouen_, why a town of great trade, 138.
_Ruddiman_, Mr. remarks on his account of the ancient price of
wheat in Scotland, 77.
_Russia_, was civilized under Peter the Great by a standing army, 296.
S
_Sailors_, why no sensible inconvenience felt by the great numbers
disbanded at the close of a war, 190.
_Salt_, account of foreign salt imported into Scotland, and of
Scotch salt delivered duty free for the fishery, 288, _Append_. Is
an object of heavy taxation everywhere, 369. The collection of the
duty on, expensive, 380.
_Sardinia_, the land-tax how assessed there, 352.
_Saxon lords_, their authority and jurisdiction as great before the
Conquest as those of the Normans were afterwards, 168.
_Schools_, parochial, observations on, 328.
_Science_ is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and
superstition, 333.
_Scipio_, his Spanish militia rendered superior to the Carthaginian
militia by discipline and service, 294.
_Scotland_, compared with England as to the prices of labour and
provisions, 31. Remarks on the population of the Highlands, 33.
The market rate of interest higher than the legal rate, 37. The
situation of cottagers there described, 49. Apprenticeships and
corporations, 51. The common people of, why neither so strong nor
so handsome as the same class in England, 68. Cause of the frequent
emigrations from, 80. Progress of agriculture there before the
union with England, 93. Present obstructions to better husbandry,
ib., 94. The price of wool reduced by the Union, 99. Operation of
the several banking companies established there, 120. Amount of
the circulating money there before the Union, ib. Amount of the
present circulating cash, 121. Course of dealings in the Scotch
banks ib. Difficulties occasioned by these banks issuing too much
paper, 123. Necessary caution for some time observed by the banks
in giving credit to their customers, with the good effects of it,
124. The scheme of drawing and redrawing adopted by traders, 126.
Its pernicious tendency explained, ib., 127. History of the Ayr
bank. 128. Mr. Law's scheme to improve the country, 130. The prices
of goods in, not altered by paper currency, 133. Effect of the
optional clauses in their notes, ib. Cause of the speedy
establishment of the Reformation there, 339. The disorders
attending popular elections of the clergy there, occasioned the
right of patronage to be established, ib. Amount of the whole
revenue of the clergy, 342.
_Sea service_ and military service by land, compared, 45.
_Sects in religion_, the more numerous, the better for society,
332. Why they generally profess the austere system of morality,
333.
_Self-love_ the governing principle in the intercourse of human
society, 6.
_Servants_, menial, distinguished from hired workmen, 135. The
various orders of men who rank in the former class in reference to
their labour, 136. Their labour unproductive, 280.
_Settlements_ of the poor, brief review of the English laws
relating to, 57. The removals of the poor a violation of natural
liberty, 59. The law of, ought to be repealed, 191.
_Sheep_, frequently killed in Spain for the sake of the fleece and
the tallow, 97. Severe laws against the exportation of them and
their wool, 268.
_Shepherds_, war, how supported by a nation of, 289. Inequality of
fortune among, the source of great authority, 298. Birth and family
highly honoured in nations of shepherds, ib. Inequality of fortune
first began to take place in the age of shepherds, 299. And
introduced civil government, ib.
_Shetland_, how rents are estimated and paid there, 61.
_Silk manufacture_, how transferred from Lucca to Venice, 166.
_Silver_, the first standard coinage of the northern subverters of
the Roman empires, 16. Its proportional value to gold regulated by
law, 17. Is the measure of the value of gold, ib. Mint price of
silver in England, ib. Inquiry into the difference between the mint
and market price of bullion, ib., 18. How to preserve the silver
coin from being melted down for profit, 18. The mines of, in
Europe, why generally abandoned, 71. Evidences of the small profit
they yield to the proprietors in Peru, ib. Qualities for which this
metal is valued, 72. The most abundant mines of, would add little
to the wealth of the world, 73. But the increase in the quantity
of, would depreciate its own value, 74. Circumstances that might
counteract this effect, ib. Historical view of the variations in
the value of, during the four last centuries, ib., 75. Remarks on
its rise in value compared with corn, 76. Circumstances that might
have misled writers in reviewing the value of silver, ib. Corn the
best standard for judging of the real value of silver, 79. The
price of, how affected by the increase of quantity, ib. The value
of, sunk by the discovery of the American mines, 81. When the
reduction of its value from this cause appears to have been
completed, ib. Tax paid from the Peruvian mines to the king of
Spain, 85. The value of silver kept up by an extension of the
market, ib. Is the most profitable commodity that can be sent to
China, 86. The value of, how proportioned to that of gold before
and after the discovery of the American mines, 89. The quantity
commonly in the market in proportion to that of gold probably
greater than their relative values indicate, ib. The value of,
probably rising, and why, 90, 91. The opinion of a depreciation of
its value not well founded, 100. The real value of, degraded by the
bounty on the exportation of corn, 207.
_Sinking fund_ in the British finances explained, 389. Is
inadequate to the discharge of former debts, and almost wholly
applied to other purposes, 391. Motives to the misapplication of
it, ib., 392.
_Slaves_, the labour of, dearer to the masters than that of
freemen, 53. Under feudal lords, circumstances of their situation,
159. Countries where this order of men still remains, ib. Why the
service of slave is preferred to that of freemen, ib. Their labour
why unprofitable, ib. Causes of the abolishing of slavery
throughout the greater part of Europe, 160. Receive more protection
from the magistrate in an arbitrary government than in one that is
free, 241. Why employed in manufactures by the ancient Grecians,
284. Why no improvements are to be expected from them, ib.
_Smuggling_, a tempting, but generally a ruinous employment, 46.
Encouraged by high duties, 373. Remedies against, 374. The crime
of, morally considered, 381.
_Society_, human, the first principles of, 6.
_Soldiers_, remarks on their motives for engaging in the military
line, 45. Comparison between the land and sea service, ib. Why no
sensible inconvenience felt by the disbanding of great numbers
after a war is over, 190. Reason of their first serving for pay,
291. How they became a distinct class of the people, 292. How
distinguished from the militia, ib. Alteration in their exercise
produced by the invention of fire-arms, ib.
_South Sea company_, amazing capital once enjoyed by, 311.
Mercantile and stock-jobbing projects of, 312. Assiento contract,
ib. Whale fishery, ib. The capital of, turned into annuity stock,
ib., 388.
_Sovereign_ and _trader_, inconsistent characters, 344.
_Sovereign_, three duties only necessary for him to attend to for
supporting a system of natural liberty, 286. How he is to protect
the society from external violence, 289, 296. And the members of it
from the injustice and oppression of each other, 297. And to
maintain public works and institutions, 302.
_Spain_, One of the poorest countries in Europe, notwithstanding
its rich mines, 101. Its commerce has produced no considerable
manufactures for distant sale, and the greater part of the country
remains uncultivated, 171, 172. Spanish mode of estimating their
American discoveries, 173. The value of gold, and silver there
depreciated by laying a tax on the exportation of them, 208.
Agriculture and manufactures there discouraged by the redundancy of
gold and silver, ib., 209. Natural consequences that would result
from taking away this tax, ib. The real and pretended motives of
the court of Castile for taking possession of the countries
discovered by Columbus, 230. The tax on gold and silver, how
reduced, ib. Gold the object of all the enterprises to the new
world, ib. The colonies of, less populous than those of any other
European nation, 232, 233. Asserted an exclusive claim to all
America, until the miscarriage of their invincible armada, ib.
Policy of the trade with the colonies, 236. The American
establishments of, effected by private adventurers, who received
little beyond permission from the government, 242. Lost its
manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile colonies, 251. The
alcavala tax there explained, 381. The ruin of the Spanish
manufactures attributed to it, ib.
_Speculation_, a distinct employment in improved society, 5.
Speculative merchants described, 47.
_Stage_, public performers on, paid for the contempt attending their
profession, 44. The political use of dramatic representations, 334.
_Stamp duties_ in England and Holland, remarks on, 363, 364, 365.
_Steel-bow_ tenants in Scotland, what, 160.
_Stock_, the profits raised on, in manufactures, explained, 20. In
trade, an increase of, raises wages, and diminishes profit, 36.
Must be larger in a great town than in a country village, 37.
Natural consequences of a deficiency of stock in new colonies, 38.
The profits on, little affected by the easiness or difficulty of
learning a trade, 43. But by the risk or disagreeableness of the
business, 46. Stock employed for profit sets into motion the
greater part of useful labour, 106. No accumulation of, necessary
in the rude state of society, 111. The accumulation of, necessary
to the division of labour, ib. Stock distinguished into two parts,
112. The general stock of a country or society explained, 113.
Houses, ib. Improved land, ib. Personal abilities, ib. Money and
provisions, 114. Raw materials and manufactured goods, ib. Stock of
individuals, how employed, 115. Is frequently buried or concealed
in arbitrary countries, ib. The profits on, decrease in proportion
as the quantity increases, 137. On what principles stock is lent
and borrowed at interest, 144. That of every society divided among
different employments, in the proportion most agreeable to the
public interest, by the private views of individuals, 260. The
natural distribution of, deranged by monopolizing systems, 261.
Every derangement of, injurious to the society, 262. Mercantile, is
barren and unproductive, according to the French agricultural
system of political economy, 277. How far the revenue from, is an
object of taxation, 357. A tax on, intended under the land-tax,
358.
_Stockings_, why cheaply manufactured in Scotland, 49. When first
introduced into England, 104.
_Stone quarries_, their value depends on situation, 69, 74.
_Stones_, precious, of no use but for ornament, and how the price
of, is regulated, 73. The most abundant mines, would add little to
the wealth of the world, ib.
_Subordination_, how introduced into society, 297. Personal
qualifications, ib. Age and fortune, ib. Birth, 298. Birth and
fortune two great sources of personal distinction, ib.
_Subsidy_, old, in the English customs, the drawbacks upon, 203.
Origin and import of the term, 372.
_Sugar_, a very profitable article of cultivation, 66, 159.
Drawbacks on the importation of, from England, 204. Might be
cultivated by the drill-plough, instead of all hand-labour by
slaves, 241. A proper subject for taxation, as an article sold at
monopoly price, 378.
_Sumptuary laws_, superfluous restraints on the common people, 142.
_Surinam_, present state of the Dutch colony there, 234.
_Switzerland_, establishment of the Reformation in Berne and Zurich,
338. The clergy there zealous and industrious, 342. Taxes how paid
there, 359, 363.
T
_Taille_, in France, the nature of that tax, and its operation,
explained, 161.
_Talents_, natural, not so various in different men as is supposed, 7.
_Tartars_, their manner of conducting war, 289. Their invasions
dreadful, ib.
_Tavernier_, his account of the diamond mines of Golconda and
Visiapour, 73.
_Taxes_, the origin of, under the feudal government, 162. The
sources from whence they must arise, 347. Unequal taxes, ib. Ought
to be clear and certain, ib. Ought to be levied at the times most
convenient for payment, ib. Ought to take as little as possible out
of the pockets of the people more than is brought into the public
treasury, 348. How they may be made more burdensome to the people
than beneficial to the sovereign, ib. The land-tax of Great
Britain, ib. Land-tax of Venice, 349. Improvements suggested for a
land-tax, ib. Mode of assessing the land-tax in Prussia, 351.
Tithes a very unequal tax, and a discouragement to improvement,
352. Operation of tax on house rent, payable by the tenant, 354. A
proportionable tax on houses the best source of revenue, 355. How
far the revenue from stock is a proper object of taxation, 357.
Whether interest of money is proper for taxation, ib. How taxes are
paid at Hamburgh, 339. In Switzerland, ib. Taxes upon particular
employments, ib. Poll-taxes, 362. Taxes badges of liberty, ib.
Taxes upon the transfer of property, 362. Stamp duties, 363. On
whom the several kinds of taxes principally fall, 364. Taxes upon
the wages of labour, 365. Capitation taxes, 367. Taxes upon
consumable commodities, 368. Upon necessaries, ib. Upon luxuries,
ib. Principal necessaries taxed, 369. Absurdities in taxation, 370.
Different parts of Europe very highly taxed, ib. Two different
methods of taxing consumable commodities, ib. Sir Matthew Decker's
scheme of taxation considered, 371. Excise and customs, ib.
Taxation sometimes not an instrument of revenue, but of monopoly,
373. Improvements of the customs suggested, 374. Taxes paid in the
price of a commodity little adverted to, 379, 380. On luxuries, the
good and bad properties of, ib. Bad effects of farming them out,
383. How the finances of France might be reformed, 384. French and
English taxations compared, ib. New taxes always generate
discontent, 391, 392. How far the British system of taxation might
be applicable to all the different provinces of the empire, 397.
Such a plan might speedily discharge the national debt, 399.
_Tea_, great importation and consumption of that drug in Britain,
86.
_Teachers in Universities_, tendency of endowments to diminish
their application, 319. The jurisdictions to which they are subject
little calculated to quicken their diligence, ib. Are frequently
obliged to gain protection by servility, ib. Defects in their
establishments, ib., 320. Teachers among the ancient Greeks and
Romans superior to those of modern times, 326. Circumstances which
draw good ones to, or drain them from, the universities, 340. Their
employment naturally renders them eminent in letters, 341.
_Tenures_, feudal, general observations on, 137. Described, 157.
_Theology_, monkish, the complexion of, 323.
_Thoulouse_, salary paid to counsellor or judge in the parliament
of, 301.
_Tin_, average rent of the mines of in Cornwall, 71. Yield a
greater profit to the proprietors than the silver mines of Peru,
ib., 72. Regulations under which tin mines are worked, ib.
_Tobacco_, the culture of, why restrained in Europe, 66. Not so
profitable an article of cultivation in the West Indies as sugar,
ib. The amount and course of the British trade with, explained,
153. The whole duty upon, drawn back on exportation, 204.
Consequences of the exclusive trade Britain enjoys with Maryland
and Virginia in this article, 244.
_Tolls_, for passage over roads, bridges, and navigable canals, the
equity of, shewn, 303. Upon carriages of luxury, ought to be higher
than upon carriages of utility, ib. The management of turnpikes
often an object of just complaint, 304. Why government ought not to
have the management of turnpikes, ib., 379.
_Tonnage_ and _poundage_, origin of those duties, 372.
_Tontine_ in the French finances, what, with the derivation of the
name, 390.
_Towns_, the places where industry is most profitably exerted, 53.
The spirit of combination prevalent among manufacturers, ib., 54.
According to what circumstances the general character of the
inhabitants as to industry is formed, 137. The reciprocal nature of
the trade between them and the country explained, 155. Subsist on
the surplus produce of the country, ib. How first formed, 156. Are
continual fairs, ib. The original poverty and servile state of the
inhabitants of, 162. Their early exemptions and privileges, how
obtained, ib. The inhabitants of, obtained liberty much earlier
than the occupiers of land in the country, 163. Origin of free
burghs, ib. Origin of corporations, ib. Why allowed to form
militia, 164. How the increase and riches of commercial towns
contributed to the improvement of the countries to which they
belonged, 167.
_Trade_, double interest deemed a reasonable mercantile profit in,
40. Four general classes of, equally necessary to, and dependent
on, each other, 147. Wholesale, three different sorts of, 151. The
different returns of home and foreign trade, ib. The nature and
operation of the carrying trade examined, 152. The principles of
foreign trade examined, 153. The trade between town and country
explained, 155. Original poverty and servile state of the
inhabitants of towns under feudal government, 162. Exemptions and
privileges granted to them, ib. Extension of commerce by rude
nations selling their own raw produce for the manufactures of more
civilised countries, 165. Its salutary effects on the government
and manners of a country, 167. Subverted the feudal authority, 168.
The independence of tradesmen and artizans explained, 169. The
capitals acquired by, very precarious, until some part has been
realised by the cultivation and improvement of land, 172.
Over-trading, the cause of complaints of the scarcity of money,
176. The importation of gold and silver not the principal benefit
derived from foreign trade, 181. Effect produced in trade and
manufactures by the discovery of America, ib. And by the discovery
of a passage to the East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope, ib.
Error of commercial writers in estimating national wealth by gold
and silver, 182. Inquiry into the cause and effect of restraints
upon trade, ib. Individuals, by pursuing their own interest,
unknowingly promote that of the public, 184. Legal regulations, of
trade unsafe, ib. Retaliatory regulations between nations, 189.
Measures for laying trade open ought to be carried into execution
slowly, 191. Policy of the restraints on trade between France and
Britain considered, 192. No certain criterion to determine on which
side the balance of trade between two countries turns, ib. Most of
the regulations of, founded on a mistaken doctrine of the balance
of trade, 199. Is generally founded on narrow principles of policy,
201. Drawbacks of duties, 203. The dealer who employs his whole
stock on one single branch of business has an advantage of the same
kind with the workman who employs his whole labour on a single
operation, 216. Consequences of drawing it from a number of small
channels into one great channel, 249. Colony trade, and the
monopoly of that trade distinguished, 250. The interest of the
consumer constantly sacrificed to that of the producer, 274.
Advantages attending a perfect freedom of, to landed nations,
according to the present agricultural system of political economy
in France, 278. Origin of foreign trade, 279. Consequences of high
duties and prohibitions in landed nations, ib. How trade augments
the revenue of a country, 281. Nature of the trading intercourse
between the inhabitants of towns and those of the country, 285.
_Trades_, cause and effect of the separation of, 3. Origin of, 7.
_Transit duties_ explained, 379.
_Travelling_ for education, summary view of the effects of, 324.
_Treasures_, why formerly accumulated by princes, 180.
_Treasure-trove_, the term explained, 115. Why an important branch
of revenue under the ancient feudal governments, 385.
_Turkey company_, short historical view of, 308.
_Turnpikes_. See _Tolls_.
_Tithes_, why an unequal tax, 352. The levying of, a great
discouragement to improvements, ib. The fixing a modus for,
a relief to the farmer, 353.
V
_Value_, the term defined, 12.
_Vedius Pollio_, his cruelty to his slaves checked by the Roman
emperor Augustus, which could not have been done under the
republican form of government, 241.
_Venice_, origin of the silk manufacture in that city, 166. Traded
in East India goods before the sea track round the Cape of Good
Hope was discovered, 228, 229. Nature of the land-tax in that
republic, 349.
_Venison_, the price of, in Britain, does not compensate the
expense of a deer park, 94.
_Vicesima hereditatum_ among the ancient Romans, the nature of,
explained, 363.
_Villages_, how first formed, 156.
_Villenage_, probable cause of the wearing out of that tenure in
Europe, 160, 161.
_Vineyard_, the most profitable part of agriculture, both among
the ancients and moderns, 65. Great advantages derived from
peculiarities of soil in, ib.
_Universities_, the emoluments of the teachers in, how far calculated
to promote their diligence, 319. The professors at Oxford have
mostly given up teaching, ib. Those in France subject to
incompetent jurisdictions, ib. The privileges of graduates
improperly obtained, 320. Abuse of lectureships, ib. The discipline
of, seldom calculated for the benefit of the students, ib. Are in
England more corrupted than the public schools, 321. Original
foundation of, ib. How Latin became an essential article in
academical education, ib. How the study of the Greek language was
introduced, ib., 322. The three great branches of the Greek
philosophy, ib. Are now divided into five branches, ib. The monkish
course of education in, 323. Have not been very ready to adopt
improvements, ib. Are not well calculated to prepare men for the
world, 324. How filled with good professors or drained of them,
340. Where the worst and best professors are generally to be met
with, ib., 341.--See _Colleges_ and _Teachers_.
W
_Wages_ of labour, how settled between masters and workmen, 27.
The workmen generally obliged to comply with the terms of their
employers, ib. The opposition of workmen outrageous, and seldom
successful, 28. Circumstances which operate to raise wages, ib.
The extent of wages limited by the funds from which they arise,
ib. Why higher in North America than in England, ib. Are low in
countries that are stationary, ib. Not oppressively low in Great
Britain, 30. A distinction made here between the wages in summer
and in winter, 31. If sufficient in dear years, they must be ample
in seasons of plenty, ib. Different rates of, in different places,
ib. Liberal wages encourage industry and propagation, 33. An
advance of, necessarily raises the price of many commodities, 36.
An average of, not easily ascertained, 37. The operation of high
wages and high profits compared, 41. Causes of the variations of,
in different employments, ib. Are generally higher in new, than in
old trades, 48, 57. Legal regulations of, destroy industry and
ingenuity, 59, 60. Natural effect of a direct tax upon, 365.
_Walpole_, Sir Robert, his excise scheme defended, 375.
_Wants_ of mankind, how supplied through the operation of labour,
9, 10. How extended, in proportion to their supply, 69. The far
greater part of them supplied from the produce of other men's
labour, 111.
_Wars_, foreign, the funds for the maintenance of, in the present
century, have little dependence on the quantity of gold and silver
in a nation, 178, 179. How supported by a nation of hunters, 289.
By a nation of shepherds, ib. By a nation of husbandmen, 290. Men
of military age, what proportion they bear to the whole society,
ib. Feudal wars, how supported, ib. Causes which, in the advanced
state of society, rendered it impossible for those who took the
field, to maintain themselves, ib. How the art of war became a
distinct profession, 291. Distinction between the militia and
regular forces, 292. Alteration in the art of war produced by the
invention of fire-arms, ib., 296. Importance of discipline, 293.
Macedonian army, 294. Carthaginian army, ib. Roman army, ib. Feudal
armies, 295. A well regulated standing army, the only defence of a
civilized country, and the only means for speedily civilizing a
barbarous country, 296. The want of parsimony during peace, imposes
on states the necessity of contracting debts to carry on war, 386,
391. Why war is agreeable to those who live secure from the
immediate calamities of it, 391. Advantages of raising the supplies
for, within the year, 394.
_Watch_ movements, great reduction in the prices of, owing to
mechanical improvements, 103.
_Wealth_ and money, synonymous terms, in popular language, 173,
182. Spanish and Tartarian estimate of, compared, 173. The great
authority conferred by the possession of, 298.
_Weavers_, the profits of, why necessarily greater than those of
spinners, 21.
_West Indies_, discovered by Columbus, 229. How they obtained this
name, ib. The original native productions of, ib. The thirst of
gold the object of all the Spanish enterprises there, 230. And of
those of every other European nation, 231. The remoteness of,
greatly in favour of the European colonies there, 232. The sugar
colonies of France better governed than those of Britain, 241.
_Wheat_. See _Corn_.
_Window-tax_ in Britain, how rated, 357. Tends to reduce house
rent, ib.
_Windsor_ market, chronological table of the prices of corn at, 109.
_Wine_, the cheapness of, would be a cause of sobriety, 200. The
carrying trade in, encouraged by English statutes, 204.
_Wood_, the price of, rises in proportion as a country is
cultivated, 70. The growth of young trees prevented by cattle, ib.
When the planting of trees becomes a profitable employment, ib.
_Wool_, the produce of rude countries, commonly carried to a
distant market, 97. The price of, in England, has fallen
considerably since the time of Edward III., ib. Causes of this
diminution in price, 98. The price of, considerably reduced in
Scotland, by the Union with England, 99. Severity of the laws
against the exportation of, 268. Restraints upon the inland
commerce of, 269. Restraints upon the coasting trade of, ib. Pleas
on which these restraints are founded, ib. The price of wool
depressed by these regulations, 270. The exportation of, ought to
be allowed, subject to a duty, 271.
_Woollen_ cloth, the present prices of, compared with those at the
close of the fifteenth century, 104. Three mechanical improvements
introduced in the manufacture of, ib., 105.
THE END.
STEREOTYPED.
_Edinburgh_:--_DUNCAN STEVENSON_, Printer to the University.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_.
2. Footnotes have been renumbered moved to the end of this text version.
3. The original text includes one Greek word, the letters of which have
been replaced with transliterations.
4. A couple of words use oe ligature in the original.
5. The mixed fractions are represnted using hyphen and forward slash in
this text version. For example, 10-1/2 indicates ten and a half.
6. Obvious errors in punctuation have been silently corrected.
7. Missing letters/words in improperly scanned images have been silently
added.
8. The following misprints have been corrected:
Pg xiv, "ralate" changed to "relate" (relate to the imitative)
Pg xviii, "uxuries" changed to "luxuries" (their luxuries,)
Pg xx, "induustry" changed to "industry" (resources of industry?)
Pg xxiii, "exhibting" changed to "exhibiting" (exhibiting to him)
Pg xxx, "beeen" changed to "been" (never been better shown;)
Pg 17, "cold" changed to "gold" (of the gold coin. In the market,)
Pg 30, "poplousness" changed to "populousness" (and populousness,)
Pg 35, "taillies" changed to "tallies" (tallies in the election)
Pg 101, "barrennes" changed to "barrenness" (only of the barrenness)
Pg 112, "requirs" changed to "requires" (master tailor requires)
Pg 118, "the the" changed to "the" (different operations of the)
Pg 147, "univesally" changed to "universally" (are universally)
Pg 153, "natrually" changed to "naturally" (violence, naturally)
Pg 176, "god" changed to "good" (though with a good deal)
Pg 210, "wich" changed to "which" (value of silver which varies)
Pg 237, "interferred" changed to "interfered" (interfered too much)
Pg 246, "fallan" changed to "fallen" (British profit has fallen)
Pg 259, "restrain" changed to "restraint" (By this restraint)
Pg 281, "manufacterers" changed to "manufacturers" (over that of
artificers and manufacturers.)
Pg 288, "85,159-5/11" changed to "85,179-5/11"
Pg 290, "seige" changed to "siege" (till the siege of Veii,)
Pg 342, "re-respective" changed to "respective" (to their respective
abilities.)
Pg 353, "pruduce" changed to "produce" (fifth part of the produce.)
Pg 364, "more" changed to "money" (have the money to pay.)
Pg 406, "dicovery" changed to "discovery" (The discovery and
colonization of,)
Pg 415, "evidince" changed to "evidence" (evidence of its wealth,)
Pg 415, "of of" changed to "of" (restraining the exportation of)
Pg 415, "for for" changed to "for" (but for foreign trade,)
9. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in
spelling and hyphenation have been retained.