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_INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION SERIES_
THE MIND OF THE CHILD
PART II
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE INTELLECT
_OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING
THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN BEING
IN THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE_
BY
W. PREYER
PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN JENA
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GERMAN
BY H. W. BROWN
TEACHER IN THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT WORCESTER, MASS.
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1895
COPYRIGHT, 1889,
BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
EDITOR'S PREFACE.
This second volume contains the further investigations of Professor
Preyer on the mind of the child. The former volume contained the first
and second portions, devoted respectively to the development of the
senses and of the will. The present volume contains the third part,
treating of the development of the intellect; and three appendixes are
added containing supplementary matter.
Professor Preyer considers that the development of the power of using
language is the most prominent index to the unfolding of the intellect.
He differs with Professor Max Mueller, however, on the question whether
the operation of thinking can be carried on without the use of words
(see the recent elaborate work of the latter on "The Science of
Thought").
At my suggestion, the painstaking translator of this book has prepared
a full conspectus, showing the results of Professor Preyer's careful
observations in a chronological order, arranged by months. This
considerable labor will render the book more practical, inasmuch as it
will enable each reader to see at a glance the items of development of
the child in the several departments brought together in epochs. This
makes it possible to institute comparative observations under the
guidance of Professor Preyer's method. I think that I do not exaggerate
the value of this conspectus when I say that it doubles the value of the
work to the reader.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS.
CONCORD, MASS., _November, 1888_.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE BY THE EDITOR v
CONSPECTUS SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF THE CHILD BY MONTHS ix
THIRD PART.
_DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECT._
CHAPTER
XVI.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD'S INTELLECT INDEPENDENT
OF LANGUAGE 3
XVII.--LEARNING TO SPEAK 33
1. Disturbances of Speech in Adults 34
(1) Periphero-Impressive or Perceptive Disturbances, 36.
(2) Central Disturbances, 37.
(3) Periphero-Expressive or Articulatory Disturbances, 38.
2. The Organic Conditions of Learning to Speak 42
3. Parallel between the Disturbances of Speech in
Adults and the Imperfections of Speech in the Child 45
I. Lalopathy, 47.
A. The Impressive Peripheral Processes
disturbed--Deafness, 47.
B. The Central Processes disturbed--Dysphasia, 47.
(1) The Sensory Processes centrally disturbed, 47.
(2) The Sensori-motor Processes of Diction
disturbed, 48.
(3) The Motor Processes centrally disturbed, 49.
C. The Expressive Peripheral Processes disturbed, 54.
(1) Dyslalia and Alalia, 54.
(2) Literal Pararthria or Paralalia, 56.
(3) Bradylalia, or Bradyarthria, 57.
II. Dysphasia, 58.
III. Dysmimia, 62.
4. Development of Speech in the Child 64
XVIII.--FIRST SOUNDS AND BEGINNINGS OF SPEECH IN THE CASE OF A
CHILD OBSERVED DAILY DURING HIS FIRST THREE YEARS 99
XIX.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEELING OF SELF, THE "I"-FEELING 189
XX.--SUMMARY OF RESULTS 208
APPENDIXES.
APPENDIX A.--Comparative Observations concerning the Acquirement
of Speech by German and Foreign Children 221
(_a_) Diary of the Child of the Baroness von Taube, of
Esthonia, 261.
APPENDIX B.--Notes concerning Lacking, Defective, and Arrested
Mental Development in the First Years of Life 272
APPENDIX C.--Reports concerning the Process of Learning
to See, on the part of Persons born blind, but acquiring
Sight through Surgical Treatment. Also some Critical
Remarks 286
I. The Chesselden Case, 286.
II, III. The Ware Cases, 288.
IV, V. The Home Cases, 296.
VI. The Wardrop Case, 300.
VII. The Franz Case, 306.
Final Remarks, 312.
A CONSPECTUS OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF PROFESSOR PREYER ON THE MIND OF THE
CHILD.
ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY BY MONTHS, FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF THOSE WHO
WISH TO VERIFY THESE OBSERVATIONS, OR TO USE THEM AS A GUIDE IN THEIR
OWN INVESTIGATIONS.
BY H. W. BROWN.
FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.[A]
SIGHT.--_Light._--Five minutes after birth, slight sensibility to light
(2). Second day, sensitiveness to light of candle (3). Sixth and seventh
days, pleasure in moderately bright daylight (3, 4). Ninth and tenth
days, sensitiveness greater at waking than soon afterward (3). Sleeping
babes close the eyes more tightly when light falls on the eyes (4).
Eleventh day, pleasure in light of candle and in bright object (3).
_Discrimination of Colors._--Twenty-third day, pleasure in sight of
rose-colored curtain (6).
_Movements of Eyelids._--First to eleventh day, shutting and opening of
eyes (22). Irregular movements (23). Lid closed at touch of lashes from
sixth day on (26). Twenty-fifth day, eyes opened and shut when child is
spoken to or nodded to (30).
Pleasure shown by opening eyes wide, displeasure by shutting them
tightly; third, sixteenth, and twenty-first days (31).
_Movements of Eyes._--First day, to right and left (35). Tenth day,
non-cooerdinated movements (36). Third week, irregularity prevails (37).
_Direction of Look._--Eleventh day, to father's face and to the light
(43). Upward look (43). Twenty-third day, active looking begins (44).
Twenty-third and thirtieth days, a moving light followed (44).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Twelfth day, hypermetropia (60).
HEARING.--First days, all children deaf (72). Fourth day, child hears
noises like clapping of hands (81). Eleventh and twelfth days, child
quieted by father's voice: hears whistling. Twenty-fifth day, pulsation
of lids at sound of low voice. Twenty-sixth day, starting at noise of
dish. Thirtieth day, fright at loud voice (82).
FEELING.--_Sensitiveness to Contact._--At birth (97-105). Second and
third days, starting at gentle touches. Seventh day, waked by touch on
face (105). Eleventh day, lid closed at touch of conjunctiva more slowly
than in adults (103).
_Perception of Touch._--First gained in nursing (110).
_Sensibility to Temperature._--At birth, cooling unpleasant. Warm bath
agreeable. Seventh day, eyes opened wide with pleasure from bath (112).
First two or three years, cold water disagreeable (114). Mucous membrane
of mouth, tongue, lips, very sensitive to cold and warmth (115).
TASTE.--_Sensibility._--At birth (116-118). First day, sugar licked
(118). Second day, milk licked (119). Differences among newly-born
(120). Sensation not merely general (122).
_Comparison of Impressions._--During nursing period child prefers sweet
taste (123). Second day, child accepts food that on the fourth he
refuses (124).
SMELL.--_Faculty at Birth._--Strong-smelling substances produce mimetic
movements (130).
_Discrimination._--Eighth day, groping about for nipple (134).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--_Pleasure._--First day, in nursing; in
the bath; in the sight of objects; in the light (141).
_Discomfort._--First days, from cold, wet, hunger, tight clothing, etc.
(147).
_Hunger._--First days, manifested in sucking movements, crying,
restlessness (152). Cry differs from that of pain or of satisfaction.
Other signs of hunger (153).
_Satiety._--Third to fifth week, the nipple pushed away with the lips:
mouth-piece of bottle ditto. Tenth day, smile after eating. Fourth week,
signs of satisfaction; laughing, opening and half shutting eyes;
inarticulate sounds (157).
_Fatigue._--From crying and nursing (159). Second and third weeks, from
use of senses (160). First month, sleep lasts two hours; sixteen of the
twenty-four hours spent in sleep (162).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Outstretching and bending of arms and legs just
after birth; contractions, spreading and bending of fingers (205).
Grimaces (207). Wrinkling of forehead (309). First day, arms and legs
take same position as before birth (206). Second week, stretching of
limbs after waking (205).
_Reflex Movements._--In case of light-impressions (34-42). First cry
(213). Sneezing of newly-born (214). Coughing, ditto. (216). Seventh
day, yawning (215). First day, spreading of toes when sole of foot is
touched (224). First day, hiccough (219). First five days, choking
(218). Wheezing, yawning (215). Seventh day, respiration irregular
(217). Ninth day, clasping (243). Tenth day, lips protruded (283).
Fourteenth day, movement of left hand toward left temple (220).
Twenty-fourth day, snoring (215).
_Instinctive Movements._--First to third day, hands to face. Fifth day,
fingers clasp firmly; toes do not. Sixth day, hands go into eye (244).
Seventh day, pencil held with toes, but no seizing. Ninth day, no
clasping by sleeping child (245). Sucking (257-261). At end of first
week, lateral movements of head (264). Third week, clasping with
fingers, not with thumb (245).
_Expressive Movements._--Twenty-sixth day, smile of contentment (296).
Twenty-third day, tears flow (307). Crying, with tears, and whimpering,
become signs of mental states (308).
INTELLECT.[B]
Memory first active in the departments of taste and of smell; then in
touch, sight, hearing (5). Comparison of tastes (I, 123). Vowel-sounds
in first month (67). Sounds in first six months (74). Sounds made in
crying and screaming, _u-ae_ (101). Twenty-second day, association of
the breast with nursing (I, 260).
FOOTNOTES:
[A] Under "Senses" and "Will" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages
in Vol. I.
[B] Under "Intellect" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages from
Vol. II, unless otherwise stated.
SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Light._--Bright or highly-colored objects give pleasure (4).
_Discrimination of Colors._--Forty-second day, pleasure in sight of
colored tassels (7).
_Movements of Eyelids._--Fifth week, irregular movements of lids. Eighth
week, lid covering iris (23). Twenty-fifth day, opening and shutting
eyes in surprise (30). Fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth days, winking.
Sixtieth day, quick opening and shutting in fright (26).
_Movements of Eyes._--Thirty-first day, strabismus rare. Forty-sixth to
fiftieth day, very rare. Fifty-fifth day, irregular movements rare, but
appearing in sleep till the sixtieth day (37).
_Direction of Look._--Fifth week, toward the Christmas-tree (45).
Thirty-ninth day, toward tassels swinging (46). Seventh week, moving
lamp or bright object followed (45).
HEARING.--Fifth week, child does not sleep if persons walk or speak.
Starting at noises. Sixth week, starting at slight noises even in sleep;
quieted by mother's singing. Seventh week, fright at noise is greater
(83). Sensibility to musical tones, ditto. Eighth week, tones of piano
give pleasure (84).
TOUCH.--Thirty-eighth day, movements caused by touch of water (107).
Forty-first day, reflex movement of arms caused by a general slight
agitation (105, 106). Fiftieth and fifty-fifth days, closing of eyelid
at touch of eyelash (103). Seventh week, upper lip sensitive (100).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in musical sounds (141); in
sight of human face (142). Reflexive laughing (145). Sixth week,
fretfulness and hunger (155). Eighth week, fatigue after hearing
piano-playing (160). Sleep of three, sometimes of five or six hours
(162).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Of eyes before waking, also twistings and
raisings of trunk (206). Seventh week, number of respirations
twenty-eight to the minute (217).
_Reflex Movements._--Of right arm at touch of left temple (220).
Forty-third day, sneezing caused by witch-meal (215). Fifth week,
vomiting (219). Eighth week, laughing caused by tickling (225).
_Instinctive Movements._--Seventh week, clasping not yet with thumb.
Eighth week, the four fingers of the child embrace the father's finger
(245).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Forty-third day, first consonant; child says _am-ma_; also
vowel-sound _ao_. Forty-fourth day, syllables _ta-hu_; forty-sixth day,
_goe_, _oeroe_; fifty-first day, _ara_; eighth and ninth weeks, _oerroe_,
_arra_, frequent (102).
THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of the Eyelids._--Eyelid not completely
raised when child looked up (23). Irregular movements of eyes appear
(though rare) up to tenth week; at three months are no more observed
(37).
_Direction of Look._--Sixty-first day, child looked at his mother and
gave a cry of joy; the father's face made the child gay. Sixty-second
day, look directed at a swinging lamp (46).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Ninth week, accommodation apparent
(54).
HEARING.--Ninth week, sound of watch arouses attention; other
noises (84). Eleventh week, head moved in direction of sound (85).
Eighty-first day ditto. (47). Twelfth week, sudden turning of head
toward sounding body (85).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--_Pleasure._--Smile at sight
of the mother's face (145).
_Unpleasant Feeling._--From some internal cause (151).
_Fatigue._--Sucking tiresome (159). Sleep of four or five hours without
waking (162).
_Hunger._--Tenth week, child hungry three times or more in a night
(155).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Respirations, thirteenth week, twenty-seven to the
minute (217). Hiccough frequent; stopped by use of sweetened water
(219).
_Instinctive Movements._--Eleventh week, pencil held, but mechanically;
thumb not used in clasping (245). Twelfth week, eighty-fourth day,
contra-position of thumb reflexive (245, 246). Thirteenth week, thumb
follows fingers more readily (246). Eleventh week, head balanced
occasionally. Twelfth week, some gain in holding head. Thirteenth week,
head tolerably well balanced (264). Seizing merely apparent (246). No
voluntary movement (266).
INTELLECT.
Eighty-first day, seeking direction of sound (I, 47).
_Speech._--Consonant _m_ frequent (67). Sixty-fourth day, _ma_ (102).
Sixty-fifth day, _nei nei nei_ and once _a-omb_. Sixty-sixth day, _la_,
_grei_, _aho_, _ma_. Sixty-ninth day, _moemm_ and _ngoe_. Seventy-first
day, _ra-a-ao_. Seventy-sixth day, _nae_ and _n[=a]i-n_. Seventy-eighth
day, _habu_. Twelfth week, _a-i_ and _u[=a]o_, _ae-o-a_, _ae-a-a_ and
_o-ae-oe_ (103).
_Feeling of Self._--Eleventh week, child does not see himself in mirror
(197).
FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Ninety-eighth day, brow wrinkled when
look is upward (24). Fifty-seventh day, winking (26). Fifteenth and
sixteenth weeks, ditto (27). Seventeenth week, objects seized are moved
toward eyes; grasping at objects too distant (55).
_Movements of Eyes._--No more non-cooerdinated (37).
_Direction of Look._--Fourteenth week, following person moving. One
hundred and first day, following pendulum. Sixteenth week, gazing at
sides and ceiling of carriage and at objects (48).
HEARING.--Sixteenth week, head turned toward sound with certainty of
reflex (85).
FEELING.--Seventeenth week, eyes are closed when a drop of water touches
lashes (103). Fourteenth week, sleeping child throws up arms at sudden
touch (106).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in grasping at objects (142).
Fifteenth week, intervals between meals three or four hours (155). Sleep
lasts five or six hours (162). Twenty-second week, astonishment at
seeing father after separation (173). Fourteenth week, smile of satiety.
Seventeenth week, joy in seeing image in mirror (297).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Fourteenth week, right hand to right eye (220).
_Instinctive Movements._--Fourteenth week, hands hold objects longer
and with contra-position of thumb. Fifteenth and sixteenth weeks, no
intentional seizing. One hundred and fourteenth day, ditto (246).
Seventeenth week, efforts to take hold of ball; ball moved to mouth
and eyes. One hundred and eighteenth day, frequent attempts at seizing;
following day, grasping gives pleasure (247). Fourteenth week, head
seldom falls forward. Sixteenth week, head held up permanently (264),
this the first distinct manifestation of will (265). Fourteenth week,
child sits, his back supported (267). Seventeenth week, biting (261).
_Imitative Movements._--Fifteenth week, beginnings of imitation; trying
to purse the lips (283). Seventeenth week, protruding tip of tongue
(284).
_Expressive Movements._--Sixteenth week, turnings of head and nodding,
not significant; head turned away in refusal (314).
_Deliberate Movements._--Fourteenth week, attentive looking at person
moving; one hundred and first day, at pendulum swinging (48). Fifteenth
week, imitation, pursing lips (283). Sixteenth and seventeenth weeks,
voluntary gazing at image in mirror (343).
INTELLECT.
Intellect participates in voluntary movements (I, 338).
_Speech._--Fourteenth week, _ntoe_, _ha_, _loe_, _na_. Fifteenth week,
_nan-nana_, _n[=a]-n[=a]_, _nanna_, in refusal (103). Sixteenth week, in
screaming, _ae-[)u] ae-[)u] ae_, _[=a]-[)u] [=a]-[)u]_, _[)u]-ae [)u]-ae_,
_[=u]-[=u]-[=a]-oe_, _amme-a_; in discomfort,
_[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]_ (104).
_Feeling of Self._--Seventeenth week, child gazes at his own hand (193).
One hundred and thirteenth day, for the first time regards his image
with attention (197). One hundred and sixteenth day, laughs at his image
(198).
FIFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Looking inquiringly (48).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Reaching too short (55).
HEARING.--Nineteenth week, pleasure in sound of crumpling of paper by
himself. Twenty-first week, beating of gong enchains attention (85).
Disturbed by noise (86).
TOUCH.--Auditory canal sensitive (106).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in crumpling paper, tearing
newspapers and rolling them into balls, pulling at glove or hair,
ringing of a bell (142, 143). Eighteenth week, discomfort shown by
depressing angles of mouth (149). Eighteenth week, nights of ten to
eleven hours without taking food (155). Eighteenth week, desire shown
by stretching out arms (247).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Eighteenth week, objects seized are held
firmly and carried to the mouth (247). Nineteenth week, child takes
bit of meat and carries to mouth. One hundred and twenty-third day,
lips protruded in connection with seizing (248).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Consonant _k_, _goe_, _koe_, _[)a]gg[)e]gg[)e]koe_. First five
months, screaming sounds _u_, _ae_, _oe_, _a_, with _ue_ and _o_; _m_
almost the only consonant (104).
_Feeling of Self._--Discovery by child that he can cause sensations of
sound (192). Looking at his own fingers very attentively (194).
SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Twenty-fifth-week, winking caused by
puff of wind in face (27).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Child laughs when nodded to by
father; observes father's image in mirror, etc. (62).
TASTE.--Medicine taken if sweetened (124). One hundred and fifty-sixth
day, child refuses breast, having had sweeter milk. End of twenty-third
week, milk of new nurse taken, also cow's milk, meat-broth (125).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in grasping increases (142).
Arms moved up and down when child is nodded to (144). Twenty-third week,
depression of angles of mouth and cry of distress caused by harsh
address (149). Hunger apparent in persistent gaze at bottle, crying, and
opening of mouth (154). Sleep of six to eight hours (162). Astonishment
at seeing father after separation, and at sight of stranger (173).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Sneezing caused, on one hundred and seventieth day,
by blowing on the child (215).
_Instinctive Movements._--Twenty-second week, child raised himself to
sitting posture (267). Twenty-third week, ditto; pleased at being placed
upright (275).
_Expressive Movements._--Laugh accompanied by raisings and droppings of
arms when pleasure is great (299). Arm-movements that seemed like
defensive movements (314). "Crowing" a sign of pleasure (II, 104).
INTELLECT.
Use of means to cause flow of milk (12).
_Speech._--Twenty-second week, _oegoe_, _ma-oe-[)e]_, _h[)a]_, _[=a]_,
_ho-ich_. "Crowing" and aspirate _ha_, and _brrr-ha_, signs of pleasure
(104). So _aja_, _oerrgoe_, _[=a]-[=a]-i-[)o]-[=a]_, _eu_ and _oeu_
(French) and _ae_ and _oe_ (German), also _ijae_; _i_ and _u_ rare (105).
_Feeling of Self._--Twenty-third week, discrimination between touch of
self and of foreign object (194; I, 109). Twenty-fourth week, child
gazes at glove and at his fingers alternately (194). Twenty fourth week,
sees father's image in mirror and turns to look at father. Twenty-fifth
week, stretches hand toward his own image. Twenty-sixth week, sees image
of father and compares it with original (198).
SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--End of seventh month, opening and
shutting of fan causes opening and shutting of eyes (30).
_Direction of Look._--Twenty-ninth week, looking at flying sparrow (48).
Thirtieth week, child does not look after objects let fall (49).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Accommodation is perfect (55).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Staring at strange face (62).
HEARING.--Gaze at person singing; joy in military music (86).
FEELING.--Child became pale in bath (115).
TASTE.--New tastes cause play of countenance (124). One hundred and
eighty-fifth day, cow's milk boiled, with egg, is liked; leguminous food
not (125).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in his image in mirror (142).
Child laughs when others laugh to him (145). Twenty-ninth week, crying
with hunger; spreading out tongue (153). Satiety shown by thrusting
mouth-piece out (157).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Nose becomes mobile. Babes strike about them
vigorously (207).
_Reflex Movements._--Sighing appears (216).
_Instinctive Movements._--Thirtieth week, seizing more perfect (249).
Child places himself upright on lap, twenty-eighth week (275).
_Imitative Movements._--Imitation of movements of head; of pursing lips
(283).
_Expressive Movements._--Averting head as sign of refusal; thrusting
nipple out of mouth (313, 314). Astonishment shown by open mouth and
eyes (55).
INTELLECT.
Child did not recognize nurse after absence of four weeks (7); but
children distinguish faces before thirtieth week (6).
_Speech._--When hungry, child screams _mae_, _ae_, _[)u]ae_, _[)u]ae[)e]_;
when contented, says _oerroe_; _lae_, _[)u]-[=a]-[)u]-i-i_; _t_ seldom,
_k_ only in yawning, _p_ very rarely (106).
EIGHTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Brow not wrinkled invariably in looking
upward (24). Play of lid on hearing new noises; no lifting of eyebrows
(30, 31). Thirty-fourth week, eyes opened wide with longing (31).
_Direction of Look._--Thirty-first week, gaze turned in direction of
falling object. Thirty-third week, objects moved slowly downward are
followed with close gaze. Thirty-fourth week, objects let fall by him
are seldom looked after (49).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Interest in bottles (62).
HEARING.--Quick closing of lids at new impressions of sound (86).
TASTE.--Pleasure in the "prepared food" (125).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Discomfort accompanied by square form
of the mouth (149). Craving for food shown by cooing sound (155).
Strongest feeling connected with appeasing of hunger (157). Restless
nights (162). Astonishment at new sounds and sights; with fright (86).
Thirty-first week, at clapping of fan. Thirty-fourth week, at imitation
of voices of animals (173).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Accompanying movement of hand (210).
Thirty-fourth week, stretchings of arms and legs accompanying
utterance (II, 108).
_Instinctive Movements._--Thirty-second week, seizing with both hands
more perfect; attention more active (248). In same week, legs stretched
up vertically, feet observed attentively, toes carried to mouth with the
hands (249). Pulling objects to him; grasping at bottle (250).
Thirty-fourth week, carrying things to mouth (251).
_Expressive Movements._--Laugh begins to be persistently loud (299).
Thirty-second week, child no longer sucks at lips when he is kissed, but
licks them (305). Eyelid half closed in disinclination (315). Interest
in objects shown by stretching out hands (321).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Variety of sounds made in the first eight months at random
(76). Concept of bottle before language (79). Sounds in screaming
different (106). Once the sound _h[=a]-upp_; frequently _a-[(ei]_,
_a-[(au]_, _[)a]-h[(au]-[)a]_, _hoerroe_. Also _nt[)e]-oe_, _mi-ja mija_;
once _o[)u][=a][)e]i_ (107).
FEELING OF SELF.--Thirty-second week, child looks at his legs and feet
as if they were foreign to him (194).
NINTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyes._--Eyes converged easily (38).
_Direction of Look._--Thirty-sixth week, objects that fall are not
regularly looked after, but slowly moving objects, e. g., tobacco-smoke,
are followed (49).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Boxes are gazed at (62). More
interest shown in things in general (63).
HEARING.--Winking and starting at slamming noise (86).
TASTE.--Yolk of egg with cane-sugar taken with expression of surprise.
Water and bread liked (126).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Striking hands together and laughing
for joy (145). Eyes shut when something disagreeable is to be endured;
head turned away also (148). Cooing, as in eighth month (155). Fear of
dog (167, 168).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Number of respirations (in fever) forty and
forty-two in a minute (217).
_Instinctive Movements._--Teeth-grinding (262). Turning over when laid
face downward (266). Thirty-fifth week, child places himself on arm and
hand of nurse, and looks over her shoulder (275). Thirty-ninth week,
likes to sit with support (267). Thirty-ninth week, stands on feet a
moment without support (269).
_Expressive Movements._--Loud laughing at new, pleasing objects (299).
Turns head to light when asked where it is (321).
_Deliberate Movements._--Things brought to mouth are put quickly on
tongue (329).
INTELLECT.
Question understood before child can speak (I, 321).
_Speech._--Voice more modulated: screaming varies with different causes
(107). Delight shown by crowing sounds: _mae-mae_, _aemmae_, _mae_, are
expressions of pleasure; _[=a]-au-[=a]-[=a]_, _[=a]-[)o]_, _a-u-au_,
_na-na_; _apa_, _ga-au-[)a]_, _acha_ (108).
FEELING OF SELF.--Feet are felt of, and toes are carried to mouth (190).
Thirty-fifth week, foot grasped and carried to mouth. Thirty-sixth week,
other objects preferred to hands and feet. Thirty-ninth week, in the
bath his own skin is looked at and felt of, also his legs (194).
Thirty-fifth week, his image in mirror is grasped at gayly (198).
TENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Brow invariably wrinkled at looking
upward (24).
_Movements of Eyes._--Convergence of lines of vision disturbed (38).
_Direction of Look._--Forty-third week, objects thrown down are looked
at (49).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Visual impressions connected with
food best interpreted (63).
HEARING.--Head turned at noise (87).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Joy at lighting of lamp (145).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Inhibition of reflex (229).
_Instinctive Movements._--Forty-third week, carrying objects to mouth
(252). Taking a hair from one hand into the other (253). Finger bitten
(261). Bread crunched and swallowed (262). Turning over when laid on
face (266). Fortieth and forty-first weeks, trying to sit without
support (267). Forty-second week, sitting up without support in bath and
carriage (267, 268). Forty-first week, first attempts at walking (275).
Forty-second week, moving feet forward and sidewise; inclination to
walk. Forty-third week, foot lifted high; moving forward (276).
_Imitative Movements._--Beckoning imitated (285).
_Expressive Movements._--Laughing becomes more conscious and intelligent
(299). Crying in sleep (308). Striking hands together in sleep (319).
Object pointed at is carried to mouth and chewed (322). Body
straightened in anger (324). This not intentional (326).
INTELLECT.
Forty-third week, knowledge of weight of bodies (I, 50). A child
missed his parents when they were absent, also a single nine-pin
of a set (7, 8).
_Speech._--Child can not repeat a syllable heard (77). In
monologue, syllables are more distinct, loud, and varied when
child is left to himself than when other persons entertain him:
_ndae[)e]_, _b[=a]e-b[=a]e_, _ba ell_, _arroe_. Frequent are _mae_,
_pappa_, _tatta_, _appapa_, _babba_, _taetae_, _pa_, _rrrr_, _rrra_.
Hints at imitation (108).
_Feeling of Self._--Forty-first week, striking his own body and foreign
objects (191). Forty-first to forty-fourth week, image in mirror laughed
at and grasped at (198).
ELEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Forty-seventh week, child throws down
objects and looks after them (49).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Forty-fourth week, new objects no
longer carried to eyes, but gazed at and felt. Forty-seventh week,
accommodation perfect (55).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Trying to fixate objects (63).
HEARING.--Screaming is quieted by a "Sh!" or by singing. Three hundred
and nineteenth day, difference in sound of spoon on plate when plate was
touched by hand (87).
TASTE.--Meat-broth with egg taken; scalded skimmed milk rejected; dry
biscuit liked (126).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Forty-fourth week, astonishment at
strange face (173).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Forty-fifth week, grasping at flame of lamp;
forty-seventh, at objects behind a pane of glass; gain in moving muscles
of arm; shreds of paper handled (252). Biting father's hand (261).
Smacking lips (262). Sitting becomes habit for life (268). Standing
without support; stamping; but standing only for a moment (269). End of
forty-seventh week, feet well placed, but lifted too high and put down
too hard (276).
_Expressive Movements._--Grasping at his image with laugh; jubilant
noise at being allowed to walk (299).
_Deliberate Movements._--Striking spoon against object and exchanging
objects (326, 327). Child takes biscuit, carries it to mouth, bites off
a bit, chews and swallows it; but can not drink from glass (329).
INTELLECT.
Syllables correctly repeated; intentional sound-imitation on the three
hundred and twenty-ninth day. Forty-fifth week, response made for
diversion: whispering begins (109). Three kinds of _r_-sounds: new
syllables, _ta-h[(ee]_, _dann-tee_, _[(aa]-n[(ee]_, _ngae_, _tai_, _bae_,
_dall_, _at-tall_, _kamm_, _akkee_, _prai-jer_, _tra_, _[=a]-h[(ee]_.
Some earlier sounds frequent; consonants _b_, _p_, _t_, _d_, _m_, _n_,
_r_; _l_, _g_, _k_: vowel _a_ most used, _u_ and _o_ rare, _i_ very rare
(110). Accentuation not frequent (111). Association of idea with
utterance in one case (111, 122). Forty-fifth week, to word "papa,"
response _rrra_ (113).
_Feeling of Self._--Forty-fifth to fifty-fifth week, discovery of his
power to cause changes (192).
TWELFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Fifty-first week, pleasure
in seeing men sawing wood at distance of more than one hundred feet
(55).
HEARING.--Screaming quieted by "Sh!" (87). Three hundred and sixty-third
day, hears noise in next room and looks in direction of sound (88).
TASTE.--Fastidious about food (126).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Grunting as indication of pleasure
(144). Fifty-second week, astonishment at new sound (173).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Accompanying movement of hand in drinking (209).
_Instinctive Movements._--Child seized father's hand, carried it to
mouth and bit it (261). Forty-eighth week, standing without support a
moment; stamping; pushing a chair (276). Forty-ninth week, child can not
raise himself without help or stand more than an instant. Fiftieth week,
can not place himself on his feet, or walk without help (277).
_Imitative Movements._--Trying to strike with spoon on tumbler; puffing
repeated in sleep (287).
_Expressive Movements._--End of year, imitative laughing; crowing (299).
Laughing in sleep (300). Opening of mouth in kissing (305). Arms
stretched out in desire (322).
_Deliberate Movements._--Biscuit put into mouth with few failures;
drinking from glass, breathing into the water (329).
INTELLECT.
Ideas gained before language (78). Logical activity applied to
perceptions of sound (I, 88). Abstraction, whiteness of milk (18).
_Speech._--Imitation more successful, but seldom correct. Articulate
sounds made spontaneously: _haja_, _jajajajaja_, _aja_, _njaja_,
_nain-hopp_, _ha-a_, _pa-a_, _d[=e]waer_, _han-na_, _moemma_, _allda_,
_alldai_, _apa-u-a_, _gaegae_, _ka_, _ladn_; _atta_ is varied, no more
_dada_; _w_ for the first time. Ability to discriminate between words
(112). Fifty-second week, child of himself obeys command, "Give the
hand!" Quieting effect of sounds "sh, ss, st, pst" (113).
_Feeling of Self._--Striking hard substances against teeth; gnashing
teeth (189). Tearing of paper continued (192).
THIRTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Child strikes on keys of piano; pleased with singing
of canary-bird (89).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Laughing almost invariably
follows the laugh of others (145). Sleep, fourteen hours daily (162).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Standing some moments without support (270).
Fifty-third week, creeping. Fifty-fourth week, walking, with support;
movements in creeping asymmetrical (277).
_Expressive Movements._--No idea of kissing (305). Shaking head in
denial (315). Begging sound along with extending of hands in desire
(323).
INTELLECT.
Trying door after shutting it (15, 16). Hears the vowel-sounds in word
(68).
_Speech._--Desire expressed by _ae-na_, _ae-nananana_ (112). Awkwardness
continues; attention more lively. Tries to repeat words said for him.
Three hundred and sixty-ninth day, _papa_ repeated correctly (113, 114).
Syllables most frequent, _nja_, _njan_, _dada_, _atta_, _mama_, _papai_,
_attai_, _na-na-na_, _hatta_, _meen[)e]-meen[)e]-meen[)e],_ _moemm_,
_moemma_, _ao-u_: _na-na_ denotes desire, _mama_, mother. Fifty-fourth
week, joy expressed by crowing, some very high tones; first distinct
_s_, three hundred and sixty-eighth day (114). Understanding of words
spoken (115). Confusion of associations; first conscious act of
obedience (116).
_Feeling of Self._--Rapping head with hand (191). Finding himself a
cause; shaking keys, etc. (192). Fifty-fifth week, strikes himself and
observes his hands; compares fingers of others with his own (195).
FOURTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Fifty-eighth week, grasping
at lamp above him (55).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of falling (169). Fifty-eighth
week, astonishment at lantern (173).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Child could be allowed to bite paper to
pieces; he took the pieces out of his mouth (253). Fifty-seventh week,
he hitches along on hands and knees; can not walk without support.
Sixtieth week, raises himself by chair (277).
_Imitative Movements._--For imitating swinging of arms an interval of
time was required (287). Coughing imitated (288). Nodding not imitated
(315).
_Expressive Movements._--Confounding of movements (322). Affection shown
by laying hand on face and shoulders of others (324).
_Deliberate Movements._--Child takes off and puts on the cover of a can
seventy-nine times (328).
INTELLECT.
Wrong understanding of what is heard (89).
_Speech._--No doubt that _atta_ means "going"; _brrr_, practiced and
perfected; _dakkn_, _daggn_, _taggn_, _attagn_, _attatn_; no special
success in repeating vowels and syllables (117). Child tries and laughs
at his failures, if others laugh; parrot-like repetition of some
syllables (118). Gain in understanding of words heard; association of
definite object with name (119). More movements executed on hearing
words (120). Confounding of movements occurs, but grows rare; begging
attitude seen to be useful (121).
_Feeling of Self._--Four hundred and ninth day, child bit himself on the
arm (189). Pulling out and pushing in a drawer, turning leaves of book,
etc. (192). Fifty-seventh week, child looks at his image in hand-mirror,
puts hand behind glass, etc. (198). Fifty-eighth week, his photograph
treated in like manner; he turns away from his image in mirror; sixtieth
week, recognizes his mother's image in mirror as image (199).
FIFTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Sixty-third to sixty-fifth week, objects
thrown down and looked after (50).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Grasps at candle, puts hand into
flame, but once only (63).
HEARING.--Laughing at new noises, as gurgling or thunder (89).
SMELL.--Coffee and cologne make no impression till end of month (134).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Sixty-second week, child stands a few seconds
when support is withdrawn. Sixty-third week, walks, holding on to a
support (277). Sixty-fourth week, can walk without support, if he thinks
he is supported; sixty-fifth week, walks holding by one finger of
another's hand; raises himself to knees, stands up if he can hold to
something (278).
_Imitative Movements._--Coughing. Learns to blow out candle (288).
Opening and shutting of hand (289).
_Expressive Movements._--Laughing at new sounds (299). The words "Give a
kiss" produce a drawing near of head and protruding of lips (306).
Wrinkling of brow in attempts at imitation (310). Deprecating movement
of arm (314). Sixty-fourth week, nodding sometimes accompanies the word
"no"; four hundred and forty-fifth day, an accompanying movement (316).
First shrugging of shoulders (317). Begging gesture made by child when
he wants something (318). Same made in asking for amusement (319). Wish
expressed by handing a ring, looking at glasses to be struck, and saying
_hay-[)u]h_ (323).
INTELLECT.
Hunting for scraps of paper, etc. (17). After burning his finger in
flame of candle, the child never put it near the flame again, but would,
in fun, put it in the direction of the candle. He allowed mouth and chin
to be wiped without crying (20).
_Speech._--New sound _wa_; astonishment expressed by
_h[=a]-[=a]-[)e][=a]-[)e]_, joy by crowing in high and
prolonged tones, strong desire by _haeoe_, _hae-[)e]_, pain,
impatience, by screaming in vowels passing over into one
another (121). The _atta_ still used when a light is dimmed
(122). Advance in repeating syllables. Child is vexed
when he can not repeat a word. One new word, _heiss_ (hot)
(123). The _s_ is distinct; _th_ (Eng.) appears; _w_;
smacking in sixty-fifth week; tongue the favorite plaything
(124). Understands words "moon," "clock," "eye," "nose,"
"cough," "blow," "kick," "light"; affirmative nod at "ja"
in sixty-fourth week; negative shaking at "no"; holding
out hand at words "Give the hand" or "hand"; more time
required when child is not well (125).
_Feeling of Self._--Child bit his finger so that he cried out with pain
(191). Sixty-second week, playing with his fingers as foreign objects;
pressing one hand down with the other (195). Sixty-first week, trying to
feel of his own image in the mirror (199).
SIXTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Sixty-eighth week, reaching
too short, too far to left or right, too high or too low (56).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Grasping at jets of water (63).
HEARING.--Child holds watch to his ear and listens to the ticking (89).
SMELL.--Smell and taste not separated; a flower is taken into mouth
(135).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of high tones (169).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Sleeping child raised hand to eye (202).
Accompanying movement of fingers in drinking (210).
_Reflex Movements._--Respirations, in sleep, twenty-two to twenty-five a
minute (217).
_Instinctive Movements._--Sixty-sixth week, four hundred and
fifty-seventh day, child runs alone (278). Next day, stops and stamps.
Four hundred and sixty-first day, can walk backward, if led, and can
turn round alone. At the end of the week can look at objects while
walking. Sixty-seventh week, a fall occurs rarely. Sixty-eighth week,
walking becoming mechanical (279).
_Imitative Movements._--A ring put on his head in imitation (289).
Waiting attitude (318).
_Expressive Movements._--Lips protruded almost like a snout (302).
Shaking head meant "No" and "I do not know" (316). Child shrugs
shoulders when unable to answer (317). Waiting attitude becomes a sign
(318).
_Deliberate Movements._--Opening and shutting cupboards, bringing
objects, etc. Holding ear-ring to ear (327).
INTELLECT.
Child holds an ear-ring to his ear with understanding (I, 327). A
begging movement at seeing box from which cake had come (11). Small
understanding shown in grasping at ring (13).
_Speech._--Progress in repeating words spoken for him and in
understanding words heard. Desire expressed by _hae!_ _hae-oe!_ _hae-[)e]!_
_h[)e]-[)e]!_ More seldom _hi_, _goe-goe_, _goe_, _f-pa_, _[(au]_; more
frequently, _ta_, _dokkn_, _ta-ha_, _a-bwa-bwa_, _b[)u][=a]-b[)u][=a]_;
once _dagon_. Child "reads" the newspaper (126). Pain expressed by
screaming; joy by crowing with vowel _i_; _a_ repeated on command; _moe_
and _ma_; imitation tried (127). Touches eye, ear, etc., when these are
named--not with certainty (128). Understands "bring," "give," etc.
(129).
_Feeling of Self._--Putting thumbs against the head and pushing,
experimenting (191). Sixty-sixth week, child strikes at his image in
mirror. Sixty-seventh week, makes grimaces before mirror; turns round to
see his father, whose image appeared in mirror (199). Sixty-ninth week,
signs of vanity (200).
SEVENTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Interpretation of what is seen._--Child grasps at tobacco-smoke
(64).
HEARING.--Holding watch to ear (89).
TASTE.--Surprise at new tastes (119).
SMELL.--Inability to separate smell and taste (135).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Prolonged sleep; ten hours at a time
(162).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Right hand moved when right nostril is touched
(221).
_Instinctive Movements._--Clasping of finger in sleep (243). Seventieth
week, child raises himself from floor alone; seventy-first week, steps
over threshold (279).
_Expressive Movements._--Shaking head means "I do not wish" (316).
Throwing himself on floor and screaming with rage (323).
INTELLECT.
Child brings traveling-bag to stand upon in order to reach (12). Play of
"hide and seek" (17).
_Speech._--Screaming, whimpering, etc. (101). Increase of
discrimination: _bibi_, _nae-nae-nae_, _t-to_, _hoet-to_; voluntary
imitation (129). Associations of words heard with objects and movements
(130).
_Feeling of Self._--Making grimaces before mirror (200).
EIGHTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Seventy-eighth week, throwing away of
playthings is rare (50).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Anxiety on seeing man dressed in
black (64).
SMELL.--Objects no longer carried to mouth (135).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Laughing at thunder (170).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Holding little finger apart from others (209).
_Instinctive Movements._--Walks over threshold by holding on (275).
Seventy-seventh week, runs around table; seventy-eighth, walks over
threshold without holding on (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Blowing horn (290).
_Expressive Movements._--Trying to hit with foot, striking, etc. (315).
Waiting attitude (318).
_Deliberate Movements._--Full spoon carried to mouth with skill (329).
INTELLECT.
Memory of towel (8). Watering flowers with empty pot (16). Plays (17).
Giving leaves to stag, etc. (18). Stick of wood put in stove (20).
_Speech._--Understanding of words increases (130). Repeating of
syllables is rare; _atta_ becomes _tto_, _t-tu_, _ftu_; feeling
recognized by tone of voice (131).
_Feeling of Self._--Recognition of himself as cause of changes (192).
NINETEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Hearing watch on his head (89).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of strangers ceases (150). Laugh
at thunder and lightning (170).
WILL.
_Imitative Movements._--Combing and brushing hair, washing hands, etc.
(290).
_Expressive Movements._--Fastidious about kissing (306). Pride in
baby-carriage (324).
_Deliberative Movements._--Spoon taken in left hand (329).
INTELLECT.
Father recognized after absence (8). Bringing cloth for wrap and begging
for door to be opened (12). Grunting in order to be taken away (13).
Induction, watch and clock (18). Crying seen to be useless (20).
_Speech._--Imitation of whistle (91). Spontaneous sound imitations more
frequent (131). Gazing after objects thrown and whispering, reading
newspaper (132). Response to _pa_ correctly given (133). Objects
correctly pointed out; memory of tricks (134).
_Feeling of Self._--Attempt to give his foot (190).
TWENTIETH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--First color-tests. Eighty-fifth
week, no discrimination (7). Eighty-sixth and eighty-seventh weeks, no
results (8).
_Movements of the Eyes._--Readiness of convergence, pupils very wide
open (38).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Prolonged sleep habitual, etc. (163).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Respirations twenty-two and more (217).
_Instinctive Movements._--Eighty-fifth week, thresholds stepped over
quickly; inclines forward in running (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Use of comb and brush, putting on collar (290).
Scraping feet, putting pencil to mouth, marking on paper (291).
_Expressive Movements._--Proximity essential in kissing; bends head when
"kiss" is said (306). Antipathy expressed by turning head at approach of
women in black (315).
_Deliberate Movements._--Carries spoon with food to mouth cleverly
(329).
INTELLECT.
As in nineteenth month, grunting (12,13).
_Speech._--_Rodi_, _otto_, _rojo_ (93). Understanding of the word
"other" (128, 129). Five hundred and eighty-fourth day, important
advance in repeating words said (135). Imagination; can not repeat
three syllables; laughs when others laugh (136). Single words more
promptly understood (137). One new concept, expressed by _d[=a]_ and
_nd[=a]_, or _t[=a]_ and _nt[=a]_. Eighty-seventh week, _attah_ said
on railway-train; _papa_ and _baet_ or _bit_ (for "bitte") rightly
used; much outcry (138). Crowing tones not so high; loud readings
continued (139).
TWENTY-FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Dancing not rhythmical (89, 90).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of the sea (170).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Eighty-ninth week, running is awkward, but
falling rare (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Imitation without understanding (290, 291).
_Expressive Movements._--Ninetieth week, pointing as expression of wish
(321).
INTELLECT.
Recognition of father (8). Association of biscuit with coat and wardrobe
(11).
_Speech._--Imitations more frequent. Eighty-ninth week, babbling
different, more _consonants_; _ptoe-ptoe_, _pt-pt_, and _verlapp_, also
_dla-dla_; willfulness shown in articulate sounds and shaking head
(139). Unlike syllables not repeated, _dang-gee_ and _dank-kee_;
tendency to doubling syllables, _tete_, _bibi_; babbling yields great
pleasure; _bibi_ for "bitte" rightly used. New word _mimi_, when hungry
or thirsty (140). Understands use and signification of sound, _neinein_;
and answers of his own accord _jaja_ to question in ninety-first week.
Strength of memory for sounds; points correctly to nose, mouth, etc.
(141). Astonishing progress in understanding what is said. Few
expressions of his own with recognizable meaning, _j[=a][)e]_ excepted.
_Att_, _att_, _att_, unintelligible. Tried to imitate sound of steam of
locomotive (142).
_Feeling of Self._--Placing shells and buttons in rows (193). Puts lace
about him; vanity; laughs and points at his own image in mirror (200).
The same on six hundred and twentieth day (201).
TWENTY-SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--New impressions enchain attention; the mysterious more
attractive (64).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Progress in understanding; orders executed with surprising
accuracy (142). Strength of word-memory; facility of articulation;
spontaneous utterance of _pss_, _ps_, _ptsch_, _pth_; _pa-ptl-dae-pt_;
greeting with _h[=a][=a]-oe_, _ada_ and _ana_. Singing, _rollo_, _mama_,
_maemae_, etc. More certainty in reproducing sounds: "pst, anna, otto,
lina," etc. Three-syllabled words correctly repeated, _a-ma-ma_,
_a-pa-pa_ (143). Words too hard are given back with _tap[)e]ta_,
_p[)e]ta_, _pta_, _ptoe-ptoe_ or _rateratetat_. _Ja ja_ and _nein nein_,
with _da_ and _bibi_ and _mimi_, used properly in request. Cry of pain
a strong contrast with the crowing for joy (144).
TWENTY-THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Ninety-sixth week, does not
appreciate distance (56).
WILL.
_Imitative Movements._--Imitative impulse seems like ambition;
ceremonious movements imitated (291).
_Expressive Movements._--Kiss given as a mark of favor (306). Striking
hands together in applause and desire for repetition (319). Tears of
sorrow instead of anger; tries to move chair to table, etc. (324).
INTELLECT.
Joy at seeing playthings after absence of eleven and a half weeks (8).
Concept of "cup" not sharply defined (16). Use of adjective for the
first spoken judgment (96).
_Speech._--_Heiss_ (hot) means "The drink is too hot," and "the stove is
hot" (144). _Watja_ and _mimi_; _mimmi_, _moemoe_, _m[=a]m[=a]_, mean
food; _atta_, disappearance; spontaneous articulation, _[(oi]_, _[(eu]_,
_ana_, _ida_, _didl_, _dadl_, _dldo-dlda_; in singing-tone, _opojoe_,
_apojopojum aui_, _heissa_; calls grandparents _e-papa_ and _e-mama_;
knows who is meant when these are spoken of. Understands words more
easily, as "drink, eat, shut, open" (145). Word-memory becoming firm;
imagination. Great progress in reproducing syllables and words (146).
Child's name, "Axel," is called _Aje_, _Eja_. "Bett, Karre, Kuk,"
repeated correctly. Echolalia reappears (147). Words are best pronounced
by child when he is not called upon to do it (148).
_Feeling of Self._--Child holds biscuit to his toes (190).
TWENTY-FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Interpretation of what is seen._--Moving animals closely
observed (64).
HEARING.--Trying to sing, and beating time (90).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Astonishment more seldom apparent
(174).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Child turns, of himself, dancing in time to
music; beats time (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Ceremonious movements imitated, salutation,
uncovering head (291).
_Expressive Movements._--Roguish laughing first observed (299).
INTELLECT.
Understanding of actions and of use of utensils more developed than
ability to interpret representations of them (I, 64, 65).
_Speech._--Voluntary sound-imitations gain in frequency and accuracy;
genuine echolalia (148). Imperfect imitations (149). Multiplicity of
meanings in the same utterance (150). Distinguishing men from women.
Combination of two words into a sentence, seven hundred and seventh day;
words confounded; also gestures and movements; but not in the expression
of joy and grief (151, 152).
TWENTY-FIFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Color-tests, red and green; seven
hundred and fifty-eighth day, eleven times right, six wrong; seven
hundred and fifty-ninth, seven right, five wrong; seven hundred and
sixtieth, nine right, five wrong (8). Does not yet _know_ what blue and
green signify. Moves and handles himself well in twilight (21).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--One hundred and eighth week, power
of accommodation good; small photographic likenesses recognized (56).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Progress is extraordinary. Does not pronounce a perfect "u."
All sound-imitations more manifold, etc.; begins saying "_so_" when any
object is brought to appointed place (152). Has become more teachable,
repeats three words imperfectly. Evidence of progress of memory,
understanding and articulation in answers given. No word invented by
himself; calls his nurse _wola_, probably from the often-heard "ja
wohl." Correct use of single words picked up increases surprisingly
(153). Misunderstandings rational; words better understood; reasoning
developed (154). Inductive reasoning. Progress in forming sentences.
Sentence of five words. Pronouns signify objects or qualities (155,
156).
TWENTY-SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Seven hundred and sixty-third day,
15 right, 1 wrong. Three colors pointed out; disinclination to continue
(8). Seven hundred and sixty-fifth day, green confounded with yellow.
One hundred and tenth week, right 73, wrong 22. Blue added. End of one
hundred and tenth week to one hundred and twelfth week, right 124, wrong
36. Yellow more surely recognized than other colors. Violet added (9).
Colors taken separately. One hundred and twelfth week, right 44, wrong
11. Tests in both ways; attention not continuous. Gray is added. One
hundred and twelfth and one hundred and thirteenth weeks, right 90,
wrong 27 (10, 11). Child does not know what "green" means in one hundred
and twelfth week (21).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--One hundred and thirteenth week,
articles of furniture recognized in pictures at distance of three inches
or three feet (56).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--First attempts at climbing (331).
INTELLECT.
Child points out objects in pictures, and repeats names given to them;
list of results (156). Points out of his own accord, with certainty, in
the picture-book. Appropriates many words not taught him, _tola_ for
"Kohlen," _dals_ for "Salz." Others correctly said and used (157). Some
of his mutilated words not recognizable; "sch" sometimes left out,
sometimes given as _z_ or _ss_. Independent thoughts expressed by words
more frequently; "Good-night" said to the Christmas-tree (158). Verb
used (in the infinitive) showing growth of intellect; learning of tricks
decreases (159). No notion of number; does not understand "Thank you,"
but thanks himself. More names of animals, learned from adults; no
onomatopoeia (160).
TWENTY-SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Color-tests, from one hundred and
fourteenth to one hundred and sixteenth week, four trials, colors mixed;
result, 59 right, 22 wrong (11). Blue especially confounded with violet,
also with green. Four trials in one hundred and fourteenth and one
hundred and fifteenth weeks; result, 58 right, 32 wrong (12). Two trials
in one hundred and fifteenth week; result, 25 right, 16 wrong (13).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Uncomfortable feeling through pity;
child weeps if human forms cut out of paper are in danger of mutilation
(150, 151).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Pleasure in climbing begins (280).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Activity of thought. Observation and comparison. Gratitude
does not appear (161). Wishes expressed by verbs in the infinitive or by
substantives. Adverbs; indefinite pronouns. Seven hundred and
ninety-sixth day, makes the word _Messen_ (162). _Wola_ and _atta_ have
almost disappeared. Independent applications of words (163). Monologues
less frequent. Begs apple to give to a puppet. Echolalia prominent.
Tones and noises imitated (164). Laughing when others laugh; fragments
of a dialogue repeated. Feeble memory for answers and numbers. Eight
hundred and tenth day, gave his own name for first time in answer to a
question (165). No question yet asked by the child. The article is not
used. Pronunciation slowly becoming correct (166).
TWENTY-EIGHTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and twenty-first week,
greater uncertainty (13).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of pigs (168).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Going on all-fours; jumping, climbing gives
pleasure (280).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Rapid increase of activity in forming ideas, and greater
certainty in use of words. Ambition; observation and combination;
beginning of self-control; use of his own name and of names of parents;
independent thinking (167). Increase in number of words correctly
pronounced; attempt to use prepositions; first intelligent use of the
article (168). Questioning active; first spontaneous question on eight
hundred and forty-fifth day. "Where?" is his only interrogative word.
Reproduction of foreign expressions (169). Imagination lively; paper
cups used like real ones. Articulation better, but still deficient. Many
parts of the body named correctly (170). Child makes remarks for a
quarter of an hour at a time concerning objects about him, sings,
screams in sleep (171).
TWENTY-NINTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and twenty-fourth week,
right, 58; wrong, 49. Eight hundred and sixty-eighth day, child takes
colors of his own accord and names them; confounding rose, gray, and
pale-green, brown and gray, blue and violet. One hundred and
twenty-fourth and one hundred and twenty-fifth weeks, right, 80; wrong,
34 (14). Red and yellow generally named rightly; blue and green not. Red
and yellow are removed; child is less interested. One hundred and
twenty-fifth and one hundred and twenty-sixth weeks, right, 80; wrong,
63. Orange confounded with yellow, blue with violet, green with gray,
black with brown. Failure of attempt to induce child to put like colors
together, or to select colors by their names (15).
_Direction of Look._--One hundred and twenty-fourth week, gaze follows
ball thrown (50).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of dogs (168).
INTELLECT.
Personal pronoun used in place of his own name. Inflection of verbs
appears, but the infinitive is generally used for imperative; regular
and irregular verbs begin to be distinguished (171). Desire expressed by
infinitive. Numbering active; numerals confounded. Eight hundred and
seventy-eighth day, nine-pins counted "one, one, one," etc. (172).
Questioning increases; "too much" is confounded with "too little." Yet
memory gains (173). Sounds of animals well remembered. Slow progress in
articulation (174).
_Feeling of Self._--Personal pronoun in place of his own name; "me" but
not yet "I" (202).
THIRTIETH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and twenty-sixth, one
hundred and twenty-seventh, and one hundred and twenty-eighth weeks,
four trials with single color at a time; 75 right, 34 wrong. Eight
hundred and ninety-eighth day, every color rightly named; some guessing
on blue and green (16).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Persistent desire daily to "write"
locomotives (66).
HEARING.--While eating, by chance puts hand to ear while kettle of
boiling water stood before him; notices diminution in force of sound
(88).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Mounting a staircase without help; ten days
later with hands free (280, 281).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Independent activity of thought. When language fails, he
considers well (174). Deliberation without words; concepts formed.
Intellectual advance shown in first intentional use of language (175).
Only interrogative word is still "Where?" "I" does not appear, but "me"
is used. Sentences independently applied (176). More frequent use of the
plural in nouns; of the article; of the strong inflection; auxiliaries
omitted or misemployed. Twofold way of learning correct pronunciation
(177). Memory for words denoting objects good; right and left confounded
(178).
THIRTY-FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Nine hundred and thirty-fourth day,
child says he can not tell green and blue. Green mostly called gray;
blue, violet (17).
FEELING.--_Sensibility to Temperature._--Child laughs joyously in cold
bath (115).
WILL.
Weakness of will shown by ceasing to eat when told that he has had
enough (344).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Onomatopoeia: imitation of locomotive-whistle (91). Two new
questions. Indefinite article more frequent. Individual formations of
words, as comparative of "high"; "key-watch." Confounding of "to-day"
and "yesterday" (178). Forming of sentences imperfect. Reporting of
faults. Calls things "stupid" when he is vexed by them. Changes
occupation frequently. Imitation less frequent. Singing in sleep. "Sch"
not yet pronounced (179).
_Feeling of Self._--Causing change in objects, pouring water into and
out of vessels (193). Laughing at image of self in mirror (201).
THIRTY-SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and thirty-eighth and a
few previous weeks, six trials, child taking colors and naming them;
right 119, wrong, 38 (16, 17). Green and blue called "nothing at all."
Unknown colors named green; leaves of roses called "nothing," as are
whitish colors. One hundred and thirty-eighth and one hundred and
thirty-ninth weeks, three trials; right, 93, wrong, 39 (17, 18). Green
begins to be rightly named, blue less often (18).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--"I" begins to displace the name of child. Sentence correctly
applied. Clauses formed. Particle separated in compound verbs. Longer
names and sentences distinctly spoken, but the influence of dialect
appears (180). Memory improved, but fastidious; good for what is
interesting and intelligible to child (181).
_Feeling of Self._--Fourfold designation of self (202).
THIRTY-THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and thirty-ninth, one
hundred and forty-first, and one hundred and forty-sixth weeks, took
colors of his own accord and named them; result of three trials, 66
right, 19 wrong (18).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of even smallest dog (168).
INTELLECT.
Understanding that violations of well-known precepts have unpleasant
consequences (21).
_Speech._--Strength of memory shown in characteristic remarks Narrative
of feeding fowls (181). Interest in animals and other moving objects;
lack of clearness in concepts of animal and machine; meaning of word
"father" includes also "uncle"; selfhood more sharply manifested.
Confounds "too much" with "too little," etc. (182).
_Feeling of Self._--"I" especially used in "I want that," etc. (202).
THIRTY-FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--"Green" rightly applied to leaves
and grass (18). Order in which colors are rightly named up to this time;
right, one thousand and forty-four; wrong, four hundred and forty-two:
right, 70.3 per cent; wrong, 29.7. Yellow and red much sooner named
rightly than green and blue (19).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--First gymnastic exercises (281).
_Expressive Movements._--Kissing an expression of thankfulness (306).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Repeating, for fun, expressions heard. Calls, without
occasion, the name of the nurse; calls others by her name, sometimes
correcting himself. Seldom speaks of himself in third person; gradually
uses "Du" in address; uses "What?" in a new way. One thousand and
twenty-eighth day, "Why?" first used; instinct of causality expressed in
language (183). Questioning repeated to weariness. Articulation
perfected, with some exceptions (184).
_Feeling of Self._--Repeats the "I" heard, meaning by it "you" (202).
THIRTY-FIFTH MONTH.
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Responsive movement in sleeping child (221).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Fondness for singing increases; pleasure in compass and power
of his voice (185).
THIRTY-SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Musical notes C, D, E, could not be rightly named by child, in
spite of teaching (90).
INTELLECT.
"When?" not used until close of the third year (184). Great pleasure in
singing, but imitation here not very successful, though surprisingly so
in regard to speech. Grammatical errors more rare. Long sentences
correctly but slowly formed. Ambition manifested in doing things without
help (185).
Invention in language rare. Participles well used (186).
THIRTY-SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Colors named correctly except very
dark or pale ones (21).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Night's sleep from eleven to twelve
hours; day-naps no longer required (163). Fear (in sleep) of pigs (168).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Child's manner of speaking approximates more and more rapidly
to that of the family (186).
FORTIETH MONTH.
INTELLECT.
_Feeling of Self._--Fortieth month, pleased with his shadow (201).
THE MIND OF THE CHILD.
THIRD PART.
_DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECT._
The development of the intellect depends in so great measure upon the
modification of innate endowments through natural environment and
education, even before systematic instruction begins, and the methods of
education are so manifold, that it is at present impossible to make a
complete exposition of a normal intellectual development. Such an
exposition would necessarily comprise in the main two stages:
1. The _combination_ of sensuous _impressions_ into _perceptions_
(Wahrnehmungen); which consists essentially in this--that the sensation,
impressing itself directly upon our experience, is by the intellect, now
beginning to act, co-ordinated in space and time.
2. The _combination_ of _perceptions_ into _ideas_; in particular into
_sense-intuitions_ and _concepts_. A sense-intuition (Anschauung) is a
perception together with its cause, the object of the sensation; a
concept (Begriff) results from the union of the previously separated
perceptions, which are then called separate marks or qualities.
The investigation of each of these stages in the child is in itself a
great labor, which an individual may indeed begin upon, but can not
easily carry through uniformly in all directions.
I have indeed tried to collect recorded facts, but have found only
very little trustworthy material, and accordingly I confine myself
essentially to my own observations on my child. These are not merely
perfectly trustworthy, even to the minutest details (I have left out
everything of a doubtful character), but they are the most
circumstantial ever published in regard to the intellectual
development of a child. But I have been acquainted with a sufficient
number of other children to be certain that the child observed by me
did not _essentially_ differ from other healthy and intelligent boys
in regard to the principal points, although the time at which
development takes place, and the rapidity of it, differ a good deal in
different individuals. Girls often appear to learn to speak earlier
than boys; but further on they seem to possess a somewhat inferior
capacity of development of the logical functions, or to accomplish
with less ease abstractions of a higher order; whereas in boys the
emotional functions, however lasting their reactions, are not so
delicately graduated as in girls.
Without regard to such differences, of which I am fully aware, the
following chapters treat exclusively of the development of purely
intellectual cerebral activity in both sexes during the first years.
I acknowledge, however, that I have found the investigation of the
influence of the affectional movements, or emotions, upon the
development of the intellect in the child during the first years
so difficult, that I do not for the present enter into details
concerning it.
The observations relate, first, to the non-dependence of the child's
intellect upon language; next, to the acquirement of speech; lastly,
to the development of the feeling of self, the "I"-feeling.