benevolent despotism. Oliver’s failure is a sufficient commentary upon
this dictum of the parlor doctrinaires. There never has been, and
probably never will be, another despotism where the despot so sincerely
strove to do, for a people capable of some measure of freedom, better
than they themselves would have done with that freedom. The truth is,
that a strong nation can only be saved by itself, and not by a strong
man, though it can be greatly aided and guided by a strong man. A weak
nation may be doomed anyhow, or it may find its sole refuge in a despot;
a nation struggling out of darkness may be able to take its first steps
only by the help of a master hand, as was true of Russia, under Peter
the Great; and if a nation, whether free or unfree, loses the capacity
for self-government, loses the spirit of sobriety and of orderly
liberty, then it has no cause to complain of tyranny; but a really great
people, a people really capable of freedom and of doing mighty deeds in
the world, must work out its own destiny, and must find men who will be
its leaders—not its masters. Cromwell could, in all probability, have
been such a leader at the end as he was during his early years of public
life; and when he permitted himself to fall from the position of a
leader among free men, to that of a master over men for whose welfare he
sincerely strove, but in whose freedom he did not believe, he marred the
great work he had done. Nevertheless, it was a very great work. There
are dark blots on his career—especially his Irish policy—but on the
whole he was a mighty force for good and against evil, and the good that
he did, though buried for the moment with his bones, rose again and has
lived for ever since, while the evil has long withered, or is now
withering. The English-speaking peoples are free, and for good or for
ill hold their destinies in their own hands.
The effect of the attitude which not only the Puritans, but all other
Englishmen of every creed, assumed toward Ireland from the days of Queen
Mary to the days of King George the Fourth, was such as to steep the
island in centuries of misery, and to leave in her people a bitter and
enduring hatred against England. Yet this attitude has produced one
result of the most unforeseen kind. Had the Irish remained a Celtic
nation, separate in speech and government from Great Britain, they could
have had no share in the expansion of the English race, or at least
could have played only a very subordinate part. As it is, in the great
English-speaking commonwealths that have grown up in North America and
Australasia, the descendants of the Irish now stand on an exact equality
with those of the Scotch and English, and furnish their full proportion
of leadership in the government of the communities; while in all these
English-speaking countries the Catholic Church has become one of the
leading churches and has had its course of development determined by the
fact that the controlling force within it has been Irish. The English
Protestants failed to impress their creed upon Ireland, but they did
impress their language, and did bring Ireland under their own government
The strange outcome has been that the creed they hated now flourishes
side by side, on equal terms, with the creeds they professed, in the
distant continents held in common by their children and by the children
of those against whom they warred. In these new continents all,
Catholics and Protestants alike, are wedded to the principles of
political liberty for which the Puritans fought, and have grown to
extend to all creeds the principles of religious liberty in which only
the best and most advanced Puritans believed. Let us most earnestly hope
that, while avoiding the Puritan fanaticism and intolerance, the Puritan
lack of charity and narrowness, we may not lose the Puritan loftiness of
soul and stern energy in striving for the right, than which no nation
could ever have more precious heritages.
With Oliver’s death his memory passed under a cloud, through which his
greatness was to be but dimly seen until generations of men had lived
and died. He left many descendants, and there are now in England, and
also in America, and possibly Australia, very many men and women, in all
ranks of life, who have his blood in their veins—though in the direct
line his name has died out. Even during the present century, when among
the English upper classes it was still customary to speak of him with
horror, his very descendants in certain families felt keen shame for the
deeds of their great forefather. With a childishness in no way above
that of a Congo savage, it was actually the fashion in some of these
families to make the children do penance on the anniversary of the death
of Charles II., as a kind of atonement for the deeds of Cromwell. The
grotesque nature of this performance is added to by the fact that in
that very society a peculiarly high place of honor was accorded to the
titled descendants of Charles II. and his mistresses. One hardly knows
whether to be most amused or indignant at such fantastic incapacity to
appreciate what was really noble and what really ignoble. The men among
whom such false conventions obtained could not be expected to see in its
true proportions the form of mighty Oliver, looming ever larger across
the intervening centuries. Sooner or later, justice will be done him;
sooner or later, he will be recognized, not only as one of the greatest
of all Englishmen, and by far the greatest ruler of England itself, but
as a man who, in times that tried men’s souls, dealt with vast questions
and solved tremendous problems; a man who erred, who was guilty of many
shortcomings, but who strove mightily toward the light as it was given
him to see the light; a man who had the welfare of his countrymen and
the greatness of his country very close to his heart, and who sought to
make the great laws of righteousness living forces in the government of
the world.
[Illustration:
Oliver Cromwell.
From the bust by Bernini, presented to the House of Commons by Charles
Wertheimer, Esq.
From a photograph, by permission of the donor.
]
THE END.
INDEX
Abolition, in United States, 193
Abolitionists, 103, 192
Adamses, the, 36
Agathokles, 210
Ale-houses, suppressed under Protectorate, 213, 214
Alva, 156
America, Protestants and Catholics in, 12;
freedom from militarism in eighteenth century, 19;
power of compromise after Revolution, 100;
true greatness of, 179;
city government in, 214;
Cromwell’s descendants in, 239
American Civil War, compared with English Civil Wars, 5, 6, 61, 62;
citizen soldiers in, 64;
West Point in, 67;
cavalry in, 70;
compromises after, 102;
generosity of victors, 216
American Revolution, War of the, comparisons with English Revolution of
1688, 6;
with English Civil Wars, 61;
its citizen soldiers, 64;
regular soldiery, 91;
compromises after, 100;
Washington, 101;
events preceding, 114;
Continental Congress in, 177;
clemency following, 217
Americans, majority rule natural to, 25;
regicide sentimentalists among, 138;
religious toleration, 161;
character of, in eighteenth century, 190
Anabaptists, 77, 103, 143, 213, 220
Anglican Church, its Presbyterian trend under Elizabeth, 23;
its influence on Charles I.’s Third Parliament, 29
Antichrist, 226
Appomattox, Sheridan at, 171
Argyle, joins Whigamore raid, 130;
ally of Cromwell, 131
Armenian massacres, 228
Arminianism, in Holland, 12
Arminius, 12
Army, the Cavalier, 64
Army, American Continental, 102
Army, the English, in Civil Wars, composition of, 60;
first raised by nobles, 63;
reorganization of Parliamentary forces, 94;
character in Charles I.’s time, 107;
dissensions, 108, 111 _et seq._;
its strength against the Parliament, 116;
its struggles with the King and Parliament, 117 _et seq._;
its spirit, 121;
odds against it in Second Civil War, 124;
Charles I.’s negotiations with, 134;
march into London, 136;
revolt suppressed by Cromwell, 144;
its distinctive character, 145;
its influence in Long Parliament, 177 _et seq._;
offset by navy, 184;
rejects Parliamentary measures, 185;
supports Cromwell, 189;
attitude under Protectorate, 199;
protests against Cromwell’s accepting Kingship, 215;
serves under Turenne, 229;
revolts against Richard Cromwell, 232
Army, the Scottish, gives up Charles I., 117
Artillery, chief means of assault in Cromwell’s time, 59
Assembly, formed under Protectorate, 189, 191 _et seq._
Associations, of counties, 63;
assessed for Parliamentarians, 79.
_See also Eastern Association_
Astley, Sir Jacob, quoted, 99
Aston, Sir Arthur, at Drogheda, 153, 154
Atlantic Ocean, the, 179
Australasia, 238;
English expansion there, 238
Australia, Cromwell’s descendants in, 239
Australians, in South Africa, 67
Balgony, Lord, at Marston Moor, 88
Baltic Sea, the, 226
Baptists, the, origin under James I., 23;
tolerated by Cromwell, 78;
army sentiment toward, 108;
Parliamentary hatred of, 116;
under the Protectorate, 200
Barbadoes, Irish sent as slaves there, 153
Barbon, “Praise-God,” 191
“Barebones” Parliament, formation of, 191, 193 _et seq._;
attacks Courts of Chancery, 200, 212
Basing House, capture of, 98
Baxter, 74
Beard, Thomas, Cromwell’s tutor, 44
Bedford, Earl of, 45
Bench and bar, courage in, 181
Berwick, seized by Royalists, 121
Bishops, the, attitude of, toward Thirty Years’ War, 30;
Parliamentary resolutions against, 31;
army sentiment toward, 108
Bishops’ Wars, the cause of, 40;
Scotch share in, 124
Blake, Admiral, in Parliament, 116;
defeats Prince Rupert, 130;
his great fame, 182, 183, 184;
his indifference toward Cromwell, 201;
his victory at Santa Cruz, 228
Boers, as soldiers, 67;
belated Cromwellians, 144;
compared with Covenanters, 165
Border, the, in Civil Wars, 55, 84, 130, 131, 174
Boston, U. S. A., regicide sentimentalism in, 138
Boston Harbor, tea thrown overboard in, 35
Bouchier, Elizabeth, wife of Oliver Cromwell, 43
Brandenburgers, 226
Breast-pieces, 60
Bristol, capture of, 98;
Cromwell’s letter from, 105, 106
British Islands, the Commonwealth in, 177
Buchanan, President, his views on secession, 164
Buckingham, Duke of, his corrupt ministry, 26;
his assassination, 28
Buff coats, uniform of Parliamentarians, 60, 64;
worn by Royalists at Winchester, 83
Buisson, de, quoted, 225
Bunyan, John, 69, 232, note
Bureau of Intelligence, Chief of.
_See Scout-master_
Burleigh House, taken by Parliamentarians, 81
Byzantine Emperors, 172
Cadiz, Charles I.’s expedition against, 26
Calvin, his zeal for righteousness, 7
Calvinism, in Holland, 12;
its influence in England, 29;
in Scotland, 165
Calvinists, their intolerance of Roman Catholics, 13
Cambridge, University of, Cromwell’s residence there, 42, 43;
its plate seized by Cromwellians, 70
Canadians, in South Africa, 67
Cannon, Cromwell’s lack of, at Pembroke, 22
Captain-General, Cromwell’s office of, 163, 189
Carbines, 60;
discarded by Cromwellians, 79
Carlyle, taken by Royalists, 121
Carlyle, Thomas, his opinion of Cromwell, 1, 2;
of Puritanism, 2;
on regicide, 140
Carnworth, Earl of, 96
Casques, 64
Catholic Church, its recognition in Ireland demanded by the Pope, 148;
modern greatness of, 238
Catholics, aimed at by Third Parliament, 31;
unite with Royalists and Presbyterians in Ireland, 120, 122;
character of, in Ireland, 146;
aid of, for Charles II., 147;
dissensions in Ireland, 146–149;
Cromwellian hatred of, 152, 161;
persecutions of, 217, 218;
Mazarin’s plea for them in England, 220;
as landholders in Ireland, 223;
their share in British expansion to-day, 239.
_See also Roman Catholics_
Cavaliers, dress of, 64;
at Grantham, 79, 80;
at Marston Moor, 88;
at Naseby, 96;
rising against army, 120;
support Charles I. in the North, 121;
Cromwell’s opinion of, 123;
allegiance to Charles II. in Scotland, 172;
at Stirling, 174;
at Worcester, 175
Cavalry, its superiority to infantry, 59, 60;
among the Royalists, 70;
horse the true weapon of, 79;
at Gainsborough, 82;
Scotch at Marston Moor, 87, 88;
Naseby, 96;
Ironsides spirit in, 107;
Hamilton’s, 122;
at Preston, 127
Cavendish, Lord, at Gainsborough, 81, 82
Celtic, 16, 224
Celts, the, 16, 146, 224
Censorship of press, established under Protectorate, 216
Charles I., his ignoble peace, 19;
his private character, 25;
helplessness of English arms under his rule, 26;
his Third Parliament, 27;
yields to Petition of Right, 28;
his dissolution of his Third Parliament, 31;
rejects Petition of Right, 32;
embarks on Bishops’ Wars, 40;
his attitude toward the Long Parliament, 51;
betrays Strafford, 52;
makes terms with the Scotch, 55;
imprisons Puritan leaders, 57;
his adherents in the Commons, 61;
marches on London, 71;
turn of tide in his favor, 79;
makes overtures to the Irish, 84;
defeats Waller at Copredy Bridge, 91;
his army at Newbury, 92;
at Naseby, 95–97;
surrenders to Scotch army, 98;
English servility toward him, 101;
his treachery, 104;
supported by Presbyterians, 109;
“the man of blood,” 114;
his non-acceptance of his defeat, 115;
negotiates with the army and Parliament, 117 _et seq._;
Cromwell attempts terms with him, 119;
Yorkshire support for, 121;
Scotch attitude toward him, 123;
his tenacity, 132;
negotiations with the army, 134;
he rejects Fairfax’s proposals, 135;
his trial for treason, 136;
beheaded, 137;
his character, 137–140;
his policy in Ireland, 146;
Catholic allegiance to him, 147;
his imprisonment, 148;
effect of his execution on Ireland, 150;
his death due to Parliamentarians, 178;
his execution, 217;
anniversary of his death observed, 240
Charles II., the fleet loyal to him, 130;
proclaimed King at Cork, 150;
the Scotch declare for him, 162;
lands in Scotland, 165 _et seq._;
supported by Scotch Cavaliers, 172;
crosses into England, 174;
his escape from Worcester, 175;
his exile, 178;
influences for his restoration, 209;
England in his time, 225;
his re-establishment, 232;
his mistresses, 240
Charles X., of Sweden, 226
Chester, seized by Royalists, 121;
negotiations there, 148
Christianity, heterodoxy in Parliamentary, 108
Church and State, Puritan theories of, 114;
reform in, 195
Churchmen, arbitrary power of, 161
Civil War.
_See American Civil War_
Civil War, First English, the fiery ordeal of, 20;
begun by Charles, 57;
its chief leaders cavalrymen, 60;
its blunders contrasted with American Civil War, 62;
English soldiery in, 91;
its slow progress, 94;
type of its generals, 95;
practically ends at Naseby, 97;
its effects on Cromwell, 104;
Irish share in, 122;
exchange of prisoners, 128
Civil War, Second English, its beginning, 121;
ended at Preston, 130;
results, 131;
Carlyle’s opinion of, 235
Clergy, 78, 92;
threatened by Protectorate Assembly, 193
Clonmel, capture of, 162
Clubmen, peasant organization, 62
Cock-fighting, suppressed under Protectorate, 213
Colchester, seized by Royalists, 121;
capitulation of, 130
Colonial policy, Spain’s, 224
Colonial possessions, Spanish, 227;
Dutch, 17, 18, 182
Commercial policy, Cromwell’s, in war against Spain, 226
Committee of Both Kingdoms, the, 85, 92
Committee of Correspondence, in American Revolution, 114
Committee of the Eastern Association, 85
Common law, the, under the Protectorate, 200
Commons, House of, declares against tonnage and poundage, 31;
triennial meetings, 54;
favored by London, 57;
its adherents of the King, 61;
Cromwell’s share in, 93;
the Independents, 116;
defies the army, 118, 135;
disregards Lords in the King’s trial, 136;
Parliamentarian leaders, 185;
Republicans, 204;
agreement with Cromwell, 205.
_See also Parliament; Long Parliament, etc._
Commonwealth, established, 6;
reorganizes its forces, 93;
its supremacy, 139;
its character, 141;
European attitude against it, 143;
Cromwell its main support, 163;
authority, 177;
its religionist enemies, 198;
civil rights under it, 217
_Commonwealth Mercury, The_, 232, note
Compromise, Parliamentary incapacity for, 101;
after American Civil War, 102
Confederacy, the, of American Southern States, 72, 92
Confederates in Ireland, 150
Congregationalists, origin under Elizabeth, 23;
identified with Independent party, 49;
tolerated by Cromwell, 78;
in Parliament, 108;
Parliamentarian hatred of, 116;
under the Protectorate, 200
Congress, the American Continental, compared with Cromwellian
Parliaments, 102, 103, 114, 177
Connaught, 223
Conquest, the [Norman], 232
Constitution, the American, 189, 193, 196, 198
Constitution, English, 135;
under the Assembly, 195, 198;
under the Protectorate, 205
“Constitution-mongers,” Carlyle’s sneer at, 5
Continent, the, character of its armies, 60;
Cromwell’s interest in its politics, 225;
the power of France on, 229
Continental Army, the American, 102
Convention, Constitutional, in U. S., 189;
in English Assembly, 192–195
Coote, holds Derry for Parliamentarians, 150
Copredy Bridge, Battle of, 91
Cork, Charles II. proclaimed King there, 150;
Cromwell’s letter from there, 160
Cornwall, neutrality of, 63
Cotton, John, Cromwell’s letter to, 179
Council of Officers, in English Assembly, 195, 197 _et seq._
Council, the, in Parliamentary army, 114
Council of State, the, 189, 195
Court, purity of Cromwellian, 229;
disgracefulness under Restoration, 230
Courts of Chancery, English, 181, 192, 200
Covenant, National, of Scotland, the, 39;
taken by Parliamentarians, 78;
by English troopers, 84;
Hamiltonian devotion to, 123;
taken by Ulster Scotch, 148;
Fairfax declines campaign against, 163;
oath taken by Charles II., 165;
Cromwell’s exposition of, 172 _et seq._
Covenanters, the Scotch, defeated by Cromwell, 75;
intolerance of sectaries, 116;
treatment of Charles II., 165;
oppose Puritans at Dunbar, 170;
persecuted by Episcopalians, 217
Creed, in United States, 2, 9;
in Ireland, 224, 239
Cromwell, Bridget, daughter of Oliver, married to Ireton, 105
Cromwell, Elizabeth Steward, mother of Oliver, 42, 233
Cromwell, Henry, son of Oliver, 232
Cromwell, Oliver, his fame, 1;
forces which produced him, 7;
youth and early manhood, 14;
seat in Long Parliament, 41;
parentage and birth, 42;
his marriage, 43;
his Puritanism, 43;
hatred of Church of Rome, 44, 56;
removes to Ely, 45;
supports Petition of Rights, 45;
his indifference to political theory, 46;
his piety, 47;
his religion, 48;
personality, 50;
impatience of system, 53;
his suspicion of the Episcopacy, 56;
captain in 67th Regiment, 58;
his kinsmen at the battle of Nottingham, 58;
his troops, 65;
his military genius, 68;
his troop of horse, 70, 72, 73–75;
promoted to a colonelcy, 74;
his letters, 76;
his tolerant spirit, 77;
bearing toward Episcopalians, 78;
as cavalry commander, 79;
dubbed Ironsides by Rupert, 81;
his relief of Gainsborough, 82;
at Winceby, 83;
his generalship, 84;
member of Committee of Both Kingdoms, 85;
at Marston Moor, 87–90;
his training of troops, 91;
distrusted by Presbyterians, 92;
the real head of the army, 94;
Montrose not comparable with him, 95;
at Naseby, 96 _et seq._;
takes Winchester, 98;
his rule after First Civil War, 99;
compared with William III., 101 _et seq._;
his uncompromising spirit, 102;
his children’s marriages, 104;
his religious spirit, 105;
his letters and speeches, 105, 106;
on reconstruction, 109 _et seq._;
not extreme against Charles, 114;
efforts toward agreement with King and Parliament, 118;
favors army against Parliamentarians, 119;
at Pembroke, 121;
his view of the Scotch, 123;
his reception at Edinburgh, 131;
his position at close of Civil Wars, 132;
motives for joining Independents, 133–135;
favors the regicide, 137, 139–140;
his ambition, 142;
his army, 145;
his Irish campaign, 151 _et seq._;
his cruelty at Drogheda, 155;
Wexford, 158;
contradictions of his character, 159 _et seq._;
letter to John Cotton, 160;
excellent conduct of Irish campaign, 162;
summoned from Ireland by Parliament, 163;
advances on and retreats from Edinburgh, 167 _et seq._;
at Dunbar, 170–172;
his dispute with the Kirk party, 172 _et seq._;
his clemency, 174;
attacks Charles II. at Worcester, 175;
champions Independents, 179;
policy toward Parliamentarians, 180 _et seq._;
his views on Dutch War, 184;
defeats non-reëlection bill, 186;
his statesmanship, 188 _et seq._;
his sermon to the Assembly, 191 _et seq._;
despotism, 195;
first Protector, 197, 199;
his peace with the Dutch, 201;
his conflict with Parliament, 202 _et seq._;
his government a tyranny, 210 _et seq._;
suppresses the ale-houses, 213, 214;
declines the Kingship, 215;
his views on liberty, 219;
interferes in Continental affairs, 225 _et seq._;
revenges Vaudois massacres, 227, 228;
contests Spain on the sea, 228;
his court, 229;
last illness, 230, 231;
death, 232;
desecration of his remains by Restorationists, 233;
compared with William III., 235;
political ideals, 236 _et seq._;
cruelty of his Irish policy, 237;
posthumous reputation, 239
Cromwell, Richard, son of Oliver, as Protector, 232
Cromwell, Robert, father of Oliver, 42; his death, 43
“Crummle, the curse o’,” 225.
_See Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland_
Cuirassiers, use in Parliamentary army, 60;
at Winceby, 83;
the Scotch at Marston Moor, 88
Czars, the, 9
Danes, the, Charles X.’s war against, 226
Dean, Colonel, at Preston, 126;
in Dutch War, 183;
his rule in Scotland, 221
Death penalty, a cause of sentimentalism, 137, 138;
its justice on tyrants, 234, 235
Declaration, Cromwell’s, in Ireland, 159, 161
Democracy, Cromwell’s bearing toward, 211
Derry, siege of, 150;
supports Parliamentarians, 152
De Ruyter, 182
Despotism, under republics, 22;
under the Stuarts, 28;
under Cromwell, 213;
a subject of doctrinaire notions, 236
Discipline, a military necessity, 91;
a source of soldiers’ ties, 107;
rigidly enforced by Cromwell, 152
Dissenters, persecuted under Elizabeth, 23;
aimed at by Third Parliament, 31;
position under the Protectorate, 200
Dragoons, 60, 79;
Royalists at Winceby, 83
Drake, 14, 18
Dreyfus case, the, 22
Drilling, excellence of Cromwell’s troops at Winceby, 83
Drogheda, siege of, 41, 48, 150;
Parliamentarian atrocities there, 153 _et seq._, 160
Dublin, Puritan rule there, 146, 147;
surrendered to Parliamentarians, 149;
Supreme Council of, 150;
siege of, 151;
Cromwell’s troops there, 152
Duke, Basil, 70
Dunbar, Leslie engages the English there, 169 _et seq._, 172, 173;
fate of Scotch prisoners captured there, 174;
anniversary of, 198, 231
Dundalk, surrender of, 150;
garrisoned by Cromwell, 157
Dunkirk, ceded to English, 229, 230
Dutch, the, their sailors in wars with Spain, 14;
oppressions under Spain, 36;
Parliamentarian war with, 181 _et seq._;
commercial supremacy, 184;
religious toleration, 200;
peace with England, 201;
war with Charles X., 226
Eastern Association, the, 63;
the Ironsides in, 81;
committee of, 85;
its infantry at Marston Moor, 86–89;
its training, 91;
the pattern for the New Model, 93.
_See also Associations_
Edgehill, battle of, 71–73;
Charles I.’s standard-bearer there, 154
Edinburgh, Laud’s attempt to introduce the Prayer-Book there, 39;
Cromwell’s reception there, 131;
besieged by Cromwell, 167;
surrendered to Cromwell, 174
Edinburgh, Governor of, 172
Eglinton, Earl of, at Marston Moor, 88
Eliot, Sir John, character of, 27;
his leadership in Parliament, 30, 31;
his imprisonment, 32;
death, 33;
Charles I.’s vengeance on, 137
Elizabeth, Queen, her absolutism, 8;
her bearing toward Anglican Church, 9;
yields to the monopolies, 10;
her veiled despotism, 22;
persecutes Dissenters, 23;
her war with Spain on the sea, 58;
compared with Cromwell, 212;
Puritan persecutions in her reign, 217
Ely, home of Cromwell’s mother, 42, 45
Ely Cathedral, Cromwell’s interference there, 78
England, champion of religious liberty, 15, 21;
overlordship in Ireland, 15, 16;
peace under James I., 19;
rural and agricultural population, 58;
military experience, 59;
political incapacity in Cromwell’s time, 111;
relation with Scotland in Second Civil War, 123;
pitted against Scotland under the Commonwealth, 164;
law of, 181;
her carrying trade in Dutch War, 183;
her commercial greed, 184;
self-government, 192;
political freedom, 197;
Parliamentarian supremacy in, 198;
representative government, 206;
condition under the Protectorate, 211 _et seq._, 216, 221 _et seq._,
225;
her Irish policy, 227;
foreign fame, 230;
condition after Cromwell, 231 _et seq._;
Cromwell’s descendants in, 239
England’s Freedom and Soldiers’ Rights, cry of, 119
English, the, as sailors in the Spanish wars, 14;
their excellence as military material, 58;
love of sports, 59;
serve as troops in Ireland, 84;
at Marston Moor, 86;
character of, in seventeenth century, 100 _et seq._;
in India, 151;
their treatment of the Irish, 162;
capacity for self-government, 190, 220;
immigrants into Ireland, 223;
in West Indies, 229;
expansion of, 238
English Presbyterians, for the King against the army, 120
Episcopacy rejected by the Scotch, 38–40;
abolition of, demanded by Long Parliament, 56;
under Cromwell’s government, 218
Episcopalian Royalists, 177
Episcopalians, 78;
clergy hated by Presbyterians, 92;
their intolerance, 104;
Parliament deserted by them, 108;
with the Royalists in Ireland, 122, 132, 146;
under the Protectorate, 197;
the Prayer-Book denied them by the Commonwealth, 217
Erse, 224
Essex, Earl of, leader of Parliamentary forces, 57;
his Guards, 63, 64;
at Northampton, 69;
his blunders, 91;
compared with McClellan, 92
Essex, Fairfax in, 121
Europe, armed against French Revolutionists, 120;
effect of regicide on, 138;
Dutch position in, 182, 184;
religious tolerance, 200;
liberty, 219;
struggles of Spain and France, 226, 227;
Turks in, 228;
profligacy in seventeenth century, 230
Evolution, of English political freedom, 197
Executive, English and American, compared, 198