by ROBERT E. RITZENTHALER
Curator of Anthropology
[Illustration: {uncaptioned}]
On the sentinel-like mesas in the semi-desert land of northeastern
Arizona dwell some 3,500 of one of our most colorful Indian tribes of
today, the Hopi. Living in their traditional adobe, multi-storied
“apartment houses,” called “Pueblos,” they practice many of their old
ways and customs, and remain one of the tribes least affected by the
white man. Agriculturalists they were and agriculturalists they are,
filling the fields at the base of the mesas, raising corn, beans, and
squash, but above all, corn. In this area where land is good, but
moisture is all-important, the Hopi have developed a religion much
concerned with prayers and ceremonies to bring rain and good crops.
During the Snake Dance, for example, snakes are held in the mouths of
the dancers and then released into the desert as messengers to the gods
to inform them that the Hopi need rain.
Less widely known to the world than the Snake Dance, but very important
to the Hopi as a spiritual means of petitioning for rain, good weather,
bountiful crops, and other blessings, is the Kachina cult. The Hopi
believe that the Kachinas are a band of supernatural beings who live in
the nearby mountains and pay visits to the villages at intervals during
the first half of each year. At these times the men don the masks and
costumes representing particular Kachinas, and perform dances and
ceremonies in their honor. By wearing these costumes the men not only
physically impersonate the Kachinas, but also assume their spirits. The
dances and ceremonies take place both in the underground chambers,
called kivas, where only men are allowed, and out on the village plazas
where all may watch. During the latter, the dancers follow the leader in
single file to the plaza where they line up facing east. The leader, at
the center, begins the singing to the rhythm of his rattle; then the
others join in, and the dancing begins. For the next song the dancers
face north, then west, after which they distribute gifts, usually a bow
and arrow for a boy and a Kachina doll for a girl. They then retire to a
secluded area to unmask, relax, and prepare for the next set of songs
and dances.
In some of the dances 30 or 40 men will be dressed alike; in others a
variety of Kachinas participate. Besides the serious dances there are
humorous ones put on by clowns, or “mudheads” as they are popularly
called. The mudheads are distinguished by their distinctive, mud-colored
masks and provoke much laughter with their impromptu pranks and
burlesquing of both Indian and white man, and even of the Kachina
dances.
While the term “Kachina” refers to the mythological beings, and to the
masked dancers who impersonate them, it is also used to refer to the
dolls, which are miniature but accurate reproductions of them. Kachina
dolls are made by the men to be given to the girls during the Kachina
ceremonies. Children eagerly await the Giver Kachina, the counterpart of
our Santa Claus, who wears a blue mask and carries a bundle of gifts on
his back. His arrival is announced by a herald stationed on a roof top.
He passes among the crowd distributing gifts to the children, such as
candy, bows and arrows, and the especially desired Kachina dolls. Each
girl receives at least one, and some may receive as many as a half
dozen. They are played with as dolls, often being carried about in
miniature cradles. They also, however, serve a useful purpose in
acquainting the Hopi children with the names, kinds, details of
costumes, and religious lore of the Kachinas. In a very real sense,
then, they are the educational toys of the Hopi. The dolls are never
worshipped and are not to be considered idols, but rather serve as
constant reminders of the Kachinas, especially during the summer and
fall when the Kachinas have returned to their mountain home. They are
handled and carried about the village by the girls, but for the most
part they will be seen hanging from the walls or rafters of the pueblo
rooms.
The dolls described in this booklet are but a few of the many types. Not
even the Hopi can tell you how many different Kachinas there are, but
their number has been estimated at 250. Only about 200 are in current
use, and these change with the years as new ones are added, and others
disappear from usage.