CHAPTER XIX. MISCELLANEOUS EXPERIMENTS AND APPARATUS.

ELECTROLYSIS.

Liquid which will conduct a current of electricity is called an

*electrolyte*. All electrolytes are compounds, that is, they consist of

more than one substance. When an electric current passes through a

liquid it decomposes it. This process of decomposition is called

*electrolysis*.

Pure water is not a conductor of electricity. If sulphuric acid is added

to water, the mixture become an electrolyte and will conduct. If an

electric current is passed through water containing sulphuric acid, it

will decompose the water.

[Illustration: FIG. 185.—Apparatus for Electrolysis Experiment.]

Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen and so bubbles of oxygen and

hydrogen gas will rise from the liquid.

Figure 185 illustrates a very simple arrangement for decomposing

acidulated water into oxygen and hydrogen gases.

It consists of a bottle with the bottom broken out, and provided with a

cork fitted snugly into the neck. Two glass tubes pass through the cork.

A small piece of platinum wire is sealed into the inside end of each

glass tube. The platinum wires are connected to copper wires leading out

of the lower ends of the tubes.

If the bottle is inverted and filled with a dilute solution of sulphuric

acid, the current from two or three dry cells will decompose the water.

The battery should be connected to the wires running through the glass

tubes.

Bubbles of gas will rise from the platinum wires. Oxygen gas will rise

from the positive wire or electrode and hydrogen gas from the negative

electrode.

If two test tubes are filled with acidulated water and then inverted

over the wires, the tubes will collect the gas. In a few minutes it will

be noticed twice as much hydrogen as oxygen has been generated.

If copper or brass electrodes &re used the acid will attack the positive

one and a chemical action will take place which will prevent the

liberation of any appreciable amount of oxygen, unless an excessive

amount of current is passed through.

ELECTROPLATING.

Electroplating consists of coating bodies with metal by means of an

electric current.

The proper chemicals, a small tank and a suitable source of current are

the only apparatus required. The process may be outlined as follows:

Thoroughly clean the article to be electroplated so as to remove all

grease and dirt. Attach it to the negative pole of the battery and

suspend it in an electrolyte composed of some chemical salt of the metal

to be deposited. In order to maintain the strength of the solution, a

piece of metal of the kind to be deposited is attached to the positive

electrode.

A tank for plating small articles such as keys, rings, knives, etc., may

be made out of a square glass battery jar by providing it with a wooden

moulding fitted around the top edge to support the conductor rods. The

rods are made of brass or copper and are threaded at one end so as to be

provided with binding posts. The centre rod is the one from which the

articles to be plated are suspended. They should be attached to it by

means of a thin copper wire. The two outside rods support the anodes.

The anodes are sheets of metal of the kind to be deposited which, in the

case of copper plating, would be copper, in a case of silver plating

silver, nickel for nickel plating, etc.

[Illustration: FIG. 186.—Electroplating Tank.]

Objects which are to be plated must be free from all traces of dirt or

grease or the plating will not be uniform because it will not stick to

the dirty spots.

Articles made of plaster, wax, etc., which are not conductors of

electricity can be plated by first covering with powdered graphite.

Articles of iron, steel, zinc and tin cannot be silver or gold plated

unless first covered with a thin coating of copper.

A single storage cell is an excellent source of current for

electroplating. A rheostat should be placed in the circuit so that the

current can be regulated. The negative pole should be connected to the

centre rod from which the articles are suspended. The positive pole is

connected to the rods supporting the anodes.

The tank should be filled with electrolyte to within about an inch of

the top. The articles to be plated and also the anodes should be

completely submerged.

The electrolyte used for copper plating is simply a solution of copper

sulphate in water. The electrolyte for nickel plating is composed of one

part of nickel sulphate dissolved in twenty parts of water to which one

part of sodium bisulphate is added.

Articles which have been electroplated must be buffed to give them a

bright polish.

ELECTRIC CURRENT GENERATED BY HEAT.

If the point of contact between two dissimilar metals is heated, a

current of electricity will be generated.

This principle was discovered nearly one hundred years ago by a

scientist named Seebeck, and has resulted in many attempts on the part

of inventors to utilize the heat of the sun’s rays in producing

electricity.

[Illustration: FIG. 187.—Generating Electric Current by Heat.]

An interesting experiment illustrating the production of electricity by

heat can be easily performed with very simple apparatus. An alcohol

lamp, candle or source of heat, a piece of copper, a steel needle and a

galvanometer or a telephone receiver are all that are necessary.

The galvanometer or the telephone receiver, whichever is used, is for

the purpose of detecting the electric current.

Connect the needle and the piece of copper, which should preferably be a

small sheet, to the galvanometer or telephone receiver. Hold the copper

sheet over the flame of the alcohol lamp until it is quite hot and then

touch the hottest portion with the point of the needle. Enough current

will be generated to produce a click In the telephone receiver or to

cause the galvanometer needle to move. The needle should be pressed

against the copper tightly enough so that the point cuts through the

scale or oxide on the surface and makes a good electrical contact with

the metal underneath.

Various devices for the production of electricity consisting of a large

number of strips of dissimilar metals in contact with one another and

arranged so that they can be easily heated have been invented. They are

called "thermopiles."

A HANDY LIGHT.

Figure 188 shows a simple and handy form of light which utilizes the

current from a home made primary cell. It consists of a glass fruit jar,

fitted with a tight wooden top. A miniature porcelain socket and a 1.5

volt tungsten lamp are mounted on top.

The battery is arranged so that the zinc element can be drawn up out of

the solution when the light is not in use and any waste thereby

prevented. The zinc electrode consists of a strip of that metal fastened

onto the lower end of a brass rod by means of two threaded nuts. The

upper end of the rod passes through a small metal collar on the top of

the cover, provided with a thumb-screw so that when the electrode is

lifted up out of the solution it may be clamped firmly in that position.

The zinc strip should not be so long that it will not clear the solution

when raised up if the jar is about half filled.

[Illustration: FIG. 188.—A Handy Light.]

The positive electrode is a battery carbon mounted on the lower end of a

brass rod. The brass rod in this case is not movable because the carbon

can remain in the solution indefinitely without any waste.

The joint between the brass rods and the electrode should be coated with

paraffine so that the chemicals in the solution will not cause any

corrosion. The rods should be connected to the lamp socket. When the

zinc is lowered into the solution, the lamp will be lighted by the

current generated.

The electrolyte should be that described as the "bichromate" solution on

page 34 of Vol. I of this book.

AN EXPERIMENTAL ARC LAMP.

An arc lamp is operated by causing an electric current to pass between

two carbon rods. If the voltage is high enough, carbon vapor will form

between the rods when they are separated a short distance. It requires

an E. M. F. of approximately fifty volts to produce and maintain an arc.

A six volt storage battery will heat a pair of sharp pointed carbons to

incandescence and produce a light somewhat similar to the electric arc.

[Illustration: FIG. 189.—Experimental Arc Lamp.]

Ordinary carbon rods such as those used in flashlight batteries will

serve very nicely for a "battery arc lamp." The ends should be filed to

sharp points. Figure 189 shows a simple method of mounting the carbons.

The lower one is soldered to a piece of brass strip by taking advantage

of the brass cap pressed over the upper end of flashlight battery

carbons.

The upper carbon is mounted on the forward end of a brass lever which is

pivoted near the back end so that an adjustable counterweight may be

used to regulate the pressure on the point of contact between the two

carbons.

If the carbons are touching lightly and are connected to a strong

battery of six volts or more, the point of contact will be heated to

incandescence and will produce a dazzling white light.

A real arc lamp for operation on the 110 volt current, in series with a

bank of lamps, may be constructed on this same scheme by using larger

carbons and eliminating the counterweight. The upper arm should be

pivoted in the same manner but should move stiffly so that it will

remain in any position in which it is set.

If the 110 volt current is used, the carbons should be brought together

and then separated a short distance. The current will continue to flow

across and will form an arc producing a very powerful purplish white

light. The arc will consume the carbons quite rapidly and also generate

a great deal of heat. Therefore if it is intended to use the light for

any length of time it is advisable to fasten the carbons by means of a

clamp so that they may be easily replaced.

A MAGNETIC DIVER.

This is a mystifying piece of apparatus to those who do not know its

secret. The little diver apparently travels up and down from the bottom

of a jar full of water to the surface at a word of command.

The diver consists of a small glass test tube about two inches long

having the figure of a man painted upon it. The lower end is closed by a

very small cork through which is pushed a large iron tack with the head

on the outside. The test tube contains just enough water to float head

up even with the surface of the water. The exact amount of water

required to just permit enough buoyancy for the diver to rise again to

the surface after he has been to the top will have to be determined by

careful experiment.

The jar containing the diver should be set on a table having a drawer in

which a pair of powerful electromagnets can be placed directly under the

jar. The electro-magnets are connected to a strong battery and a switch

located under the rug or carpet and so arranged that it may be closed by

stepping on it lightly and without attracting attention. If the diver

does not have too much bouyancy the attraction between the tack and the

electro-magnets when the switch is closed should be sufficient to cause

him to descend to the bottom of the jar. When the current is turned off

the diver should rise again.

[Illustration: FIG. 190.—The Magnetic Diver.]

THE MAGNETIC FISH.

The same sort of a scheme employed in the Magnetic Diver may be used for

producing a magnetic fish which will swim around and around a pan of

water.

[Illustration: FIG. 191.—The Magnetic Fish.]

It consists of a small wooden fish having a magnetised sewing needle

attached to the under side. The fish is placed in a bowl of water on a

table having a drawer in which a pair of electro-magnets mounted on a

rotating wooden arm may be placed so that they swing around directly

underneath. A piece of strong twine wrapped around an empty spool and

attached to the centre of the arm makes it possible to rotate the

magnets by pulling on the string. When the magnets are connected to a

battery they will exert a strong magnetic pull upon the needle fastened

to the fish and if slowly rotated will cause the latter to follow slowly

around the bowl.

A MAGNETIC CLOWN.

Small figures of men or animals cut out of sheet iron will perform many

amusing acrobatic feats when under the influence of a magnet.

[Illustration: FIG. 192.—The Magnetic Clown.]

Such figures are easily cut out of an old tin cracker box with a pair of

snips or strong shears. A realistic appearance may be secured with the

aid of a little paint.

A tin clown having a sharply pointed hat, hands and feet will do all

sorts of stunts when hanging from the poles of a horseshoe magnet. If

several clowns are made they can be caused to hold hands, stand on each

others heads, jump up in the air, etc.

AN ELECTRIC BREEZE.

If a sewing needle is connected to one of the discharge rods of a static

machine and the point of the needle is presented to the flame of the

candle while the machine is in operation, the flame will be repelled

just as if a breeze or current of air were issuing from the needle. This

is caused by the "brush" discharge which takes place whenever high

voltage electricity has a chance to escape from a sharp point or edge.

The brush discharge will be much more marked if the condensers or Leyden

Jars are not connected to the discharge rods. The "electric breeze" can

be felt if the point of the needle is brought near to the side of the

face. It is necessary that the needle and the wire connecting it to the

static machine be very carefully insulated from all surrounding objects

which might dissipate the electricity before it has an opportunity to

escape from the needle point.

[Illustration: FIG. 193.—An Electric Breeze.]

A STATIC MOTOR.

This is a motor operated by the electricity from a static machine. It

does not possess any appreciable amount of power and must be very

carefully built and balanced in order to operate.

It consists of four celluloid "ping-pong" balls, B, B, B, B, covered

with tinfoil and mounted on opposite ends of two wooden spokes. The

balls should be at right angles to each other as shown in the

illustration. The spokes pass through a cork. The cork is mounted on a

wire spoke or knitting needle passing through its centre and supported

in small notches in the top of two upright wooden bearings. The device

must be very carefully balanced so that the slightest impulse will cause

it to spin and so that there will not be any dead centre.

The upright bearings are mounted on a wooden base. Two other tinfoil

covered balls A, A, are supported on glass or rubber insulating rods at

opposite ends of the base on a level with the axle and in such a

position that the balls B, B, B, B, almost touch A and A as they swing

past.

[Illustration: FIG. 194.—The Static Motor.]

Connect A and A each to one discharger rod on the Wimshurst machine.

Start the machine and give the axle of the static motor a twist. As the

balls B, B go past A and A they will receive a charge of electricity

which will cause them to repel each other until they have swung past the

other ball on the opposite side and discharge their electricity in

return for a charge of the opposite sign.

Any of the Following

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COLE & MORGAN

Publishers of the Arts and Sciences Series

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*The Boy Electrician*

Practical Plans for Electrical Toys and Apparatus, with an Explanation

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*By ALFRED P. MORGAN.*

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*Partial Contents*

Chapter I.—THE AERIAL. The Location of the Station. The Construction of

an Operating Bench. The Aerial and Ground. The Supports or Masts. Types

of Aerials. How to Erect an Aerial. Protection from Lightning, Etc.

Chapter II.—SPARK COILS. The Construction of Spark Coils. A 1/4-inch

Spark Coil. A 1/2-inch Spark Coil. A 1-inch Spark Coil. A 1 1/2-inch

Coil. A 2-inch Coil. Sources of Current. Dry Cells. Storage Cells.

Wireless Keys, Etc.

Chapter III.—TRANSMITTING APPARATUS AND ITS CONSTRUCTION. Step-down

Transformers. Spark Gaps. The Oscillation Condenser. Leyden Jars.

Helixes. Oscillation Transformers, Etc.

Chapter IV.—THE RECEIVING APPARATUS AND ITS CONSTRUCTION. A Silicon

Detector. A Galena Detector. The Double Slide Tuning Coil. How to Make a

Fixed Condenser. Building a Loose Coupler. The Loading Coil. How to Make

a Variable Condenser, Etc.

Chapter V.—ARRANGEMENT AND OPERATION OF THE APPARATUS. Aerial Switches.

The Buzzer Test. Using More Than One Detector. Shunting the Detector.

Complete Outfits. Portable Sets. The Operation of the Station, Etc.

*LESSONS IN WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY*

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A systematic course in the elementary principles. Written so you can

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12.—Principles of Wave Telegraphy. 13.—The Aerial. 14.—The Wireless

Coil. 15.—The High Potential Transformer. 16.—The Oscillation Condenser.

17.—The Helix. 18.—Spark Gaps. 19.—The Key. 20.—Aerial Switches.

21.—Anchor Gaps. 22.—Detectors. 23.—Tuning Coils. 24.—Loose Couplers.

25.—Fixed Condensers. 26.—Variable Condensers. 27.—Telephone Receivers.

28.—Hot Wire Ammeter. 29.—Potentiometer. 30.—Dead End Losses and

Switches. 31.—Distributed Capacity. 32.—Poulsen Arc. 33.—Receiving

Undamped Waves. 34.—The Audion Amplifier. 35.—Hook-Ups.

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*THE MOST THOROUGH AND COMPLETE ELEMENTARY WIRELESS*

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*PARTIAL CONTENTS*

Chapter I.—*WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY*. An intensely interesting subject;

amateur wireless telegraphy; the purpose of the aerial and ground; the

apparatus used to send messages; the apparatus used to receive messages.

Chapter II.—*AERIALS AND GROUNDS*. Where to put up the aerial; types of

aerials; the "T" aerial; the masts; the wire; insulators; leading in the

wires; the ground.

Chapter III.—*HOW TO BUILD AND OPERATE THE SIMPLEX DOUBLE SLIDE

RECEIVING OUTFIT*. The tuning coil; the tube; the sliders; the fixed

condenser; the detector parts; assembling the set; connecting the

instruments; operation.

Chapter IV.—*HOW TO BUILD THE SIMPLEX LOOSE COUPLER, DETECTOR AND

CONDENSER*. The base; the primary; the secondary; the pillar; the

switch; How to make the Simplex cat whisker detector; How to make the

Simplex fixed condenser; How to connect the apparatus; How to tune with

the loose coupler; How to adjust the detector.

Chapter V.—*TELEPHONE RECEIVERS AND HEADBANDS.*

Chapter VI.—*HOW TO BUILD THE SIMPLEX SPARK COIL.* The core; the

secondary; the condenser; the coil heads; the base; the interrupter

parts; the bridge.

Chapter VII.—*HOW TO MAKE THE SIMPLEX KEY*.

Chapter VIII.—*HOW TO CONNECT AND OPERATE THE APPARATUS*. How to connect

and operate a complete wireless station; How to operate; the code, etc.

*Three New Books on Home Made*

*Electrical Apparatus*

The Book you are now reading is only the first volume of "Home-made

Electrical Apparatus." Written in a very clear and simple style, the

other volumes are invaluable to the young experimenter. There are no old

or obsolete forms of apparatus described but only the latest electrical

devices, making them

*The Most Thorough and Complete Books for*

*the Young Electrical Experimenter Published*

The partial Table of Contents below only gives a small idea of the

interesting matter contained in these volumes.

VOLUME II

72 Pages 55 Illustrations

Table of Contents

Chapter VI—ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. Galvanometers, Ammeters,

Voltmeters, etc.

Chapter VII—CURRENT CONTROL DEVICES. How to Make a Pole Changing Switch

or Current Reverser. How to Reverse Small Motors. Battery Rheostats.

Chapter VIII—HOW TO MAKE A TELEGRAPH KEY AND SOUNDER. How to Install a

Telegraph Line and Learn to Operate. Learning the Morse Code.

Chapter IX—HOW TO MAKE AND INSTALL A TELEPHONE.

Chapter X—MEDICAL COILS AND SHOCKING COILS.

Chapter XI—THE CONSTRUCTION OF SPARK COILS. A one-quarter inch Coil, a

one-half inch Coil, a one inch Coil. Experiments with Spark Coils.

VOLUME III

80 Pages 73 Illustrations

Chapter XII—HOW TO MAKE A DYNAMO-MOTOR.

Chapter XIII—HOW TO MAKE A TOY BATTERY MOTOR.

Chapter XIV—HOW TO BUILD AN ELECTRIC ENGINE.

Chapter XV—MINIATURE BATTERY LAMP LIGHTING.

Chapter XVI—COHERER OUTFITS FOR WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.

Chapter XVII—HOW TO BUILD A TESLA HIGH FREQUENCY COIL. Experiments with

High Frequency Currents.

Chapter XVIII—AN EXPERIMENTAL WIRELESS TELEPHONE.

Chapter XIX—MISCELLANEOUS APPARATUS. Electrolysis of Water.

Electro-Plating. Electricity from Heat. A Handy Light. An Experimental

Arc Lamp. A Magnetic Diver. Magnetic Fish. A Magnetic Clown. An Electric

Breeze. A Static Motor.

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*Parts and Materials*

For Building the Apparatus Described in this Book

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apparatus described in this book, that we have made arrangements to

supply same. Our business is essentially publishing, and we do not

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or parts. Knowing, however, that many of our customers live where they

are remote from cities or suitable supply houses, where they might

obtain the necessary materials, we believe that the value of our books

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furnish parts, etc.

*M500* Complete Set of Parts for Dynamo illustrated in Figure 132

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*M631* Complete Set of Parts for Tesla Coil *4.50*

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*M631A*

Completed Tesla Coil *6.00*

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*M631B*

Complete Tesla Coil Outfit, consisting of Tesla Coil, two-inch

Spark Coil, Spark Gap and Leyden Jars *25.00*

Shipping Weight, 25 lbs.

Please use list number when ordering. Include postage to pre-pay mailing

charges, or we will ship by Express Collect. No parts supplied other

than listed above. All prices subject to change without notice. Send for

latest price list.

*COLE & MORGAN, Inc.*

P.O. Box 473, City Hall Sta. New York, N. Y.

Home-made Electrical Apparatus · 第 19 / 19 章