Convolvulus, 29, 48
Cyclamen, 33
Daisy, 31, 45, 110, 167
Dandelion, 34, 195, 199
Fig, 255, 256
Fleur-de-lys, 36, Chap. xiii.
Flower, Community of the, 41
Flower, Our Lady of the, 81
Frankincense, 198
Fruit in Garlands, Chap. xxiv.
Gold flower, 73
Gourd, Chap. xxi.
Grapes, 238, 254
Heath, 29
Hellebore, 33
Hemlock, 130
Hyssop, 33
Iris, 36; Chap. iv., 168, 198
Ivy, 130
Jasmine, 31, 48, 167, 201
Laurel, 116, 177
Lemon, 241
Lettuce, 29
Lily, 14, 24; Chap. iii., 92, 198, 211, 215
Lily of Florence, 81
Lily of the Angel Gabriel, Chap. xv.
Lily of the Annunciation, Chap. xiv.
Lily of the Saints, Chap. xviii.
Lily of the Valley, 198, 207
Lilies of the Virgin’s Tomb, 213
Mandrake, 33
Musk flower, 197
Myrrh, 24, 25, 218
Myrtle, 197, 201
Nettle, 25, 33
Oleander, 227
Olive, 24, 36, Chap. ix.
Orange, 242
Palm, 24, 26, Chap. xi.
Palm-tree, 137, 138, 218
Pansy, 32
Passion Flower, 195
Pear, 119, 252
Pomegranate, 98, 119, 218, 245, Chap. xxii.
Poppy, 33
Quince, 119, 239, 241
Rose gardens, 97, 100
Rose garlands, Chap. vii.
Rose, golden, 101, 102, 103
Rose hedge, 99
Rose of Charity, 29, 208
Rose of Divine Love, 24, 28; Chap. v., 172, 190, 198
Rose of Martyrdom, 72
Rose of Venus, 101, 102, 103
Saffron, 26
Shamrock, 30, 191
Snowdrop, 269
Spices, 24
Strawberry, 45, 110; Chap. xxiii., 198
Sunflower, 199
Sycamore, 26
Thistle, 195
Thorns, 33, 77; Chap. x., 216
Thorns, Crown of, 126, 127, 128, 131
Turpentine Tree, 24
Vine, 23; Chap. xix.
Violet, 28, 45, 48, 110, 197, 198, 210
Water-lily, 29
Willow, 195
FOOTNOTES
[1] Dr March states very clearly the difference between a symbol and
an emblem. ‘A symbol stands for an abstract idea, an emblem denotes
a concrete thing, an attribute appears in apposition with the person
it qualifies; for example, in a presentment of the Blessed Virgin,
the lily that she holds in her hand or that flowers by her side is
her attribute. When the lily appears alone it represents the Queen of
Heaven and is her emblem, but if it indicates purity it is a symbol.’
[2] Ghent Cathedral.
[3] The Prado, Madrid.
[4] Antwerp Cathedral.
[5] Author of _Liber aggregationis, seu Liber mirabilium de virtutibus
herbarum, lapidum et animalium_.
[6] Authoress of _The Garden of Health_.
[7] ‘This is that herb which such physicians as are licensed to
blaspheme by authority without danger of having their tongues burned
through with a hot iron called an herb of the Trinity; it is also
called, by those who are more moderate, three faces in a hood ... and
in Sussex we call them pancies.’ Culpeper’s _Herbal_.
[8] C. Marriott.
[9] Corsini Gallery, Florence.
[10] Naples Museum.
[11] Stroganoff Collection, Rome.
[12] Accademia, Florence.
[13] Ex Convent of S. Apollonia, Florence.
[14] Bargello, Florence.
[15] Adoration, Pitti Palace, private apartments.
[16] Cathedral, Perugia.
[17] J. K. Huysmans, _La Cathédrale_.
[18] Attributed to Giotto. Collection of A. E. Street, Esq.
[19] Isaiah XXXV. 1.
[20] Wolfenbüttel Copy, Bibliothèque Nationale.
[21] Marienpfarrkirchen, Danzig.
[22] Town Museum, Leyden.
[23] ‘The Smaller Passion,’ British Museum.
[24] J. K. Huysmans, _La Cathédrale_.
[25] _Complete Book of Heraldry_, 1780. vol. i.
[26] ‘The effigies of the Kings of Navarre, successors to Garcias,
are still to be seen with this order about their necks in the Church
of St Mary at Nagera, St Saviour’s de Layra and St Mary la Reale of
Pompelona, as also in the church at Ronceneux, and at St John’s de la
Pigna.’ (Edmondson.)
[27] Now in Seville Cathedral.
[28] Solomon’s Song v. 9.
[29]
‘Ut ipsa corporis species simulacrum fuerit mentis.’
_De Verginit_, lib. ii. chap. 2.
[30] S. Maria Trastevere, Rome.
[31] National Gallery, London.
[32] Lower Church, Assisi.
[33] Uffizi, Florence.
[34] Or San Michele, Florence.
[35] Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
[36] Berlin.
[37] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[38] Royal Museum, Antwerp.
[39] Coll. Radziwill, Berlin.
[40] Royal Gallery, Berlin.
[41] Prado, Madrid.
[42] Uffizi, Florence.
[43] ‘Coronation of the Virgin,’ shrine of Saint Ursula, Bruges.
[44] ‘Christ surrounded by Angels,’ Royal Museum, Antwerp.
[45] ‘Madonna with the Child,’ Marienpfarrkirche, Danzig.
[46] _Purga_, xxix. 81.
[47] _See_ Chapter XIV., ‘The Lily of the Annunciation.’
[48] Accademia, Florence.
[49] The Brera, Milan.
[50] The Rudolphinum, Prague.
[51] Chaucer, _The Knight’s Tale_.
[52] Schifanoja Palace, Ferrara.
[53] Botticelli, Uffizi.
[54] Walter Pater, ‘Sandro Botticelli.’
[55] _Legenda Aurea._
[56] William Dunbar.
[57] _The Book of Spiritual Grace._
[58] Orvieto Cathedral.
[59] Accademia, Florence.
[60] The _Portincula_ or _Porzuincola_ (the little portion) built by
Saint Benedict and rebuilt by Saint Francis was the first church of the
Franciscan order. It is now enclosed by the Church of S. Maria degli
Angeli, and, close by, the rose-bushes of the legend, still thornless,
are shown.
[61] Prado, Madrid.
[62] Cadiz.
[63] Wilton House.
[64] Museo Provincial, Seville.
[65] Florence. To be placed in the Riccardi Palace.
[66] Palazzo Pitti.
[67] Robert de la Condamine, _The Upper Garden_.
[68] In the Bibliothèque de l’Arsénal, Paris.
[69] British Museum.
[70] Dante.
[71] In France at the same period it was very usual to place a
‘fleur-de-lys’ in the Madonna’s hand. For instance, the beautiful
statuette in silver gilt of the early fourteenth century, now in the
Louvre, carries a ‘fleur-de-lys’ of crystal in the right hand.
[72] The Prado, Madrid.
[73] Private apartments, Pitti Palace, Florence.
[74] Uffizi, Florence.
[75] An exception is the Assumption by Fungai in the Belle Arti
of Siena, where white roses and red carnations fill the tomb. The
prejudice appears to have been against the red rose.
[76] Kunst Museum, Bern.
[77] ‘The Key’ of Saint Melitus.
[78] ‘Hortulus,’ Walafrid Strabo.
[79] ‘Spiritual Grace,’ Saint Mectilda.
[80] The Wisdom of Solomon ii. 8.
[81] _Passio S.S. Jacobi, Mariani et aliorum martyrum in Numidia._
[82] _Sensations d’Italie._
[83] S. Maria Novella, Florence.
[84] The Brera, Milan.
[85] _Legenda Aurea._
[86] Prado, Madrid.
[87] Ghent Cathedral.
[88] _Paradiso_, xxx. 114.
[89] _Ibid._ 121.
[90] 2 Esdras ii. 18–19.
[91] Written by the monk Dionysius of Mount Athos in the twelfth
century. Translated by M. Didron.
[92] Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Cathedral.
[93] Florence.
[94] Ruskin, _Modern Painters_.
[95] Town Museum, Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
[96] The Song of Solomon ii. 2.
[97] Museum, Verona.
[98] _Rat. Off._, iii. 18.
[99] _Trésor_ of Aix la Chapelle.
[100] Arthur Martin, _Mélanges d’Archéologie_.
[101] Opera del Duomo.
[102] Isaiah xi. 1–2.
[103] _Christian Iconography_, Didron.
[104] Ghent Cathedral.
[105] Uffizi Gallery.
[106] _Christian Iconography_, Didron.
[107] Kaiser-Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
[108] Uffizi Gallery.
[109] St Petersburg.
[110] Tiefenbronn Church.
[111] Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne.
[112] Sophocles, _Œdipus Coloneus_.
[113] Smith’s _Classical Dictionary_.
[114] _De Baptismo_, c. viii.
[115] See title-page.
[116] Northcote and Brownlow, _Roma Sotterana_.
[117] Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
[118] Taddeo di Bartolo, Sano di Pietro, Francesco di Giorgio Martini,
Belle Arti, Siena.
[119] No. 160, Belle Arti, Siena.
[120] Stefano di Giovanni, Belle Arti, Siena.
[121] _Trésor_ of Aix la Chapelle.
[122] _Trésor_ of the King of Bavaria.
[123] Milton.
[124] ‘The Nativity,’ National Gallery.
[125] ‘The Nativity,’ Belle Arti, Siena.
[126] Collection L. Mond, London.
[127] Durandus, _Rat. Off._, vi. 47–9.
[128] Ecclesiasticus xxiv. 14.
[129] _Lives of the Painters._
[130] Corsini Gallery, Florence.
[131] Monza.
[132] Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
[133] Uffizi, Florence.
[134] Munich.
[135] Private apartments, Pitti Palace.
[136] Nierenberg.
[137] Mantegna, Belle Arti, Verona.
[138] Botticelli, Poldi Pezzoli Collection, Milan.
[139] Botticelli, Borghese Gallery, Rome.
[140] Museo Provincial, Seville.
[141] Collection of the Duchess of Fife.
[142] Royal Gallery, Augsburg.
[143] Sassoferrato, Church of S. Sabina, Rome.
[144] Accademia, Florence.
[145] Uffizi, Florence.
[146] _Der Goldene Schmiede._
[147] Munich.
[148] 1 Maccabees xiii. 51.
[149] Revelation vii.
[150] 2 Esdras ii. 45.
[151] Chaucer, _The Second Nonnes Tale_.
[152] A. Venturi, _Storia dell’ Arte Italiana_.
[153] _Ibid._
[154] _Rat. Off._
[155] S. Cecilia, Uffizi.
[156] Accademia, Venice.
[157] Dante.
[158] Rubens, Uffizi.
[159] Piero della Francesca, Uffizi.
[160] At Heidelberg.
[161] SS. Annunziata.
[162] Belle Arti, Siena.
[163] Lord Lindsay.
[164] Opera del Duomo, Siena.
[165] Sterzing, Rathaus.
[166] Opera del Duomo, Siena.
[167] Uffizi, Florence.
[168] W. Menzel, _Christliche Symbolik_.
[169] _Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur
und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters._
[170] Rome.
[171] _Ibid._
[172] _Recherches sur l’origine du Blazon et en particulier la
Fleur-de-Lis._
[173] Ragalium Franciæ, Libro duo, 1545.
[174] In possession of Sir J. Tobin.
[175] S. Chiara, Naples.
[176] Westminster Abbey.
[177] Psalterium cum Figuris, Bib. National.
[178] Roman des Trois Pélerinages, Bib. S. Geneviève.
[179] St Martin in Vignes, Troyes.
[180] Germanisches Museum, Nuremburg.
[181] Scenes from the Passion, Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[182] Edmund G. Gardner, Florence.
[183] Louvre.
[184] Uffizi, Florence.
[185] First part of _King Henry VI_, Act I. sc. ii.
[186] Trial of Jeanne d’Arc, 1431.
[187] Florence.
[188] Rome.
[189] At Gaeta.
[190] British Museum.
[191] South Kensington Museum.
[192] Imperial Gallery, St Petersburg.
[193] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[194] Collection Mérode, Brussels.
[195] _Spanish Handbook_, first edition.
[196] Lower Church, Assisi.
[197] Uffizi, Florence.
[198] Pantheon, Rome.
[199] Uffizi, Florence.
[200] Belle Arti, Siena.
[201] SS. Annunziata, Arezzo.
[202] Museo di S. Marco, Florence.
[203] Uffizi, Florence.
[204] Vatican, Rome.
[205] Cathedral, S. Giminiano.
[206] National Gallery.
[207] Spedale degli Innocenti, Florence.
[208] _Lives of the Painters_, Titian.
[209] Diptych of Jeanne de Bourbon, Musée Condé, Chantilly.
[210] Collection of Prince U. Radziwill, Berlin.
[211] Royal Gallery, Berlin.
[212] British Museum.
[213] British Museum.
[214] W. Menzel, _Christliche Symbolik_.
[215] _Dies in lætitiæ_, Neale’s translation.
[216] The large transparent vase which stands beside the Madonna with
the Child, by Jean Perréal, in the Louvre, contains iris, the white
lily, lily of the valley and columbine.
[217] Duccio di Buoninsegna, National Gallery.
[218] Giovanni di Paolo, Vatican.
[219] Andrea Vanni, Collection Saracini, Siena.
[220] Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Belle Arti, Siena.
[221] Uffizi, Florence.
[222] Sacchetti.
[223] Museum of Padua.
[224] Vatican.
[225] Belle Arti, Siena.
[226] The Cathedral, Arezzo.
[227] Sermon on Ezekiel.
[228] Sermon on Amos and Zachariah.
[229] Tate Gallery.
[230] In the collection of Miss Hertz, Rome.
[231] Pinakothek, Munich.
[232] Milton.
[233] Botticini, Accademia; School of Botticelli, Accademia.
[234] Carotto, S. Eufemia, Verona.
[235] Alte Pinakothek.
[236] Rossello di Jacopo Franchi, Accademia, Florence.
[237] Luca Signorelli.
[238] Rathaus, Sterzing.
[239] Uffizi.
[240] Uffizi.
[241] Frankfort-on-Maine.
[242] S. Spirito, Florence.
[243] Yrjö Hirn, _The Sacred Shrine_.
[244] Wallraf Richartz Museum, Cologne.
[245] Uffizi.
[246] _Goldene Schmiede._
[247] Huysman, _La Cathédrale_.
[248] Collection of Lady Jekyll.
[249] Tate Gallery, London.
[250] Lower Church, Assisi.
[251] Accademia, Florence.
[252] Uffizi, Florence.
[253] _Goldene Schmiede._
[254] _Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur
und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters._
[255] Uffizi, Florence.
[256] _Spiritual Grace._
[257] Pinacoteca, Arezzo.
[258] _Lives of the Painters_, Signorelli.
[259] Cathedral, Perugia.
[260] Accademia, Florence.
[261] Collection Pierpont Morgan, America.
[262] Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
[263] Cologne.
[264] Cologne.
[265] W. Menzel, _Christliche Symbolik_.
[266] Oratory of S. Bernardino, Siena.
[267] Vatican.
[268] National Gallery (now attributed to Botticini).
[269] Vatican.
[270] Vatican.
[271] Cathedral, Bagno di Romagna.
[272] Accademia, Florence.
[273] Robert Browning.
[274] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[275] Uffizi, Florence.
[276] Now in the Pinacoteca, Lucca.
[277] Ecclesiasticus xxiv. 17, 18, 20.
[278] _Cant. Cantic._ iv. 13.
[279] In Collection of the Duke of Devonshire.
[280] Cremona.
[281] Museum, Verona.
[282] A Sienese painter of the Franciscan Legend.
[283] Upper Church, Assisi.
[284] Capella dell’ Arena, Padua.
[285] Capella Baroncelli, Santa Croce, Florence.
[286] S. Girolamo Spello.
[287] Cathedral, Como.
[288] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[289] Rijks Museum, Amsterdam.
[290] _Archæologia_, vol. 45.
[291] Villa Masèr, near Treviso.
[292] S. Domenico, Siena.
[293] The name Catharine, it will be remembered, is from the Greek
_Katharos_, which has the same signification as the lily, _i.e._,
purity.
[294] Luini, S. Maurizio, Milan.
[295] S. Francesco, Assisi.
[296] Royal Gallery, Berlin.
[297] National Gallery, London.
[298] Seville Cathedral.
[299] Rome.
[300] Ghent Cathedral.
[301] Collection Gardener, Boston.
[302] Berlin.
[303] _Paradise Lost._
[304] Vatican.
[305] Brera, Milan.
[306] Uffizi.
[307] Museum, Brussels.
[308] Belle Arti, Siena.
[309] Belle Arti, Siena.
[310] _Ibid._
[311] Uffizi.
[312] _Goldene Schmiede._
[313] Uffizi.
[314] _Lives of the Painters._
[315] Joos van Cleeve, Royal Gallery, Brussels; Wolf Trant, National
Museum, Munich.
[316] Florence.
[317] Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
[318] Museum, Rouen.
[319] Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[320] Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
[321] The ‘Chigi’ Madonna, Collection Gardener, Boston.
[322] W. Menzel, _Christliche Symbolik_.
[323] Museum. Colmar.
[324] German Museum, Nüremburg.
[325] Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe.
[326] Royal Gallery, Dresden.
[327] National Gallery.
[328] Museum, Berlin.
[329] Vatican Gallery.
[330] Capitoline Museum, Rome.
[331] National Gallery.
[332] “For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s
belly; so shall the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the
heart of the earth” (Matt. xii. 40).
[333] Vatican Museum.
[334] Uffizi, Florence.
[335] Uffizi.
[336] Accademia, Florence.
[337] Pitti.
[338] Florence.
[339] German Museum, Nüremburg.
[340] Vatican Gallery.
[341] _Ibid._
[342] Dr Anselm Salzer, O.S.B. _Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in
der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters_.
[343] Mrs Henry Jenner, _Christian Symbolism_.
[344] Vatican.
[345] Belle Arti, Siena.
[346] Town Museum, Solothurn.
[347] Belle Arti, Siena.
[348] Accademia, Venice.
[349] Brera, Milan.
[350] National Gallery, London.
[351] Sermon on the Assumption of the Virgin.
[352] Isaiah iv. 2.
[353] Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
[354] Town Museum, Bruges.
[355] Dom di Bartolo d’Asciano.
[356] II. Esdras II., 19.
[357] II. Esdras II., 18.
[358] Rat. Off. of Altars.
[359] Ad. Nat., 2, 3.
[360] Spiritual Grace.
[361] Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
[362] José Antolines, Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
[363] Murillo, Prado, Madrid.
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Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed. In particular, spelling variations in quotations of
archaic text and poetry were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
The phrase “to face page” have been removed from the List of
Illustrations and the caption area of the illustrations, as the
illustrations are positioned within or adjacent to the pages referenced
in the List of Illustrations.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
references.
Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected,
renumbered, and placed after the Index.
A painter’s name is spelled “van Eyck” in most of this book, but as
“van Eyke” on pages 279-281. Both variants have been retained here.