_Raphael_ (Urbino: 1483-1520). _See_ 1171.
This picture--with the original pen-and-ink drawing from which
it was traced[114]--is the earliest known work of Raphael,
painted when he was not more than seventeen and was "pluming
his wings and meditating a flight." His first (or as it is
commonly called, "Perugian") period may be divided into two:
(1) Down to about 1500, before he went to Perugia, and whilst
he was still studying at Urbino under Timoteo Viti; (2) From
1500-1504, at Perugia. This picture probably belongs to the
former of these periods. It is unlike Perugino in several
respects--in the landscape, for instance, and in the broad hand
of the sleeping knight, whereas Perugino's hands are narrower
and longer. In connection, too, with Raphael's early pupilage
under a Ferrarese master, note that the figure of Duty is
like Francia's saint in No. 638 (see further on this subject
Morelli's _Italian Pictures in German Galleries_, pp. 285-340).
The picture, which was at one time in the possession of Sir
Thomas Lawrence, came to England from the Borghese Gallery at
Rome. It was originally in the Ducal Palace at Urbino. "The
subject breathes the very essence of that courtly and romantic
atmosphere which haunted the palace of Urbino and may well
have been inspired by the Duchess Elizabeth herself. This
accomplished lady was the first to honour the son of her old
friend Giovanni Santi with her patronage, and Raphael may have
painted this little allegory for the decoration of her chamber,
just as Costa and Mantegna painted their picture of Parnassus
and the Muses for Isabella d'Este's grotto at Mantua" (Julia
Cartwright: _Early Work of Raphael_, p. 12).
A young knight sleeps under a laurel--the tree whose leaves were in all
ages the reward of honour; and in a dream of his future career he sees
two figures approach him, between whom he has to make his choice. The
one on the left speaks with the voice of Duty; she is purple-robed and
offers him a book and a sword--emblematic of the active life of study
and conflict. The other is of fair countenance and is gaily decked
with ribbons and strings of coral. Hers is the voice of Pleasure, and
the flower she offers is a sprig of myrtle in bloom--"myrtle dear to
Venus." Raphael was thinking, perhaps, of the Greek story which told
of the choice of Hercules. For Hercules, when he came to man's estate,
laid him down to rest and pondered which road in life to take; and
lo! there stood by him two women. And one of them took up her parable
and said: "O Hercules, if thou wouldst choose the smoothest and the
pleasantest path, then shouldst thou follow me." And Hercules said:
"O lady, I pray thee tell me thy name." And she answered: "Those who
love me call me Pleasure, and those who hate me call me Evil." Then the
other woman came forward and said: "O Hercules, there is no road to
happiness except through toil and trouble; such is the gods' decree,
and if thou wouldst be happy in thy life and honoured in thy death,
then up and follow me." And her name was Duty. And Hercules chose the
better part, and went about the world redressing human wrong, and was
reverenced by men and honoured by the gods--
Choose well; your choice is
Brief, and yet endless.
Here eyes do regard you
In Eternity's stillness;
Here is all fulness,
Ye brave, to reward you.
Work, and despair not!
GOETHE, tr. by Carlyle (_Past and Present_).