The Hunger Strike—A Weapon
When the Administration refused to grant the demand of the prisoners
and of that portion of the public which supported them, for the rights
of political prisoners, it was decided to resort to the ultimate
protest-weapon inside prison. A hunger strike was undertaken, not only
to reinforce the verbal demand for the rights of political prisoners,
but also as a final protest against unjust imprisonment and
increasingly long sentences. This brought the Administration face to
face with a more acute embarrassment. They had to choose between more
stubborn resistance and capitulation: They continued for a while longer
on the former path.
Little is known in this country about the weapon of the hunger strike.
And so at first it aroused tremendous indignation. “Let them starve to
death,” said the thoughtless one, who did not perceive that that was
the very thing a political administration could least afford to do.
“Mad fanatics,” said a kindlier critic. The general opinion was that
the hunger strike was “foolish.”
Few people realize that this resort to the refusal of food is almost as
old as civilization. It has always represented a passionate desire to
achieve an end. There is not time to go into the religious use of it,
which would also be pertinent, but I will cite a few instances which
have tragic and amusing likenesses to the suffrage hunger strike.
According to the Brehon Law,[1] which was the code of ancient Ireland
by which justice was administered under ancient Irish monarchs (from
the earliest record to the 17th century), it became the duty of an
injured person, when all else failed, to inflict punishment directly,
for wrong done. “The plaintiff ‘fasted on’ the defendant.” He went to
the house of the defendant and sat upon his doorstep, remaining there
without food to force the payment of a debt, for example. The debtor
was compelled by the weight of custom and public opinion not to let the
plaintiff die at his door, and yielded. Or if he did not yield, he was
practically outlawed by the community, to the point of being driven
away. A man who refused to abide by the custom not only incurred
personal danger but lost all character.
[1] Joyce, A Social History of Ancient Ireland, Vol. I, Chapter VIII.
If resistance to this form of protest was resorted to it had to take
the form of a counter-fast. If the victim of such a protest thought
himself being unjustly coerced, he might fast in opposition, “to
mitigate or avert the evil.”
“Fasting on a man” was also a mode of compelling action of another
sort. St. Patrick fasted against King Trian to compel him to have
compassion on his [Trian’s] slaves.[1] He also fasted against a
heretical city to compel it to become orthodox.[2] He fasted against
the pagan King Loeguire to “constrain him to his will.”[3]
[1] Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, CLXXVII, p. 218.
[2] Ibid. CLXXVII, p. 418.
[3] Ibid. CLXXVII, p. 556.
This form of hunger strike was further used under the Brehon Law as
compulsion to obtain a request. For example, the Leinstermen on one
occasion fasted on St. Columkille till they obtained from him the
promise that an extern King should never prevail against them.
It is interesting to note that this form of direct action was adopted
because there was no legislative machinery to enforce justice. These
laws were merely a collection of customs attaining the force of law by
long usage, by hereditary habit, and by public opinion. Our resort to
this weapon grew out of the same situation. The legislative machinery,
while empowered to give us redress, failed to function, and so we
adopted the fast.
The institution of fasting on a debtor still exists in the East. It is
called by the Hindoos “sitting dharna.”
The hunger strike was continuously used in Russia by prisoners to
obtain more humane practices toward them. Kropotkin[1] cites an
instance in which women prisoners hunger struck to get their babies
back. If a child was born to a woman during her imprisonment the babe
was immediately taken from her and not returned. Mothers struck and got
their babies returned to them.
[1] See In Russian and French Prisons, P. Kropotkin.
He cites another successful example in Rharkoff prison in 1878 when six
prisoners resolved to hunger strike to death if necessary to win two
things—to be allowed exercise and to have the sick prisoners taken out
of chains.
There are innumerable instances of hunger strikes, even to death, in
Russian prison history. But more often the demands of the strikers were
won.. Breshkovsky[2] tells of a strike by 17 women against outrage,
which elicited the desired promises from the warden.
[2] For Russia’s Freedom, by Ernest Poole,—An Interview with
Breshkovsky.
As early as 1877 members of the Land and Liberty Society[3] imprisoned
for peaceful and educational propaganda, in the Schlusselburg Fortress
for political prisoners, hunger struck against inhuman prison
conditions and frightful brutalities and won their points.
[3]See The Russian Bastille, Simon O. Pollock.
During the suffrage campaign in England this weapon was used for the
double purpose of forcing the release of imprisoned militant
suffragettes, and of compelling the British government to act.
Among the demonstrations was a revival of the ancient Irish custom by
Sylvia Pankhurst, who in addition to her hunger strikes within prison,
“fasted on” the doorstep of Premier Asquith to compel him to see a
deputation of women on the granting of suffrage to English women. She
won.
Irish prisoners have revived the hunger strike to compel either release
or trial of untried prisoners and have Lyon. As I write, almost a
hundred Irish prisoners detained by England for alleged nationalist
activities, but not brought to trial, hunger struck to freedom. As a
direct result of this specific hunger strike England has promised a
renovation of her practices in dealing with Irish rebels.
And so it was that when we came to the adoption of this accelerating
tactic, we had behind us more precedents for winning our point than for
losing. We were strong in the knowledge that we could “fast on”
President Wilson and his powerful Administration, and compel him to act
or “fast back.”
Among the prisoners who with Alice Paul led the hunger strike was a
very picturesque figure, Rose Winslow (Ruza Wenclawska) of New York,
whose parents had brought her in infancy from Poland to become a
citizen of “free” America. At eleven she was put at a loom in a
Pennsylvania mill, where she wove hosiery for fourteen hours a day
until tuberculosis claimed her at nineteen. A poet by nature she
developed her mind to the full in spite of these disadvantages, and
when she was forced to abandon her loom she became an organizer for the
Consumers’ League, and later a vivid and eloquent power in the suffrage
movement.
Her group preceded Miss Paul’s by about a week in prison.
These vivid sketches of Rose Winslow’s impressions while in the prison
hospital were written on tiny scraps of paper and smuggled out to us,
and to her husband during her imprisonment. I reprint them in their
original form with cuts but no editing.
“If this thing is necessary we will naturally go through with it. Force
is so stupid a weapon. I feel so happy doing my bit for decency-for our
war, which is after all, real and fundamental.”
“The women are all so magnificent, so beautiful. Alice Paul is as thin
as ever, pale and large-eyed. We have been in solitary for five weeks.
There is nothing to tell but that the days go by somehow. I have felt
quite feeble the last few days—faint, so that I could hardly get my
hair brushed, my arms ached so. But to-day I am well again. Alice Paul
and I talk back and forth though we are at opposite ends of the
building and, a hall door also shuts us apart. But
occasionally—thrills—we escape from behind our iron-barred doors and
visit. Great laughter and rejoicing!”
To her husband:—
“My fainting probably means nothing except that I am not strong after
these weeks. I know you won’t be alarmed.
“I told about a syphilitic colored woman with one leg. The other one
cut off, having rotted so that it was alive with maggots when she came
in. The remaining one is now getting as bad. They are so short of
nurses that a little colored girl of twelve, who is here waiting to
have her tonsils removed, waits on her. This child and two others share
a ward with a syphilitic child of three or four years, whose mother
refused to have it at home. It makes you absolutely ill to see it. I am
going to break all three windows as a protest against their confining
Alice Paul with these!
“Dr. Gannon is chief of a hospital. Yet Alice Paul and I found we had
been taking baths in one of the tubs here, in which this syphilitic
child, an incurable, who has his eyes bandaged all the time, is also
bathed. He has been here a year. Into the room where he lives came
yesterday two children to be operated on for tonsillitis. They also
bathed in the same tub. The syphilitic woman has been in that room
seven months. Cheerful mixing, isn’t it? The place is alive with
roaches, crawling all over the walls, everywhere. I found one in my bed
the other day . . . .”
“There is great excitement about my two syphilitics. Each nurse is
being asked whether she told me. So, as in all institutions where an
unsanitary fact is made public, no effort is made to make the wrong
itself right. All hands fall to, to find the culprit, who made it
known, and he is punished.”
“Alice Paul is in the psychopathic ward. She dreaded forcible feeding
frightfully, and I hate to think how she must be feeling. I had a
nervous time of it, gasping a long time afterward, and my stomach
rejecting during the process. I spent a bad, restless night, but
otherwise I am all right. The poor soul who fed me got liberally
besprinkled during the process. I heard myself making the most hideous
sounds . . . . One feels so forsaken when one lies prone and people
shove a pipe down one’s stomach.”
“This morning but for an astounding tiredness, I am all right. I am
waiting to see what happens when the President realizes that brutal
bullying isn’t quite a statesmanlike method for settling a demand for
justice at home. At least, if men are supine enough to endure, women—to
their eternal glory—are not.
“They took down the boarding from Alice Paul’s window yesterday, I
heard. It is so delicious about Alice and me. Over in the jail a rumor
began that I was considered insane and would be examined. Then came
Doctor White, and said he had come to see ‘the thyroid case.’ When they
left we argued about the matter, neither of us knowing which was
considered ‘suspicious.’ She insisted it was she, and, as it happened,
she was right. Imagine any one thinking Alice Paul needed to be ‘under
observation!’ The thick-headed idiots!”
“Yesterday was a bad day for me in feeding. I was vomiting continually
during the process. The tube has developed an irritation somewhere that
is painful.
“Never was there a sentence[1] like ours for such an offense as ours,
even in England. No woman ever got it over there even for tearing down
buildings. And during all that agitation we were busy saying that never
would such things happen in the United States. The men told us they
would not endure such frightfulness.”
[1] Sentence of seven months for “obstructing traffic.”
“Mary Beard and Helen Todd were allowed to stay only a minute, and I
cried like a fool. I am getting over that habit, I think.
“I fainted again last night. I just fell flop over in the bathroom
where I was washing my hands and was led to bed when I recovered, by a
nurse. I lost. consciousness just as I got there again. I felt horribly
faint until 12 o’clock, then fell asleep for awhile.”
“I was getting frantic because you seemed to think Alice was with me in
the hospital. She was in the psychopathic ward. The same doctor feeds
us both, and told me. Don’t let them tell you we take this well. Miss
Paul vomits much. I do, too, except when I’m not nervous, as I have
been every time against my will. I try to be less feeble-minded. It’s
the nervous reaction, and I can’t control it much. I don’t imagine
bathing one’s food in tears very good for one.
“We think of the coming feeding all day. It is horrible. The doctor
thinks I take it well. I hate the thought of Alice Paul and the others
if I take it well.”
“We still get no mail; we are ‘insubordinate.’ It’s strange, isn’t it;
if you ask for food fit to eat, as we did, you are ‘insubordinate’; and
if you refuse food you are ‘insubordinate.’ Amusing. I am really all
right. If this continues very long I perhaps won’t be. I am interested
to see how long our so-called ‘splendid American men’ will stand for
this form of discipline.
“All news cheers one marvelously because it is hard to feel anything
but a bit desolate and forgotten here in this place.
“All the officers here know we are making this hunger strike that women
fighting for liberty may be considered political prisoners; we have
told them. God knows we don’t want other women ever to have to do this
over again.”
There have been sporadic and isolated cases of hunger strikes in this
country but to my knowledge ours was the first to be organized and
sustained over a long period of time. We shall see in subsequent
chapters how effective this weapon was.