PERSONNEL.
ORGANIZATION—FLEET DIVISION—BUDGETS.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The navy of this country is as yet not fully or independently
developed, its administration and budget being incorporated with that
of the army. All vessels of a larger size than gun-boats have been
purchased from foreign governments, and until lately there have been no
facilities for the repair of ships; at present, however, a dock-yard is
in course of construction at Zarate, which when completed will furnish
docking and repairing facilities for first-rate vessels. This yard is,
however, hardly to be considered a building yard. Engines, boilers, and
ordnance will be purchased from foreign markets for some time to come,
as the mechanical industries are not yet sufficiently developed to
permit the establishment in the country of the necessary machine-shops.
A naval school has been established and measures have been taken to
introduce apprentice instruction.
The personnel of the Argentine fleet is divided into three corps or
divisions:
NAVAL DIVISION.
2 Fleet Commandants.
5 Colonels.
8 Lieutenant-Colonels.
6 Majors.
7 Captains.
26 Lieutenants.
22 Cadets.
43 Midshipmen.
7 Paymasters.
26 Machinists.
748 Men.
—— Apprentices.
——
Total 900
MARINE INFANTRY AND ARTILLERY DIVISION.
2000 Men (National Guard).
TORPEDO DIVISION.
3 Chiefs.
8 Officers.
80 Men.
The yearly budget of the navy is about $700,000, or a little less than
one twenty-fourth of the entire national expense.
There are no cruising squadrons as yet, although more than half of the
fleet is kept constantly in commission, policing the coast of Patagonia
and the home coast.
AUSTRIA.
The Imperial Council being composed of three Ministers only, holding
respectively the portfolios of foreign affairs, war, and finance, the
navy although a branch of imperial control (as distinguished from the
separate cabinets of Austria and of Hungary) is not distinctively
recognized in the Council. The head of the Marine Section of the
Ministry of War is a Vice-Admiral, who is Commander-in-Chief of the
fleet and under whose direct control is placed the superintendence of
all the departments of the navy, the Admiralty of the war station of
Pola, and the command of the maritime district of Trieste.
The personnel of the navy has a double “cadre,” one for war and
another, somewhat reduced, for peace, there being during time of
peace a reserve division of officers composed of those whose services
can best be spared. The corps and grade divisions of the personnel
correspond with those of other navies, the names and cadres being as
follows:
SEA OFFICERS.
WAR. PEACE.
1 1 Admiral (Complimentary Grade.)
3 2 Vice-Admiral.
7 6 Contre-Admiral.
22 16 Linienschiffs Capitän.
21 19 Fregatten Capitän.
25 22 Corvetten Capitän.
146 100 Linienschiffs Lieutenant,
1 Klasse.
73 50 Linienschiffs Lieutenant,
2 Klasse.
216 155 Linienschiffs Fähnrich.
244 163 See Cadet and Aspirant.
MARINE INFANTRY.
1 1 Contre-Admiral.
1 1 Linienschiffs Capitän.
4 4 Fregaten Capitän.
3 3 Corvetten Capitän.
19 19 Linienschiffs Lieutenant,
1 Klasse.
9 9 Linienschiffs Lieutenant,
2 Klasse.
10 10 Linienschiffs Fähnrich.
MARINE PRIESTHOOD.
1 Marine Pfarrer.
2 Marine Curat.
6 Marine Kaplan.
(The Pastor and the Curates have permanent duty on shore.)
MEDICAL CORPS.
1 1 Oberster Marine-Arzt.
2 2 Marine-Ober-Stabsarzt.
4 4 Marine-Stabsarzt.
23 18 Linienschiffs-Arzt.
25 18 Fregatten-Arzt.
29 19 Corvetten-Arzt.
TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT.
_Ship Building._
1 Oberster Ingenieur.
1 Oberingenieur, 1 Klasse.
2 Oberingenieur, 2 Klasse.
2 Oberingenieur, 3 Klasse.
8 Ingenieur, 1 Klasse.
8 Ingenieur, 2 Klasse.
8 Ingenieur, 3 Klasse.
4 Élève.
_Engine Building._
1 Oberster Ingenieur.
1 Oberingenieur, 1 Klasse.
1 Oberingenieur, 2 Klasse.
2 Oberingenieur, 3 Klasse.
3 Ingenieur, 1 Klasse.
3 Ingenieur, 2 Klasse.
4 Ingenieur, 3 Klasse.
_Marine Artillery._
1 Oberster Ingenieur.
1 Oberingenieur, 1 Klasse.
2 Oberingenieur, 2 Klasse.
2 Oberingenieur, 3 Klasse.
3 Ingenieur, 1 Klasse.
6 Ingenieur, 2 Klasse.
6 Ingenieur, 3 Klasse.
6 Élève.
_Building and Dock Construction._
1 Oberster Ingenieur.
1 Oberingenieur, 1 Klasse.
1 Oberingenieur, 2 Klasse.
1 Oberingenieur, 3 Klasse.
1 Ingenieur, 1 Klasse.
1 Ingenieur, 2 Klasse.
2 Ingenieur, 3 Klasse.
_Machinists._
2 Ober Maschinist.
20 Maschinist, 1 Klasse.
35 Maschinist, 2 Klasse.
55 Maschinist, 3 Klasse.
COMMISSARIAT DEPARTMENT.
1 Marine-Generalcommissär.
4 Marine-Obercommissär, 1 Klasse.
4 Marine-Obercommissär, 2 Klasse.
12 Marinecommissär.
14 Marinecommissär-Adjunct, 1 Kl.
41 Marinecommissär-Adjunct, 2 Kl.
41 Marinecommissär-Adjunct, 3 Kl.
14 Marinecommissär-Élève.
The number of enlisted men in time of peace is 5836, increased for a
war footing to 11,532. These men are all drawn for service from the
coast provinces, their length of service being three years in the fleet
and seven in the reserve. From the time that men are drafted into the
service until they pass into the reserve a thorough system of education
is followed out. The depot for their reception is at Pola, where the
recruits (received first in shore barracks) are divided into twelve
companies, the arrangement being as nearly as possible in conformity
with the intelligence of the individual. Company No. 6 is made up
entirely of firemen and coal-heavers; Company No. 12, workmen employed
in the gun-foundries and dock-yards. The remaining ten companies are
the sailors of the fleet. Whilst in the company, the recruit is taught
the elements of the drills and discipline, and a certain time is
devoted each day to teaching reading, writing, and more especially the
German language, as a great number of the recruits are totally ignorant
of any tongue except that of their native province.
RELATIVE RANK.
=====================+===========================+==================
Rear-Admiral |Commissary-General |
Line-Ship Captain |Chief Commissary, 1st class|Medical Commandant
Frigate Captain | ” ” 2d ” |Medical Chief of
| | Staff
Corvette Captain |Commissary |Staff Surgeon
Lieutenant, 1st class|Asst. Commissary, 1st class|Line-Ship Surgeon
” 2d ” | ” ” 2d ” |Frigate Surgeon
Ensign | ” ” 3d ” |Corvette Surgeon
Midshipman | |
Cadet |Commissary Cadet |
=====================+===+=======================+==================
| |
Engineer Commandant | |
Chief-Engineer, 1st class| |
” ” 2d ” | |
” ” 3d ” |Chief Machinist |Naval Pastor
Engineer, 1st class |Machinist, 1st class | ” Curate
” 2d ” | 2d ” | ” Chaplain
” 3d ” | 3d ” |
| |
Engineer Cadet | |
-------------------------+-----------------------+------------------
As the recruits advance in instruction, they are picked out for the
formation of classes for instruction aboard ship, and at certain
intervals a class is transferred to the guard-ship Bellona, where their
instruction is extended somewhat, and during the course on this ship
selections are made of those who are best qualified to become helmsmen
and gunners. The course of instruction on this ship lasts for from
six weeks to two months. From the Bellona the classes are transferred
to the different school-ships in accordance with the especial line
of instruction that is to be followed. The seamen go to the corvette
Minerva, to which vessel also recruits who are already sailors are sent
direct from the depot without passing through the Bellona, and men
who have passed either the helmsman’s or gunner’s course come here
for their final course of seamanship. The Minerva is kept cruising
almost constantly for exercise in seamen’s duties, and the course
of a class is about six months. At the end of this course those who
show sufficient aptitude are transferred to the other ships for the
complete course; the remainder, as well as all men who have passed the
entire course, return to the depot, forming one or more of the twelve
companies in readiness for transfer to any ship going into commission.
Those who are found too stupid or vicious to learn within a reasonable
time are transferred from the ships to the depot, where they do the
police work and are drafted as landsmen into cruising ships. The sloop
Saida is the instruction vessel for helmsmen and quartermasters, the
course being about three months. Men passing from the Bellona to the
Saida are transferred to the Minerva for the final seamanship course,
whilst the best of those from the Minerva pass to the Saida and
thence to the gunnery-ship for complete instruction. The Adria is the
gunnery-ship, the term of service being of the same length as that
of the Saida. On board of this ship there is the ordinary gunner’s
course, a superior course for those seamen who are selected for
non-commissioned officers of marine infantry, and an officer’s course,
the higher petty officers who are intended for instructors aboard ship
being admitted to the latter.
There is attached to the depot a school for machinist petty officers,
having for its object the perfection of the theoretical and practical
knowledge of the workmen chosen from amongst the most capable of the
12th company. The length of the course is fixed at one year, at the end
of which time an examination is held, and those who pass successfully
are appointed machinists and embarked in cruisers at once; the
remainder are returned to the depot for subordinate duties. For certain
of those who in depot give promise of final success without having the
knowledge requisite for an immediate entry into the machinist school, a
preliminary six months’ course is provided.
This system is a temporary one to furnish machinists until the thorough
establishment of a new machinists’ apprentice school, the duration of
instruction in the latter being three years. This school is intended
exclusively for the children of persons who have served in the navy.
The entrance age is between fourteen and seventeen, and the children
must already have served a partial apprenticeship in a machine-shop.
They are obliged to serve for ten years in the navy after completing
the course, and in case of failure for any cause except incapacity
they are obliged to render one year of general service for each year
or part of year passed at the school. The number of apprentices is
limited to 50, and whilst at the school they receive in addition to
their clothing and sustenance eight cents a day.
There are in general about 2000 men in depot. The Bellona’s complement
is 300, the Minerva’s 100, the Saida’s 50, and the Adria’s 500. The
remainder of the cadre are embarked or on duty at the dock-yards. In
addition to these and not counted in the general draft are the seaman
apprentices, quartered on board the Schwartzenberg and numbering about
300. This school is open to all boys between the ages of fifteen and
seventeen. The course is three years, with obligation to serve ten more
after finally passing.
On leaving the apprenticeship at the end of the three years, the
boys pass to the Minerva, Saida, and Adria, receiving certificates
and advancement in grade in proportion to their aptitude. In case of
failure to pass through the apprentice course they are transferred to
depot to go through the recruit’s course and serve out their time.
The Naval Academy is established at Fiume. The curriculum of the
school is of the same grade as that of the municipal superior schools.
Candidates are appointed by competitive examination, and must be
between the ages of 13 and 15. The course is four years, at the
expiration of which the student passes into service with the grade of
cadet.
Aspirants are students passing into the service without having gone
through the academy course. They must be between the ages of 15 and 17
and have successfully passed through the course of one of the municipal
superior schools. Upon entering they take the regular course on board
the school-ships, taking the grade of cadet at the final successful
examination.
_One-Year Volunteers._
This institution is a favor accorded to young men who, having prepared
themselves by a course of study for a certain profession, do not wish
to serve full time under their draft. During one year they receive
naval instruction sufficient to fit them as sailors or petty officers
in time of war. Particular attention is paid to as far as possible
follow a course in consonance with their previous studies. At the end
of the course they pass into the reserve. Professional mariners may
enjoy this privilege upon presenting certificates stating that they
have successfully passed examinations before any native or foreign
marine school. They must in addition thoroughly understand German and
one other of the languages spoken generally throughout the empire.
During their year of service they receive the pay of third-class
seamen and their clothing. After passing the different school-ships
they enter the reserve as officers if there are vacancies, otherwise
as cadets. Students who are preparing themselves for engineers follow
the courses of machinists or constructors in the same way. Students
whose professions are in no way in accordance with that of the naval
officer are sent to the Adria for a thorough course of gunnery. They
enter the reserve at the end of a year as petty officers or seaman
gunners, according to the rate of their examinations. Medical students
have their year of service confined strictly to hospital duty, passing
into the reserve as medical cadets, to serve as such in hospitals only,
during war-time. Doctors having diplomas practise for a year in the
hospitals and pass to the reserve with the grade of lieutenant. They
are liable for sea service in time of war.
The depot, school-ships, machinists’ school and apprentice school are
all at Pola, and at the same place there is a school for the children
of both sexes of people in the naval service in indigent circumstances.
In addition to these departments of the navy, there is a Hydrographic
Department, charged with the care of the Observatory, correction
of charts, and preparation of almanacs; the Permanent Artillery
Commission, charged with all ordnance experiments; the Permanent
Commission of Naval Constructions, charged with the examination of
all modifications and improvements in the construction and outfit of
war-vessels; the dock-yard at Trieste; and the arsenal at Pola. The
iron-clads and large wooden vessels of the Austrian Navy are built in
the private ship-yards of San Marco and San Rocco at Trieste, under the
superintendence of constructing engineers. These yards are fully equal
to building iron-clads of the largest type.
Austria has no foreign squadrons in time of peace. Her foreign cruisers
are wooden corvettes which make cruises of from one to two years’
duration. Her iron-clads are commissioned singly to cruise for short
periods in the Adriatic. In time of war her whole iron-clad fleet is
put in commission, the fleet being divided into squadrons of nine
vessels each.
BRAZIL.
==============================+=============================
Almirante |
Vice-Almirante |
Chefe de Esquadra |
Chefe de Divisão |
Capitão de mar é guerra| Cirurgião-mór
Capitão de fragata | Cirurgião de esquadran
Capitão tenente | Cirurgião de divisão
Primeiro tenente | Primeiro cirurgião
Segundo tenente | Segundo cirurgião
Guarda marinha | Pharmaceutico
Aspirante |
==============================+=============================
|
|
|
|
Commissario de numero de não |
|
Commissario de primeira classe|
|
Commissario de segunda classe | Machinista de primeira classe
Commissario de terceira classe| Machinista de segunda classe
| Machinista de terceira classe
------------------------------+-----------------------------
The Emperor of Brazil is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval
forces of the empire and President of the Supreme Council of War. The
navy has a separate representative in the Cabinet, the Minister of
Marine being always a civilian. In the Supreme Council of War the navy
is represented by four members, naval officers of the highest grades.
The organization of the naval ministry consists of a civil and a naval
department. The head of both departments is the Minister, assisted in
the civil one by a Director-General, four Directors of sections and
the under-officers of the sections. The naval department consists of
a Naval Council having a vice-president, members, and a secretary. In
addition to the Naval Council there is an Adjutant-General’s Bureau
with a vice-Admiral at the head who is the immediate executive, a
Controller’s Bureau and a Finance Bureau, all within the limits of the
Navy Department proper. There are five naval arsenals, situated at Rio
Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, Pará, and Matto Grosso. At the ports of Rio
Janeiro, Espiritu Santo, Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Parahyba,
Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Pianhy, Maranhão, Pará, Matto Grosso, Rio
Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Santa Catarina, Parana, and San Paulo are
established offices of naval control under the superintendence of a
Captain of the Port, these places being recruiting depots. In addition
to these departments there is a Naval School, Observatory, and Library
at Rio Janeiro.
The naval personnel is divided into two main classes, the active and
the reserve, the latter forming a very small minority. The grade
divisions of rank are as follows:
There is a corps of pilots having no relative rank, and chaplains are
assigned from the different sees without rank.
Warrant officers have the grade of second lieutenant. Machinists are
graded into first, second, and third class, the first class having the
grade of second lieutenant and the others no official grade.
Candidates for entrance into the Naval Academy are required to be
between the ages of 14 and 17. The duration of the course is three
years, during which time the exercises are pursued almost exclusively
on shore. At the date of graduation the cadet takes rank at once as
midshipman. The average complement at the Academy is 100. The cadre of
the personnel of the navy is 821 officers, 100 cadets, 2993 men, 842
men of the marine battalion, and 1528 apprentices; total, 6184.
The Brazilians have no foreign squadrons, their practice being to send
occasional cruisers to different parts of the world. Their own waters
are, however, divided into squadron cruising grounds as follows: Sea
coast, three districts, each employing a squadron of from three to
seven vessels; river stations, five, as follows: Rio Grande do Sul,
Uruguay, Amazon, Paraguay, Rio Plata, each one having a flotilla of
from six to twelve gun-boats and iron-clads.
CHILI.
There is no distinct Navy Department in Chili, that administration
forming one of the sections of the War Department, having one of the
senior naval officers at its head. The central administration is at
Valparaiso, and is in reality controlled by the civil governor of
that district, who has on his staff a naval officer with the title of
Major-General, for the superintendence of maritime affairs. Attached
to the naval section are a Hydrographic Office, Observatory, and Naval
School, and an Apprentice School. The navy is manned in time of peace
entirely from voluntary enlistment. The war cadre is not known. That
for peace is 148 officers and 5400 men, in addition to which there is a
battalion of marine infantry and a battalion of marine artillery of the
Civil Guard, amounting in all to 1200 men, making a grand total of 6800.
The grades of Chilian naval officers correspond to those of other
services, except that there is no grade of Admiral. The Chilians
have neither foreign cruising squadrons nor single cruisers, except
an occasional single ship visiting the northern Pacific ports and
the Brazil coast. There is but one dock-yard for general repairs at
Valparaiso. The vessels composing the fleet with the exception of small
gun-boats are purchased in foreign markets. The navy, although small,
is in excellent discipline, and is rapidly developing in strength and
general efficiency.
CHINA.
The control of naval affairs forms one of the sections of the Ministry
of War, the central administration being at Pekin, whilst the general
administration is divided amongst three coast districts, at each of
which is a dock-yard for construction and repair. To these districts
correspond three distinct fleet divisions; 1st, Canton squadron; 2d,
Foo Chow squadron; 3d, Shanghai squadron. At Foo Chow are the principal
machine-shops and building-yard; at Shanghai the powder factory and
arsenal; at Canton the naval school-ships. The fleet is manned by a
coast conscription, the length of service being indefinite; cadre
unknown.
ENGLAND.
The government of the navy is vested in a board known as the Board of
Admiralty. This board consists of five members, namely: the First Lord,
who is always chosen from civil life and is a member of the Cabinet;
the Senior Naval Lord (naval officer); the Third Lord (naval officer);
the Junior Naval Lord (naval officer), and the Civil Lord (civilian).
Under the board is a Parliamentary Secretary, changing, like the
five lords, with the government in power. The fixed administration,
independent of political parties, consists of one permanent Secretary
(naval), a Controller of the Navy (Vice-Admiral), Accountant General
(naval), Director-General of the Medical Department (naval), Director
of Engineering and Architectural Works (army), Director of Transports
(naval), Director of Contracts (naval), Director of Naval Construction
(naval), Director of Naval Ordnance (naval), and a Superintendent of
Victualling and Stores. The First Lord has supreme authority and all
questions are settled by his decision. The Senior Naval Lord directs
the movements of the fleet and is responsible for its discipline. The
Third Lord has the management of the dock-yards and superintendence of
ship-building. The Junior Naval Lord deals with the victualling of the
fleet and with the transport department. The Civil Lord has control of
the accounts, and the Financial Secretary has charge of the purchase
of all stores. The immediate chiefs under the board are the heads of
bureaus or departments. In addition to those above named there are
others not directly connected with the Admiralty Administration: the
Chief of the Hydrographic Bureau, the Adjutant-General of Marines, the
Astronomer Royal, and the President of the Naval College.
In the central administration the financial secretary assisted by
the Civil Lord exercises a rigorous control over all the expenses,
guarding against extravagance by means of a system of inspection.
For this duty there are two bureaus, the agents of which carry on a
rigorous and personal inspection of all coming within their provinces
in the different dock-yards. The inspectors of the first bureau are: 1
inspector of machinery, 1 inspector of works in progress, 1 inspector
of timber, 2 examiners of completed works, 2 examiners of store
accounts. In the second bureau are: 1 inspector of coal, 3 inspectors
of dock-yard accounts, 1 examiner of shop accounts, and 1 inspector of
buildings and coast-guard posts.
For the general administration there are four naval establishments
of the first class, Portsmouth, Devonport, Chatham, and Sheerness,
and four of the second class, Deptford, Woolwich, Pembroke, and
Haulbowline. In addition to these there are 15 colonial depots:
Gibraltar, Malta, Halifax, Bermuda, Antigua, Jamaica, Ascension, Sierra
Leone, Cape of Good Hope, Trincomalee, Singapore, Hong Kong, Esquimalt,
Sydney, and Queenstown.
The four first-class home stations are each under the immediate
command of a commander-in-chief of the station. The Admiral exercises
a military command over all the personnel of the reserve, the depots,
school-ships, and vessels in commission. The discipline, instruction,
and inspection are under his immediate direction. He has charge also
of the police of the coasts and harbors of his district in time of
peace and their defence and protection in time of war. With regard to
the administration of the dock-yard he is only charged with a general
surveillance, and under ordinary circumstances he never interferes with
its affairs. He has the power to interfere in cases of necessity, but
is obliged under such circumstances to render an immediate account of
his actions to the Admiralty.
The immediate command of the dock-yard is entrusted to a Rear Admiral
superintendent, whose assistants are the heads of the different
departments of works.
The navy is manned entirely by voluntary enlistment. There are two
main cadres of personnel, the active force and the reserve. The latter
force is kept up by voluntary enlistment for periods of five years,
with obligation to serve twenty-eight days in each year. This service
carries with it certain marine privileges, pay, and after twenty years
of service a life pension. Its advantages correspond quite closely to
those of a life insurance. The apprentice system is also a permanent
source of supply to the active personnel.
The period of enlistment in the active service is for five years, with
increase of pay and allowances for continuous service.
GRADES AND RELATIVE RANK IN THE BRITISH NAVY.
====================+======================+======================
EXECUTIVE CORPS | MEDICAL CORPS | SECRETARY’S CORPS
--------------------+----------------------+----------------------
Admiral of| Honorary| |
the Fleet| | |
| |
Admiral | |
| |
Vice-Admiral | |
| |
Rear-Admiral |Inspector-Gen’l of |
| Hospitals |
+----------------------+----------------------
Captain of| | |
the Fleet | Brevet |Inspector-Gen’l |
Commodore | | under 3 yrs |
+----------------------+----------------------
Captain | |Secretary to Admiral
| | of the Fleet
+----------------------+----------------------
|Deputy Inspector-Gen’l|
| of Hospitals |
+----------------------+----------------------
Captain under |Deputy Inspector-Gen’l|Secretary to
3 years | under 3 years | Commander-in-Chief
+----------------------+----------------------
Commander |Fleet Surgeon |Sec’y to Com.-in-Chief
| | under 5 years
+----------------------+----------------------
Lieutenant after |Staff ” |Secretary to Flag
8 years | | Officer
Lieutenant |Surgeon |Secretary to Commodore
| |
Sub-Lieutenant | |
| |
Chief Gunner | |
| |
Chief Boatswain | |
| |
Chief Carpenter | |
| |
Midshipman | |
====================+==============================
PAY CORPS | ENGINEER’S CORPS
--------------------+------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--------------------+------------------------------
|
|
|
--------------------+------------------------------
Paymaster-in-Chief | Chief Inspector of Machinery
|
--------------------+------------------------------
| Inspector of Machinery afloat
| after 3 years
--------------------+------------------------------
| Inspector of Machinery under
| 3 years
--------------------+------------------------------
Paymaster at 15 | Chief-Engineer at 15 years’
years’ seniority | seniority
--------------------+------------------------------
Paymaster of 8 years| Chief-Engineer of 8 years
|
Paymaster under 8 | Chief-Engineer under 8 years
years |
Assistant Paymaster | Engineer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clerk | Assistant Engineer
--------------------+------------------------------
The coast-guard service, although not strictly naval, forms an
auxiliary naval force, and is drawn entirely from the personnel of the
navy. No person is eligible for the coast-guard who has not served
eight years in the Navy and who has not qualified as a trained man or a
seaman gunner.
The effective cadre of the British Navy is as follows:
OFFICERS.
Executive Corps 2,252
Engineer Corps 870
Pay Corps 526
Chaplains 164
Medical Corps 415
Coast Guard 346
Naval Reserve 405
-----
4,978
MEN.
Petty Officers 16,500
Blue Jackets, Firemen, etc. 18,600
Boys 6,300
Coast Guard 3,954
Naval Reserve 18,000
------
Total 63,354
Officers 4,978
------
Grand total 68,332
In addition to this cadre there are two corps of marine troops.
The marine infantry, intended exclusively for service aboard ship,
consists of three divisions of sixteen companies each, comprising in
all 300 officers and 11,092 non-commissioned officers and privates;
the marine artillery, intended for garrison duty and to a limited
extent as gunnery servants on board ship (in the proportion of 32 to a
first-rate), 16 companies, comprising a cadre of 100 officers and 2800
non-commissioned officers and privates.
The number of civil employés in the dock-yards amounts to about 20,600.
Officers of the executive corps are drawn exclusively from the naval
school established on board the school-ship Britannia. Those of the
engineer corps are drawn from the engineer school-ship Marlborough. The
other corps are drawn from civil life.
The Royal Naval College at Greenwich is an institute at which officers
of the executive, construction, and engineer corps take an advanced
course of instruction, for the purpose of raising the standard of
naval education and efficiency. All officers between the grades of
captain and sub-lieutenant are eligible after passing a preliminary
examination. This institution, organized first in Great Britain, is
rapidly being developed in all the other European navies.
At the Portsmouth dock-yard there is a special gunnery and torpedo
school for the purpose of advanced instruction.
The highest grade of officers in the naval reserve is that of
lieutenant. This grade is opened to masters of the merchant service
under 45 years of age. The grade of sub-lieutenant is open to the
chief mates of the merchant service. The grade of midshipman is open
to young gentlemen who have served not less than two years in one of
the mercantile training-ships, and who are not over 18 years of age.
There is an honorary reserve corps in which the grade of commander is
reached, officers of this corps having served in the active reserve.
The course of instruction at the naval school-ship (Britannia) is two
years, and the required entering age is between 12 and 13½.
All cadets, midshipmen, and acting sub-lieutenants in active service
are required to pass a written examination every year on board the
ship where they may be serving. The results of these examinations are
forwarded to the Admiralty, and it is by means of them that these
officers take their rank in the grade of sub-lieutenant. Those officers
who make a specialty of gunnery or navigation and pilotage receive
extra pay while doing duties in these specialties. A premium of extra
pay is also offered to those officers who acquire fluency in some one
of the generally used modern foreign languages.
The squadron divisions for foreign service exclusive of colonial-port
stations are:
Channel Squadron.
Mediterranean Squadron.
North American Squadron.
Pacific Squadron.
China Squadron.
East India Squadron.
Australian Squadron.
Cape of Good Hope Squadron.
East Coast of Africa Squadron.
South American Squadron (Brazil).
The average strength of a squadron during time of peace is eight
vessels, the great majority being light corvettes and gun-boats.
An independent naval establishment has been organized for the
protection of the interests of the Indian Empire, called the Indian
Navy. There are also independent Australian and Canadian services at
the support of the colonies, and regarded as auxiliary forces for
colonial coast-defence.
FRANCE.
The French Navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine,
who is invariably chosen from the active list of Admirals. The Minister
has as his immediate assistant and Chief of Staff a Vice or Rear
Admiral. The central administration of naval affairs is the Naval
Ministry at Paris, composed of a Ministers’ Cabinet and five Sections
or Directions, which are subdivided into Bureaus.
FIRST DIRECTION.
_Personnel._—First Bureau: The Staff of the Fleet, controlling all
affairs of the Admiralty Council, prefectures, officers, naval schools.
Second Bureau: Technical Corps and General Agents, having charge of
construction and engine corps, hydrographic office, commissariat
clerks, chaplains, hydraulic engineers, watchmen, etc. Third Bureau:
Sailors of the Fleet and Maritime Justice. Fourth Bureau: Marine
Infantry and Artillery.
SECOND DIRECTION.
_Matériel._—First Bureau: Naval construction and hydraulic works.
Second Bureau: Ordnance. Third Bureau: Equipment.
THIRD DIRECTION.
_Administrative Service._—First Bureau: Naval inscription and
navigational police (control of merchant service). Second Bureau:
Fisheries and maritime control. Third Bureau: Pay and clothing. Fourth
Bureau: Subsistence and hospitals.
FOURTH DIRECTION.
_Colonies._—The administration of colonial affairs is entirely under
the direction of the Minister of Marine.
FIFTH DIRECTION.
_General Accounts._—First Bureau: Funds and regulations for their
expenditure. Second Bureau: Expenses abroad. Third Bureau: Examination
of accounts. Fourth Bureau: Examination of receipts and expenditures.
Fifth Bureau: Interior service, archives, and libraries.
These being the main divisions of control, there are certain
commissions intimately connected with the regulation of affairs, most
of the committees being permanent in character.
The Council of Naval Works examines the technical points connected with
the introduction or manufacture of naval material.
The Superior Council of Health superintends sanitary matters.
The Council of Captures and Losses regulates prizes and reimbursements.
The Lighthouse Committee controls all lighthouse affairs.
The Forestry Committee has charge of all standing timber and timber
lands.
The Committee of Inspection of Fuel has charge of the purchase,
storage, and issue of fuel.
The Permanent Commission of Control and Revision of the Regulations,
Armament, and Clothing attends to all matters of change of regulation.
The Consulting Commission for the Arrangement of Disputes has general
consultation superintendence.
The Superior Commission of Submarine Defences has control of torpedoes.
The Central Commission for the Examination of Works of Officers is
a committee through whose hands pass all the naval reports made by
officers for the benefit of the service.
The Permanent Commission of Libraries has charge of libraries for naval
stations, ships, and prisons.
The Direction for the Regulation of the Affairs of Pensioners and
retired people of the service forms a separate department of the
Ministry. The Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Longitudes, Museum, Naval
and Apprentice Schools and the Artillery experimental firing-ground of
Gavre form separate departments.
The general administration of affairs is carried on at the naval ports.
The maritime territory of France is divided into five grand districts,
each under the control of a Préfet Maritime, who is a Vice-Admiral,
Commander-in-Chief of the station; the districts are subdivided,
each subdivision being under the control of a Chief and a Captain of
the Port. The First District extends from the Belgian frontier to
Cherbourg; headquarters, Cherbourg; sub-districts, Dunquerque, Havre,
and Cherbourg. The Second District extends from Cherbourg to Quimper,
including adjacent islands; headquarters, Brest; sub-districts, Saint
Servan and Brest. The Third District extends from Quimper to the Loire,
including adjacent islands; headquarters, L’Orient; sub-districts,
Nantes and L’Orient. The Fourth District extends from the Loire to the
Spanish frontier; headquarters, Rochefort; sub-districts, Bordeaux,
Rochefort, and Bayonne. The Fifth District comprises the whole
Mediterranean coast and Corsica; headquarters, Toulon; sub-districts,
Marseilles, Bastia, and Toulon.
The Préfet Maritime, being at the head of maritime affairs in his
district, is assisted by—1st. Major-General of Marine, who has
immediate command of all the personnel in the district, the instruction
of officers and men, details for dock-yard duty, library, observatory,
hydrographic establishment, inspection of vessels fitting out, and
the receipt and transmission of reports. This office is as a rule
filled by a Rear-Admiral. 2d. A Commissary-General, who has control of
the receipt and distribution of funds, enlistment of civil employés,
the direction of the marine inscription, administration of police,
detail of officers of the commissary department, and general charge
of all accounts kept in the district, receiving, arranging, and
forwarding them. 3d. A Director of Port Movements (Captain of the
Port), who has charge of all vessels either in or out of commission,
superintending their movement, anchorages, ballasting, careening,
entrance into basins, etc., charge of fire apparatus, clearing of
channels, placing of buoys, lights, and signals. 4th. A Director of
Naval Constructions. 5th. A Director of Artillery. 6th. A Director
of Hydraulic Works and Buildings. 7th. A Council of Health, composed
of the surgeons stationed in the district. All of these officers are
found at the headquarters port; at the ports of the sub-districts there
are always two naval representatives: 1st. The “Chef de Service,” who
is a Commissary-General and whose principal charge is in relation to
the inscription. 2d. The Captain of the Port, who in general is a
Lieutenant.
The French Navy is manned by voluntary enlistment and by inscription.
Every seafaring person is placed upon the inscription list upon
reaching the age of eighteen, and between that and twenty he is bound
to present himself at the headquarters of the district within which
he lives. Here he passes through a preliminary course of instruction
on board the school-ships lasting for a few months, at the expiration
of which time if his services are not required in the fleet he is
granted a leave of absence, without pay, which may be extended from
time to time. During this period he may make foreign voyages, the only
restriction being that he shall not change his calling. At the end of
five years he passes into the first reserve, where for a period of two
years he cannot leave the country. At the end of this time he passes
into the second reserve and is practically free, being only liable to
service under especial circumstances. Special inducements are held out
for seafaring people. None but those who are or have been inscribed are
allowed to fish in French waters or to be employed on French coasting
vessels. While they are serving their time, troops cannot be billeted
on them; they travel at military rates, and have the benefits of naval
hospitals and naval insurance.
In drafting for active service great care is taken to only draft those
who can be best spared from their homes, leaving the others at almost
entire freedom.
NAMES AND ASSIMILATED GRADES OF THE DIFFERENT NAVAL CORPS.
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
CORPS DE LA MARINE | ART. ET INF. | CORPS DU GÉNIE
| DE MARINE |
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Amiral | |
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Vice-Amiral |Général de Division|
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Contre-Amiral |Général de Brigade | Inspecteur Général
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
| | Directeur
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Capitaine de Vaisseau |Colonel | Ingenieur de 1ʳᵉ clss.
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Capitaine de Frégate |Lieuten’t-Colonel | Ingenieur de 2ⁿᵈᵉ clss.
|Chef de Bataillon |
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Lieutenant de Vaisseau|Capitaine 1ʳᵉ cl. | Sous-Ingé’r 1ʳᵉ cl.
| 2ⁿᵈᵉ ” | 2ⁿᵈᵉ ”
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Enseigne de Vaisseau |Lieutenant 1ʳᵉ cl.| Sous-Ingénieur de
| 2ⁿᵈᵉ ” | 3ᵐᵉ classe
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
Aspirant 1ʳᵉ classe |Sous-Lieutenant | Élève
2ⁿᵈᵉ ” | |
----------------------+-------------------+-----------------------
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
CORPS DU COMMISSARIAT | CORPS DE SANTÉ | MÉCANICIENS
| |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
| |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
| |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
|Inspecteur Général |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
Commissaire Général |Directeur de Santé |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
Commissaire de Marine |Médecin en Chef |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
Commissaire Adjoint |Médecin Principal |Mécanicien en Chef
| |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
Sous-Commissaire |Médecin de 1ʳᵉ classe |Mécanicien Principal,
| | 1ʳᵉ classe
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
Aide Commissaire |Médecin de 2ⁿᵈᵉ classe|Mécanicien Principal,
| | 2ⁿᵈᵉ classe
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
|Aide Médecin |
| |
----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
At Brest there is a special school of instruction for apprentices,
who are received under ordinary restrictions with regard to age and
character, and who are obliged to serve for ten years after finishing
their apprenticeship. The apprentice school and the schools of
instruction for the “inscrits” are amongst the best of their kind in
the world, complete records being kept of every man under instruction
and the system of rewards being such as to render the inscription a
benefit to the seafaring population instead of being a draft on them.
All officers, without distinction of corps, below the grade of
Capitaine de Frégate, are obliged once in two years to submit to
the Minister of Marine an essay on any subject that they may choose
that is of interest to the profession. These essays are examined and
reported upon by a special committee. Those that are unsatisfactory
are returned, and the writer is required to furnish a satisfactory
one within three months. Those that are satisfactory are recorded or
disposed of by being published at government expense in the _Revue
Maritime_ or _Journal Officiel_. Rewards for satisfactory essays range
from an honorable mention to promotion and the gift of the “Légion
d’Honneur.” Officers showing an especial aptitude are placed on a list
for special duty. In this way all departments requiring specialists are
filled by the best talent of the service.
Promotions are by seniority except in the highest grades. Retirement
takes place forcibly after 65 years of age or 45 years of active
service. The officers of every corps are graduates of separate naval
schools, except in the medical corps, where the naval tutelage consists
of a course of naval-hospital practice combined with an advanced
course of medical lectures. In time of peace the grade of Admiral is
honorary, bringing no especial command except that of appointment by
chance to Minister. The marine artillery and infantry do no service
in the fleet. The former have charge of the manufacture of ordnance
and the garrisoning of naval fortifications; the latter do garrison
duty at dock-yards, arsenals, and in the colonies. The Génie Maritime
superintend the construction of ships and engines, hydraulic works,
buildings, hydrographic work, and civil-engineering duty. They have no
duty in the fleet. Machinists have duty almost exclusively in the fleet
or in the schools of instruction of firemen. The effective force of the
fleet is 1783 officers and 46,500 men; in addition to this force there
are 155 officers of Génie Maritime, 825 officers of commissariat, 557
medical officers, 61 chaplains, 63 machinists, 1769 persons connected
with the administration; four regiments of marine infantry, 16,000 men;
4500 men of the marine artillery, and 5 companies of gendarmerie with
a complement of 660, making a grand total of 71,104 exclusive of the
civil employés of the administration. Properly the marine artillery and
infantry should be excluded, as their service is principally colonial
and carried on by the army in other nations.
The French have six foreign-squadron cruising grounds, in which are
included the colonial stations. The squadrons are divided as follows:
MEDITERRANEAN.
1st. Squadron of evolutions; consisting of from nine to twelve
iron-clads and several despatch vessels, having headquarters at Toulon
and cruising throughout the sea. 2d. Station of Algiers. 3d. Levant
division, consisting of one or two vessels stationed permanently on
the Egyptian and Greek coasts, and generally one cruising division of
the squadron of evolutions. 4th. Constantinople station; one or two
vessels stationed permanently at Constantinople and the mouth of the
Danube.
NORTH ATLANTIC.
1st. Subdivision of Newfoundland and station of St. Pièrre and
Miquelon, a small squadron cruising on the fishing grounds. 2d.
Division of the Antilles, a small squadron cruising on the United
States, Mexican, and Central American coasts. 3d. Three stations of
Martinique, Guadaloupe, and Guiana.
SOUTH ATLANTIC.
1st. South Atlantic division, cruising on the Brazilian coast. 2d.
Senegal station, on the west coast of Africa.
CHINA SEAS.
1st. China seas division, cruising on the coast of China and Japan. 2d.
Station of Cochin China, with cruisers on that coast, Siam, and the
Dutch East Indies.
INDIAN SEAS.
Indian station, with cruisers at each of the French possessions.
PACIFIC OCEAN.
1st. Pacific division, cruising on the west coast of South America. 2d.
Tahiti station. 3d. New Caledonia station.
These stations require during peace a total of about 75 vessels and
11,000 men.
GERMANY.
The navies of the different states of the empire are consolidated into
a single one under the chief command of Prussia, controlled by an
Imperial Ministry. The cabinet representative of the navy is chosen
from amongst the General officers of the army, bearing, whilst Minister
of Marine, the honorary title of Admiral, and having naval officers
for his immediate staff. The Imperial Admiralty is divided into three
grand sections: 1st. The Military Section, composed of the Bureaus of
Mobilization, Naval and Military Affairs, General Military Affairs,
Instruction, Exploration and Coast Defence, Justice, Sanitary and
Medical Affairs. 2d. The Technical Section, composed of the Bureaus of
Equipment, Docks, Construction of Vessels, Construction of Engines,
Construction of Ordnance, Construction of Torpedoes and Torpedo
Defence. 3d. The General Section, composed of Bureaus of Constructional
Affairs, Budget and Pay, Administration of Garrisons, Indemnities,
Judiciary, Hydrography, and Observatory. In addition to these
sections there are connected with the Admiralty: 1st. A Commission
for the Examination of Officers of Marine Superintendence. 2d. The
Administration of the Naval Stations of Kiel, Wilhelmshaven, Dantzic,
and Friedrichsort, and the Naval Academy.
The navy is manned by inscription from the maritime districts, the
obligation of service commencing on the 1st of January of the year in
which the age of 20 is reached. Active service continues for three
years, at the end of which time men pass into the First Reserve for a
further period of seven years, during which time they are called for
exercise twice in four years in time of peace, and on the breaking
out of war they are called into active service. At the end of the
seventh year in the first reserve they pass into the second reserve
for a further period of five years (seewehr). The Second Reserve also
includes those who have been subject to service but who have not been
called on: these latter are exercised twice in twelve years. Sailors
of the merchant marine are authorized to present themselves between
the ages of 20 and 24 years. Mariners who have followed the sea for
five years have only to serve for one year; those who have been to sea
four years serve two years. For tradespeople and mechanics the term
of active service may be reduced to one year. The maritime population
of Germany is estimated at 45,000 men, of which number 12,000 may be
called into service at any time, not counting sailors of the merchant
service absent from home.
The cadre of the executive corps of officers is as follows:
1 Admiral (Honorary).
1 Vice-Admiral.
4 Contre-Admiral.
23 Capitän zur See.
45 Corvetten Capitän.
75 Capitän-Lieutenant.
148 Lieutenant zur See.
128 Unter-Lieutenant zur See.
100 See Cadet.
The sailors of the fleet, divided into two divisions, one being
stationed at Kiel and the other at Wilhelmshaven, number 821 petty
officers and 5621 men. There is also one division of apprentices,
numbering 12 petty officers and 400 boys.
Apprentices are entered between the ages of 14 and 16, and engage to
serve for twelve years. The first two years they are placed aboard
cruising school-ships, and for another year they are under general
harbor instruction. At the end of the third year they pass into the
fleet, and if successful in their examinations they are promoted at
once to seamen.
Officers of the Second Reserve are recruited from five different
sources: 1st. From officers who have retired from active service and
who are less than 31 years old. 2d. From masters of the merchant
marine. 3d. From one-year volunteers who are seafaring people.
4th. From certain auxiliary officers. 5th. From young men who have
successfully passed a master’s examination. Persons from the last three
categories must serve for one year at least in the fleet, at the end
of which time they receive the brevet of Sub-Lieutenant of Reserve.
Officers of the Reserve may be promoted after a certain length of
service to the grades of Lieutenant and Lieutenant-Captain, and if they
are under 24 years of age they may pass into the active roster.
Machinists are recruited from volunteers and also from tradespeople
of the inscription, and before entering the fleet they pass through a
course of dock-yard instruction. In the permanent fleet there are 24
Machinist-Engineers, divided into 3 Superior Engineer-Machinists, 9
Engineer-Machinists, and 12 Sub-Engineer-Machinists. The total cadre
of the dock-yard division, which includes machinists, petty officers,
mechanics, firemen, and coal-heavers, numbers 1475 men.
In the Pay Department there are 26 Commissaries and 29 Sub-Commissaries.
The Medical Corps comprises 1 Surgeon-General, 5 Surgeon-Majors, 17
Surgeon-Majors (subs), and 22 Assistant Surgeons divided into three
classes.
The Marine Infantry consists of a single battalion of six companies,
organized in a similar manner to the line of the army, and comprising
in its cadre 47 officers and 984 men, there being a Colonel in command.
The officers are all recruited from regiments of the line.
The detachment of Marine Artillery is composed of three companies
organized similarly to the Fortress Artillery of the army; 112 officers
and 346 men. This detachment mans the batteries and coast-works under
the control of the navy. In time of peace it is employed principally in
the fabrication of munitions. The officers are all recruited from army
artillery regiments.
Attached to the infantry battalion is a small body called the
staff-guard, consisting of 52 Sergeant-Majors and Sergeants, who have
charge of the police duties aboard ship and at the dock-yards.
The Technical Corps of Officers forms two divisions, one of Naval
Constructions and the other of Engine Constructions, having grades not
assimilated with those of officers of the fleet. There are 62 officers
in the corps.
CONSTRUCTION. ENGINES.
Directors 3 3
Superior Engineers 4 3
Engineers 11 11
Sub-Engineers 13 9
At Kiel a Naval Institute has been established on the same principles
as the Greenwich Royal Naval College, for the benefit of officers
of higher rank than cadet. Officers as high as the grade of Captain
are admitted for a course of two years. By this means the standard
of general efficiency is raised. Officers receive instruction in all
branches of their profession.
The men of the fleet are divided into two divisions, one being
stationed at Kiel and the other at Wilhelmshaven. Each division is
subdivided into two classes. To pass from the second to the first
class, good conduct, a service at sea of 48 months, and a certificate
of complete instruction is required. The men of the first class receive
a higher pay and form the body of the petty officers of the fleet.
Firemen and coal-heavers may, by proper application, pass through the
grades of Machinist to the Corps of Engineer Machinists. In general the
Machinists are all drawn from apprentices of that class.
The Germans are just commencing the introduction of permanent foreign
squadrons.
HOLLAND.
The King of Holland is Commander-in-Chief of the Dutch Navy, the Crown
Prince being Rear-Admiral and Chief of Staff. The navy is represented
in the Cabinet by a civilian Minister of Marine, the central control
being divided into sections and bureaus in a similar manner to that of
other European nations. The general administration is centralized at
four dock-yard stations—Amsterdam, Willemsoord, Hellevoetsluis, and
Fijenoord—Amsterdam being the principal building-yard, and Fijenoord
being the boiler and engine factory.
The grades of the Dutch Navy correspond with those of other services,
the names of those of the executive corps being:
Luitenant-Admiraal.
Vice-Admiraal.
Schout-bij-Nacht.
Kapitein ter Zee.
Kapitein Luitenant ter Zee.
Luitenant ter Zee 1ᵉ klasse.
Luitenant ter Zee 2ᵉ klasse.
| 1ᵉ klasse.
Adelborst | 2ᵉ klasse.
| 3ᵉ klasse.
In addition to the dock-yard at Amsterdam there is a Naval School
and school-ships for the instruction of seamen and apprentices. At
Hellevoetsluis there is a school for machinists. Great attention is
paid in Holland to the development of torpedo instruction, a special
corps of officers being drawn from the executive corps.
The cadre of the navy is filled from both volunteer and inscription
methods, the latter resembling the French. This cadre amounts to 788
officers and 6426 men, not including 1000 native sailors and 600
marines in the East Indian local service.
In addition to this force there is a corps of Marine Infantry amounting
to 52 officers and 2100 men.
There are two main divisions of the Dutch fleet, the first for home
service and the second for East India service. The foreign squadrons
are: 1. The Curaçao station. 2d. The Surinam station. 3d. The East
India fleet, which is divided into three main squadrons and four
subordinate flotilla stations for the purpose of patrolling the coasts
of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and the Celebes Islands. Single cruisers are
sent out at short periods to make cruises around the world, whilst a
large division is kept ready for service in the shallow home waters.
ITALY.
The Italian Navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine.
The central administration is divided into four main departments:
1st. The Personnel, under the control of a Secretary-General. 2d. The
Matériel. 3d. Artillery and Torpedoes. 4th. Merchant Marine. There is
an Admiralty Council for the general consideration of naval affairs,
and a Scientific Bureau for the regulation of hydrographic affairs. The
general arrangement of bureaus and superintendencies is similar to that
of France, the whole central department being classed under the head of
the General Staff.
For the general administration of affairs, there are two dock-yard
stations, Spezzia and Venice, with a third in process of formation at
Tarenta.
The grades of the executive corps of the service are as follows:
Ammiragle.
Vice-Ammiragle.
Contro-Ammiragle.
Capitano di Vascello.
Capitano di Fregato | 1ᵃ classe.
| 2ᵃ classe.
Luogotenento di Vascello.
Sottotenento di Vascello.
Guardia Marina di 1ᵃ classe.
All of the officers of this corps are drawn from the cadets of the
Naval School, the course being four years of instruction. At present
the cadets pass two years at Naples and two at Genoa, but it is the
intention to establish a single Academy at Spezzia. There are three
divisions of this corps: the active, the reserve or retired, and the
officers at stationary residence, the latter being those who have
waived promotion in consideration of having fixed duties at a seaport.
The Medical Corps is divided in the same manner as in other countries,
the grades being:
Medico Ispettore.
Medico Direttore.
Medico di Vascello.
Medico di Fregata, 1ᵃ classe.
Medico di Fregata, 2ᵃ classe.
Medico di Corvetta |1ᵃ classe.
|2ᵃ classe.
The Technical Corps or Corps du Génie and the Commissary Corps are
called the naval auxiliary corps.
GÉNIE.
Ispettore Generale.
Direttore delle Costruzioni Navali.
Ingegnere di 1ᵃ classe.
Ingegnere di 2ᵃ classe.
Sotto Ingegnere di 1ᵃ classe.
Sotto Ingegnere di 2ᵃ classe.
Allieve Ingegnere (Cadet).
COMMISSARIAT.
Commissario Generale di 1ᵃ classe.
Commissario Generale di 2ᵃ classe.
Commissario di 1ᵃ classe.
Commissario di 2ᵃ classe.
Sotto Commissario di 1ᵃ classe.
Sotto Commissario di 2ᵃ classe.
Sotto Commissario di 3ᵃ classe.
Sotto Commissario Aggiunto di 1ᵃ classe.
Sotto Commissario Aggiunto di 2ᵃ classe.
Scrivano (Clerk).
These corps at present have relative military rank, but measures
have been taken to give both a strictly civil organization, as it
is considered that their duties are not compatible with military
subordination.
The Machinists’ Corps comprises but three grades—
Machinists.
First Chief Machinists.
Second Chief Machinists.
These grades are entirely recruited from the master-machinists or
petty-officers grade of firemen. The grade of Chief Machinist, which
was the highest until of late years, has been abolished, the duties
being performed by officers of the Corps du Génie.
For the purpose of naval inscription the coast of Italy is divided
into three departments, Spezzia, Naples, and Venice, subdivided into
22 districts, under controls similar to those of France. All persons
interested in a trade bearing upon navigation are liable for service on
reaching the age of 20. They are then drawn into one of two divisions
according to lot. The first is under obligations to render service
for four years either at sea or in the dock-yards, at the end of
which time they are granted a leave for six years, which, though not
confining them to the country, may be rescinded at any time. At the
end of the tenth year they pass into the Second Reserve, and are not
liable except for extraordinary service. The second division receive
at once a leave for ten years, at the end of which time they pass to
the Second Reserve. There is also a system of voluntary enlistment and
apprenticeship.
The Corps of Marine Infantry is recruited from the inscription in the
same manner as the army. The headquarters are at Naples. This corps is
made up of three battalions (one for each department), and the service
is divided between the fleet and the dock-yards. There is no marine
artillery in the Italian Navy.
The effective cadre of the Italian Navy is 1084 officers and 14,200
men, 90 officers of Marine Infantry and 3000 men. In comparison with
the number of petty officers and men, there are fewer officers in this
navy than in any in the world. The Italians have no cruising squadrons;
single vessels do the foreign service, while the home service is
confined to a single large squadron of evolutions.
JAPAN.
The navy is represented in the Council of State by a Minister and
two Vice-Ministers, the central administration being carried on by a
department constructed much in the same manner as in most European
countries. The general administration is at present also almost
entirely directed by the Navy Department. There is but one dock-yard
at present completed and in operation, that of Yokoska in the Bay of
Yeddo, in connection with which there is quite an extensive foundry at
Yokohama.
At Nagasaki, although there is no especial dock-yard, there are
repair-shops, a marine railway, and a partially completed dry-dock. At
Kobi there are repair-shops, and an attempt has been made to establish
a dock-yard at Tokio, but the shallow approaches render it of but
little importance. Connected with the central administration there
is a Hydrographic Office, Observatory, Naval School, and schools of
instruction for Marine Infantry and Artillery. At present the navy is
manned entirely from volunteer enlistment, but a system of inscription
is being perfected by which every person following a maritime trade
will be liable for service between the ages of 18 and 45. The officers
heretofore have for the greater part been educated in foreign naval
schools, but at present the Naval Academy at Tokio is fully equal to
the task of keeping the cadre full. This Naval School is modelled after
the general European plan, the course being four years. Officers, as
a rule, are appointed from the Noble class. The cadre of the navy at
present is 300 officers, 5138 men, and 113 cadets. The grades and
corps correspond closely with those of foreign powers. But very few
foreign officers are now employed in the naval service, none at all
in the fleet, their duties being confined to instructional and yard
superintendence.
As yet the Japanese have not instituted any squadron service whatever,
keeping nearly every vessel of their fleet in constant commission for
instructional service. It is the intention, however, to establish both
home and foreign squadron service as soon as the naval development will
permit it to be done. The cadre of the Japanese Navy is 1180 officers
and 4270 men.
NORWAY AND SWEDEN.
The navies of Norway and Sweden are distinct services, each having
its own complete organization and administration. The Norwegian Navy
is represented in the Cabinet by a Rear-Admiral, Chief of the Marine
Department, who is assisted by a second Rear-Admiral, Chief of Staff.
The central control at Stockholm is divided into three main sections,
with Controllers at their heads, and subdivided into bureaus. The
general administration is divided in control between two dock-yards,
Christiania and Stockholm. There is also a Naval Academy, Hydrographic
Office, and Observatory.
The Swedish Navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of
Marine, the central control having two main divisions, Chancellery and
Command. There is in addition a Commander-in-Chief of Personnel, a
Military Department, Construction Department, Commissariat Department,
Pilotage Department, Naval School, and Hydrographic Office. The general
administration is divided between the two naval stations of Carlskrona
and Stockholm.
The personnel of both navies is recruited by voluntary enlistment,
there being a special arrangement for conscription, in case of war in
the maritime districts, of all persons between the ages of 22 and 35
years.
The grades of officers of the different corps are similar to those of
other services, there being no grade of Admiral. The cadre of the two
navies is:
SWEDEN. NORWAY.
Officers 518 Officers 104
Men 5,051 Men 550
———
Total 6,223
The Norwegian fleet is entirely confined to coast-defence vessels, no
cruisers being now sent out. The Swedish fleet is well provided with
cruisers, but there are no foreign squadrons, the foreign cruising
being confined to single ships.
RUSSIA.
The Russian Navy is represented in the Council of State by the
Admiral-General, a prince of the blood, who is Commander-in-Chief of
the naval force. The head of the central administration is a Minister
chosen from the list of Vice-Admirals. There are six sections or
departments of control: 1st. The Chancellery, having charge of the
expenditure of the Budget. 2d. The Department of the Personnel. 3d. The
Hydrographic Department. 4th. The Technical Committee, divided into
three sections—Construction of Vessels, Construction of Machinery, and
Construction of Ordnance. 5th. The Supreme Naval Tribunal. 6th. The
Direction of the Health Service. The general administration is divided
between the naval stations of St. Petersburg, Sebastopol, Odessa, and
the naval stations of the Caspian and Aral seas and Petropaulovsk on
the Amoor River.
The personnel of the Russian Navy is recruited by inscription
throughout the maritime districts, the inscription carrying with it
certain benefits to the seafaring population, as in other countries.
There are two divisions, active and reserve, the time of service being
seven years in the active division and three in the reserve. The grades
correspond with those of other navies. The effective strength is 4219
officers and 26,683 men.
The fleet is divided into five divisions with squadron sub-divisions:
1st. The Baltic Fleet, divided into the Squadron of Evolutions,
Division of School-ships, Lighthouse and Survey Squadrons, and
Cruisers, the latter being engaged in long foreign cruises
independently. 2d. Black Sea Fleet, Division of School-ships,
Coast Guard-ships, Lighthouse Service, Hydrographic Service, Port
Guard-ships, and Cruisers confined to the Black and Mediterranean
seas. 3d. The Caspian Flotilla. 4th. The Siberian Flotilla. 5th. All
vessels in course of construction at St. Petersburg or Odessa.
SPAIN.
The Minister of Marine is invariably chosen from the grades of Vice
or Rear Admiral, having an officer of one of these grades as an
Assistant Secretary and Chief of Staff. The affairs of the Ministry
are controlled by bureaus and sections, with special committees
for the regulation of certain special affairs. For the immediate
superintendence of the naval administration the Spanish coast is
divided into three departments, each commanded by an officer of high
rank. The headquarters of the Department of the East are at Cartagena,
those of the South at Cadiz, and those of the North at Ferrol; the
Eastern Department including the Balearic Isles, and the Southern
the Canaries. Cuba and Porto Rico form a fourth department, with
headquarters at Havana; and the Philippine Islands a fifth, with
headquarters at Manila. The Commander-in-Chief of the department is
also in command of the fleet at the station.
For the purposes of naval inscription the departments are subdivided
into provinces and districts, there being in all 110 districts, each
of which is in charge of a naval officer so far as marine inscription
is concerned. The corps and grade divisions of the active personnel
correspond with those of other nations, the grades of the executive
corps being as follows:
Almirante.
Vice-Almirante.
Gefe de Escuadra.
Capitän de Navio.
Capitän de Fregata.
Teniente de Navio |1ᵃ cl.
|2ᵃ cl.
Alfarece de Navio.
Guardia Marina.
The grades of the Medical Corps are:
Medical Inspector.
Medical Sub-Inspector.
Surgeon-Major.
First Surgeon.
Second Surgeon.
The grades of the Commissary Corps are:
Superintendent.
Purveyor (1st class).
(2d class).
Commissary (1st class).
(2d class).
First Asst. Commissary.
Second Asst. Commissary.
Third Asst. Commissary.
Supernumeraries.
Chaplains have their ecclesiastical rank, and also a naval grade:
Sub Vicar-General.
First Chaplain.
Second Chaplain.
Sacristan (lay official).
Chorister (lay official).
The Technical Corps embraces in one body the ship and engine
constructors, called Engineers of the Fleet, and having the grades of—
General Officer.
Brigadier.
Ship-of-the-Line Captain.
Frigate Captain.
Lieutenant.
Ensign.
For service in working engines aboard ship there is a corps of
machinists:
First Machinists |1st class.
|2d class.
Second Machinists.
Third Machinists.
Fourth Machinists.
Assistant Machinists.
The total active personnel of the fleet is 1792 officers (exclusive of
Midshipmen, Chaplains, and the Technical Corps) and 14,000 men.
In addition to this cadre, there is a corps of Marine Artillery
(Technical).
1 General Officer.
3 Colonels.
7 Lieutenant-Colonels.
16 Captains.
20 Lieutenants.
And a corps of Marine Infantry which is divided into two half brigades
of two battalions each, besides two companies of native infantry at the
Philippines. The strength of this corps is 170 officers and 6256 men,
making a grand total of 1962 officers and 20,256 men.
For the administration of justice each department has a district court,
the maritime superior court being at Madrid.
The Naval Academy, situated at Ferrol, furnishes all the officers of
the executive corps of the service. The age of entrance to the Academy
is between 12 and 14 years, the length of the course at the school
being two years and a half. At the expiration of this time they pass
to a school-ship as second-class midshipmen, where they remain one
or two years according to the needs of the cadre, when they pass to
active service as midshipmen of the first-class, and after one year are
commissioned Ensigns (Alfarece).
There are special schools under naval control for the education of
pilots of the merchant service, another school for machinists, and an
academy for the Artillery and Technical Corps.
At Madrid there is a Hydrographic Bureau and a Naval Museum, and at San
Fernando a Naval Observatory.
The Spanish have five squadron cruising-grounds: the Mediterranean,
South American, West Indian, Asiatic, and Atlantic, and a small African
station limited to the Spanish possessions in the Gulf of Guinea.
At each of the prominent ports both of the home and colonial coasts
there is a naval control under the superintendence of a Captain of the
Port.
Promotion in all grades of the service except to that of Rear-Admiral
is by seniority. Rear-Admirals are appointed by choice from the list
of Line-Ship Captains. All persons in the maritime districts who
follow a calling connected in any way with the sea are subject to the
inscription, and none but those who are inscribed can engage in fishery
or work upon the wharves or piers. The term of service is four years
in the active and four in the reserve division. Each department has a
separate school-ship and divisional formation, so that those persons
who are inscribed are seldom removed from their immediate homes except
for short cruises. There is a system of voluntary enlistment by which
the main part of the active cadre is kept constantly full. In Spain
as in Italy the merchant service is entirely under the control of the
navy. In the headquarter ports of Spain, unlike those of other nations,
the Commander-in-Chief has no flag-ship and does not display a broad
pennant. Flag-ships represent strictly the commands afloat. This is a
point of importance, as all ports visited by foreign men-of-war have a
commanding naval authority of high rank, although there is no visible
sign of such command.
TURKEY.
The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine and in
the Divan or Chancellery by an Assistant Secretary. For the central
administration there is an Admiralty Council composed of Admirals and
General Officers. The service is divided into four sections: 1st.
Personnel. 2d. Matériel. 3d. Naval Constructions. 4th. Health. Each
control has an Admiral at its head with the title of Director. The
Minister has the supreme control of all naval affairs.
The fleet is recruited by inscription from the maritime districts,
there being no reserve proper. The length of service is eight years.
The personnel of the navy consists of 1868 officers and 30,000 men,
in addition to which there is a corps of marine infantry numbering
91 officers and 4500 men. The grades correspond with those of other
countries except that there is no grade of Admiral, and the grade of
Ensign corresponds closely with that of Midshipman in other services,
there being no Naval Academy and no grade of Cadet.
UNITED STATES.
The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Secretary of the Navy, who
is invariably a civilian; the President of the United States being the
Commander-in-Chief, but without any immediate naval executive. The
central control is divided into eight bureaus under the superintendence
of naval officers of the different corps having the grade of Commodore:
1st. Bureau of Navigation, subdivided into the Office of Detail, having
charge of the personnel of the fleet; Hydrographic Office, Naval
Observatory, and Signal Office. 2d. Bureau of Ordnance, having charge
of all artillery matters, including the torpedo station at Newport.
3d. Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, having charge of outfits,
recruiting, and the apprentice service. 4th. Bureau of Yards and Docks,
having charge of all naval grounds and buildings. 5th. Bureau of
Medicine and Surgery. 6th. Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, having
charge of supplies and accounts. 7th. Bureau of Steam Engineering,
having charge of the design and care of engines and boilers. 8th.
Bureau of Construction and Repair. The Naval Academy is under an
independent control attached directly to the superintendence of the
Secretary of the Navy.
The general administration is divided into departments at the different
dock-yards, each department corresponding with a bureau of the central
control, and all under the superintendence of a commandant who is an
officer of the executive corps having the grade of Commodore. There
are no naval maritime districts in the United States, naval authority
being limited strictly to the dock-yard government. There are seven
dock-yards: Portsmouth (New Hampshire), Charlestown (Massachusetts),
Brooklyn (New York), League Island (Pennsylvania), Norfolk (Virginia),
Pensacola (Florida), and Mare Island (California). In addition to these
there are three subordinate stations for coaling, recruiting, and
repairing: New London (Connecticut), Port Royal (South Carolina), and
Key West (Florida). The Coast Survey and Lighthouse establishments,
although not under the control of the Navy Department, employ naval
officers almost exclusively.
ASSIMILATED GRADES OF THE CORPS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY.
==================================================================
EXECUTIVE CORPS. | MEDICAL CORPS. | PAY CORPS.
| |
----------------------+--------------------+----------------------
Admiral | |
Honorary | |
Vice-Admiral | |
----------------------+--------------------+----------------------
Rear-Admiral | |
Commodore |Surgeon-General |Paymaster-General
----------------------+--------------------+----------------------
Captain |Medical Director |Pay Director
Commander |Medical Inspector |Pay Inspector
Lieutenant-Commander |Surgeon |Paymaster
----------------------+--------------------+----------------------
Lieutenant |Passed Asst. Surgeon|Passed Asst. Paymaster
Master | ” ” ” | ” ” ”e
----------------------+--------------------+----------------------
Ensign |Assistant Surgeon |Assistant Paymaster
Midshipman | |
Cadet Midshipman | |
Cadet | |
----------------------+--------------------+----------------------
===================================================================
ENGINEER CORPS. |CONSTRUCTORS’ CORPS.| CORPS OF CHAPLAINS AND
| | PROFESSORS.
---------------------+--------------------+------------------------
| |
| |
---------------------+--------------------+------------------------
| |
Engineer-in-Chief |Chief Constructor |
---------------------+--------------------+Officers of these corps
| | bear the names of
Chief Engineer |Naval Constructor | Chaplain and Professor,
| | the grades being
---------------------+--------------------+ from Captain to
Passed Asst. Engineer| Assistant Naval | Lieutenant, except
” ” ” | Constructor | that there is no grade
---------------------+--------------------+ to correspond with
Assistant Engineer | | Lieut.-Commander.
| |
Cadet Engineer | |
Engineer Cadet | |
---------------------+--------------------+------------------------
Officers of the Executive and Engineer Corps are drawn exclusively from
graduates of the Naval Academy. The other corps are drawn from civil
life. Promotion is strictly by seniority in all grades. All officers
except those in the Constructors’ and Professors’ Corps are obliged to
pass a rigid examination in being promoted from one grade to another.
The course of study at the Naval Academy is four years for both
executive and engineer officers; the cadet then passes into the fleet
for a period of two years for active service, at the end of which time
he is eligible for promotion to the next grade. On reaching the age of
62 years or after 45 years of service, officers are retired from the
active list. Officers failing twice in examination for promotion may be
retired as mentally unqualified for active service.
In addition to these grades, in the regular line of promotion there are
five subordinate; grades of what are called Warrant Officers namely,
Boatswain, Gunner, Carpenter, Sailmaker, and Mate.
The cadre of the active list of the navy is 1678 officers, 7500 men,
and 700 apprentices.
There is also a corps of Marine Infantry numbering 75 officers and 2500
men.
The method of enlistment is entirely voluntary, for periods of three
years, with special inducements for re-enlistment. There is no reserve
division of the service, the active cadre representing the entire
disposable force. Apprentices are enlisted between the ages of 14
and 18, with obligatory service until they reach the age of 21. They
are first put in training-ships, where they remain between two and
three years, entering the fleet as soon as they are considered fully
instructed. After entering the fleet they are eligible to advancement
as seamen and petty officers.
The cruising fleet is divided into five squadrons—the North Atlantic,
South Atlantic, European, Asiatic, and Pacific—with one vessel in
constant commission cruising in the chain of great lakes on the
northern boundary, and one in the Rio Grande on the Mexican boundary.
Four ships (one steam frigate and three sailing corvettes) are also
kept constantly in commission as cruisers with apprentices for
instruction. The iron-clad fleet is kept in partial commission ready
for service, but in fresh water, in order to prevent the fouling and
corrosion of the bottoms.
DENMARK.
The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine, the
central administration having an officer of high rank at its head,
bearing the title of Director-General. The control is divided into
three sections: 1st. The Admiralty. 2d. The Commissariat. 3d. The
Judiciary. The Admiralty is subdivided into departments of Personnel,
Matériel, and Health. Grades of personnel are similar to those of other
navies. The cadre of the navy is 120 officers and 2761 men. There are
no foreign cruisers.
GREECE.
The navy is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of Marine, and the
central control is superintended by an Admiral bearing the title of
Inspector-General of the Fleet. The grades of officers correspond to
those of other navies. The cadre of the personnel of the fleet is 71
officers and 581 men.
PERU.
The navy is not a separate organization, being represented in the
Cabinet by a Minister of War, and having at its head an Admiral
Commander-in-Chief. The control is confined to the port of Callao,
where in time of peace the fleet is kept almost permanently at anchor.
Administration and cadre unknown.
PORTUGAL.
The navy of Portugal is represented in the Cabinet by a Minister of
Marine, who has also the Colonial Service under his jurisdiction, as
with the French. The King of Portugal is Commander-in-Chief of the
navy (taking the rank of Admiral amongst his titles), the immediate
executive control of the naval personnel being superintended by a
Vice-Admiral Commander-in-Chief, assisted by a Board of Admiralty. Both
the central and general controls are at Lisbon, where is situated the
only dock-yard. The grades of the personnel of the Portuguese Navy are
similar to those of other nations. The cadre is 393 officers and 3200
men.
The Portuguese fleet is distributed in squadrons at the different
colonial stations, although they do but little cruising. A squadron is
kept in commission at Lisbon, cruising to Madeira and the African coast
in the fall of the year. In addition to the dock-yard there is a Naval
School and Observatory, and a small repair-yard at Oporto. The navy is
recruited by voluntary enlistment.
NAVAL BUDGETS.
TOGETHER WITH THE PROPORTION WHICH THEY BEAR TO THE ENTIRE
EXPENSES OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE CORRESPONDING YEAR.
(IN DOLLARS OF AMERICAN COIN.)
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+===+===========+===
| AUSTRIA. | | BRAZIL. | | DENMARK. | | ENGLAND. |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+---+-----------+---
1875| $5,038,980|¹/₁₁|$10,737,267|¹/₇ |$1,258,180|¹/₁₀|$53,447,020|¹/₇
1876| 4,705,090|¹/₁₂| 11,992,977|¹/₆ | 1,193,700|¹/₁₂| 55,317,245|¹/₇
1877| 4,705,090|¹/₁₂| 5,467,730|¹/₁₁| 1,193,700|¹/₁₂| 56,821,915|¹/₇
1878| 4,805,480|¹/₁₂| 5,467,730|¹/₁₁| 1,323,308|¹/₉ | 54,892,960|¹/₁₁
1879| 4,354,900|¹/₁₆| 6,138,301|¹/₇ | 1,589,418|¹/₈ | 59,811,580|¹/₁₀
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+====+===========+===
| FRANCE. | | GERMANY. | | GREECE. | | HOLLAND. |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---
1875|$27,277,496|¹/₁₉| $4,511,955|¹/₂₂| $360,070|¹/₂₂| $2,617,994|¹/₈
1876| 27,277,496|¹/₁₉| 5,267,120|¹/₁₉| 391,978|¹/₂₀| 2,726,517|¹/₉
1877| 73,253,303|¹/₈ | 7,144,250|¹/₁₉| 422,941|¹/₂₀| 2,781,076|¹/₉
1878| 32,592,387|¹/₁₇| 14,672,671| ¹/₉| 426,941|¹/₂₀| 2,753,677|¹/₉
1879| 32,183,416|¹/₁₇| 11,434,197|¹/₁₂| 749,731|¹/₁₉| 2,627,732|¹/₉
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+====+===========+===
| ITALY. | | JAPAN. | |NORWAY AND| | PORTUGAL. |
| | | | | SWEDEN. | | |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---
1875| $7,468,184|¹/₃₉| $1,800,000|¹/₂₆|$1,526,275|¹/₁₈| $1,468,800|¹/₂₀
1876| 7,543,390|¹/₃₅| 2,700,000|¹/₂₅| 1,725,350|¹/₁₇| 1,554,406|¹/₁₉
1877| 8,326,156|¹/₃₄| 3,549,700|¹/₂₀| 2,204,040|¹/₁₆| 1,878,665|¹/₁₇
1878| 8,870,282|¹/₃₂| 3,217,500|¹/₁₇| 1,944,875|¹/₁₆| 1,876,264|¹/₁₇
1879| 8,864,877|¹/₃₂| 2,636,300|¹/₂₇| 1,896,750|¹/₁₇| 1,952,837|¹/₁₆
====+===========+====+===========+====+==========+====+===========+====
| RUSSIA. | | SPAIN. | | TURKEY. | | UNITED |
| | | | | | | STATES. |
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---
1875|$20,084,813|¹/₂₂| $6,560,355|¹/₁₈|$2,600,000|¹/₃₈|$23,000,000|¹/₁₄
1876| 20,030,705|¹/₂₃| 6,536,235|¹/₁₈| 3,200,000|¹/₃₆| 21,497,626|¹/₁₄
1877| 19,895,028|¹/₂₃| 5,739,806|¹/₂₃| 3,200,000|¹/₃₆| 18,963,310|¹/₁₆
1878| 18,839,706|¹/₂₅| 5,196,955|¹/₂₈| 2,560,000|¹/₂₂| 14,959,935|¹/₁₇
1879| 20,956,465|¹/₂₄| 5,196,955|¹/₂₈| 2,560,000|¹/₂₂| 17,365,301|¹/₁₄
----+-----------+----+-----------+----+----------+----+-----------+---
KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.
=========================================+================+================+=================
| 12 cm. | 15 cm. | 17 cm.
+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
| Of 30 | Of 35 |Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib.| calib. |calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length.|length. |length.| length.| length.|length.
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
Calibre mm| 120 | 120 | 149.1 | 149.1 | 172.6 | 172.6
Total length ”| 3600 |4200 |4470 | 5220 | 5180 | 6040
Length of bore ”| 3275 |3875 |4050 | 4800 | 4695 | 5555
Weight of gun kg| 2015 |2260 |4200 | 4750 | 6700 | 7500
Weight of steel shell ”| 20 | 20 | 38.5 | 38.5 | 60 | 60
Battering charge ”| 9 | 9 | 17 | 17 | 26 | 26
Muzzle-velocity m| 575 | 605 | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
total mt| 337.03| 373.12 | 649 | 718 | 1011.1 | 1119.4
Energy per cm. of circumference ”| 8.94| 9.90 | 13.85| 15.34| 18.18| 20.13
per cm². of cross section ”| 2.98| 3.30 | 3.71| 4.1 | 4.32| 4.78
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ”| 167.2 | 165 | 155 | 151 | 151 | 149
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
of 500 m m| 516.5| 543 | 526.7 | 554 | 533.3 | 560.5
Remaining ” 1000 ” ”| 464.5| 487.5 | 482 | 506.7 | 494.5 | 520
velocity ” 1500 ” ”| 418.5| 438.5 | 442 | 464 | 458.6 | 482
of steel ” 2000 ” ”| 380 | 397 | 406.7 | 426.3 | 425.5 | 447
shell ” 2500 ” ”| 348.5| 362 | 375 | 393 | 397 | 415.8
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
” 500 ” mt| 271.9| 300.5 | 544.4 | 602.3 | 869.7 | 960.8
” 1000 ” ”| 219.9| 242.2 | 455.9 | 503.8 | 747.8 | 826.9
total ” 1500 ” ”| 178.5| 196 | 383.4 | 422.5 | 643.1 | 710.5
” 2000 ” ”| 147.1| 160.7 | 324.59| 356.6 | 553.7 | 611.04
” 2500 ” ”| 123.8| 133.6 | 276 | 303.1 | 482 | 528.7
------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
” 500 ” ”| 7.21| 7.97 | 11.62| 12.86| 15.65| 17.28
per cm. ” 1000 ” ”| 5.83| 6.43 | 9.73| 10.75| 13.45| 14.87
Energy of ” 1500 ” ”| 4.74| 5.20 | 8.18| 9.02| 11.57| 12.78
circumfer- ” 2000 ” ”| 3.90| 4.26 | 6.93| 7.61| 9.96| 10.99
ence ” 2500 ” ”| 3.28| 3.54 | 5.89| 6.47| 8.67| 9.51
------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
” 500 ” ”| 2.40| 2.66 | 3.12| 3.45| 3.72| 4.11
per cm² ” 1000 ” ”| 1.94| 2.14 | 2.61| 2.89| 3.20| 3.53
of cross ” 1500 ” ”| 1.58| 1.73 | 2.20| 2.42| 2.75| 3.04
section ” 2000 ” ”| 1.30| 1.42 | 1.86| 2.04| 2.36| 2.61
” 2500 ” ”| 1.09| 1.18 | 1.58| 1.74| 2.06| 2.26
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
When striking at the muzzle at a | | | | | |
at right angles distance cm| 23.5 | 25.5 | 29.5 | 31.5 | 34 | 37
the steel shell of 500 m ” ”| 20 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 30.5 | 33
penetrates a ” 1000 ” ” ”| 17 | 18.5 | 22.5 | 24.5 | 27 | 29.5
wrought Iron-Plate ” 1500 ” ” ”| 15 | 16 | 20 | 21.5 | 24 | 26
of the following ” 2000 ” ” ”| 13 | 14 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 21.5 | 23.5
thickness ” 2500 ” ” ”| 11 | 12 | 15.5 | 16.5 | 19.5 | 21
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
a distance cm|10 + 18|10 + 20 |15 + 20|15 +22.5|18 + 22 |18 + 25.5
Or two plates of of 500 m ” ”|10 + 14|10 + 16 |15 + 16|15 + 18 |18 + 18 |18 + 21
the following ” 1000 ” ” ”|10 + 11|10 +12.5|15 + 12|15 + 14 |18 +14.5|18 + 17
thickness ” 1500 ” ” ”|10 + 8|10 + 9 |15 + 8|15 + 10 |18 +11 |18 + 13
” 2000 ” ” ”|10 + 5|10 + 6.5|15 + 5|15 + 7 |18 + 7 |18 + 9.5
” 2500 ” ” ”|10 + 3|10 + 4 |15 + 1|15 + 4 |18 + 3.5|18 + 6
-----------------------------------------+-------+--------+-------+--------+--------+---------
KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.—(Continued.)
========================================+=================+=================+==================
| 20 cm. | 21 cm. | 24 cm.
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
| Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length. | length.| length.| length.| length.|length.
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
Calibre mm| 200 | 200 | 209.3 | 209.3 | 240 | 240
Total length ” | 6000 | 7000 | 6280 | 7330 | 7200 | 8400
Length of bore ” | 5425 | 6425 | 5670 | 6720 | 6480 | 7680
Weight of gun kg|11000 |12500 |12500 |14000 |19000 |21500
Weight of steel shell ” | 95 | 95 | 108 | 108 | 160 | 160
Battering charge ” | 40 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 65 | 65
Muzzle-velocity m | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
total mt| 1600 | 1773 | 1820 | 2014.8 | 2700 | 2985
Energy per cm. of circumference ” | 25.5 | 28.25| 27.68| 30.64| 35.8 | 39.6
per cm². of cross section ” | 5.1 | 5.65| 5.29| 5.86| 5.96| 6.6
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ” | 145.5 | 142 | 145.6 | 144 | 142 | 139
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
of 500 m m | 539.5 | 567.5 | 541 | 568.8 | 544 | 572.5
Remaining velocity ” 1000 ” ” | 505 | 532 | 509 | 535.2 | 514.7 | 541.5
of steel ” 1500 ” ” | 474.5 | 498.7 | 479 | 503.3 | 487 | 512.6
shell ” 2000 ” ” | 445.5 | 468 | 451.5 | 473.8 | 461 | 485
” 2500 ” ” | 419 | 439.7 | 426.4 | 447 | 437.5 | 459.3
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” mt| 1409.4 | 1559.5 | 1611.1 |1780.9 | 2415 | 2673
” 1000 ” ” | 1237.4 | 1370.5 | 1426.1 |1576.7 | 2165 | 2391.4
total ” 1500 ” ” | 1090.3 | 1204.3 | 1263 |1394.4 | 1934.2 | 2143
” 2000 ” ” | 961.1 | 1060.6 | 1122.2 |1235.7 | 1732 | 1918.4
” 2500 ” ” | 850.1 | 936.2 | 1000.8 |1099.8 | 1561 | 1720.5
--------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ” | 22.43| 24.82| 24.50| 27.09 | 32.01| 35.45
per cm. ” 1000 ” ” | 19.69| 21.81| 21.69| 23.98 | 28.65| 31.72
Energy of ” 1500 ” ” | 17.35| 19.17| 19.21| 21.26 | 25.65| 28.42
circumference ” 2000 ” ” | 15.30| 16.88| 17.07| 18.79 | 22.99| 25.44
” 2500 ” ” | 13.53| 14.90| 15.22| 16.73 | 20.71| 22.82
--------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ” | 4.49| 4.96| 4.68| 5.18 | 5.34| 5.91
per cm² ” 1000 ” ” | 3.94| 4.36| 4.15| 4.58 | 4.78| 5.29
of cross ” 1500 ” ” | 3.47| 3.83| 3.67| 4.05 | 4.28| 4.74
section ” 2000 ” ” | 3.06| 3.38| 3.26| 3.59 | 3.83| 4.24
” 2500 ” ” | 2.71| 2.98| 2.91| 3.20 | 3.45| 3.80
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
When striking a distance cm| 40.5 | 43.5 | 42 | 45 | 47.5 | 51
at right angles of 500 m ” ”| 36.5 | 39.5 | 38 | 41 | 43.5 | 47
the steel shell ” 1000 ” ” ”| 33 | 36 | 35 | 37.5 | 40 | 43.5
penetrates a ” 1500 ” ” ”| 30 | 32.5 | 31.5 | 34 | 37 | 40
wrought Iron-Plate ” 2000 ” ” ”| 27.5 | 29.5 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 36.5
of the following ” 2500 ” ” ”| 25 | 27 | 26.5 | 28.5 | 31.5 | 34
thickness | | | | | |
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
a distance cm|25 + 23 |25 +26.5|25 +24.5|25 +28.5|30 +26.5|30 + 31
Or two plates of of 500 m ” ”|25 +18.5|25 + 22 |25 + 20 |25 +23.5|30 +21.5|30 + 26
the following ” 1000 ” ” ”|25 + 14 |25 + 18 |25 + 16 |25 +19.5|30 +17.5|30 + 21.5
thickness ” 1500 ” ” ”|25 + 10 |25 + 13 |25 + 12 |25 + 15 |30 + 13 |30 + 17
” 2000 ” ” ”|25 + 5.5|25 + 9 |25 + 8 |25 + 11 |30 + 8.5|30 + 12.5
” 2500 ” ” ”|25 + 0 |25 + 4.5|25 + 4 |25 + 4 |30 + 3.5|30 + 8
----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.—(Continued.)
=======================================+==================+=================+==================
| 26 cm. | 28 cm. | 30½ cm.
+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
| Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length. | length.|length. | length.| length.|length.
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
Calibre mm| 260 | 260 | 280 | 280 | 305 | 305
Total length ”| 7800 | 9100 | 8400 | 9800 | 9150 |10700
Length of bore ”| 7020 | 8320 | 7560 | 8960 | 8220 | 9770
Weight of gun kg|25000 |28100 |33200 |37300 |42900 |48400
Weight of steel shell ”| 205 | 205 | 255 | 255 | 329 | 329
Battering charge ”| 83 | 83 | 103 | 103 | 132 | 132
Muzzle-velocity m| 575 | 605 | 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
total mt| 3454.5 | 3824.4 | 4297 | 4757.3 | 5544.2 | 6137.9
Energy per cm. of circumference ”| 42.29 | 46.82| 48.85| 54.08| 57.86| 64.05
per cm². of cross section ”| 6.51 | 7.20| 6.98| 7.73| 7.59| 8.40
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ”| 138 | 136 | 129.5 | 127.5 | 129 | 127
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
of 500 m m| 546.8 | 575.3 | 548.6 | 577.3 | 550.7 | 579.4
Remaining velocity ” 1000 ” ”| 519.9 | 547 | 523.5 | 550.8 | 527.4 | 554.9
of steel ” 1500 ” ”| 494.4 | 520.1 | 499.4 | 525.5 | 505.1 | 531.5
shell ” 2000 ” ”| 470.1 | 494.6 | 476.5 | 501.4 | 483.8 | 509
” 2500 ” ”| 447 | 470.3 | 454.7 | 478.4 | 463.3 | 487.5
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” mt| 3123.5 | 3458 | 3912 | 4330.8 | 5085.3 | 5629.9
” 1000 ” ”| 2824.1 | 3126.5 | 3561.2 | 3942.5 | 4664.5 | 5164
total ” 1500 ” ”| 2553.5 | 2826.8 | 3242 | 3589.1 | 4278.5 | 4736.7
” 2000 ” ”| 2308.7 | 2556 | 2951.3 | 3267.3 | 3924.4 | 4334.7
” 2500 ” ”| 2087.5 | 2311.3 | 2686.7 | 2974.4 | 3599.6 | 3083
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
per cm. ” 500 ” ”| 38.24 | 42.33| 44.47| 49.23| 49.23| 58.75
of ” 1000 ” ”| 34.57 | 38.28| 40.48| 44.82| 48.68| 53.89
Energy circumfer- ” 1500 ” ”| 31.26 | 34.61| 36.85| 40.80| 44.65| 49.43
ence ” 2000 ” ”| 28.26 | 31.29| 33.55| 37.14| 40.96| 45.34
” 2500 ” ”| 25.56 | 28.29| 30.62| 33.81| 37.57| 41.59
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ”| 5.88 | 6.51| 6.35| 7.03| 6.96| 7.71
per cm² ” 1000 ” ”| 5.32 | 5.89| 5.78| 6.40| 6.38| 7.07
of cross ” 1500 ” ”| 4.81 | 5.32| 5.27| 5.83| 5.86| 6.48
section ” 2000 ” ”| 4.35 | 4.81| 4.79| 5.31| 5.37| 5.95
” 2500 ” ”| 3.93 | 4.35| 4.37| 4.83| 4.82| 5.45
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
When striking a distance cm| 51.5 | 56 | 55.5 | 60 | 60.5 | 65
at right angles of 500 m ” ”| 48 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 56 | 56.5 | 61
the steel shell ” 1000 ” ” ”| 44.5 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 53 | 56.5
penetrates a ” 1500 ” ” ”| 41.5 | 44.5 | 44.5 | 48.5 | 49.5 | 53.5
wrought Iron-Plate ” 2000 ” ” ”| 38 | 41.5 | 41.5 | 45 | 46.5 | 50
of the following ” 2500 ” ” ”| 35.5 | 38 | 38.5 | 42 | 43 | 47
thickness | | | | | |
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | | | |
a distance cm|35 + 26.5|35 +31.5|38 +26.5|38 +32.5|40 + 34 |40 + 37
Or two plates of of 500 m ” ” |35 + 21.5|35 +26.5|38 + 23 |38 + 27 |40 +26.5|40 + 32.5
the following ” 1000 ” ” ” |35 + 17 |35 +21.5|38 + 18 |38 +23.5|40 +21.5|40 + 27.5
thickness ” 1500 ” ” ” |35 + 12.5|35 +17 |38 + 13 |38 +18.5|40 + 17 |40 + 23
” 2000 ” ” ” |35 + 7.5|35 +12.5|38 + 8 |38 +13.5|40 + 13 |40 + 18
” 2500 ” ” |35 + 2 |35 + 7.5|38 + 2.5|38 + 8.5|40 + 7 |40 + 13.5
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+----------
KRUPP’S CAST-STEEL COAST AND NAVAL GUNS OF
30 AND 35 CALIBRES LENGTH.—(Continued.)
=======================================+==================+==================
| 35½ cm. | 40 cm.
+---------+--------+--------+--------
| Of 30 | Of 35 | Of 30 | Of 35
| calib. | calib. | calib. | calib.
|length. | length.|length. | length.
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
Calibre mm| 355 | 355 | 400 | 400
Total length ”|10650 |12400 |12000 | 14000
Length of bore ”| 9510 |11260 |10700 | 12700
Weight of gun kg|68000 |76500 |97200 |109500
Weight of steel shell ”| 525 | 525 | 740 | 740
Battering charge ”| 210 | 210 | 295 | 295
Muzzle-velocity m| 575 | 605 | 575 | 605
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
total mt| 8847 | 9794.5 |12470 | 13805
Energy per cm. of circumference ”| 79.33 | 87.82| 99.23| 109.86
per cm². of cross section ”| 8.94 | 9.90| 9.92| 10.99
per 1000 kg of weight of gun ”| 129 | 127 | 128.5 | 126.5
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
of 500 m m| 554.3 | 583.2 | 556.3 | 585.4
Remaining velocity ” 1000 ” ”| 534.3 | 562.2 | 538.2 | 566.3
of steel ” 1500 ” ”| 515.1 | 542 | 520.8 | 547.9
shell ” 2000 ” ”| 496.6 | 522.5 | 503.8 | 530.1
” 2500 ” ”| 478.7 | 503.6 | 487.5 | 512.9
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” mt| 8221.5 | 9101.8 |11673 | 12923
” 1000 ” ”| 7640.2 | 8458.2 |10927 | 12097
total ” 1500 ” ”| 7099.8 | 7860.2 |10228 | 11323
” 2000 ” ”| 6598 | 7304.3 | 9574.6 | 10599
” 2500 ” ”| 6131.3 | 6787.8 | 8962.6 | 9922.3
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ”| 73.72 | 81.61| 92.89| 102.84
per cm. ” 1000 ” ”| 68.50 | 75.84| 86.95| 96.26
of ” 1500 ” ”| 63.66 | 70.48| 81.40| 90.11
Energy circumfer- ” 2000 ” ”| 59.16 | 65.49| 76.19| 84.35
ence ” 2500 ” ”| 54.97 | 60.86| 71.32| 78.96
-------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
” 500 ” ”| 8.31 | 9.20| 9.29| 10.28
per cm² ” 1000 ” ”| 7.72 | 8.55| 8.70| 9.63
of cross ” 1500 ” ”| 7.17 | 7.94| 8.14| 9.01
section ” 2000 ” ”| 6.67 | 7.38| 7.62| 8.44
” 2500 ” ”| 6.19 | 6.86| 7.13| 7.90
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | |
When striking a distance cm| 70.5 | 76.5 | 79 | 85.5
at right angles of 500 m ” ”| 67 | 72.5 | 75 | 81
the steel shell ” 1000 ” ” ”| 63.5 | 68.5 | 71.5 | 77
penetrates a ” 1500 ” ” ”| 60 | 64.5 | 68 | 73
wrought Iron-Plate ” 2000 ” ” ”| 57 | 61 | 65 | 70
of the following ” 2500 ” ” ”| 54 | 58 | 62 | 66.5
thickness | | | |
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
at the muzzle at | | | |
a distance cm|50 + 34 |50 +40.5|60 +32.5|60 + 41
of 500 m ” ”|50 + 29 |50 +35.5|60 +27.5|60 + 35.5
Or two plates of ” 1000 ” ” ”|50 + 24 |50 +30.5|60 +22.5|60 + 30.5
the following ” 1500 ” ” ”|50 + 19 |50 + 26 |60 +17.5|60 + 25.5
thickness ” 2000 ” ” ”|50 + 14.5|50 + 21 |60 + 12 |60 + 20
” 2500 ” ” ”|50 + 9 |50 + 16 |60 + 5.5|60 + 15
---------------------------------------+---------+--------+--------+---------
INDEX.
Alabama and Hatteras, duel, 170
Kearsarge, ” , 171
Architectural Development—Unarmored fleets, 361
Conditions affecting English, 361
French, 362
United States, 362
Chart of, 372
Armored fleets, 386
Argentine Confederation Fleets, Table of, 3
Description of, 4
Ordnance, Description of, 180
Type of small-arms used, 311
Personnel, 399
Armor—Table of penetration of English guns, 319
French ” , 321
German ” , 320
Krupp’s new long guns, 435
Application of, 395
Armstrong Breech-loaders, Table of measurements of, 182
Description of, 193, 194
Muzzle-loaders, Description of, 192-194
Projectiles, 209
Fuses, 211
Grooves, 192
Assaults—Fort Sumter, 160
” Fisher, 160
Corean Forts, 161
Assimilated Rank—Grades of Austrian officers, 402
Brazilian officers, 406
English officers, 410
French officers, 416
United States officers, 431
Atlanta and Weehawken, duel, 171
Austrian Fleets, Armored, Table of, 5
General-service, Table of, 9
Armored vessels, Ratios of elements, 390
Ordnance, Table of, 177
Description of, 180
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 400
Names of grades, 400
Inscription and instruction, 401
Relative rank, 402
Cadre, 400
Austrian cruising stations, 405
Budgets, 434
Bellerophon, Construction of iron hull of, 382
Boat-carriages—English, 197
French, 235
German, 263
United States, 289
Bombardments—Callao, 149
Danube Earthworks, 149
Fort Darling, 142
Donelson, 142
Fisher, 147
Henry, 140
Hindman, 144
Jackson and St. Philip, 152
McAllister, 147
Sumter, 151
Wagner, 146
Grand Gulf Earthworks, 144
Hatteras Inlet, 139
Hilton Head, 140
Kagosima, 146
Roanoke Island, 141
Simonoseki, 145
Bouvet and Meteor, duel, 172
Brazil, Construction of iron hull of, 380
Brazilian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 10
Description of, 11
Unarmored, Table of, 12
Ordnance, Description of, 180
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 405
Grades and relative rank, 406
Cadre, 407
Cruising stations, 407
Budget, 434
Breech-loaders—Armstrong, 193
French, model 1870, 225
model 1864, 228
Finspong, 276
German, 244
Krupp’s new long guns,
table of measurements, 435
United States, 285
Whitworth, 218
Breech Mechanism—Armstrong, original, 193
improved, 195
French, model 1870, 226
model 1864, 229
Hotchkiss revolving cannon, 306
Gatling machine-gun, 309
Krupp cylindro-prismatic, 246
Small-arms, 311
United States, 287
Whitworth, 218
Brooks’s torpedo for harbor defence, 345
Brookwell broadside gun-carriage, 250
Cadre—Argentine Navy, 399
Austrian ” , 400
Brazilian ” , 407
Chilian ” , 407
Danish ” , 433
Dutch ” , 422
English ” , 411
French ” , 417
German ” , 419
Greek ” , 433
Italian ” , 424
Japanese ” , 425
Norwegian ” , 426
Portuguese ” , 433
Russian ” , 426
Spanish ” , 428
Swedish ” , 426
Turkish ” , 429
United States ” , 432
Cartridges—English, 207
French, 236
Charleston blockaders, Dash at, 166
Chart of architectural development, 372
Chilian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 13
Description of, 13
General-service, Table of, 13
Ordnance, Description of, 181
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 407
Cadre, 407
Chinese Fleet, Table of, 16
Description of, 16
Ordnance, Description of, 181
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, 408
Compressors—Elswick, 201
Bow, 202
English hydraulic, 203-206
French friction, 231
Brookwell, 250
Vavasseur, 220
German hydraulic, 257-263
United States boat-carriage, 289
central recoil-check, 295
hydraulic, 296
Ericsson’s friction, 296
turret-carriage, 298
English wooden slide-carriage, 196
German boat-carriage, 264
Construction, Ship, Development of, 373
Wooden, 374
Diagonal, 375
Composite, 377
Iron, 379
Iron sheathed with wood, 384
Iron hull of Brazil, 380
Warrior, 381
Bellerophon, 382
Hercules, 383
Invincible, 383
Gun—Palliser, 217
Armstrong, 192
Whitworth, 218
Vavasseur, 219
Woolwich, 186
Krupp, 244
Finspong, 276
American smooth-bore, 283
Uchatius, 180
American converted, 285
French, 225
Cruising Stations, Squadron—Argentine, 400
Austrian, 405
Brazilian, 407
Dutch, 422
English, 412
French, 417
Italian, 424
Russian, 426
Spanish, 429
United States, 432
Dashes—Passes of the Mississippi, 165
Vicksburg (Arkansas passing
Farragut’s fleet), 166
Charleston blockading fleet, 166
Monitor and Merrimac, 170
Alabama and Hatteras, 170
Weehawken and Atlanta, 171
Kearsarge and Alabama, 171
Meteor and Bouvet, 172
Denmark Fleet, Armored, 17
General-service, 18
Ordnance, Description of, 181
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 433
Budgets, 434
Directing-bar Carriage—French, 234
United States, 293
Distinguishing marks of English projectiles, 216
Distribution of armor, 395
Elevating-gear—Woolwich rack and pinion, 201
boat-gun, 197
hydraulic, 205
French, 231, 233, 234
German rack and pinion, 252
boat-gun, 250
United States boat-gun, 289
breech-loader, 293
smooth-bore, 293
Hotchkiss revolving cannon, 306
Gatling machine-gun, 308
English Fleet, Armored, Table of, 20
Description of, 23
Fast cruisers, Table of, 36
Description of, 42
General-service, Table of, 48
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 182
Description of, 186
Types and calibres of, 317
Revolving turret, 358
Conditions affecting architectural development, 361
Ratios of elements of iron-clad vessels, 390
English Personnel—Departmental organization, 408
Dock-yards, 409
Enlistment, 409
Grades and relative rank, 410
Coast-guard, 411
Cadre, 411
Royal Naval College, 411
Gunnery and torpedo instruction, 411
Naval reserve, 411
Probationary course of young officers, 412
Indian navy, 412
Cruising stations, 412
Budgets, 434
Ericsson—Torpedo vessel, 338
Development of Monitor, 386
Turret gun-carriage, 298
Broadside slide-carriage, 297
Revolving turret, 357
Field-carriages—United States, 289
English, 196
French, 236
German, 264
Finspong breech-loader, 276
Fleets—Architectural development of armored, 389
unarmored, 361
Argentine, 3
Austrian, 5
Brazilian, 10
Chilian, 13
Chinese, 16
Danish, 17
Dutch, 84
English, 20
French, 51
German, 73
Greek, 82
Italian, 90
Japanese, 96
Norwegian, 99
Peruvian, 103
Portuguese, 104
Russian, 106
Spanish, 116
Swedish, 99
Turkish, 121
United States, 128
French Fleet, Armored, Table of, 51
Description of, 55
Rapid cruisers, Table of, 62
Description of, 65
General-service, Table of, 70
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 221
Description of, 225
Types and calibres of, 317
Towing torpedo, 333
Revolving turret, 359
Barbette fixed turret, 360
Conditions affecting architectural development, 362
Ratio of elements of iron-clad vessels, 390
Wooden hulls, superiority over English iron ones, 392
Personnel—Departmental organization, 412
Maritime prefectures, 414
Enlistment and inscription, 415
Grades and assimilated rank, 416
Official reports, 416
Promotion, 417
Cadre, 417
Cruising stations, 417
Budgets, 434
Fuses—Boxer time, 211
Armstrong time, 211
Pettman percussion, 212
French percussion, 238
time, 238
German percussion, 266
Krupp time, 267
United States Navy time, 302
Bormann time, 303
Boxer time, 303
Schenkl percussion, 304
Torpedo time, 347
McEvoy’s time, 347
percussion, 348
Hill’s chemical, 348
friction, 348
sulphuric-acid, 349
Harvey’s chemical, 349
electric, 349
Gas-checks—Woolwich projectile, 210
French, 227-229
Armstrong, original, 194
improved, 195
Broadwell, 246-248
Gatling machine-gun, 308
General Actions—Memphis, 163
Heligoland, 163
Lissa, 164
Point Tetas, 173
German Fleets, Armored, Table of, 73
Description of, 75
Fast cruisers, Table of, 80
General-service, Table of, 81
Ordnance, Table of measurements, 241
Description of, 244
Types and calibres of, 317
Ratios of elements of iron-clad vessels, 390
Personnel—Departmental organization, 418
Inscription, 419
Cadre, 419
Grades, 419
Fleet divisions, 421
Budgets, 434
Grades—Officers of navy of Argentine Confederation, 399
Austria, 400
Brazil, 406
England, 410
France, 416
Germany, 419
Holland, 421
Italy, 422
Spain, 427
United States, 431
Grand Gulf, Bombardment of earthworks of, 144
Greek Fleet, Table of, 82
Description of, 83
Ordnance, Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 317
Departmental organization, 433
Budgets, 434
Grooves—French, 187
French modified, 187
Woolwich, 187
English plain, 187
Armstrong, for breech-loader, 192
shunt, 192
French, model 1870, 228
Krupp, 245
Parrott, 288
Dahlgren, 288
Whitworth, 219
Guns—Muzzle-loaders: Woolwich, 186
English converted, 189
Armstrong, 192-194
French, 229
United States smooth-bore, 283
converted, 285
Parrott, 285
Breech-loaders: Armstrong, original, 193
improved, 195
French, model 1870, 225
model 1864-1871, 228
Krupp, government pattern, 244
new long, 435
Finspong, 276
United States, 287
Penetration of English, in armor targets, 319
German, ” ” , 320
French, ” ” , 321
Krupp’s new long, 435
Gun-carriages—Field: English, 196
French, 236
German, 264
United States, 289
Boat: English, 197
French, 235
German, 263
United States, 289
Turret: English, 203
French, 232
German, 263
Razkazoff depression, 279
Ericsson’s, 298
Broadside: French slide, 230
directing-bar, 234
Vavasseur, 220
German Brookwell, 249
slide, 254
German half-slide, 259
United States Marsilly, 292
directing-bar, 293
slide, 296
Ericsson’s slide, 296
United States friction-drum, 299
Mitrailleuse: French, 236
Hotchkiss, 306
Gatling, 308
French centre pivot, 233
German ” ” , 260
United States pivot, 295
Gun-locks—United States cannon, 305
Gatling, 309
Gunpowder—English, 206
French, 236
German, 265
United States, 299
Harvey towing torpedo, 331
Hatteras Inlet, Bombardment of, 139
Heligoland, Action off, 163
Hercules, Construction of iron hull of, 383
Herreshoff torpedo-boat, 341
Hilton Head, Bombardment of, 140
Holland Fleet, Armored, Table of, 84
Description of, 86
Unarmored, Table of, 88
Ordnance, Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel—Departmental organization, 421
Grades, 421
Cadre, 422
Cruising stations, 422
Budgets, 434
Hotchkiss machine-gun, 305
projectiles, 306
magazine rifle, 315
Hydraulic Compressors—English, 203-206
German, 257-263
United States, 296
Loading apparatus, English, 205
Gun-lift, English, 205
Inscription, Maritime—Austrian, 401
French, 415
German, 419
Italian, 423
Japanese, 425
Spanish, 429
Invincible, Construction of iron hull of, 383
Iron-clads _versus_ wooden vessels
Hampton Roads, 167
Roanoke River, 167
Albemarle Sound, 168
Black Sea, 168
Ylo, 169
Iquique Harbor, 169
Italian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 90
Description of, 91
Fast cruisers, Table of, 94
General-service, Table of, 95
Italian Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 269
Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 317
Personnel—Departmental organization, 422
Grades, 422
Inscription, 423
Cadre, 424
Budgets, 434
Japanese Fleets, Armored, Table of, 96
Description of, 97
Unarmored, Table of, 97
Ordnance, Description of, 272
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 424
Dock-yards, 424
Cadre, 425
Inscription and enlistment, 425
Budgets, 434
Kagosima, Bombardment of, 146
Kearsarge and Alabama, duel, 171
Krupp Guns—Standard German, Measurements of, 242
New long guns of 30 to 35 calibres, 435
Description of standard German, 244
Groove, 245
Lay’s torpedo, 329
Lewis’s torpedo, 343
Lissa, Battle of, 164
Loading-gear, English hydraulic, 205
Loading-plate—French, 239
German, 249
United States, 287
Machine-guns—Gatling, 308
Hotchkiss, 305
Nordenfeldt, 276
Palmcrantz, 276
Marine Infantry and Artillery—Argentine, 399
Brazilian, 407
Chilian, 407
Dutch, 422
English, 411
French, 417
German, 420
Italian, 424
Spanish, 428
Turkish, 429
United States, 432
Memphis, Action off, 163
Menzing towing-torpedo, 333
Meteor and Bouvet, duel, 172
Mitrailleuse, French, 230
Monitor and Merrimac, duel, 170
Muzzle-loading Guns—Woolwich, 186
Armstrong, 192
Whitworth, 218
Vavasseur, 219
French, 229
United States smooth-bore, 283
rifles, 285
Nipping-gear, Scott’s, 202
French, 233
German, 255
Vavasseur, 220
Nordenfeldt machine-gun, 276
Norwegian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 99
Description of, 100
Unarmored, Table of, 101
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 273
Description of, 276
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 425
Enlistment, 425
Cadre, 426
Budgets, 434
Ordnance—Argentine, 180
Austrian, 177, 317
Brazilian, 180, 317
Chilian, 181, 317
Chinese, 181, 317
Danish, 181, 317
Dutch, 272, 317
English, 182, 317
French, 221, 317
German, 241, 317
Greek, 272, 317
Italian, 269, 317
Japanese, 272, 318
Norwegian, 273, 318
Peruvian, 279, 318
Portuguese, 279, 318
Russian, 277, 318
Spanish, 280, 318
Swedish, 273, 318
Turkish, 280, 318
United States, 281, 318
Palliser gun-construction, 217
projectiles, 208
Palmcrantz machine-gun, 276
Passage of Forts—Jackson and St. Philip, 154
Vicksburg (up stream), 156
(down stream), 159
Port Hudson Earthworks, 156
Morgan, 157
Passes of the Mississippi, dash, 165
Penetration of Armor—English guns, 319
French ” , 321
German ” , 320
Krupp’s new 30 and 35 calibre guns, 435
Personnel—Argentine Confederation, 399
Austrian, 400
Brazilian, 405
Chilian, 407
Chinese, 408
Danish, 433
Dutch, 421
English, 408
French, 412
German, 418
Greek, 433
Italian, 422
Japanese, 424
Norwegian, 425
Peruvian, 433
Portuguese, 433
Russian, 426
Spanish, 427
Swedish, 425
Turkish, 429
United States, 430
Peruvian Fleet, Description of, 103
Ordnance, Description of, 279
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel, Departmental organization of, 433
Point Tetas, Action off, 173
Portuguese Fleet—Armored corvette, 104
Unarmored fleet, Table of, 105
Ordnance, Description of, 279
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 433
Cadre, 433
Cruising stations, 433
Budgets, 434
Primers—English friction, 212
electric, 213
French percussion, 239
friction, 239
German friction, 267
United States percussion, 304
friction, 304
Projectiles—Distinguishing marks of English, 216
Woolwich, 208
Palliser, 209
Armstrong segment, 209
German ” , 265
Whitworth, 219
French, 237
German, 265
United States, 299
Hotchkiss, 306
Ratios of elements of iron-clad vessels, Table of, 390
Razkazoff depression gun-carriage, 279
Roanoke Island, Bombardment of, 141
Russian Fleet, Armored, Table of, 106
Description of, 108
General-service, Table of, 112
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 277
Description of, 279
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 426
Inscription, 426
Fleet divisions, 426
Budgets, 434
Scott’s gun-carriage, 200
nipping-gear, 202
Sights—English, 213
French, 239
German, 267
United States, 305
Simonoseki, Bombardment of, 145
Singer’s torpedo for harbor defence, 346
Slides—English upper-deck gun, 198
ordinary broadside, 199
heavy broadside, 200
turret, 205
French ordinary broadside, 232
heavy broadside, 231
barbette turret, 232, 360
centre pivot, 234
German broadside, 251
heavy pivot, 257
half ” , 259
centre ” , 260
United States ordinary pivot, 295
heavy broadside, 296
turret, 298
Slide-rollers—French, 232
German, 255
Small-arms—Snider, 311
Tabatière, 311
Krnka, 312
Springfield, 312
Peabody-Martini, 313
Werndl, 313
Mauser, 314
Le Gras, 314
Berdan, 315
Hotchkiss magazine, 315
Remington, 315
Spanish Fleet, Armored, Table of, 116
Description of, 117
Unarmored, Table of, 118
Description of, 120
Ordnance, Description of, 280
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 427
Grades, 427
Cadre, 428
Inscription, 429
Cruising stations, 429
Budgets, 434
Sumter, Bombardment of, 151
Assault of, 160
Swedish Fleet, Armored, Table of, 99
Description of, 100
Unarmored, Table of, 101
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 273
Description of, 276
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 425
Enlistment, 425
Cadre, 426
Budgets, 434
Thorneycroft torpedo-boat, 339
Torpedoes—Whitehead, 325
Lay, 329
Harvey towing, 331
Menzing ” , 333
French towing, 333
American spar, 334
Wood and Lay’s spar, 335
Lewis’s drifting, 343
Frame, 345
Brooks’s channel, 345
Singer’s ” , 346
Barrel ” , 346
Clearing channels of, 350
Torpedo Boats—Thorneycroft, 339
Yarrow, 340
Herreshoff, 341
Submarine, 343
Launches, 342
Vessels—Pietro Micca, 94, 336
Rau, 102, 337
Vesuvius, 47, 337
Ziethen, 337
Uzreef, 337
Alarm, 130, 337
Intrepid, 129, 338
Destroyer, 338
Uhlan, 339
Fuses—Time, 347
McEvoy’s time, 347
Hill’s, 348
McEvoy’s percussion, 348
Friction, 348
Sulphuric-acid, 349
Harvey’s, 349
Electric, 349
Actions—Shah and Huascar, 351
Russian boats off Batoum, 351
Constantine and Turkish vessel, 352
Cushing’s attack on Albemarle, 352
Russian attack on Duba Saife, 352
at Sulina, 352
Rustchuk, 353
Soukum Kaleh, 353
Confederate attack on Minnesota, 353
Housatonic, 353
Training-gear—German windlass, 253
for cabin carriage, 254
heavy slides, 256
English windlass, 200
rack and pinion, 200
French rack and pinion, 231
barbette slide, 232
centre pivot, 234
United States rack and pinion, 296
Turkish Fleet, Armored, Table of, 121
Description of, 123
Unarmored, Table of, 125
Ordnance, Description of, 280
Types and calibres of, 318
Personnel—Departmental organization, 429
Inscription, 429
Cadre, 429
Budget, 434
Turret—United States monitor, 357
English revolving, 358
French ” , 359
barbette, 360
Carriages: French, 232
English, 203
German, 263
United States, 298
Uchatius gun-construction, 180
United States Fleet, Armored, Table of, 128
Description of, 129
Unarmored, Table of, 131
Description of, 134
Ordnance, Table of measurements of, 281
Description of, 283
Types and calibres of, 318
Conditions affecting architectural development, 362
Ratios of elements of monitor Onondaga, 391
Monitor turret, 357
Personnel—Departmental organization, 430
Dock-yards, 430
Grades and assimilated rank, 431
Cadre, 432
Enlistment, 432
Cruising station, 432
Budgets, 434
Spar-torpedo, 334
Vavasseur construction, 219
compressor, 220
nipping-gear, 220
Vents—French, 227
Armstrong B. L., 193
German, 248
United States, 287
Vent-guards, French, 240
Vicksburg, Dash of the Arkansas past Farragut’s fleet, 166
Wads—English papier maché, 210
French sea-weed, 238
Warrior, Construction of iron hull of, 381
Weehawken and Atlanta, duel, 171
Whitehead torpedo, 325
Whitworth gun-construction, 218
groove, 219
projectiles, 219
breech mechanism, 218
Windlass for in and out gear—English, 200
German, 253
Wood scale, English, 213, 216
Woolwich—Description of guns, 186
Measurements of guns, 182
Groove, 187
Projectiles, 208
Yarrow torpedo-boat, 340