Perpetuum_, see Antonio Ribeiro dos Santos in _Memorias de Litteratura
Portugueza_, 2 edição, VIII, p. 46; for later reprints of the Tables of
the Declination of the Sun, see Luciano Cordeira in the _Boletim_ of
the Lisbon Geographical Society, 1883, p. 163.
[416] See Hellmann, in _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, 1897. The _Roteiros_
of João de Castro, containing these observations, were published at
Lisbon, 1833 and 1882.
[417] The description of this proposed series is of historical interest
(see _Alguns documentos_, 1892, p. 516).
[418] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 73 and 144. The “Sphere” was
a device bestowed upon D. Manuel by King João II. A coin called an
“Esphera de Ouro” was coined in Portuguese India. M.B. Lopez Fernandes
(_Memoria das moedas_, Lisbon, 1856, p. 121) had such a coin in his
possession. It had the device on the face, and a royal crown with the
word MEA on the obverse. Manuel de Faria (_Noticias de Portugal_, Disc.
IV, § 31) thinks that MEA stands for “Mine”, meaning that the whole
sphere was Manuel’s; but Fernandes is inclined to think that it stands
for MEIA, that is, “Half”. The coin in his collection had an intrinsic
value of about six shillings.
The Pelican was the device of King João II. It may have been on the
padrãos erected by Dias, but has not been discovered on those of Cão.
[419] See Texeira de Aragão (_Boletim_, VI, 1886, p. 562).
[420] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 38, 73, 94, 96.
[421] According to J. de Escalante de Mendoso (1575), quoted by
D’Albertis, _loc. cit._, p. 84.
[422] In quoting authorities I refer to the following editions:—João
de Barros, _Da Asia_, Lisbon, 1788; Castanheda, _Historia da India_,
Lisbon, 1833; Manuel de Faria y Sousa, _Asia Portuguesa_, Lisbon, 1666;
Gaspar Correa, _Lendas da India_, Lisbon, 1858-64; Damião de Goes,
_Chronica do Rei D. Manuel_, 1790.
[423] If Correa (I, p. 656) can be trusted, he still had a wife at
Cochin in 1506. Sernigi (see p. 136) credits him with a wife and
children at Calecut.
[424] Barros, _Dec. I_, iv, c. 1; Goes, I, c. 23; Castanheda, I, c. 2.
[425] Correa gives a circumstantial account of the embarkation in the
King’s presence, but the description of the paintings which were to
have been executed by the King’s order in illustration of the discovery
and “conquest” of India, shows very conclusively that the King was
_not_ there (_Alguns documentos_, p. 516).
[426] This, without a doubt, is the correct date. The author of our
“Journal”, Barros, Goes, Castanheda, and Faria y Sousa, they all agree
in this. Sernigi gives July 9th; Correa fixes upon March 25th as the
day of departure.
We may say, once for all, that the dates given in the “Journal” may
confidently be accepted as correct, allowing for a few _lapsi calami_
(or errors of the copyist), which can fortunately be rectified in
nearly every instance, as the Author names the day of the week, and
often even the name of the Saint to whom the day is dedicated.
[427] This date is doubtful. See p. 3, note 3. The wrong date is not
August 18th, but August 22nd.
[428] The variation being about 19° E., according to João de Castro,
the true course would have been nearly S. by E.
[429] See p. 4, note 1.
[430] See Admiralty “Chart showing the tracks of sailing vessels with
auxiliary steam power”; the valuable track-charts by Capt. A. Schück in
the _Jahresbericht_ of the Hamburg Geographical Society, for 1874; Dr.
G. Schott, “Die Verkehrswege” in _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, 1895, with
maps; the sailing directories of all ages since Duarte Pacheco wrote
his _Esmeraldo_ in 1505.
[431] According to Barros, Bartholemeu Dias kept in his company until
he took the direction of Mina.
[432] See, for instance, _The Voyage of François Leguat_, by Capt.
Pasfield Oliver (Hakluyt Society, 1891), i, p. 25.
[433] Modern sailing vessels do much better. The passage from São
Thiago to the Cape by way of Trinidad (5,140 miles) is made on an
average in forty-six days, being a daily run of 125 miles, as compared
with 54 miles daily, with which we have credited Vasco da Gama (see the
Table at the end of this Appendix).
[434] One league of Columbus = 4 Italian miles = 3.38 nautical miles.
[435] In note 3, p. 3, we have assumed a somewhat shorter course, but
after due consideration we now give the preference to the track laid
down upon our chart. On an old map of Africa, by H. Moll, a “tract”
passing to the east of Ascension and St. Helena is recommended as “a
good course of sailing from Great Britain to the East Indies in the
Spring and Fall”. What would Admiral Wharton say to this?
[436] These islands are distinctly shown on the Cantino Chart, but
unfortunately not named. They are not, however, the _Ys. Tebas_ of
Juan de la Cosa, as is supposed by the Editor of Spruner’s _Historical
Atlas_, for the chart of the Spanish pilot which contains this name
was completed before Cabral’s return. If we can credit a statement of
Correa (Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, p. 825), who quotes Gaspar da Gama
as his authority, Cabral also discovered Tristão da Cunha. He certainly
must have been very near these islands when several of his vessels
foundered.
[437] King Manuel, in his letter of 1505, to King Ferdinand of Castile
(“Centenario do descobrimento da America”, Lisbon, 1892), says that
João da Nova sailed to the Terra de Santa Cruz (Brazil), and thence to
the Cape. He does not mention Ascension (Conceiçao). This, however, is
not conclusive, for Kings, unlike Popes, are not infallible. Barros,
Goes, and Galvão are our authorities for the discovery of the island of
Concepçao in 8° S.
[438] There is no doubt that the island referred to by Thome Lopes (see
Ramusio) as being 330 leagues from the Ilha dos Papagaios (Brazil), 775
leagues from the Ilha da Boa Vista (Cape Verdes), and 850 leagues from
the Cape, is the island now known as Trinidad. This island, on early
Portuguese charts, is called Ascenção menor.
[439] If the distance given by Giovanni da Empoli, who writes as
an eye-witness, can be trusted, this must be the Ascenção menor
(Trinidad), and not the island discovered by João da Nova, which is
only 400 leagues from Cape Verde.
[440] On Canerio’s chart St. Helena’s Bay is placed 32° 30´ S., the
true latitude being 32° 40´ S. Cantino, whose _outline_ is far more
correct places the Bay in 31° S.
[441] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, p. 48. Compare Introduction, p.
xviii.
[442] See Stanley’s _Vasco da Gama_, pp. 62, 67, 270.
[443] _The History of the Portuguese during the Reign of Emmanuel_
London, 1752, 1, p. 48.
[444] _Roteiro_, first edition, p. 143.
[445] For a discussion of these sites, see p. 18, _note_.
[446] _Africa Pilot_, iii, p. 241.
[447] Vasco da Gama thus took 24 days to cross from Melinde to India.
Cabral, João da Nova, Estevão da Gama and Affonso de Albuquerque
effected this passage in from 15 to 18 days. They crossed in August,
when the S.-W. monsoon blows freshly.
[448] _The Discoveries of the World_ (Hakluyt Society), p. 93.
[449] These “Flats” are a submerged coral reef lying between 12° 30´
and 13° 40´ N. The native name is Maniyal Par.
[450] According to the author of Add. MS. 20901 (British Museum),
Vasco da Gama “cast anchor in front of the most noble and rich city of
Calecut on May 22”. The date of this MS. is about 1516.
[451] On page 80, note 2, we have identified the island upon which
this padrão was placed with Pigeon Island, 14° 1´, on the ground of
its answering better to the description given by the author of the
_Roteiro_; but we see reasons for accepting the general opinion that
one of the islands off Mulpy (perhaps Coco Nut Island) must be meant,
although none of these islets is more than a mile from the coast,
instead of two leagues. Barros (Dec. 1, l. iv, c. ii.) locates the
Ilhéos de Santa Maria between Bacanor and Baticala.
[452] Cabral, on his homeward voyage in 1501, reached Lisbon from Cape
Verde in twenty days, but Juan Sebastian del Cano, in the _Victoria_,
took fifty-seven days to reach San Lucar from the Cape Verde Islands.
[453] In converting legoas into nautical miles we have assumed 100
legoas to be the equivalent of 338 miles. See _League_ in Index and
Glossary.
[454] Or thirty miles, if we exclude the five days wasted in a vain
effort to stem the Agulhas current (see p. 15).
[455] No account is taken of the four days lost in an attempt to sail
north (see p. 28).
[456] This includes a delay of fifteen (?five) days when burning the
_S. Raphael_.
[457] Charts on a larger scale, but of a later date, are available,
and enable us to trace the physical features of the coast, but their
nomenclature is not always that of the original discoverers. Nor are
we so fortunate as to possess such full descriptions of the coast as
are to be found in the “Africa Pilot”, for the _Esmeraldo de Situ
Orbis_ (1505) of the famous Duarte Pacheco Pereira stops short at the
Rio de Infante; whilst works such as Linschoten’s _Itinerarium ofte
Schipvaert_, belong either to a much later epoch, or are of too general
a nature to prove of use when attempting to identify the more obscure
place-names. I think it was Admiral Ignacio da Costa Quintella, the
author of the _Annaes da marinha Portugueza_, who regretted that the
task of writing the history of Portuguese exploration should have
devolved almost exclusively upon landsmen, who neglected to give
satisfactory accounts of the routes followed by the early navigators.
This regret we fully share.
[458] See, for instance, A. Mori, in _Atti IIº Congresso Geogr.
Italiana_, Rome, 1895, who describes maps by him in a “Ptolemy” in the
Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence.
[459] The late Dr. Kohl published a facsimile of this map in the
_Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, I, 1856, but it is not very accurate.
That portion of the map which lies between the Guinea islands and
Dias’s furthest accompanies my Paper on “Cão, Dias and Behaim”, in the
_Geographical Journal_.
[460] A legend (near the southern tropic and on the meridian of Lisbon)
refers to Santa Cruz as “ysla descubierta por portugal”.
[461] There are flags at Abaran, c. etiopico and quinonico.
[462] A fine facsimile of this map was published at Madrid, in 1892, by
Antonio Cánovas Vallego and Prof. Traynor, together with a biographical
sketch of Juan de la Cosa by Antonio Vasáno.
[463] A. Galvano, _The Discoveries of the World_, London (Hakluyt
Society), 1862, p. 98; and _The Letters of Vespucci_, translated by Sir
C. R. Markham, _ib._ 1894.
[464] This carries us almost to Hawaii.
[465] The words “questo avemo visto”, to the south of Moçambique, point
to the use of an original sailing chart.
[466] Reproduced in Sir Clements R. Markham’s _Journal of Christopher
Columbus_, London, 1893, where also see Cantino’s letters.
[467] _Die topographischen Capitel des Indischen Seespiegels Mohit_,
von Dr. M. Bittner, Vienna, 1897, with thirty maps by Dr. Tomaschek.
[468] Even Ptolemy seems to have been in possession of some of these
Indian sailing charts, and Dr. Tomaschek suggests that the monstrous
size of his Taprobana, or Ceylon, is due to his having mistaken the
horizontal lines crossing these charts for parallels drawn at intervals
of a degree.
[469] Africa to the north of Mozambique measures 28° across on
Canerio’s chart, and 25° on Cantino’s, the actual breadth being 26°.
[470] _Le Portulan de Nicolas de Canerio_ (Bulletin de la Soc. de
Géogr. de Lyon, 1890).
[471] _Geographie du Moyen Age_, ii, p. 143.
[472] In Nordenskiöld’s _Atlas_ will be found facsimiles of these maps.
[473] Instead of a full translation of the two documents on this
subject, which are printed as an appendix to the original edition of
the _Roteiro_, we have given abstracts of all the available documents
bearing upon it. Most of these will be found _in extenso_ in Teixeira
de Aragão’s _Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira_ (Boletim, Lisbon Geogr.
Soc., 1886, pp. 541-702); Luciano Cordeiro’s _De come e quando foi
feito Conde Vasco da Gama_ (Boletim, 1892, pp. 257-303); and Cordeiro’s
_O Premio da Descoberta_, Lisbon, 1897.
[474] The original document bestowing this title is not available, but
the King makes use of it in his Order of Nov. 19th, 1501.
[475] Compare Document 18 at end of this Appendix.
[476] See also Documents 10 and 11.
[477] Peragallo, _Carta de El-Rei D. Manuel ao Rei Catholico_,
Lisbon, 1892, p. 89. Leonardo Masser describes the Admiral as being
ill-tempered and unreasonable, and as exhibiting but little gratitude
in return for the favours conferred upon him by the King.
[478] Peragallo, _loc. cit._, p. 92. The highest incomes were enjoyed
by the Duke of Coimbra (16,000 cruz.), the Duke of Bragança (16,000
cruz.), the Bishop of Evora (12,000 cruz.), the Marquis of Villa Real
and the Archbishop of Lisbon (10,000 cruz. each).
[479] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 285.
[480] Quoted by teixeira de Aragão, p. 572, from a document in the
Torre do Tombo.
[481] teixeira de Aragão, p. 573.
[482] This document was first printed as an Appendix to the second
edition of the _Roteiro_, and has since been published as an Appendix
to Lord Stanley of Alderley’s _Vasco da Gama_, and in _Alguns
Documentos_, p. 127. Its provisions were confirmed in favour of D.
Francisco da Gama by King John III, May 4th, 1526 (Cordeiro, _O Premio
da Descoberta_, pp. 48-55.)
[483] In 1434 (not 1433) Gil Eanes doubled Cape Bojador.
[484] In 1482 Diogo Cão discovered the Congo. We ought evidently to
read 1488, for the Congo is only 1,240 leagues from Lisbon, whilst the
1,885 leagues actually carry us to the Rio do Infante. The name is thus
spelt in this document as if the river had been named in honour of
Prince Henry, and not after João Infante, the companion of Dias.
[485] Published _in extenso_ in the 2nd edition of the _Roteiro_, p.
175.
[486] Departure from Lisbon, February 10, 1502; return, September 1,
1503.
[487] About _£_900. The King had this gold converted into a “custodia”,
which he presented to the church of Belem.
[488] Cordeiro, Boletim, 1892, p. 287.
[489] Teixeira de Aragão, p. 675.
[490] Leonardo da Chá Maser calls him “discreet and experienced,
although quite illiterate” (see Peragallo, _Carta de El-Rei D. Manuel_,
Lisbon, 1892, p. 89).
[491] This Gama was the third son of the first Vasco, and consequently
an uncle of the Admiral. He was Comptroller of the Revenues (“casa da
fazenda”) of the Order.
[492] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 287.
[493] A town on the Tejo, 20 miles above Lisbon.
[494] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 288. This _Alvaró_ was confirmed by
King John, June 17, 1522 (Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 45).
[495] Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 46.
[496] _Roteiro_, Appendice, p. 175.
[497] Niza, a town in the district of Portalegre, about 100 miles
to the N.E. of Lisbon. When the 5th Count da Gama was raised to the
dignity of a “Marquis” in 1648, he took his title from this town.
[498] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 289.
[499] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, p. 292.
[500] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, 1892, pp. 278, 291.
[501] Cordeiro, pp. 274, 295.
[502] Cordeiro, _Boletim_, p. 295.
[503] Cordeiro, p. 280.
[504] Cordeiro, _O Premio da Descoberta_, p. 46.
[505] _Cordeiro_, p. 302. I.
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
+Açoutado+, ilha do (Kiziwa, 12° 35´ S., 400° 40´ E., Map III), 32, 218
+Adarga+ (Arabic _el darakah_);
according to Jubinal (_Armeria Real_, Madrid, Plate 3), a short
spear with a target-like handguard, and a dagger projecting at
right angles; compare Burton’s _Camoens_, xiv, p. 571.
+Affonso, Martin+, interpreter, 12, 17, 176;
Boa Gente, 17
+“Africa Pilot,”+ quoted, 32, 93, 197
+Agonia+ (Arabic _El Jumbiyeh_) a crooked dagger worn in the waist
waist-belt, 30
+Agostinho+, Cabe de, Brazil (8° S., 35° W.), 205
+Agulhas+, Cabo das (34° 50´ S., 20° E., Map II), 168, 169, 215
+Agulhas+ current, xviii, 15, 195
+Ailly, Pierre d’+ (b. 1350, d. 1419), xvii
+Albertis, E. A. D’+, quoted 161, 174
+Albuquerque, Affonso de+ (Governor of India, 1509-15), 179, 191
+Alcacer do Sal+, Portugal (38° 20´ N., 8° 30´ W.), 159
+Alcaide+ (Arabic _Al Kadi_), a judge, 35
In Portuguese it means the governor of a province, town, or castle.
_Alcaide-mór_ governor in chief; _Alcaideria_, the district or
office of an alcaide.
+Alcochete+ (38° 46´ N., 80° 57´ W.), town, Portugal, 46
+Alenquer, Pero d’+, 175;
at S. Helena Bay, 5;
at the Cape, 9;
Cross Island, 14
+Alexander VI+, Pope (1492-1503), 115
+Alexandria+, Egypt, 78
+Algoa Bay+ (33° 50´ S., 26° E., Map II), 15, 221
+Aljofar+ (from Arabic _Jauhar_ or _Gohar_ i.e., “Jewel”). In
Portuguese it means seed-pearls.
+Alliacus+, _see_ +Ailly, Pierre d’+.
+Almadia+ (Arabic _El Maziyah_), a ferry-boat, dug-out, 20
+Almanach perpetuum+, 167
+Almeida, D. Francisco de+ (Viceroy of India, 1505-9);
at Mombaça, 38, 39;
at Malindi, 44;
at Anjediva, 80
+Almoxarife+ (Arabic), a receiver of customs or taxes.
+Almude+, a measure of capacity, holding 29½ pints.
+Aloes+, 99, 104, 213
+Alvares, Gonçalo+, master of the _S. Gabriel_, 176
+Alvarez, Francisco+ (Chaplain of Portuguese mission in Abyssinia,
1520-27), 24, 167
+Ambergris+, 135, 213, 219
+Ameixoeira, João de+, 177
+Anafil+ (Arabic _El Nafir_), a sort of trumpet, 22, 42
+Anchovies+, 92
+Andaman+ Islands (12° N., 93° E., Maps I and VI), 220, 214 L.
+Anjediva+ Islands (14° 45´ N., 74° 5´ E., Map IV), 80, 200
+Antonio, Nicoláo+, quoted, xxv
+Arabian Sea+, 46, 87, 123, 130, 135, 198, 200
+Aragão, Texeira de+, quoted, xxi, 91, 94, 95, 111, 112, 147, 148,
173, 175, 176, 178, 225
+Ascension+ Island, or Conçeicão (80° S., 14° 10´ E., Map I), 190, 191
+Ascençao menor+, or Trinidad (20° 20´ S., 29° 20´ W., Map I), 191
+Astrolabes+, 167
+Atambur+, or Betel-nut, 56, 96
+Badger, Rev. G. P.+, quoted, 61, 138
+Bahar+, a weight, at Calcutta equal to 268.16 kilo = 459 pounds.
It was divided into 20 farazolas (farzilas) of 100 fens each, and
roughly accepted as equal to 4 quintals.
+Bahrein+ islands, Persian Gulf (26° N., 50° 30´ E., Map I), 139
+Balandrau+, a coat, 41
+Balasci+ (rubies), 130
+Baldelli Boni+, quoted, 121, 179
+Bale+ (Arabic _Wale_), governor, 51
+Baltasar+, a Moor of Calecut, 181
+Bananas+, 57
+Bandini. A.+, quoted, 120
+Baqua+, stone of (bezoar), 96
+Barbosa, Duarte+, quoted, 32, 98, 99, 100, 103, 130, 139
+Barca+, a term vaguely applied by the author to sailing boats,
where others make use of the more definite terms of “_fusta_”, or
“_zambuk_”.
+Barros, João de+, quoted, xx, 8, 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 31, 38,
40, 45, 48, 51, 92, 94, 98, 99, 157, 161, 164, 169, 175, 178, 179,
180
+Bastos, E. Pinto+, 161
+Bastos, José+, xxxvi, 118
+Bees+, 6
+Behaim, Martin+, (b. 1459, d. 1506), 165
+Belnos+, quoted, 54
+Benapa+, Mtapwa (3° 56´ S., 39° 40´ E., Map III), 40
+Bengal+ (24° N., 100° E, Map I), 100, 101, 220
+Bent, Theodore+, quoted, 139
+Benzoin+, 99, 101, 103, 213
+Berchet, Prof. Guglielmo+, xxxvi, 119, 157, 158
+“Berrio”+, enters Rio dos bons Signaes, 19;
at Mombaça, 37;
at Anjediva, 84
+Berrio+, name of a pilot, 158
+Betel-nut+ (atambur), 56, 96
+Bezoar+ (Stone of Baqua), 96
+Biagi, Prof.+, xxxvi, 119
+Birch, Dr. Walter de Gray+, quoted, 145, 146, 149
+Bisarma+, a two-edged battle-axe, 67
+Bittner, Dr. M.+, quoted, 208, 216
+Bombards+, 3, 164
+Boni+, _see_ +Baldelli+.
+Bons signaes, Rio dos+ (18° S., 37° E., Map III), 19, 124, 146,
173, 196
+Braça+, or fathom, as used by seamen, equal to 8 palmas or 5.76 feet
+Braga, Alvaro de+, clerk of the _Berrio_, 67, 176
+Bragança, Duke of+, agrees to sell Vidigueira, 228
+Braz+, _see_ +São Braz+.
+Brazil wood+, 99, 102, 104
+Breech-loaders+, 164
+Bretschneider, E.+, quoted, 132
+Buchanan, Claudius+, quoted, 137
+Bull+ of Alexander VI (1497), 115
+Burton, Sir R.+, quoted, 20, 23, 33, 36, 44, 52, 53, 79
+Cabaya+, a silk robe reaching to the ankles.
+Cabral, Jorge+ (governor of India, 1549-50), 159, 160
+Cabral, Pedro Alvarez+, the navigator, 18, 38, 44, 178, 179, 190,
note 2 (supposed discovery of Tristão da Cunha), 205
+Caçadilho+, Cazadillo, village near Salamanca, Spain. _See_
+Vilhegas+.
+Cael+ (8° 40´ N., 78° 5´ E., Map I), 98
+Cairo+, Egypt, 78, 113
+Caldwell, Rev. Dr.+, quoted, 98
+Calecut+ (11° 15´ N., 75° 45´ E., Map IV);
arrival, 48;
description, 49, 125;
pagodas, 52, 126, 137, 139;
royal palace 55;
the Zamorin or King, 57, 127, 132;
Portuguese sailors visit the city, 69;
a Padrão set up, 74, 75;
commerce, 77, 96, 115, 127, 135, 142;
Sernigi’s account, 125, 142;
legend on Canerio’s map, 213
+Çamatarra+ (Sumatra, 0°, 110° E., Map I); 98, 101, 213, 220
+Cambay+ (22° 20´ N., 72° 35´ E., Map IV), 47, 213 A.
+Camoens+, quoted, 26, 178
+Çamolim+, _see_ +Zamorin+.
+Campo, Antonio de+, in Delagoa Bay, 18
+Cananor+ (11° 50´ N., 75° 20´ E., Map IV), 79, 146, 200
+Canaries+ (29° N., 140° W., Map I) sighted, 2
+Canerio’s Map+, 16, 18, 21, 32, 210, 212
+Canestrini+, quoted, 119
+Cantino, Alberto+, his chart, xix, 208, 212
+Cão’s+ padrão at Cape Cross, 169
+Cape of Good Hope+ (34° 20´ S., 18° 32´ E., Map II) doubled, 8, 92,
192, 215
+Cape Verde+ islands (10° N., 24° W., Map I), 2, 94, 141, 142
+Capua+, or +Capocate+ (11° 20´ N., 75° 44´ E., Map IV), 48, 52
+Caputo, M. C.+, xxxvi, 208
+Caravels+, 157, 158
+Carneiro, Antonio+ (King Manuel’s secretary), 233, 235
+Carvalho e Vasconcellos, Capt. E. J. de+, _see_ +Vasconcellos+.
+Casa da Mina+, the “House”, or office, charged with the affairs of
the “mine” on the Gold Coast.
+Castanheda, Lopez de+, quoted, xx, xxiv, 1, 5, 6, 9, 21, 23, 26, 39,
48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 67, 77, 79, 94, 157, 161, 164, 166, 169, 173,
175, 178, 183; his signature, xxii
+Castro, João de+, (Governor and Viceroy of India, 1545-48), 159, 168
+Catalan Chart+, 211
+Catena a poppa+, 165
+Çatiguam+, Sadigam, or Shadigam (Satgaon on Hugli, 22° 15´ N., 88°
5´ E., Maps I and VIII), 220, 213 D
+Cattle+ among the Hottentots, 11, 12
+Catual+ (Kot-Wal), governor of a fort, 51
+Çeitil+, a small copper coin, worth one-third of a farthing, 7
+Ceylon+, (Çillan, 8° N., 80° E., Map I), 77, 98, 115, 135, 136, 144,
214 K.
+Chãos+, ilhéos; _see_ +Ilhéos+.
+Charton+, quoted, 53; _see_ +F. Denis+.
+Charts+ of Indian pilots, 26
+Chinese+ at Calecut, 131
+Chomandarla+ (Choromandel, on south-east coast of India), 98
+Christians+ at Mombaça, 35, 36, 39;
at Malindi, 40, 44, 45;
in India, 24, 114, 115, 125, 231;
at Calecut, 49, 53, 137
+Cidadym+, of Harar, 78, note 5
++Çillan+, _see_ +Ceylon+.
+Çinguapura+, Singapore (1° 20´ N., 104° E., Maps I and VII), 18, 196
+Cinnamon+, 77, 81, 86, 98, 103, 113, 213, 214;
boughs, 113
+Cipangu+ (Japan), xvii
+Cloves+, 77, 100, 103, 113, 213
+Cobilhões, Pedro de+ (Cobillones), _see_ +Covilhã+.
+Cobre, Rio de+ (24° 50´ S., 34° 25´ E., Map III), 18, 196
+Cochin+ (10° N., 76° 12´ E., Map IV), 146
+Coco-nut+ palm, 27
+Coelho, Nicolau+, captain of the _Berrio_, 175;
at St. Helena Bay, 5;
crossing Kilimani Bar, 196;
lost sight of, 14;
alleged ascent of river in South Africa, 193;
at Moçambique, 22, 27, 29, 197;
at *Malindi, 44;
at Calecut, 51, 66;
at Anjediva, 83, 84;
at Rio Grande, 152;
return to Lisbon, 93, 94, 201
+Çofalla+, _see_ +Sofalla+.
+Coge+ (Arabic, _Khojah_), lord, master
+Coimbra+ (40° 10´ N., 8° 25´ W.), xxii
+Coimbra, João de+, 30, 175
+Coins+ at Calecut, 128
+Coleu+, Coulão, Coulam (9° 10´ N., 76° 30´ E., Map IV), 98
+Columbus, Bartholomeu+, map of world, xix
+Columbus, Christopher+, compared with Gama, xv;
his first voyage, 189;
his latitudes, xviii;
his journal, xix
+Compass+, Mariner’s, 26
+Compass+, equinoctial and variation, 168
+Conimata+, Sumatra? a corrupt spelling of, 101
+Convicts+, _see_ +Degradados+.
+Copper+, 18, 96
+Cordeira, Luciano+, quoted, xxi, 2, 168, 225
+Cormorants+, 6
+Coromandel+ (south-east coast of India), 98
+Corongolor+, Crangalor (10° 10´ N., 76° 10´ E., Map IV), 97
+Correa, Gaspar+, his untrustworthiness, xx, 56, 193, 194;
Herculano’s eulogy, xxxiii;
Vasco’s ships, 164;
his padrões, 169;
his portrait, 150;
number of men, 173;
convicts, 48, 178;
Gaspar da Gama, 179;
Monçaide, 180;
Davane, 21 note 4, 41, 181;
departure from Lisbon, 185;
doubling the Cape, 193;
alleged mutiny, 194;
transactions at Cananor, 79;
concoction of a letter to the Zamorin, 58
+Correa, Manuel+, 178
+Correa, Ayres+, 158
+Cosa, Juan de la+, his chart, xix, 205
+Costa, D. Jorge da+, 112