[1] Marginal reference: "I John, 2."
[2] A town on the western coast of Samar, ten miles east of Catbalogan.
[3] These were Father Melchor Hurtado and Francisco González, and
the brother coadjutor Diego Rodriguez. They were sent from Mexico
in March by Francisco Váez, the provincial of Nueva España.--_Pablo
Pastells, S.J._
[4] Referring to Ignatius de Loyola (1491-1556), the founder of the
Jesuit order, and afterward a saint; he is here mentioned as "blessed,"
as he was not canonized until 1622.
[5] The religious exercises recommended by Loyola, and composed by
him while in retirement near Manresa, Spain, in 1522; they from a
book entitled _Exercitia spiritualia_ ("Spiritual exercises") which
has ever since been a text-book of the Jesuit order.
[6] "The figure of a lamb stamped on the wax which remains from the
paschal candles, and solemnly blessed by the pope on the Thursday after
Easter, in the first and seventh years of his pontificate." (Addis
and Arnold's _Catholic Dictionary_, pp. 17, 18.)
[7] Apparently meaning the interior pellicle of bamboo (_Bambus
arundo_; _Vol_. XII, pp. 189, 190, note 44), used in Eastern lands
as a substitute for paper.
[8] _Decurias_: alluding to a custom in Spanish schools of placing the
pupils, by tens (or sometimes in smaller numbers), under the charge
of the most competent of the older students, under the supervision
of the master of the school.
[9] Marginal reference: "Wisdom, 7."
[10] Marginal reference: "Romans, 10"--evidently to the seventeenth
verse of that chapter, "Faith then cometh by hearing; and hearing by
the word of Christ." All citations from the Holy Bible, and references
thereto, made in the translations for this work, are taken from the
standard editions of the English Douay Bible.
[11] Marginal references: "Psalms, 18," and "Hebrews, 4."
[12] Marginal reference: "John, 9."
[13] Marginal reference: "I Timothy, 2."
[14] These were Fathers Gregorio Baroncini, Fabricio Cersali, Tomás
de Villanueva, Diego Laurencio, Pedro de Segura, and Angel Armano;
and the brother coadjutors Francisco Simon, Martin Sánchez, and Diego
Zarzuela.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[15] This was the "Santo Thomas;" a full account of its voyage, and
of its wreck at the Catanduanes Islands, is given by La Concepción
(_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 428-435). He says that at the Ladrones
Ribera found the survivors of the ship "Santa Margarita," which had
been wrecked there only a month before; of these he ransomed four,
promising to send from Manila for the others, later. He mentions,
as a part of the cargo, "horses, sheep, goats, and cats." At the end
of this account, he states the pressing need of better ships for the
long and stormy voyage to Nueva España.
[16] Marginal reference: "Psalms, 77; Zacharias, 9."
[17] A punishment by which the culprit was strangled with an iron
collar.
[18] La Concepción gives (_Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 409-411) a
summary of the proceedings of this council. They appointed a committee
to provide a vernacular translation of the catechism (of which the
Christian doctrine had already been rendered into the Visayan tongue),
in harmony with the Tagal translation of that book. They also appointed
a representative to go to Manila and confer with the Audiencia
on various matters concerning the royal jurisdiction--especially
regarding the proposal to enact statutes suppressing polygamy among
the natives. In the council complaints were made by the ecclesiastics
against the encomenderos, that they treated the Indians with injustice;
in return, the encomenderos attacked the priests, and the bishop was
obliged to interfere between them to quell the dissensions, reproving
the encomenderos.
[19] Spanish, _angelitos_; a play upon words, apparently alluding to
the gold coin known as _angelot_ (from the figure of an angel thereon),
used in the Low Countries in the sixteenth century. A similar name
(_angelet_) was given to one of the coins struck by English rulers
of France in the period 1150-1460.
[20] A delicate and refreshing fruit, the _Carica papaya_; sometimes
called "papaw," but is not the same as the papaw of North America
(_Asimina_). Crawfurd regards it, however (_Dict. Ind. Islands_,
p. 327) as having been introduced in the Philippines by the Spaniards,
from tropical America. See descriptions of the papaya in Delgado's
_Historia_, pp. 520, 521; Blanco's _Flora_, pp. 553, 554; and
U.S. Philippine Commission's _Report_, 1900, iii, p. 280.
[21] La Concepción gives a similar account of this episode in _Hist. de
Philipinas_, iv, pp. 67-69.
[22] Panámao is the ancient name of the island of Biliran, off the
northwestern extremity of Leyte, and is still applied to a mountain
in the northern part of Biliran.
[23] _Picote_: a sort of silken fabric, very lustrous, used for
garments. _Jusi_ (_husi_) is thus described in the U.S. Philippine
Commission's _Report_, 1900, iv, pp. 55, 56: "The especial product
of Philippine looms, especially those from the towns of Caloocan
and Iloilo, is jusi. These Philippine jusis, celebrated for their
lightness, beauty, and delicate patterns, are made from silk alone,
or more commonly with the warp of cotton or pineapple fiber and the
woof of silk. Pieces are made to suit the buyer. These pieces are
usually 30 or more yards in length, and from three-quarters of a
yard to a yard in width, and beautifully bordered in colors. This
beautiful cloth, which varies in price from 50 cents to $1 a yard,
compares favorably with fabrics of European manufacture."
[24] The present Silang is nineteen miles south of Cavite.
[25] Spanish, _monumento_; an altar erected in churches on Holy
Thursday which resembles a sepulchre.
[26] Water blessed in the font on Holy Saturday and the vigil of
Pentecost, which must be used at least in solemn baptism.... The priest
then pours oil of catechumens and chrism into the water." These are
two of the three kinds of "holy oils;" chrism is composed of olive
oil mixed with balm. See Addis and Arnold's _Catholic Dictionary_,
pp. 64, 152, 616.
[27] Marginal reference: "I Maccabees, 6."
[28] Marginal reference: "St. Ambrose, _De officiis clericorum_, i,
chap. 40."
[29] Equivalent to about twenty-eight feet, U.S. measure.
[30] He left Cavite on the seventh day of July, in the vessel "San
Antonio," which was built in the island of Panámao. This vessel
was lost in 1604, while making its second voyage from Cavite to
Acapulco.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._
[31] Juan Manuel Hurtado de Mendoza y Luna, Marques de Montesclaros,
who held an important office in Sevilla, was made viceroy of Nueva
España, arriving at Mexico in September, 1603. This office he held
until 1606, when he was made viceroy of Peru. He died in 1628.
[32] Spanish, _Recoletos_: the barefooted branch of the Augustinians,
known also as _Descalzos_ in Spain and its former colonial
possessions. The origin of this brotherhood is due to a reform movement
in Spain in the sixteenth century, started by the Venerable Thomas de
Jesús, who was for many years a captive among the Moors in Africa. He,
with other lovers of primitive observance of the Augustinian rule,
essayed to reintroduce divers customs no longer common among the
brotherhood, as frequent fasts, midnight prayers, wearing beards, and
going with uncovered heads. In 1588. at a chapter of these brethren
held at Toledo (the general of the order presiding), Luis de Leon,
the famed scholar and poet, was commissioned to draw up constitutions
for the observants, and these were approved by Rome. In 1614, the new
branch known now (as then) as "discalced" were freed from dependence
on the general of the order; and in 1622 Pope Gregory XV approved
their constitutions. In 1589, the reform movement (as above) spread
to some of our nunneries; these sisters were, like their brethren,
established as _Descalzas_, with their first house at Madrid under
Madre Maria de Jesus (or Covarubias) as Superioress--the first house
of the Recoletos being at Tatavera de la Reyna. In 1606, the Recoletos
entered the Philippines, where their first house was at Bagungbayan,
with the title of S. Juan. In 1602, by decree of November 16, the
general of the Augustinians, Fulvius of Ascoli, sanctioned the division
of the Philippine fathers of the order into two provinces--those who
held with the old rule to be known as Augustinians of the province of
Santísimo Nombre de Jesús; the Discalced, or Recoletos, as those of
the province of San Nicolas de Tolentino; so when the Recoletos went
to the Philippines they bore the name of their home province with
them to Malaysia. In Manila the famous Puente de España ("Bridge of
Spain") was projected and built under the superintendence of a Recoleto
father. (Thus Zamora, in _Las Corporaciones en Filipinas_, p, 358.) In
1726, the Discalced were dispensed from wearing beards; in 1746, from
going barefooted. Their earliest form of dress resembled the Capuchin
habit, except that its color was black. In 1736, the _beaterio_ of
S. Sebastián at Calumpang, in Luzón--which seventeen years previous had
been established by four Indian maidens, who were devout to Nuestra
Señora de Carmel--was handed over to the care of Recoleta sisters;
it is not known when these first came to the islands. The province
of the Recoletos in the Philippines bears the title of San Nicolas
de Tolentino. In Spain the Recoleto study-houses of their Philippine
missionaries are (or were in 1897), at Alfaro, Monteagudo, Marcilla,
and San Millan de la Cogolla.--_Rev. T.C. Middleton, O.S.A._
[33] Cf. the document in _Vol_. XI, "Grant to Jesuit school in Cebú,"
dated December 11, 1601. See note thereon regarding translation
of _colegio_.
[34] Referring to the fund arising from the fourth part of the
tributes in encomiendas where no religious instruction was given; this
fourth was reserved for the benefit of the Indians. See _Vol_. VIII,
pp. 29, 160.
[35] In legajo 2637, sec_a_, de est_o_. of the Simancas archivo is a
document recording the proceedings at a session of the Council of State
on July 20, 1604; among the questions discussed was this one of trade
between the American and the Oriental colonies. The councilors gave
their opinions separately. Their conclusion was that the prohibition
of trade in Chinese goods then in force between Peru and Nueva España
be made general; and that a period of only six or eight months be
allowed for the consumption of such goods already on hand, instead
of the two years recommended by the Council of the Indias. "It is
desirable to do this promptly and rigorously; but merchandise brought
for use in the churches and in Divine worship should be excepted from
this prohibition--save that in the future neither this nor any other
exception should be considered, but the door to this trade should
be closed by all means. The Marques of Montesclaros was recommended
as the proper person to carry out these instructions, as he had not
been concerned in that trade. One of the councilors advised that the
appointments of the commanders on ships in the Philippine trade be
retained by the viceroy of Spain, rather than given to the governor
and archbishop at Manila.
[36] Literally, "average;" a certain duty levied on merchandise in
the India trade.
[37] See account of this affair in _Vol_. XII, in the first document
1603; this name is there given as Tio Heng.
[38] Apparently a corrupt phonetic rendering of the name of Wan-Leh,
then emperor of China (_Vol_. III, p. 228). As he succeeded his father
in 1572, the blank date here must refer to the thirty-third year of
his reign (1605).
[39] Lorenzo de Leon was a native of Granada, and entered the
Augustinian order in Mexico where he made profession in 1578. Four
years later, he entered the Philippine mission, and spent twelve
years as minister in Indian villages in Luzón. He was then advanced
to various high offices in his order, among them that of provincial
(1596). He was a religious of exceptional abilities, and the general
of the order, as a recognition of his great endowments in virtue
and knowledge, appointed him master and president of provincial
chapters. After his second election as provincial (1605) he was at the
intermediate congregation deposed from this dignity by the fathers
definitors. Accepting this rude blow with humility and Christian
resignation, he withdrew to the convent of San Pablo de los Montes,
where he spent the following year in prayer and pious works. Returning
to Mexico in 1606, he died in that city in 1623. This account is
condensed from Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 29.
[40] Spanish, _propiedad_: property enjoyed contrary to their vows
by members of religious orders.
[41] As the word "creole" is often used in a vague or inexact manner,
it seems best to state that, as used in our text, it means a person
of pure Spanish blood, born in any of the Spanish colonies.
[42] Pedro de Arce was born in the province of Vitoria, in Spain,
and made his profession in the convent at Salamanca, in 1576. He came
to the Philippine Islands in 1583, and ministered in various Indian
villages, then filled several high offices, finally becoming bishop
of Nueva Cáceres (1609) and bishop of Cebú (1613). After a long and
laborious career, he died at Cebú, on October 16, 1645, at the age
of eighty-five.
[43] Bernardo Navarro de Santa Catalina was one of the first Dominican
missionaries, arriving at Manila in July, 1587. His labors were
principally among the Indians of Pangasinan (in whose language he
composed many short devotional works), until he became provincial of
his order in the islands, June 15, 1596. When the term of this office
expired, he was appointed commissary of the Inquisition; and in 1616
was again elected provincial. Undertaking soon afterward a journey to
Cagayan in the rainy season, he was made ill by fatigue and exposure,
and died at Nueva Segovia (the modern Lal-ló or Lallo-c), on November
8, 1616. See sketch of his life in _Reseña biog. Sant. Rosario_,
pp. 80-86.
[44] The enterprise here mentioned was an attempt to regain possession
of the Maluco Islands, which had just been seized by the Dutch. In
June, 1605, arrived at Manila the commandant of the Portuguese fort at
Tidore, with some of his soldiers, accompanied by three Jesuits and
many native Christians--all of whom had been expelled from Amboyna
and Tidore by the Dutch. At the same time came a reinforcement of
a thousand troops from Spain; and Acuña resolved, with this aid,
to prepare an expedition for the recovery of the Spice Islands. In
February, 1606, a powerful fleet set out for this purpose, carrying
more than one thousand three hundred Spaniards, who were aided by
six hundred Indian auxiliaries; they were successful, under Acuña's
personal command, in recapturing Amboyna, Tidore, and Terrenate,
and carried to Manila as a prisoner the petty king of the last-named
island. See La Concepción's account of this expedition, in _Hist. de
Philipinas_, iv, pp. 20-93.
[45] In July, 1606, Rivera sailed for Mexico to fill his post in
the Audiencia there; but an epidemic (probably ship-fever) on the
ship caused the death of eighty persons, among them Rivera. See La
Concepción, _Hist. de Philipinas_, iv, p. 108.