Instead of perpetual wars the ancient annals of America, present us with

the soothing view of wise legislators, who gave civilization and happiness

to millions for ages, and conquered by deeds of peace. Such were most of

the conquests of the Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans,

Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos &c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles,

Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis, Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I

shall revive, with pleasure, their memory and deeds, dwelling on them with

more pleasure than on the cruel war leaders.

To them the Americans were indebted for their policy, diplomacy,

alliances, agriculture and knowledge, with the peculiar happy mode of

holding the land in common or feodal tenure, with property in tenements

and moveables. To them may be traced the introduction of useful plants,

the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams, manioc, banana, gourds, beans,

and 100 other cultivated plants and fruits. The Mexicans had even botanic

gardens and pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans. The universities

of Cuzco, Tunca, Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &c. were founded

earlier than the European universities by such benefactors of mankind; and

112 domestic animals had been tamed in America, while only 80 in the

eastern hemisphere. Of which must be reckoned.(12)

In the W. In the Eastern.

Hemisphere.

Quadrupeds 33 kinds only 25 kns.

Birds 32 25

Reptiles 15 10

Fishes 12 10

Insects 8 4

Shells and worms 12 6

The modern history of America since 1492 presents a multitude of events

with regular dates: but the historians of these later times instead of

dwelling upon the native nations, appear to notice them merely _en

passant_! while relating at length the discoveries, conquests and wars of

the European adventurers and colonists.

It is not thus that we are to notice them; but as equal nations. Now that

after four ages, these colonies are also become independent nations, and

begin to nurse American feelings, we ought to feel for them, and reveal

the truth. It is not number nor dominion alone that constitute a people;

but a peculiar language, and peculiar manners. The modern history of the

Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North American tribes, is the best

known by peculiar fragments; but similar fragments may be collected on

many other tribes.

Meantime Columbus came, another leader of colonists to America; since many

had come before him: and with him came the ferocious gold hunters of

Castille; who in their greedy search after golden wealth, trampled under

foot, both religion and humanity. They enslaved, tortured and destroyed

millions of human beings from Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were checked

at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa, Santa Marta &c. They overthrew many

flourishing states, and erected over them a slavish colonial fabric, soon

after sunk in sloth and ignorance.(13)

The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were the cause of their ruin and

subjugation by the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches Tayronas, Poyays,

Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians &c. withstood forever their utmost efforts, and

never were conquered. The happy states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca,

Hayti, Cuba &c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful friendly disposition;

being cruelly betrayed and desolated.

In the east, Brazil was occupied by the Portuguese, where a bastard tribe

of Mamalucos were born; who sought for slaves and gold, from Guayana to

Paraguay, and destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy freebooters,

came the rabble of pirates and buccaneers to revenge American wrongs, upon

the Spaniards and Portuguese by deeds of cruelty. Thus was America flooded

with blood, and groaning in tears for nearly three centuries. But even

these horrible deeds were not the only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with

the weak labor of American slaves; another continent was overrun, to

supply stronger hands, and Africa was made to contribute millions of

slaves to swell American population, or sink there to premature death

under the lashing scourge of cruel tasks.

The English, French, and Dutch wishing to partake of the American spoils,

went in search of wealth all over the shores of this continent. Not

satisfied with mere trading colonies, as in India, they sent stationary

colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy some weak points, with or

without the consent of the nations. The Dutch settled in Brazil, Surinam,

Curazao and New York. The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida, Hayti, the

Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil; but have gradually lost all those

colonies, except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids.

The English nation, more daring, steady and lucky, occupied with their

auxiliaries, the Scotch and Irish, some points of the Atlantic shores,

many Carib Islands &c.: by conquest they acquired New York, Canada,

Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller islands. Since, whenever the Europeans

were at war among themselves, they carried their quarrels over the ocean,

and endeavored to destroy each other. Laterly among them arose in North

America the holy flame of freedom and independence, which has been

travelling and spreading throughout the continent, ever since.

But among these contending colonies and slaving plantations, how were the

owners of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas! seldom with

justice—Popes and kings gave away lands and rights, which did not belong

to them; nobles and merchants, availing themselves of this doubtful right,

bought with trifling presents the good will of some tribes, or drove them

away by force. Thus were settled most of the American colonies; except a

few, attempted in a spirit of religion and peace.

The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his name! gave the example of reducing

unsubdued tribes to peaceful allies, by words and deeds of peace and

piety, and Tezutlan thus reduced by him was called Verapaz. When the

Spanish and Portuguese freebooters were sunk in wealth and sloth; they

found it very convenient to employ the Jesuits and other monks to subdue

for them whole tribes and nations, by this easy mode. In North America,

Roger Williams and William Penn, blessed be their names! settled colonies

without strife, and by mere good will towards the owners of the soil. But

every where the foes or successors of these missionaries of peace,

deceived or betrayed the allies they had made. Unjust wars were the

natural consequence, in which the rightful party, did not often prevail,

being overpowered by strength and cunning.

Meantime the independent period opens a new era for America. In 1776 the

United States of North America confederate and become free. Seventeen

years afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl the standard of broken

chains. Between 1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America shakes the weak

power of Spain. In 1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an American empire.

Slavery is abolished in all the Spanish states, only retained in the

colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In 1834 England emancipates the slaves of

all her colonies. Slavery was gradually excluded from many states of N.

America, at early periods; but others from Virginia to Louisiana are

tenacious of these unholy and dangerous bonds.

Now, the native American tribes within the claimed territories of these

new independent nations, are under a sort of pupilage, and often

oppressed: although no longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil alone

admits of indescriminate slavery, and will rue the consequence at some

future period, like those colonies and states that delay wiser measures.

Meanwhile at the two ends of America, in Canada and the United States, as

in Buenos Ayres, a new kind of oppression has appeared. Land stealing and

compulsory sales! unhallowed means to increase wealth, nearly as guilty as

the precious Spanish gold hunting.

The United States which ought to set the wisest example, of justice and

clemency, towards reduced tribes, diminished by vices taught instead of

virtues, are doing the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate the native

tribes, admit them to equal rights, as in the new Spanish States; but

compel them to submit to laws not understood, in a language untaught, or

disqualify them for witnesses. They compel them to remove, emigrate,

disperse, sell their lands and homes, at one tenth of the value; and this

is called fair dealing!

Notwithstanding that the European states or colonies, occupy or claim,

nearly the whole of both Americas; yet there are many vast regions as yet

unsettled by them, and where dwell or wander several free tribes,

particularly in the Arctic wilds, in Oregon, California, Texas, the

Missouri plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa, in N. America—and in S.

America in the vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko, Maranon, Brazil,

Chaco, Chili and Magellania. The most prominent of these modern tribes are

the Uskis or Esquimaux, the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or Sioux, Panis

or Skerés, Washas or Ozages, Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches,

Poyays or Musquitos &c. In South America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas,

Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas, Talahets or Pampas &c. All

divided into many lesser tribes and independent communities.

Instead of endeavoring to civilize them by fair means and deeds of peace,

many continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings, greedy traders,

intemperance, and above all by killing their game, and stealing their

lands. Some missions are established from Groenland to Chili; but the

intercourse of the majority is with traders, trappers, land-hunters or

squatters, and the military of the frontiers: from whom they can imbibe no

very favorable idea of their oppressors.

How is this to end? Is it really intended to grasp the whole continent,

and make these fragments of nations, aliens on their own soil? or to

annihilate them at last? Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of landed

wealth! There is a God in heaven, and he deals justly with nations as with

men. He may find means to punish you, if you continue to violate the

sacred laws of mankind. The desperate tribes, either become stronger by

concentration, or acquired knowledge, may fall on you at last, like so

many Goths and Vandals, Huns and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and

desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or among you will arise Agrarian

sects, that will deprive your children of this landed property so unjustly

acquired and held.

Be wise and just in time, if cupidity does not blind you, imitate the

happy policy of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &c. that has admitted the natives

to equality and citizenship. Do better still, allow them to form peculiar

states and territories, preserving their languages and laws, and admit

these states into your confederacies. Then you will be secure, and both

live in peace, increasing and multiplying as time rolls on. There is land

enough for all, and to spare. What need has a man of 1000 acres of land;

while 100 can support a large family! in the cold climates, and 10 acres

in the fruitful tropical climates, where thrive the banana and the sugar

cane. If hunters require a large wilderness to sustain their mode of life,

greedy worshippers of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold waste for

speculation! or to fill with plantations of slaves and tenants, in order

to become lords of future generations; but the real wise and active men,

the props of society, are content with moderate, secure estates, which

they may improve and beautify into smiling gardens.

The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres has been productive of much

more misery, than mutual benefit. The Americans have received the European

cattle without imparting to Europe, their equally useful Peruvian cattle;

they have received the horse, and often adopted him as a friend, to become

Tartars and Arabs by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on the cruel

Spaniards. Some European fruits and grains have been received and

cultivated: while all have been introduced into the colonies. Woolen

cloth, blankets, iron and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and

gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the still, have been spread by

trade. These last with horses and guns, have been the chief deadly weapons

of Europe against America.(14)

In return, Europe has received gold, silver and precious furs: pearls and

diamonds, cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia wool, cacao,

vanilla, gum elastic and many other useful or medical articles. Maize,

returning east whence it came; with tobacco, a loathsome weed of heathen

growth and rites. Human knowledge has been increased, and trade greatly

enlarged; the tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks have been

transmitted. Thus Europe has been the gainer, and was for a long while

jealous of these treasures.(15)

Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the heavenly religion of Jesus, was

offered or forced upon many American nations, by the same men, who were

behaving worse than heathens, worshipping gold and mammon with the earth

itself, bathed in human blood and tears; introducing slavery and over

toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge, wanton lust, cupidity and

avarice; with all the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico had ghastly

idols and cruel rites; Hayti, Cuba, Bogota, Peru &c. had not; but

peaceful, harmless worships: to which was substituted the papal worships

of other idols, saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion of love and

peace to all mankind, was seldom introduced in America, even by the

Jesuits—except by the heavenly Las-Casas, the friendly quakers, the humane

moravians, and a few other christian missionaries. All the sects of

christianity have now spread to America, and even some arisen there; nay,

the Jews have reached this continent, with a few Mahometans, Hindus,

Chinese, Budhists &c. Thus all the religions of the earth are now found in

this hemisphere, by the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately

proclaimed in many parts.

Great has been the influence of 3 or 4 ages, on the American tribes, that

have been enslaved, or in frequent communication with the nations of

Europe—not in religion alone; but in dress, manners, knowledge,

civilization and pursuits. The alphabetical writing has been introduced

among them, the Tzulukis have invented a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and

the pastoral nomadic life have been adopted. In the boreal regions, the

English and Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers of furs. In

South America the native tribes are often skillful fishermen or traders.

Upon the whole, the late prospects of America are cheering. Many

independent nations have sprung, which deem themselves Americans, and love

their homes. A general spirit of tolerance and peace is spreading, the

true religion of the heart better understood; and a disposition is

evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed tribes, and the poor

slaves. Those who wish oppression and intolerance to be perpetuated, are

not many in this continent, at present; they will be fewer still in half a

century or the year 1892.

Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of mind and manners. A few ages have

been sufficient to produce these mighty changes. Meanwhile, nature

although changing slower, is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere.

Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared and disappeared, the sea shores have

receded, the lakes are falling, the streams are lessening, the mountains

are crumbling, the swamps are draining: immense forests have been cut, and

changed into ploughed fields, hills have been cut or ploughed, roads,

causeways and canals made, splendid cities have been built, with

innumerable towns and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi and

Magdalena have been cultivated, many mines dug for metals or coals. The

face of the country has been quite changed in these new seats of

civilization; in the regions of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana, in

Guyana, Brazil; but in the western regions from Mexico to Chili,

agriculture has rather receded: they had at least as many towns and fields

in ancient times.

Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea have caused sad changes in other

parts, gulfs have been formed on the coast of Cumana, Callao twice sunken

in volcanic tides, mountains and cities overthrown from Popayan to Chili:

while the alluvial formations proceed along the streams and shores; their

floods are perennials, increasing deltas and islands: Hurricanes scatter

ruins and dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate strips of

forests. The spouting springs and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud, clay

and marl, pitch and other substances. The water volcanoes drown valleys

and cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated Quito. Mexico near a lake

and often overflowed by it, is now distantly removed; the lake having been

drained by nature and art jointly combined.(16)

These rapid sketches and views offer a connected picture of men and soil,

in this hemisphere, during the ages past. The detailed local annals of the

various nations, will enlarge the subject, and present the required

outlines of the ancient and modern events of both.

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

After these general topics on American history, I had proposed to enter

upon the peculiar annals of nations, beginning by Peru and Austral

America; but wishing to give in this first volume something still more

novel and striking, I have concluded to begin by the original unpublished

annals of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions of the Haytians; who

assert to have come into America, by the north west, and the second

through the Atlantic Ocean. I hear besides that a French traveller

D’Orbigny, is now publishing in Paris, his travels in Austral and Peruvian

America, with 60 vocabularies of languages: where I may perhaps find

additioned materials for the history of those regions.

CHAPTER V.

_Original Annals and Historical Traditions of the_ LINAPIS, _from

the creation to the flood, passage and settlements in America, as

far as the Atlantic Ocean &c., till 1820 &c._

We have but few real American Annals, given in the original peculiar

style. Those of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti, Peru, &c., have all

been translated by abridgements or paraphrases. Those of the _Ongwi_ by

Cusick come nearest to the aboriginal form, using the usual

personifications and animalizations of tribes, so common all over America

and Asia; but so often misunderstood: having perplexed and disgusted the

commentators or translators; who did not seize this form of style. Even in

China, the primitive inhabitants often bear the names of beasts, _Lung_

dragons, _Chi_ birds, _Yao_ wolf, _Miao_ tygers. In India we find snakes,

monkeys, lions &c. Early in Europe are dogs _Canari and Cynetes_, satyrs,

lions &c., syrens, harpies, pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &c.(17)

In the Antilles the first inhabitants were called beasts or _Caracol_,

turtles _Icota_, birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even gourds and

fruits.—(Roman’s Trad.) In Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies,

snakes &c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes, tygers, giants &c. While

throughout North America we find tribes of beavers, turtles, wolves, dogs,

deer, birds. We must learn to appreciate this primitive form of speech and

style, as allegorical names of men &c. It is very needful in order to

understand the following narratives.

Having obtained, through the late Dr. Ward of Indiana, some of the

original _Wallam-Olum_ (painted record) of the Linapi tribe of Wapahani or

White River, the translation will be given of the songs annexed to each:

which form a kind of connected annals of the nation. In the illustrations

of this history, will be figured the original glyphs or symbols, and the

original songs, with a literal translation, word for word. This will

furnish a great addition to our knowledge of American graphics and

philology; but here the annals are chiefly interesting historically. I

have translated, however, all the historical and geographical names, so as

to afford a better clue to the whole.(18)

We knew by all the writers who have had friendly intercourse with the

tribes of North America, that they did possess, and perhaps keep yet,

historical and traditional records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols,

on wood, bark, skins, in stringed wampuns &c.; but none had been published

in the original form. This shall be the first attempt. Lederer saw 200

years ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording events of 60 years.

Humboldt has mentioned the glyphical symbols of the Hurons on wood, seen

by the Jesuits. Heckwelder saw the _Olumapi_ or painted sticks of the

Linapis; but did not describe them; he merely translated some of their

traditional tales: which agree in the main, with these historical songs;

yet the songs appear mere abridgments of more copious annals, or the bases

of the traditions. The Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the Sakis and

Shawanis &c., all Linapi tribes, have such painted tales and annals,

called _Neobagun_ (male tool) by the former. Tanner has figured some of

these pictured songs or _Neobagun_, in his interesting Narrative. Loskiel

has stated that the Linapis had complete genealogies, with symbols

expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty in 1766 saw records 370 years

old.

Out of these materials and other kept by the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis,

Panis &c., might be formed or restored a peculiar graphic system of north

America, different from the Mexican system; and probably once imported

from Asia: where it may be compared with the graphic symbols of the

Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &c., indicated by Humboldt; but which are unknown

to me. Meantime I shall give materials for such researches in my

illustrations. The symbols, when met alone, were inexplicable; but by

obtaining the words or verses, (since they must commonly be sung) we may

acquire enough to lead on further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity

of this system, is that each symbol applies to a verse or many words; as

if the ideas were amalgamated in the compound system: yet they may often

be analyzed, and the elements ascertained or conjectured, by their

repetition.

These historical songs of the Linapi, are known to but few individuals,

and must be learned with much labor. Those obtained, consist of 3 ancient

songs relating their traditions previous to arrival in America, written in

24, 16 and 20 symbols, altogether 60. They are very curious, but destitute

of chronology. The second series relates to America, is comprised in 7

songs, 4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses of 3 words. It begins

at the arrival in America, and is continued without hardly any

interruption till the arrival of the European colonists towards 1600. As

96 successive kings or chiefs are mentioned, except ten that are nameless:

it is susceptible of being reduced to a chronology of 96 generations,

forming 32 centuries, and reaching back to 1600 years before our era. But

the whole is very meagre, a simple catalogue of rulers, with a few deeds:

yet it is equal to the Mexican annals of the same kind. A last song, which

has neither symbols nor words, consisting in a mere translation, ends the

whole, and includes some few original details on the period from 1600 to

1820.(19)

The orthography of the Linapi names is reduced to the Spanish and French

pronunciation, except SH as in English, U as in French, W as Hou.

If any one is inclined to doubt this historical account; the concurrent

testimonies of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant proofs. The

words of Loskiel are these.

“The Delawares keep genealogies, with the character of each man, if wise,

rich, renowned, or a mighty warrior. They use _hieroglyphs_ on wood, trees

and stones, to give caution, information, communicate events,

achievements, keep records. Some time the hero has at his feet, men, heads

or weapons. They have also paintings on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &c.

1. _Song._—_The Creation &c._

1. At first there was nothing but sea-water on the top of the land. _Aki._

2. There was much water, and much fog over the land, and there was also

KITANI-TOWIT, the God-creator.

3. And this God-creator was the first-being (_Saye-wis_), an eternal

being, and invisible although every where.

4. It was he who caused much water, much land, much cloud, much heaven.

5. It was he who caused the sun, the moon and the stars.

6. And all these he caused to move well.

7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared up, and the deep water ran off.

8. It looks bright, and islands stood there.—_Menak._

9. It was then, when again the _God-Creator_ made the makers or

spirits.—_Manito-Manitoak._

10. And also the first beings _Owiniwak_, and also the angels

_Angelatawiwak_, and also the souls _Chichankwak_, all them he made.(20)

11. And afterwards he made the man-being JIN-WIS, ancestor of the men.(21)

12. He gave him the first mother NETA-MIGAHO, mother of the first beings

OWINI.(22)

13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he gave him, beasts he gave him, birds

he gave him.

14. But there was a bad spirit _Makimani_, who caused the bad beings

_Makowini_, black snakes _Nakowak_, and monsters or large reptiles

_Amangamek_.

15. And caused also flies, and caused also gnats.

16. All the beings were then friends and stood there.

17. Thou being KIWIS, good God WUNAND (these are 2 gods) and the good

makers or spirits were such.

18. With the Jins NIJINI, the first men, and the first mother, their

wives, which were Fairies _Nantinewak_.(23)

19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies was a fat fruit _Gattamin_.

20. All were willingly-pleased, all were easy-thinking, and all were

well-happified.

21. But after awhile a Snake-priest, _Powako_, brings on earth secretly

the Snake worship _Initako_, of the god of the Snakes WAKON.(24)

22. And there came wickedness, crime and unhappiness.

23. And bad weather was coming, distemper was coming, with death was

coming.

24. All this happened very long ago, at the first land _Netamaki_, beyond

the great ocean _Kitahikan_.

_2d Song. The Flood &c._

1. There was long ago a powerful snake _Maskanako_, when the men had

become bad beings _Makowini_.

2. This strong snake had become the foe of the Jins, and they became

troubled, hating each other.

3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful.

4. And they were fighting, least man _Mattapewi_ with dead-keeper

_Nihanlowit_.

5. And the strong snake readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings

and the men.

6. The dark snake he brought, the monster (_Amangam_) he brought, snake

rushing-water he brought.

7. Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much penetrate, much

destroying.

8. Meantime at TULA, at that island, NAMA-BUSH (the great hare _Nana_)

became the ancestor of beings and men.

9. Being born creeping, he is ready to move and dwell at TULA.(25)

10. The beings and men (_Owini and Linowi_) all go forth from the flood

creeping in shallow water, or swimming afloat, asking which is the way to

the turtle back TULAPIN. (This verse like many others is in rhymes, and

metre of 9 words of 3 syllables.)

11. But there were many monsters (_Amangamek_) in the way, and some men

were devoured by them.

12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped them in a boat, saying come,

come, they were coming and were helped. (The name of the boat or raft is

_Mokol_.)

13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the grandfather of all, the grandfather of

the beings, the grandfather of the men, and the grandfather of the

turtles. (This is the beginning of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes, lasting

for 4 verses.)

14. The men were there, the turtle there, they were turtling altogether.

(_Tulapewi_ are the turtle-men.)

15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he was praying, he the turtle, let

it be to make well.

16. Water running off, it is drying, in the plains and the mountains, at

the path of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful action or motion.

_3d Song. Fate after the Flood._

1. After the flood, the manly men _Linapewi_, with the manly turtle beings

dwelt close together at the cave house, and dwelling of _Talli_.

2. It freezes was there, it snows was there, it is cold was there.

3. To possess mild coldness and much game, they go to the northerly plain,

to hunt cattle they go.

4. To be strong and to be rich the comers divided into tillers and

hunters. _Wikhi-chik_, _Elowi-chik_.

5. The most strong, the most good, the most holy, the hunters they

are.(26)

6. And the hunters spread themselves, becoming northerlings, easterlings,

southerlings, westerlings. _Lowaniwi_, _Wapaniwi_, _Shawaniwi_,

_Wunkeniwi_.

7. Thus the white country _Lumonaki_, north of the turtle country, became

the hunting country of the turtling true men.

8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid in their huts, and the snake priest

_Nakopowa_ said to all, let us go.

9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland _Akhokink_, and they went away

earnestly grieving.

10. Thus escaping by going so far, and by trembling the burnt land

_Lusasaki_ is torn and is broken from the snake fortified land.

_Akomenaki_.

11. Being free, having no trouble, the northerlings all go out,

separating, at the land of Snow _Winiaken_.

12. The fish resort to the shores of the gaping sea, where tarried the

fathers of white eagle and white wolf. _Waplanewa_, _Waptumewi_.

13. While our fathers were always boating and navigating, they saw in the

east that the snake land was bright and wealthy. (Here begins a fine

poetical rhyming narrative).—_See Last Note._

14. The head-beaver _Wihlamok_, and the big-bird _Kicholen_, were saying

to all, let us go to the Snake Island _Akomen_.

15. By going with us, we shall annihilate all the snaking people,

_Wemaken_.

16. Having all agreed, the northerlings and easterlings, went over the

water of the frozen sea to possess that land.

17. It was wonderful when they all went over the smooth deep water of the

frozen sea, at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean.

18. They were ten thousand in the dark, who all go forth in a single night

in the dark, to the Snake island of the eastern land _Wapanaki_ in the

Dark, by walking all the people.—OLINI.(27)

19. They were the manly north, the manly east, the manly south; with manly

eagle, manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly hunter, manly priest, manly

rich; with manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog. (12 words all

homophonous rhymes.)

20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland _Shinaking_. But the western

men doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain at the old turtle land.

Thus end these interesting and positive ancient traditions, by a fine poem

on the passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis have a similar poem:

the Illinois had also one, and almost every Linapi tribe. They are perhaps

lost; but this being at last rescued, will preserve the memory for ever.

Now begin the second series of songs, in a different style, seldom

rhyming, but made metrical by an equal number of words in each verse, 4 in

the 4 first which carry the tribe till their conquest of the _Talegas_;

but only 3 in the 3 later poems on the subsequent history. Thus these

songs diminish in details as they advance; but they are mere abridgment of

better annals now probably lost. Numbers shall be annexed to each

successive king or ruler, so as to compute the generations.

1. _Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings or Civil Wars._

1. Long ago, the fathers of men were then at _Shinaki_ or Firland.

2. The path leader was the white eagle (_Wapalanewa 1_), who leads them

all there.

3. The Snake island was a big land, a fine land, and was explored by them.

4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls, the moving souls, in assembly

meet.

5. All say to him, beautiful-head (_Kolawil 2_) be thou king there.

6. The snakes are coming, thou killest some, to Snake hill, let them all

go.

7. All the snakes were quite weak, and concealing themselves at the Bear

hill.

8. After Kolawil, white owl (_Wapagokhos_ 3) was king at the Firland.

9. After him there _Ianotowi_ (4 true maker) was king, and many things he

did.

10. After him there _Chilili_ (5 snowbird) was king, who says let us go

south.

11. To spread the fathers of men _Wokenapi_, and to be able to possess

much more.(28)

12. South he goes the snowbird, but east he goes the beaver-he _Tamakwi_.

(Here is the separation of the Dinnis.)

13. A beautiful land was the south land, the big Firland and the shoreland

_Shabi-yaki_.

14. But the eastern land was a fish land, and a lake land, and a cattle

land.

15. After Chilili, the great warrior (_Ayamek_ 6) was king, when all the

tribes were at war.

16. There was war with the robbing-men, snaking-men, blacking men,

strongmen. _Chikonapi_, _Akhonapi_, _Makatapi_, _Assinapi_.—Thus ends the

first song with civil strife and great wars, dividing some tribes

probably.

_2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the Missouri &c._

17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in whose time there was much warfare

south and east.(29)

18. After them _Langundowi_ (peaceful-he, 17 kg.) was king at the

beautiful land _Akolaking_, and there was peace.(30)

19. After such _Tasukamend_ (never-bad 18) was king, and he was a good or

just man.

20. After such was king _Pemaholend_ (ever beloved 19) who did much good.

21. King afterwards was _Matemik_ (town builder 20) who built many towns,

and afterwards the holy goer _Pilsohalin_ 21.

22. King afterwards was _Gunokeni_ (long while fatherly 22, who ruled

long) and afterwards the big teeth _Mangipitak_ 23.

23. King afterwards was _Olumapi_ (24 manly recorder or bundler) who

caused many writings.(31)

24. King afterwards was _Takwachi_ (25 who shivers with cold) who went

south to the corn land _Minihaking_.

25. King afterwards was _Huminiend_ (26 corn eater) who planted much corn

there.

26. King afterwards was _Alkosahit_ (27 preserving keeper) who had a royal

soul and was very useful.

27. King afterwards was _Shiwapi_ (28 salt man) and afterwards dry-he

_Penkwonwi_ 29.

28. There was no raining, and no corn grew, east he goes far from the

sea.(32)

29. Over hollow mountain _Oligonunk_, at last to eat he went at a fine

plain _Kalok-waming_ of the cattle land.

30. After _Penkwonwi_ came _Wekwo-chella_ (30 much weary) after such the

stiff (_Chingalsuwi_ 31.)

31. After such was _Kwitikwund_ (32 the reprover) who was disliked, and

some unwilling to obey.

32. Being angry some moved easterly, and secretly went far off.

_3d Song. From the Missouri to the Mississippi &c._

33. But the wise did tarry, and _Waka-holend_ (33 the beloved) was made

king.

34. It was at the Yellow River _Wisawana_ where there was much corn, large

meadows, and again were built towns.(33)

35. All being friends _Tamenend_ (34 affable like a beaver) became king

and was alone the first.(34)

36. Such Tamenend was the very best, and all the men came to him.

37. After such good _Maskansisil_ (35 strong buffaloe) was king and

chieftain or leader.

38. _Machigokhos_ (36 big-owl) was king, _Wapkicholen_ (37 white crane)

was king.

39. _Wingenund_ (38 mindful) was king and pontiff, who made many

festivals.(35)

40. _Lapawin_ (whitened 39) was king, _Wallama_ (40 painted) was king.

41. _Waptiwapit_ (41 white chicken) was king, again there is war north and

south.

42. By the wise in assembly _Tamaskan_ (strong wolf 42) was made king.

43. He was able to war on all and he killed the strong-stone

_Maskansini_.(36)

44. _Messissuwi_ (43 whole-he) was king and made war on the snake-beings

_Akowini_.

45. _Chitanwulit_ (44 strong and good) was king and made war on the

northern foes _Lowanuski_.

46. _Alokuwi_ (45 lean he) was king and made war on the father snake

_Towakon_.

47. _Opekasit_ (46 east-looking) was king, being sad at the warfare.

48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and they are many who together go

east.

_4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &c._

49. The fish river _Nemasipi_ separated the land, and being lazy they

tarry there.(37)

50. _Yagawanend_ (47 hut maker) was king, and the _Tallegewi_ (there

found) possessing the east.

51. _Chitanitis_ (48 strong friend) king was, and he desires the rich land

of the east.

52. To the east some did pass, but the head of the Talegas, _Talegawil_

killed some of them.

53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare, warfare.

54. The friends of the north the _Talamatan_ (who are not like the

Talligewi, the Hurons) were coming to go altogether united.

55. _Kinehepend_ (49 sharp looking) was king, and leader, over the river

against foes.

56. Much was there possessed by them, and much spoiling and killing of the

Talegas.

57. _Pimokhasuwi_ (50 stirring about) was king, but he found the Talegas

too strong in the war.

58. _Tenchekensit_ (51 opening path) was king, and many towns were given

up to him.

59. _Paganchihilla_ (52 great fulfiller) was king, and all the Talegas

went away to the south.

60. _Hattanwulaton_ (53 he has possession) was king, and all the people

were well pleased.

61. South of the lakes they settle the council fire, and the friends

_Talamatan_ north of the lakes.

62. But they were not always friends and were conspiring when _Gunitakan_

(54 long mild) was king.

63. _Linniwulamen_ (55 man of truth) was king, and made war on the

Talamatan.

64. _Shakagapewi_ (56 just and upright) was king, and the Talamatan were

trembling.

SECOND SERIES OR MODERN HISTORY.

_1st Song. At the Talega land._

1. All were peaceful long ago there at the Talega land _Talegaking_.

2. _Tamaganend_ (57 beaver leader) was king at the White River or _Wabash

Wa-palaneng_.

3. _Wapushuwi_ (58 white linx) was king and planted much corn.

4. _Wulichinik_ (59 well hardy) was king, and the people increased.

5. _Lekhihitin_ (60. writer writing) was king and painted many books

_Wallamo-lumin_.(38)

6. _Kolachuisen_ (61 pretty blue bird) was king, at the place of much

fruit _Makeli-ming_. (near Cincinnati?)

7. _Pematalli_ (62 constant there) was king and had many towns.

8. _Pepomahemen_ (63 paddler up) was king of many rivers and streams.

9. _Tankawon_ (64 little cloud) was king, while many went away.

10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis, went to the south lands.(39)

11. _Kichitamak_ (65 big beaver) was king at the white lick _Wapahoning_.

12. The heavenly prophet _Onowutok_ (66) went to the west.(40)

13. The west he visited, the forsaken land and the western southerlings.

14. _Pawanami_ (67 rich water turtle) was king at the Ohio River

_Taleganah_.

15. _Lokwelend_ (68 walker) was king, and had much warfare.(41)

16. Again with the father snake _Towako_, again with the stony snake

_Sinako_, again with north snake _Lowako_.

17. _Mokolmokom_ (69 the grand father of the boats) was king and went

snaking in boats.

18. _Winelowich_ (70 snow hunter) was king and went to the north land of

the Esquimaux _Lowushkis_.

19. _Linkwekinuk_ (71 sharp looker) was king and went to the Alleghany

Mountains _Talegachukang_.

20. _Wapalawikwan_ (72 east settler) was king and went east of the Talega

land.(42)

_2d Song. At the East till first White Man comes._

21. This land of the east, was a large land _Amangaki_, and a long land

_Amigaki_.

22. This land had no snakes, but was a rich land, and many good things

were found there.

23. _Gikenopalat_ (73 great warrior) was king near the north.

24. _Hanaholend_ (74 stream loving) was king at the branching stream or

Susquehanna _Saskwihanang_.(43)

25. _Gattawisi_ (75 becoming fat) was king at the sassafras land _Winaki_.

26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of the sun _Gishikshapipek_, which

was again a big sea.

27. _Makhiawip_ (76 red arrow) was king at the tide water.

28. _Wolomenap_ (77 hollow man) was king at the strong falls (of Trenton)

_Mas-kekitong_.

29. The _Wapanand_ (ensters) and the _Tumewand_ (wolfers or Mohigans)

north-east they go.(44)

30. _Wulitpallat_ (78 good fighter) was king and set against the north.

31. The _Maliongwi_ (lickers or Iroquois) and the _Pungelika_ (the lynx

like or Eries) were all trembling there.

32. Again _Tamenend_ (79 beaver II) was king there, and with all he made

peace.

33. And all became friendly, and all became united, with this great ruling

king.(45)

34. _Kichitamak_ (80 great beaver) was king and remains at the sassafras

land or Pennsylvania.

37. _Wapahakey_ (81 white body) was king and went to the Sea Shore on

Jersey _Sheyabi_.

38. _Elangomel_ (82 friendly to all) was king and much good was done.

39. _Pitenumen_ (83 mistaker) was king, and saw some one come from

somewhere.

40. At this time from the east sea was coming a whiter _Wapsi_.(46)

_3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies._

41. _Makelomush_ (84 much honored) was king and made all happy.

42. _Wulakeningus_ (85 well praised) was king and became a warrior of the

south.

43. He must make war on the Cheroki Snakes _Otaliwako_, and on the Coweta

Snakes _Akowetako_.

44. _Wapagamoshki_ (86 white otter) was king, ally of the _Lamatan_ or

Hurons.

45. _Wapashum_ (87 white big horn) was king and visited the west land of

Talega.

46. There he found the Illinois _Hiliniki_, the Shawanis _Shawoniki_, and

the Conoys _Konowiki_.

47. _Nitispayat_ (88 friendly comer) was king, and he went to the big

lakes.

48. And he visited all the beaver-children or Miamis, and all the friends

or allies.(47)

49. _Pakimitzin_ (89 cranberry eater) was king, and made alliance with the

Ottawas, _Tawa_.

50. _Lowaponskan_ (90 north walker) was king, and he visited the noisy

place or Niagara _Ganshowenik_.

51. _Tashawinso_ (91 at leisure gatherer) was king, and visited the Sea

shores.

52. Then the offspring, in three desiring, three to be, and they became

the Turtle tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe. _Unamini_,

_Minsimini_, _Chikimini_.(48)

53. _Epallahchund_ (92 failer) was king, in the war with the _Mahongwi_,

wherein he fails.(49)

54. _Langomuwi_ (93 friendly he) was king and the Mahongwi were

frightened.

55. _Wangomend_ (94 saluted) was king yonder between.

56. The Cherokis _Otaliwi_ and _Wasio-towi_ (those of the Otali and

Wasioto mts.) were his foes.(50)

57. _Wapachikis_ (95 white crab) was king and ally a friend of Jersey on

the shores.

58. _Nenachihat_ (96 watcher) was king and looking at the sea.

59. At this time north and south the _Wapayachik_ came, the white or

eastern moving souls.

60. They were friendly, and came in big bird-ships, who are they?(51)

Thus end these poetical annals, so curious and so plain, when properly

understood and translated. The following addition is merely a fragment on

the subsequent period, translated by John Burns. I give it as received

although I fear it is inaccurate in some respects, and a paraphrase rather

than literal account. Yet by this addition, we obtain a kind of general

history of at least one American tribe, and a complete original series of

traditions, in their peculiar pristine style. Many others will be added

hereafter, either from printed traditions, or historical songs and

fragments.

_Fragment on the history of the Linapis from about 1600 till 1820._

1. Alas, alas! we know now who they are, these _Wapsinis_ (white people)

who then came out of the sea, to rob us of our country. Starving wretches!

with smiles they came; but soon became snaking foes.

2. The _Wallamolum_ was written by _Lekhibit_ (the writer) to record our

glory. Shall I write another to record our fall? No! our foes have taken

care to do it; but I speak to thee what they know not or conceal.

3. We have had many other kings since that unhappy time. They were 3 till

the friendly _Mikwon_ (Penn) came. _Mattanikum_ (not horned, not

strong),(52) when the _Winakoli_(53) came to _Winaki_. _Nahumen_ (raccoon)

when the _Sinalwi_ (Dutch) came. And _Ikwahon_ (fond of women) when the

_Yankwis_ (English) came, with Mikwon and his friends soon after.

4. They were all received and fed with corn; but no land was ever sold, we

never sell any. They were all allowed to dwell with us, to build houses

and plant corn, as our friends and allies. Because they were hungry, and

thought children of _Gishaki_ (the sun land) and not snakes nor children

of snakes.(54)

5. And they were traders, bringing fine new tools, and weapons, and cloth,

and beads, for which we exchanged skins and shells and corn. And we liked

them, with their things, because we thought they were good, and made by

the children of _Gishaki_.

6. But alas! they brought also fire guns and fire waters, which burned and

killed. Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since we had better ones.

7. And after Mikwon, came the children of _Dolojo-Sakima_ (King George)

who said, more land, more land we must have, and no limit could be put to

their steps and increase.

8. But in the north were the children of _Lowi-Sakima_, (King Louis), who

were our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of our foes: yet

_Dolojo_ always wanted to war with them.

9. We had 3 kings after _Mikwon_ came. _Skalichi_ who was another

_Tamenend_,(55) and _Sasunam Wikwikhon_ (our uncle the builder), and

_Tatami_ (the beaver taker) who was killed by a _Yankwako_ (English

snake), and we vowed revenge.

10. _Netatawis_ (first renewed being) became king of all the nations in

the west, again at _Talligewink_ (Ohio or the Talega place) on the river

Cayahaga, with our old allies the _Talamatans_: and he called on all of

the east.

11. But _Tadeskung_ was chief in the east at _Mahoning_ and bribed by the

_Yankwis_: there he was burnt in his house, and many of our people were

massacred at _Hickory_ (Lancaster) by the land robbers _Yankwis_.

12. Then we joined our friend _Lowi_ in war against the Yankwis; but they

were strong, and they took _Lowanaki_ (north land, Canada) from Lowi, and

came to us in _Talegawink_, when peace was made; and we called them big

knives _Kichikani_.

13. Then _Alimi_ (white-eyes) and _Gelelenund_ (buck killer) were chiefs,

and all the nations near us were allies under us as our grandchildren

again.(56)

14. When the eastern fires were set up, and began to resist Dolojo, they

said we should be another fire with them. But they killed our chiefs

_Unamiwi_ (turtling) and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then _Hopokan_

(strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe was made king, and he made war on the

_Kichikani Yankwis_, and become the ally of Dolojo who was then very

strong.

15. But the eastern fires were stronger, they did not take _Lowanaki_

(Canada) but become free from _Dolojo_. We went to _Wapahani_ (white

river) to be further from them; but they follow every where, and we made

war on them, till they sent _Makhiakho_ (black snake, General Wayne) who

made strong war.(57)

16. We made peace and settle limits. Our next king was _Hacking-Ponskan_

(hard walker) who was good and peaceful. He would not even join our

brothers Shawanis and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next war.

17. Yet after the last peace, the _Kichikani-Yankwis_ came in crowds all

around us, and they want also our lands of _Wapahani_. It was useless to

resist, because they are getting stronger by increasing united fires.

18. _Kithtilkund_ and _Lapanibi_ (white water) were the chiefs of our two

tribes, when we resolved to exchange our lands, and return at last beyond

the _Masispek_ (muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old country.(58)

19. We shall be near our foes the _Wakon_ (god of snakes, the Ozages) but

they are not worse than the _Yankwiakon_ (English snake), who want to

possess the whole big island.(59)

20. Shall we be free and happy there? at the new _Wapahani_ (western white

river). We want rest, and peace, and wisdom.

Such is one of the accounts of the transactions between this people and

the English, United States &c; of which Loskiel, Holm and Hekewelder have

furnished other fragments, and for which we have ample materials in the

colonial history and late records. But this offers some new views and

facts: which shall be partly compared and discussed in the notes; but more

properly examined and united in accordance with other narratives, in the

history of the North American nations and tribes. The 11 kings in about

220 years named in this fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820 and

later.

That so many generations and names can be recollected, may appear doubtful

to some; but when symbolic signs and paintings, with poetical songs, are

added, the memory can well retain and perpetuate their connection. Even in

Polynesia, where we are not told of symbols, but mere historical songs,

they reach to the creation and flood; Ellis and Tierman tell us that the

kings and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka, Hawahi, Mowi &c. could

repeat the names of ancestors and kings for 100 generations. It would have

been well if instead of giving us mere fragments of the songs and names,

they had translated the whole, and thus furnished the connected annals of

Polynesia.

In the Linapi annals, we find not merely their own deeds; but the mention

of many other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in Cusick’s Traditions

of the Ongwis: and this forms another clue for American history. As early

as the Asiatic period we find them united to the related people _Owini_

and _Nijini_, before the flood, and calling their foes _Powako_ (rich

snake), _Makowini_ (bad being,) _Maskanako_ (strong snake), similar to the

satanic tribes of the Hebrews &c.(60)

At the flood they are saved with the _Tulapin_ turtlemen, and begin to

call themselves _Linapewi_. Soon after they separate, go north and divide

into tribes, named after the winds, the mode of life and animals. The

hunters are _Elowi_ Elohim of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules; they

again meet snakemen, who fly to America and must have produced there many

nations.

After having filled the north, and after the breaking of the land, at

Behring strait, part of the nation resolve to follow and pursue the snakes

to the east. The passage by the _Olinis_ over the hard sea or ice, is

beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see last note); they settle at

Shinaki, and begin again to war on snakemen: after which the beaver men or

Tamakwi separate going east where they became the Dinni nations, yet

called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin to a beaver and a dog, and

call their ancestor _Chapewi_, similar to _Apiwi_, the manly in Linapi.

Meantime the main tribe going south meets other nations which it is

difficult to identify, as the names are mere epithets and nicknames, yet

the _Assinipi_ or stony men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet called

Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi origin. They reappear afterwards

as _Maskan-sini_ or _Sinako_, and appear to have passed to America soon

after the Linapi. They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the languages

prove, and very akin to the Hurons or Ongwis in America.

The _Akowini_ are met again, which appear to have become the ancestors of

the Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The _Lowanuski_ were either the Uskis

or the Skeres. The _Towakon_ were not the Ottawas; but probably the Ozages

or their ancestors the Wakons.(61)

At last they meet the civilized _Talegas_, who are not called snakes, but

rather extolled, and from whom they borrowed many things: their symbol is

very different from that of the snakes. They were probably of eastern or

atlantic origin, akin to the Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient

Cherokis. The _Talamatan_ become allies, were the Hurons, the name means

both _unlike the Talegas_ and _killer of the Talas_.—See Cusick, and my

Huron Traditions for their own annals.

The separations of the Nentegos and Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or

Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled the sea shores from Florida to

Acadia. Three tribes of snakes reappear which are similar to the former,

except the _Lowako_ probably the same as _Lowanuski_. After crossing the

Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites all the tribes. The _Hiliniki_ and

_Conowiki_ easily identified remain west of the mountains. The Iroquois

and Eries appear under peculiar Linapi names.

The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon after as snakes or foes; whether the

Otalis or Cherokis of the mountains were real snakes of the west is

doubtful; it is more likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos, which

was their capital till lately, and later they are called _Otaliwi_ by the

Linapis. Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these.

The Tawas who call themselves fathers, as the Linapi grandfathers, of all

the akin tribes, had then towards 1400, a great power in the west: their

empire had a pontiff _Mushkiwis_ near lake Michigan, on whom Cass has

given some very important traditions.

The following chief chronological periods are deducible from these annals,

by reckoning 3 generations in a century. About 1600 years before Christ

passage of Behring strait on the ice, lead by _Wapalanewa_, settlement at

_Shinaki_.

1450. _Chilili_ leads them south, and the _Tamakwi_ separate.

1040. Peace after long wars under _Langundewi_ at the land _Akolaking_.

800. Annals written by _Olumapi_.

750. _Takwachi_ leads to _Minihaking_.

650. _Penkwonwi_ leads east over mountains.

460. The first _Tamenend_ great king on the Missouri.

60. _Opekasit_ leads to the Mississippi.

About 50 years of our era, alliance with the _Talamatans_ against the

_Talegas_.

150. Conquest or expulsion of the _Talegas_.

400. _Lekhihitan_ writes the annals.

540. Separation of the Shawanis and Nentegos.

800. _Wapalawikwan_ leads over Alleghany mountains to _Amangaki_.

970. _Wolomenap_ settles the central capital at Trenton, and the Mohigans

separate.

1170. Under _Pitenumen_ arrival of _Wapsi_ the first white men or

Europeans.

_Additional Note._ As a specimen of the original text and poetry of these

annals, I give now the poem on the passage to America: the whole text and

all the symbols will be given hereafter.

13. Amakolen

Nallahemen

Agunuken

Powasinep

Wapasinep

Akomenep.

14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi

Wematan akomen luchundi.

15. Witéhen wémiluen

Wémaken nihillen.

16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi

Nguttichin Wapanawi

Agamunk topanpek

Wulliton épannek.

17. Wulélémil W’shakuppek

Wémopannek hakhsinipek

Kìtahìkan pokhakhopek

18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi

Wémoltin gutikuni nillawi

Akomen wapanaki nillawi

Ponskan-ponskan wémìwi Olini

19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi

Lanéwapi Tamakwapi Tuméwapi

Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi

Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.

20. Wemipayat gunéunga Shinaking

Wunkénapi chanélendam payaking

Allowélendam kowiyey Tulpaking.

CHAPTER VI.

THE POETICAL ANNALS AND TRADITIONS OF THE HAYTIANS OR TAINOS OF

THE ANTILLES, _collected in 1498 by_ ROMAN &C. _with additions by_

DANGLERIA _and others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient Tribes_.

Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with Columbus, who began to convert the

Haytians in 1496, and collected their traditions, after learning their

language, out of the _Areitos_ or songs and hymns used in festivals. He

wrote them in 1498 by order of Columbus, and they are inserted at large in

his life by his son; but were almost neglected by Irving. They give us not

only an insight into the belief, religion, traditions of the Antillian

people; but also a compendium of fragments on their annals. Although very

desultory, much less connected than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis

&c., and destitute of chronology; yet they afford an essential addition to

American history, and the ancient accounts about the Atlantis and

Antilles.

In order to bring them into a kind of order, they shall be analyzed,

reduced to a succession of events and divided into 3 parts, 1. Cosmogony

and Theogony, 2. the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient history

previous to Columbus or 1492. A fourth part foreign to these traditions

would be their annals since that time, and till the extinction of the

nation; which shall be given hereafter, with the account of the language,

and civilization—What is peculiar to these traditions among the Americans,

are the metamorphoses of men into beasts &c., as in Ovid.

The nation who furnished these annals, was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch

of the nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling the Lucayes and smaller

Antilles: whose collective proper name was TAINO meaning noble. But they

acknowledged as brothers, many tribes of the continent under the

collective name of GUATIAOS brothers, this was ascertained in 1520 by

Figueroa.—(See Herrera.) These _Guatiaos_ were the Aruac nations and

tribes, that were not cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by Figueroa in

1520 were in the Antilles the 1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4.

Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda,

Marmagitas and Gianis Islands. While those of the continent were the 1.

Aruacas of Guyana, 2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of Oronoc, 4.

Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis, 6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8.

Coquibocoa, 9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt with the _Canibas_

or _Caribas_, the cannibal tribes, foes of the _Guatiaos_, which are the

Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated and conquered most of the

eastern Antilles.

All the Tainos spoke the same language divided into several dialects; but

understood reciprocally. D’Angleria tells us in 1512 that two distinct

languages were used in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of Hayti; but

in the west was a very different language not understood; this was the

_Cami_ derived from the _Olmeca_ of Oaxaca or the _Maya_ of Yucatan; they

having sent there a colony, and founded a kingdom.—(see the Maya History.)

In Hayti there was also in the center of the island a kingdom of Mayas?

the people were called _Mayo-riexes_ or _Macoryxes_, (meaning _Maya

people_). They spoke a language different from the Haytian (Dangleria)

divided into 3 dialects _Cayabo_, _Cubaba_, and _Baichagua_. This kingdom

of strangers was called _Cubaba_ or _Caibaba_, and _Ziguayos_. They are

called Caribs by some authors; but erroneously.(62)

Many other additional traditions on the Antilles are scattered in early

writers, D’Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz, Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo,

Columbus, Brigstock, Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet, &c. which shall be

partly noticed here as a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a general

outline of a history of the Antillian nations.

Having succeeded to make out a fine vocabulary of nearly three hundred

words of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman, Columbus, Dangleria,

Munoz, Las-Casas, Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater &c.—and another of about

150 words of the _Cairi_ or _Eyeri_ language of the Aruac Islanders out of

Dudley, Rochefort &c. I will be enabled to translate and elucidate nearly

all the Taino historical names and allusions, so as to clear up the annals

by original etymologies. The orthography will be Spanish, J must be

pronounced as Kh, and X as Sh.

The Haytians had besides these songs, other annals; since the priests

taught history, and the origin of things to the sons of the nobles. They

had also perhaps peculiar symbols to keep their records, since Dangleria

mentions that they had paintings of beasts, tygers, eagles &c. on cotton,

hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787 was found in the mountains of

Guanaminto a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with hieroglyphs! and in

the mountains of Limbé, engravings of human figures on a serpentine rock;

besides many sculptures in Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua one of

Lucayes a gold medal _with letters on it_! If we had figures of these

hieroglyphs and engraved symbols, we should probably obtain another clue

to American history and graphic systems. But they are probably lost by

neglect like those of North America! The Antilles being on the way from

the east to the continent must have served as a stepping place to many

nations on their passage to the continent.(63)

1st Part.—_Theogony and Cosmogony._

1. _Fact._ The Supreme God, bears five names or titles given by Roman and

Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or female.

By Roman By Dangleria Meanings

1. Attabei Attabeira Unic-Being.

2. Jemao Mamona Eternal.

3. Guacas or Guaca-rapita Infinite.

Apito

4. Apito or Liella Omnipotent.

Siella

5. Zuimaco Guimazoa Invisible.

Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male God. The titles of this god are

sufficient to indicate the supreme God of nature, and they have

astonishing analogies with the primitive God of Asia and Europe, the

Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &c. The most common name was the

first, in Cuba _Atabex_. This and other great Gods were not sculptured in

idols. The Chillians had similar names for the Supreme God.(64)

2. _Fact._ This God was father or mother of another great God dwelling in

the sun with a double name, variable in the dialects.

First Name. Second Name.

By Roman Iocahuna Guamaarocon.

By Dangleria Iocauna Guamaonocon.

In Cuba Yocahuna Guamaoxocoti.

In Jamaica Yocahuna ——

In Boriquen Iacana Guamanomocon.

By Oviedo Iovana Guamamona.

Variations Iocavaghama Guamochyna.

The explication of these names is not given; but they are identic with the

gods of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary islands.—The first appears

to be the JEHOVAH and YAO of the Orientals, and is evidently the HUNAKU or

Supreme God of the _Mayas_. The second name means _Lord of the World_

(_Guama-ocon_) and is a title.(65)

3. _Event._ This last God made the World, the Heavens _Turei_, and the

Earth before the terrestrial sun and moon; also the ZEMIS or angels, who

are male and female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and intercessors

with the great gods. In the dialects _Zemes_, _Chemes_, _Chemis_.

All the ancestors are since called _Zemis_: their worship was spread

through America, under various names, and forms: as well as in the east.

They are the

_Shemayim_ (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.

_Shemsia_ of the Pehlavis of Persia.

_Samana & Hamsa_ of the Hindus.

_Shams_ of the Arabic.

_Esmun_, _Saman_ of the old Irish.

_Eshman_ (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.

_Sumari_ of Thibet, _Chuman_ of Tartary.

_Camus_, a synonym of Magi of Persia.

_Shin_ of the Chinese.

_Zamzumin_ ancient giants of Arabia.

_Chamin & Zaones_ of Egypt.

_Chama_ of the Phrygians.

_Chamina_ of the Etruscans.

_Zeones & Zanim_ of the Ammonians.

_Zamones_ (blest) of the Lybians.

_Lemes_, _Zanes_ and _Annas_ of the Pelasgians.

_Chemin_, _Shemsho_, _Naemas_ and _Zamiel_ of Aram or Syria and Phenicia.

_Chemarim_ Priests.

_Zin_, _Kami_ and _Kamona_ of Japan and Yedzo.

While in America we find the _Chemim_ of the Carib women.

_Tezmin_ of the Mayas.

_Inama_ of the Apalachis.

_Manito_ of the Linapis.

_Camayos_ of the Peruvians.—Which are all identic in meaning _Angels_,

_Spirits_ and their idols. This name changes elsewhere in sound: just like

_Enzel_ in Teutonic, which has the import of _El_, _Aones_, and _Zemes_,

is root of our _Angel_ now pronounced _Endjel_. This oriental connection

of ideas, names and worship, appears to be evident. They are not less in

_Turei_ heaven, _Uran_, _Turan_ of the primitive nation &c.

_4th Event._ Some of these ZEMIS became bad beings, and devils _Tuyra_,

who send diseases, hurricanes (_Furacan_), earthquakes and thunders to

desolate the earth and mankind.

The names of _Tuyra_ for devil and evil has analogies throughout the

earth. The most striking are

_Out of America._

_Zitura_ of Basks.

_Guirati_ of Biscayans.

_Vetura_ in Bali of Pallis.

_Tororu_ of Nukahiva island.

_Yarua_ of the Berber Atlantes.

_Yurena_ of the Guanches Atlantes.

_Daruj_, _Puyri_ of Zend.

_Turug_ of Celts.

_Tairi_ in Turkish.

_Tahyri_ of Tahiti.

_Fara_, _Wara_ of Japan.

_Tarada_ of the Papuas.

_Uritiram_ Synonym of Shiva.

_Teripis_ of Oscans.

_Tyranos_ of Greeks.

_In America._

_Yares_ of the _Tayronas_ the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.

_Sura_ of Poyays.

_Tziri_ of Poconchi.

_Huraqui_, _Sura_ of Apalachi.

_Tiviri_ of the Yaquis.

_Kiuras_ of the Powhatans.

_Tarahu_, of the Tarahumaras.

_Prororu_ of Cumana, derived from _Pregonero_ another subsequent devil of

Hayti.

By the change of R to L, we have the _Tulas_ and Atlantes of America.—_See

Taraguva_ of 10th Event.

_5th Event._ The good Zemis were appointed to make the earth and men, and

to rule over both. _Guabanzex_, a female Zemis, made the air and water,

and became the goddess of the ocean and winds.

This will answer to the first period of the earth creation, when the water

was above the land, and the _Rkio_ of Moses was divided. The name appears

to mean _the windy_.(66)

_6th Event._ The male Zemis JAIA (_Khaya_, the earth) made the earth and

islands; he is the _Aion_ of Sanchoniation. Every land and island is

animated. The island of Hayti was a great animal like a turtle; the head

and mouth was in the east, the west end of it was a long tail, called

_Guaca-iarima_ (country of the Vent). The caves were the holes of the

body, venerated and used afterwards as temples and tombs.

This notion, and comparison of islands with turtles, recalls to mind the

primitive turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis &c. _Jaia_ or _Kaya_

for land has affinities all over the world and is a primitive word.(67)

_7th Event._ JAIA afterwards had a son, who was called _Jaia-El_,

_Higuera_, or _Hibuera_ earth-son gourd.

This first man like Adam is son of the earth, and an EL or Angel, _Elohim_

of the orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring, family and tribe.

It will often recur in subsequent history, in the singular for the plural.

The plurals were _Eli_, _Ili_, _guaili_.—_Gua_ is only the article _This

or Such_.(68)

_8th Event._ The sun and moon called _Boiniael_ and _Maroio_ by Roman; but

_Binthaitel_ and _Marohu_ by Dangleria and Ovieda, come out of the cave

_Jovovava_: they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A cave with the same name

was their temple in Hayti. Dangleria calls it _Iovana-boina_ Jove Solar.

The exact time of this appearance is doubtful, and there appears to be two

blended events, one of cosmogony alluding to the sun being long obscured

by the primitive misty atmosphere, another historical alluding to the

solar and lunar dynasties of Asia or America. The meaning of _Jovo-vava_

or _Kovo-vava_ is cave of fathers, both primitive names. The solar and

lunar names have many analogies elsewhere, among which the chief are

_Names of the Sun._

_Oin_, _Oein_ of Arabs and Ethiopia.

_Oboh_, _Baion_, old Egyptian.

_Baon_, _Oan_ of Assyrians.

_Ian_ of the Etruscans.

_Belen_ of the Gauls.

_Bun_ of the Zend.

_Abolion_ of the Pelasgians.

_Abloin_ of the Thessalians.

_Ntiélé_ of the Illyrians.

_Bian_ of the Ausonians.

_Anactes_ of the Mysians.

_Names of the Moon._

_Yarho_ of the Syrians.

_Aohri_ of the Tibus.

_Warha_ of the Ethiopians.

_Carara_ of the Etruscans.

_Teoro_ of the Betoys, S. A.

_Heriho_ of Canaan.

_Humuri_ of Old Arabic.

_Matuaré_ of Carthul, Caucasus.

_Maraca_ of Guaramis, S. A.

_Marama_ of Polynesia.

_Kamar_ in Maroco.

_Kamaria_ in Pehlvi.

_Gumara_ in Nubian.

Most of these synonyms and analogies are found in the most ancient

languages: to which may be added that in the ancient Haikan language of

Armenia, the sun and moon were called _Noah!_ and _Morante_, names also of

Noah and his wife.

_9th Event._ The female Zemis, _Coatris-quia_ makes the springs and

streams to flow over the earth, and became their goddess.

This is another period of oriental cosmogony, that of the irruption of

subterranean waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior to Adam. The

name of the Zemis is of doubtful meaning, probably _Coatris-quia_,

hollow-quite. _Coa_ or _Cua_ was the name of ancient hollow temples all

over America. _Quia_ is found in _Quisqueia_ oldest name of Hayti or the

_great_ (land) _universal_.

_10th Event._ _Taragava-el_ and _Corocora_ or _Epileguanita_, two male

Zemis of the woods and hunters, made the trees and beasts. This includes

probably two events anterior to the men, unless they be men.

The meanings of these Zemis which might guide us, are quite doubtful.

_Taraguva_ resembles _Tuyra_ and also _Turei_ heaven; but _Epileguanita_

was probably the ancient god of the _Caracol_ or Beastly-men, since it was

represented by a beast or quadruped; while all the other Zemis as men and

women. _Ili-guanita_ would mean in Haytian _children of the people_.

Therefore I presume that these are personifications of the ancient

hunters, or men of the woods with the beastly and savage men of early

times. Roman calls the second _Corocore_, synonyme of _Caracara_.

Part II. _Antidiluvian History and Flood._

_11th Event._ JAIA-EL rebels against his father JAIA and wants to kill

him; a warfare, in which _Jaia-El_ is killed by his father, who puts his

bones into a gourd. _Higuera_, or _Hibuera_, and people the land of that

name.

This refers to the fall of man and the wars of the Titans. The name for

bones is omitted, it would perhaps afford another clue. Many American

nations venerate and animate bones. Dangleria says, that _Jaia_ peopled

all the islands of the sea with these bones.

_12th Event._ JAIA being childless marries _Itiba-Jatuvava_ from whom he

has 4 twin sons called _Dimivan_, who became afterwards _Cara-cara-cols_

or the great Cara-cols, the great beastly beings; but their mother dies at

their birth.

_Itiba_ means woman ancient and alludes perhaps to _Thibet_, refuge, or

land of Noah. (_I_, is the article _the_). _Jatuvava_ perhaps

Japhet-father, but in Aruac _Kati-uiua_ means the moon heavenly. The name

of _Dimivan_ is remarkable, being identic with the _Demavends_ or

antidiluvians of Persia, called _Dawand_ in the Zendavesta, the _Demoi_ or

old people of the Pelasgians, the _Demons_ of many nations. The _Caras_

and _Cols_ are found all over America and Asia.(69)

_13th Event._ AHIACAVO (grand father) or _Baia-manicoel_ an ancestor of

the _Dimivan_, forms the nation of CON-EL, at _Basamanaco_, and invents

agriculture, with the art of making cakes and bread.

The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather of mankind. CON-EL is certainly

a personification, meaning the sons or Elohim of CON, who is the primitive

Lybian Hercules KON or KHON; and is found in Peruvian history as the first

legislator of Peru. The XONS or CONES were the oldest people of Spain and

Italy, same as _Xâones_ of Greece. Their god was XON or _Konah_.

_Basamanaco_ is inexplicable unless it alludes to the primitive

antidiluvian _Manaco_ or _Manco_ of Peru. _Ba_ is dwelling, _Samana_ an

island near Hayti.

_14th Event._ The four brothers _Dimivan_ meeting a mute _Conel_, making

bread, ask him for some; but he only gives them instead _Cogioba_ or

_Cohiba_ which is tobacco: this happened at the door of Basamanaco. This

fable indicates an intercourse of the Dimivans and the _Conels_ which are

probably a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians.

_15th Event._ This refusal of bread was the cause of a quarrel and war, in

which _Conel_ kills or destroys one of the brothers or tribes of _Dimivan

Caracol_, but a turtle _Hicotea_ came out of his body, or an island thus

called, as Hayti was. This _Conel_ conqueror was _Baia-mani-coel_, whose

name means _Father of food celestial_; but _Baya_ is also the ocean.

This indicates a great war, and probably alludes to that of the

Atlantes.(70)

_16th Event._ The _Dimivans_, probably in revenge, broke the gourd of

JAIAEL (_Khayahel_); but a flood of waters issue from it and drowns the

land.

This deluge is called _Niquen_: there is no indication in Roman of the men

who were destroyed, nor who were saved and how; but in Cuba was found a

more ample tradition of the flood as follows.

_17th Event._ Three Behiques or priests who come to Cuba later, taught

them that the flood had been general, had broken the land; and that a good

man had been saved in a big boat with his family. That many animals were

also in the boat, a vulture and dove are mentioned.

Herrera and others relate this, but in different words, and without native

names. Some have supposed this account made out by the Spanish priests;

but it appears to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas or Mayas in

Cuba, being very similar to the Mexican accounts.

_18th Event._ Another subsequent flood although omitted by Roman, is

alluded to by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba were then cut

asunder and separated from Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands

Lucayas that then joined to the great islands, were divided by irruptions

of the sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which in the Antilles broke

the islands by volcanic explosions. It is impossible to say what events of

the next period, may belong to the interval between the two floods; but

probably some of them. All these antidiluvian events appear to belong to a

different country than the Antilles, which did not even then exist, at

least in their actual state, and may properly be referred to the island

Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere. It was at this last cataclysm that the

Antilles assumed their actual shape and number.

Part III.—_Ancient History._

_19th Event._ After the floods the men dwelt in caves on the mountain

_Cauta_ in the land of _Caanau_ or _Caunana_ or _Caona_.

The mountains of _Cauta_ must have been the refuge of men at one of the

floods: they answer probably to the _Cuta_ of the Hindus, name given to

many rocky lands and capes besides mountains. The _Ceuta_ mountain of

Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of them, also called _Abyla_ from the

_Cabyles_ or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a tradition that men were

created on that mountain. _Cauta_ although unexplained is identic with

_Icota_ turtle, _Ca-uta_ land raised. _Caona_ means golden.

The land _Caanau_ of Roman, _Caunana_ of Dangleria, has been mistaken for

the land of _Canaan_ by some writers: others deem it Florida. Both are

wrong. The Haytians did not come from North America; but may have sent

colonies there. They came from the east, South America and Africa, or the

Atlantis. The name means land of Noah? (_Caa-Nau_, _Cau-Nana_). _Caunia_

was the ancient name of Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians were

Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which expelled by the Leleges, settled the

Grecian islands, and Lybia part of which was called _Caani_. The _Anakim_

of Syria giants dwelt in _Ca-anak_. The _Khaoni_ were the ancestors of

Epirians and Illyrians. _Cauni_ was a mauritanian tribe.

_20th Event._ The sun and moon are two great Zemis called _Binthaitel_

(sun divine) and his wife _Marohu_ (moon), come out of the cave

_Iovana-boina_ (Jehovah-Solar), and rule the world, establishing the solar

and lunar dynasties.

This historical event must be distinguished from the 8th. This refers to

the solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It must be noticed that similar

places were often shown in Hayti, as the same names had been applied by

the subsequent settlers, even when the event had happened elsewhere. In

this case, these solar caves were temples in Hayti, where the figures of

the sun and moon were worshipped, and prayed to for rain; but Herrera says

they had their hands bound, which indicates a conquest. Pilgrims went to

those caves, from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land of the king

_Mauziation-El_ (Roman) or _Machiunech_ (Dangleria); but whether these

were former dynasties and kings or late rulers, is difficult to ascertain.

_21st Event._ _Maroco-El_ (lunar son) called _Machocha-El_ by Dangleria,

held the sway over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau, and kept them

confined to the caves.

This indicates a lunar dominion over mankind somewhere, and a state of

confinement: Perhaps in South America; in Peru caves are also the first

dwellings of mankind.

_22d Event._ The men were divided into double tribes or two nations, the

principal or largest and of best men was called _Cazibagiaga_—R.

_Cazibaxagua_—D. (Royal Xagua) and the smaller _Amaianaba_—R.

_Amayauna_—D. (Mayas?), ruled by Cazics for kings.

We have here two nations well indicated. The first the _Giaga_ or

_Shaguas_, indicate the Lunar tribe, the _Chia_ of the Muyzcas, and other

South American tribes _Achaguas_ of Oronoc, the _Chaguays_ or _Changas_ of

Peru, _Agaches_ or _Agaiz_ or Paraguay; but above all the _Cacha_ or

_Xauxa_ antidiluvian people of Peru. While in the second we trace again

the Amazons or Atlantes, one of their main African tribes being the

_Amantes_ of Solin, another the _Baniabas_ of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In

America the progeny is found in the _Mayas_ of Yucatan, the _Maynas_ of

East Peru, the _Mamayant_ of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &c.

The important name of Cazic for kings begins to appear: it is evidently

oriental, and its affinities will be shown in a note.(71) It is akin also

to _Kachi_ sun, in the Eyeri dialect: the _Washil_ of the Nachez.

_23d Event._ MACHOCHA-EL was set by the sun to watch the caves, and many

inhabitants of the caves were killed by the sun, if they came out in the

day time; they could only come out at night to seek for food. (Dangleria)

This either alludes to the great heat of the sun in Africa and the

tropics, or to a dependance of the Lunar or Cave men upon the Solar men.

_Machocha_ has some affinities in the South American tribes; _Machicuys_

of Tucumen, _Machacalis_ of Brazil, _Chaehas_ of Perou, _Chanchones_ of

Quixos &c.

_24th Event._ Some men having dared to come in the day time, were changed

into stones by the sun; (_Ziba_ is stone): also _Machokael_ for allowing

it.

This fable may allude to a war, between the _Zibas_ stony or strong men

and the solar tribes. These _Zibas_ were probably the _Zipas_ or princes

of the Muyzcas. In Perou there is also a fable of men changed to stones at

the primitive city of Tiahuanaco, which merely means a war and change of

dominion. The name of _Ziba_ for stone is primitive.—See the Note for

affinities.(72)

_25th Event._ Another set of men, going to the shores to fish, were

changed into _Joboses_ (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the sun.

This metamorphose is peculiar to these fables: although the Mexicans

called the Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The analogies of _Jobos_ or

_Kobos_ are found in _Coyba_ of Darien, Cuba or _Coaiba_, the _Mocobis_ of

Chaco &c. Another war is probably meant by this, and the _Jobos_ are a

people. Have they any reference with the _Jubas_ of Mauritania? who formed

a divine and royal dynasty there. _Juba_ was also the Jove or God of the

Lybians. Several nations of Central and Mexican America had trees for

emblems.

_26th Event._ The dynasty of _Giona_ or _Hi-Auna_ begins to rule over the

men of Caziba or royal caves in Cauta.

This family of rulers or Cazics became famous afterwards as we shall see,

as leaders of tribes to America. We can easily perceive here the ancient

Pelagian tribes of _Ionia_ and _Aones_. _Hi-Auna_ means _the-Aones_. It

was this dynasty or people that sent colonies to America: Oviedo says this

happened in the time of Hesper 12th king of Spain, about 750 years after

the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems the settlers Hesperians or

Cantabrians. The root is ONA solar name of Lybians.

_27th Event._ VAGONIANA a ruler of the _Hi-Auna_, went fishing from the

cave, and became a bird or nightingale; who crossed the sea, and settled

the island _Mathinino_ (Martinico) with a people of women. _Dangleria_.

His wife in the sea gives him two sons which became jewels _Ziba_ and

_Guanin_ marble and metal.

This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic. Whenever we meet tribes of

birds, in ancient history, they always mean travellers and colonies, and

often passage over the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds. The first

ships of the Scandinavians and Europeans seen in North America, were

called birds by the natives. V and B interchange in the Haytian language

as in Greek; _Va-gon-iana_, thus means _Father-Solar-Iana_. His people are

called women, because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon tribe. Martinico

was the first island settled by them: it bears the name of _Matinino_ in

Roman, and was thus called yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons and

jewels.(73)

_28th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA king of Caziba, sent _Jadruvaba_ out of the

caves, to collect the holy herb _Digo_ in order to purify and wash the

body; but he was changed by the sun into a singing bird _Giahuba-Bogiael_

(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns.

We have here a second voyage by sea in a bird, and a contention with a

solar people, caused by a trading voyage to procure some American

commodity: Indigo probably which is identic with _Digo_. _Jadru-vaba_ or

the father of _Khadru_, must be a new colonist. _Khadru_ has hardly any

analogies in America; but _Giahuba_ in which he was changed has some. It

appears analagous with the _Yaoy_ and _Shebaoy_ two _Aruac_ tribes of

Guyana, and thus _Khadru_ might be the _Aruac_ themselves; same nation

with the Haytians once, as the languages prove; although extending to

Tucuman and Patagonia. The name of _Aruac_ or _Aruagas_ was inexplicable:

it may refer to this origin, or to the _Rocou_ the red paint used by them.

But _Aruac_ may also mean _Aluac_; akin to the _Labuyu_ of the Caribs

their vassals, and the _Aluez_ vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they

derive from the ALE angels of the east; here reduced to servitude by foes?

_29th Event._ GUAGU-GIONA irritated that Jadru-vaba does not return,

leaves the cave of _Caziba_ in search of him, and went with men and women

to the island Matinino, where the women were left, while the men went to

the land of _Guanin_.

This is the third passage of the Atlantic, unless that of _Vagoniana_ only

mentioned by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but they are likely to be

successive tribes of Ionas. That all the women should be left in Martinico

is a fable, meaning that the weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in

the islands; while the warriors went to the American continent, called

_Guanin_, which has several meanings, land of Guanas or lizard men, or

land of metals. It became afterwards the name of a peculiar metal formed

by the natural or artificial amalgam of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8

copper: and a tribe assumed the name. _Guana_ or _Guanos_ was the name of

a large nation of South America; perhaps come from the _Guans_ of the

Canary islands; but slightly related to the Aruacs by the languages: yet

perhaps akin: it was spread east of the Andes, between the two

tropics.(74)

_30th Event._ The children were left behind, because afraid to cross, and

were crying after their mothers; but became changed into _Tona_ or

opossums. Garcia says into _Toa_ or frogs.

There are no opossums in Hayti nor the small islands, nor in Africa. But

they are plenty in South America, where the notion must have sprung. This

fable and metamorphosis may imply a hidden meaning. The opossums are the

only animals bearing their young in a pouch, as ships bear men. Could not

this indicate other ships without sails, and thus no longer birds with

wings?

TON is a remarkable word, since it is the root of _Nei-ton_ the Lybian

neptunes or navigators. The twin TUN are the holy ancestors of the

Chilians, _Tona-ca_ (flesh our) is the ancestor or Adam of some Mexican

nations. The frogs were the emblem of the Muyzcas!

_31st Event._ GUABONITO a woman follows _Guaga-Giona_ to the bigland of

_Guanin_ by swimming. He is well pleased with it, and calls her his own

_Biberozi_ (wife-loving): but as she was diseased he puts her apart in a

_Guanara_, where she heals, and he makes her queen.

A singular romantic fable, the disease of the woman is stated to be the

syphilis! _Guabo-n’ito_ means fruit or Guava pear of man! The allegory

implies another colony following _Guaga_, not by swimming; but with

paddles or on rafts; probably a part of the lesser tribe of _Amaiuna_ or

Amazons, so often called women in antiquity; although a powerful African

people. All the women left in the islands might be of such a tribe, and

since become the Mayas of Yucatan, Hayti &c., with the Manas or Manoas,

the Amazons of South America.

_32d Event._ ANACACUGIA (flower of Cacao) brother of this wife or ally of

_Guaga_, runs away from him on the back of a manati or seal, and goes back

to the women of Matinino.

This implies a separation of tribes, one returning to the islands, where

they probably formed the Cairi nation. The seal used for boats, is a third

fable, found in Greece; boats are thus compared to birds, opossums and

seals. Many American languages animate boats and ships. This seal must

mean a _Manati_, or sea cow; real seals not being found in the Antilles.

If the name was _Manati_, it has affinities with the _Ama-yuna_ or

_Ama-Zons_ tribe. _Ma-ti-ni-no_ is in Haytian _great-mount-the-good_,

while _Mana-ti_ is _moving mountain_. Has not _Anacacu_ a reference to the

_Anakim_ of Asia, the _Cacus_ of Europe, and the _Tam-anacu_ of South

America?

_33d Event._ HI-AUNA father of _Guago-giona_ comes with his son to the

land of Guanin, and being the grandfather of all the tribes, they receive

the names of _Hi-auna_; which is afterwards changed to children of Guanin.

_Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin_ (the-plural such-children such-Nin), and lastly the

whole united nation is called _Guanini_.

The Aones came then also to America, and there was a confederacy of the

tribes. _Gua-gu_, _Gua-go_ and _Gua-ga_, may be 3 spellings of a same

name; but they might also be three successive and distinct tribes of

_Giona_. _Gua-bonito_ in one instance is made another lord or tribe,

instead of a wife of _Guago_.

_34th Event._ ALBEBORA and his son _Al-bebora-El_, were also Guanini lords

or Cazics, who came with the _Giona_ tribe. This indicates again another

nation. The name is remarkable, because it resembles _Albion_ and _Bora_,

two primitive nations of the north, which settled England and the boreal

regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans of later times. Perhaps these Boras

are identic with the _Aboras_ and _Aboris_ of ancient Italy, the

mountaineers since called _Abori-genes_ by the Greeks.

_35th Event._ Another Guaga-giona II. or _Guaba-giona_ is mentioned

afterwards, whose son became the _Guanini_ tribe.

_Guaba_ means both _the father_ and _the Guava pear_. The succession of

these _Gionas_ is very obscure; but many are probably omitted, and the

whole poetical records allude to the most famous of the dynasty or nation.

Guanini implies the Golden tribe.

_36th Event._ The settlement of the Guaninis in Hayti was from Matinino

and the east; being exiled from Matinino, they are led by _Camo_ who

begins the kingdom of _Cabonao_ in Hayti; they settle on the river

_Bahaboni_, where they built their houses, and afterwards the great temple

of _Camotzia_. They gave to the island the name of _Quisqueia_ or great

universe; but afterwards _Hayti_, meaning land rough or hilly.

(Dangleria.)

This important event is best given with those details by Dangleria: while

Roman appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin. Yet _Quisqueia_ was

more probably the first name given to South America, rather than to Hayti:

another name for which was _Bohio_ or habitations. _Camo_ or _Guamo_ means

lord or master, _Tzia_ is temple. The exile of the Guaninis from the

islands, must allude to another revolution and perhaps invasion. This

_Camo_, was probably the same as the _Cami_ or _Coma_ of Cuba in later

time, _Comayagua_ of Honduras; which assimilate the first civilized

Haytians with the tribes of Central America. It might have happened that

these _Camos_ were _Mayas_ and the ancestors of the _Mayo-riexes_. The

history of the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America, will be connected

with these annals hereafter; but much is left for conjecture.

_37th Event._ Other exiles of Matinino settle at the island _Cabini_ now

Turtle island; and near it on the north shore of Hayti, from whence they

spread through the island, which is called _Bouhi_ or _Bohio_, meaning

full of towns.

Dangleria mentions this likewise. House and town or habitation, are

synonymous in Haytian.

_38th Event._ They found some _Caracoles_ or _Taracolas_, crabs! or

beastly men, dwelling in the island. The _Guaninis_ wanting women, took

some Caracols beasts for wives, and made them suitable women, by washing

them, and giving them to eat the fruit _Inriri Cahuvial_. This was done by

a _Vagoniana_ II. These Caracols had then survived the flood or come

before the Guaninis, the name of the fruit that made them women, if

explained, might elucidate this event; but the signification was not

given; another version will suggest other important analogies.(75)

_39th Event._ These Caracols deprived of their women, took other female

beasts for wives (another tribe) and from this union most of the Haytians

descended, becoming _Anaborias_ or vassals of the Guaninis.

_Anaboria_ means flower or lizard of labor! these might be descended from

_Albebora_. This name for bondsmen, boors or laborers, was widely spread

in America, and has affinities all over the world, even with the Latin

labor.(76)

_40th Event._ These first inhabitants of Hayti, fed on dates, bananas,

cocos, fruits, nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms: until taught

the use of Cazabi or bread by _Boition_, with maize, cotton, mandioc &c.

Another fact of Dangleria, very natural indicating the tropical food of

old times.

_41st Event._ _Michetauri Guauana_, was the leader of the first colony to

_Coaibai_ (death house) in the land of _Soraia_ (setting sun), and became

the king of it. There the people are called _Goeiz_ (phantoms or ghosts)

and go about by night; but are not dead people whose name is _Opia_.

_Coaibai_ is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien, or both. It became the

paradise of the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further west, and a place of

delight. The names and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate to those

of the Greeks &c. about the fortunate islands of the west: those of the

Orientals and Hebrews about the island _Elisha_, and the _Sheol_ or place

of souls, the Hebrew Plutonic region. _Soraya_ for setting sun, is identic

with _Surya_ of the Hindus: whence came _Syria_ the west, and even our

word _sorrow_; while _Sol_ comes from Sheol. _Azil_ sun in Pelasgian, is

akin to _Elisha_ whence our word Azylum! _Goeiz_ is akin to ghost, _Ghaib_

in Syrian, _Coyocop_ of the Nachez, _Goz_ of the Vilelas. _Opi_ has

affinities every where. _Michetauri_ is perhaps a synonym of _Machi-tuyra_

great devil, _Guauana_ is such-Auna. Perhaps this fable alludes to an

anterior event and the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.(77)

_42d Event._ AUMATEX a great Cazic marries the female Zemi _Guabanzex_,

goddess of waters and wind, and she has two sons _Guatauva_ and

_Pregonero_, who become male Zemis.

It is impossible to say if this event belongs to this time or to the

cosmogony. I presume it is historical, alluding to new tribes, and perhaps

foreign to Hayti. The names are difficult to explain, nor is it stated

what these sons performed; but being sons of water and wind, they must

have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They are perhaps the ancestors of the

Guataios and the Puruays?(78)

_43d Event._ COROCORO the quadruped Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor

of two lines of kings, _Guamorete_ and _Guatabanex_, who rule in Hayti.

His temple was in _Sacaba_, and his high-priest was called

_Cavava-Niovava_. Cave father and our father.

This alludes to different tribes than the Guaninis: _Coro_ was a tribe in

Cumana. Perhaps this is another version of the 10th Event, or a proper

indication of the subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation, when more

civilized, and become the Mayorex.

_44th Event._ Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &c. of the first _Bohito_ (old man),

a priest and legislator, called _Boition_ by Dangleria, meaning both

_Priest-solar_ and Old _Ion_: he introduces agriculture and the use of

bread, divides the nation into 3 castes, _Tainos_, or nobles, _Bohitos_ or

priests, _Anaborias_ or vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters and

fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles the religion; establishing mysteries

and oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many other institutions, holydays,

festivals, religious dances, schools &c., declaring the land common to

all, like the sun and water.

There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized

the people; but it is difficult to distinguish the deeds of each. They

were probably priests leading more civilized colonies from the east or

from America. Their name which is variously spelt or varies in dialects

was also _Buhuti_, _Boitio_, _Bauti_, _Buhui_, _Boyeto_ &c., is akin to

the _Boyez_, _Poyes_, _Piazes_, _Payes_ of South America, used by the

Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes, _Piaches_ of Tamanacs, _Bauti_ of

Dabaiba, _Papas_ of Central America, _Bochica_ of Muyzcas; but the names

of priests all over ancient eastern nations, have still more

analogies(79)—and therefore they came from the east. The civilization and

religion introduced or improved by them is also oriental; it was more

advanced than we are aware; since they had ample fields and orchards,

roads and canals, schools in which they taught history, religion, medicine

and useful arts. Of their astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor of

their hieroglyphs.

_45th Event._ Bohito II. or _Buhui-tihu_ (old eminent) comes and improves

still further the rites &c., becoming high-priest. He introduces

medicines, charms, the use of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead

of mummies as formerly, the holy herbs _Gueyo_ and _Zochen &c._

This is all what can be collected on this second law-giver, and he is even

blended with the next, except by name.

_46th Event._ Bohito III. or _Baio-habao_ (sea-lyre) comes next,

introducing music, sacred instruments called after him, and probably the

rites of the triple named god of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: _Bugia_,

_Aiba_ and _Bradama_: who became the Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war.

This god with three names is evidently Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India:

found in Yucatan as _Izona_, _Echuah_ and _Bacab_. See my dissertation in

Atlantic Journal, on similar names of triple God all over America and the

east. It does not follow that this worship came direct from India; but it

might come through the Pelagians, who had it as _Bram_, _Amen_ and _Vix_,

inverted among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same about a god creator

preserver and destroyer was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria, Egypt,

Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary islands. The Mayoriex came probably

with Bohito III.

_47th Event._ Happy state of this civilized people, hardly knowing war,

passing the time in festivals, dancing, singing and making love: whence

called the Fortunate islands, by the navigators that happened to go so

far. They dwelt in wooden houses and had towns of 1000 houses.—Herrera.

This period is indicated by twenty authentic sources of ancient history,

and the ancient traditions of Europe about the happy land of the west,

Elisha or Elysium, Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &c.: besides the

happy state in which Hayti was found.—See the account of the ancient

notions and communications with America, and the great Atlantis: the most

explicit is found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows.

_48th Event._ The Phenicians driven by a storm, while going from Gades to

Africa, discover the large island ATLANTIS, many days in the ocean west of

Lybia. It was very fruitful, with mountains, large plains and navigable

rivers; with many woods and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts

and fish. The air is mild and healthful; it is a residence fit for gods:

the inhabitants are a strong and healthful people; they have many towns,

with stately buildings, houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &c.—Diod.

Book V.

The translators of Diodorus have blundered so far as to deem this island

Madeira or the Canaries; which are small islands, without streams, and the

first without inhabitants. It can only apply to Hayti, or even the

continent of South America.

_49th Event._ _A black people_ came to Hayti from the south or south-east,

who had darts of Guanin metal, and were called the Black Guaninis.

This tradition preserved by Herrera, Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a

colony of _Negroes_ or men painting black, from South America. They might

be the black Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria, or some other

American Negro nation, of which there are many.—See my account of ancient

Black Nations of America. Dangleria mentions two wild tribes of savages in

Hayti towards 1500, one speechless! (which means they spoke a different

language) probably a remain of the Caracols, another swift dwelling in

caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana of Guacarima.

_50th Event._ Navigations of the Haytians and Cubans, settlements of the

Lucayas islands, Jamaica, and probably some parts of Florida: mutual trade

with Cuba and the continent.

These colonial and trading voyages must have begun long before and have

been continual. Columbus met individuals in Cuba who had visited Hayti,

Jamaica and Yamaya, the Maya land or Yucatan. _Yucayas_ or Lucayans knew

Cuba, Hayti and Florida, which was called _Cautio_ says Fulgar, quoted by

Cardenas, who deems the Antilles peopled from hence, blending it with

_Cauta_ the original seat of the Haytians. South America was once called

_Guanin_, afterwards _Caribana_ when it was overspread by the Carib

tribes. The Nachez appear to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas knew Hayti

and called it _Atsi_.

_51st Event._ The _Canibas_ (whence our Canibals) or the _Caribas_,

(whence our Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding on human flesh,

begin to spread to Guyana and South America; becoming bold navigators

also, they send war parties and colonies to the peaceful islands of the

Antilles, and even to Florida.

The Caribas evidently descended from the Galibis, and other akin nations

of South America, did not originate in North America, as supposed by

Bridgstock and a few others. Laborde who spent 20 years with them, and

knew well their language, has published some of their traditions in 1704.

_Lon-quo_ was their original god, who made _Racumon_ their chief or leader

to America, who leads there the tribes of snakes, men, Cabatos-trees and

birds. The true name of the nation was _Cali_, those of the main were

_Cali-nago_ or _Calibis_, of the islands _Cali-ponam_. Rochefort &c.—See

my Carib Traditions.

_52d Event._ The Calibis of Guyana after long wars with _Alouague_ the

kings of the _Aruacas_, send the general _Timani_ to conquer the Aruacas

Islanders, _Cahiris_, _Eyeris_ &c. who leads the tribe of _Labouyous_

(vassals) and conquer several islands, killing the men and keeping the

women.—Rochefort &c.

The period of this invasion is unknown; those who bring the Caribs from

North America, make it much later of course; but it is likely to be an old

event: although several invasions are probably meant and blended. The

_Timanis_ and _Labouyous_ must have effected this. They adopted many

customs and partly the religion of the conquered women. The following

tradition belongs probably to the conquered Eyeris.

_53d Event._ Once when living wretched and on the spontaneous fruits of

the earth, _Oubek-Eyeri_ (heaven man) a holy man drest all in white

cotton, comes from heaven (_Oubek_ above). He first appears to a desolate

old man _Boyez_, and teach him to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and

make bread of it &c.

This must have been a priest or bohito of Hayti, who tried to civilize the

Caribs: unless it refers to anterior traditions. He taught religion also,

that good men would go after death to the happy islands of the west, and

become _Chemin_ or _Icheiri_ Zemis; while bad men should become _Oumekoua_

wanderers at sea, and _Mabouyas_ devils.

_54th Event._ The Caribas in search of these fortunate islands go to Hayti

and Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida, where they extended

inland, becoming the tribes of _Cofachi_, _Matica_ and _Amana_. They dwell

there a long while often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer them and

incorporate at last.

See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars with the Apalachis; the details

belong to the history of North America and the nations of Florida.

_55th Event._ Some expelled Caribs hearing by traders of Zigateo, steal

some canos and run away to this island, one of the Lucayas; well received;

but sent to Ayay (Santa Cruz) desert island, where they settle and

increase. This happened towards 1150 of our era.

This positive fact begins the certain chronology of the Antilles; but

Brigstock is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives, the ancestors of all

the Carib and Galibis tribes as far as Brazil.

_56th Event._ Civil wars in Hayti, attempt of some kings to become

independent from the _Bohitos_ government. The Cazic _Guamaretus_ despise

his god or Zemi _Corochotum_, for which he is overcome in battle and his

palace burnt. Dangleria.

This indicates probably a revolution, and attempt to overthrow the ancient

religion, perhaps before 1150.

_57th Event._ CAZI-BAQUEL restores peace, and the worship of the great God

_Jocavaghama_, with the Zemi _Tarugavael_ found in the woods. Meantime the

god JOCAVA prophecies by an oracle that the _Maguacochios_ (great people

clothed) would come, with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave the

rebellious Haytians. This was understood to apply to the Caribs, and

Spaniards afterwards.(80)

_58th Event._ This great king BAQUEL, begins a dynasty, and has many

successors _Gamanacoel_, _Guarionel_, _Guayaronel_, _Guavanenechin_,

_Guavavo-conel_, _Caramarex_, _Guaramatex &c._, who are the chief kings of

Hayti. _Guarionex_ was his successor when the Spaniards came.

The ancestors of Guarionex had been kings or cazics from time immemorial

in the great kingdom and valley of Maguana, 180 miles long and 30 broad,

running from east to west; having from east to west the provinces

Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba, Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs through

it, which is probably the same as Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis.

They appear to have been at the head of the feodal system of Cazics and

Tainos established in Hayti. All the other kings bearing them allegiance:

and their dialect was the court language.

_59th Event._ The island becomes divided into 5 principal kingdoms, with

many provinces each having a Cazic. They were 1. _Caizimu_ in the east

with 11 provinces, Higuey was the first of them, 2. _Bainoa_ in the

centre, the largest of all, belonging to the _Baquel_ dynasty, with 24

provinces, Maguana being the first of them, 3. _Guacarima_, the west end,

with 12 provinces, Xaragua being the main, 4. _Hubaba_, a small kingdom

with 3 provinces in the south mountains, 5. _Cotoy_ or _Cayabo_ in the

mountains of the north, held by the _Mayoriex_ people, with 7 provinces,

and the mountains Zibao.

Dangleria gives the names of all these provinces, but he has omitted the

kingdom of _Marien_ in the north-west, he makes it only a province of

Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix and Munoz have given maps of old Hayti, with the

situations of many, the rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &c.; see

my Ancient Geography of the Antilles.

_60th Event._ Meantime Cuba was also divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. _Mayzi_

or _Maiti_ opposite Hayti, 2. _Bayamo_ west of it, 3. _Cueyba_ in the

centre, whence the name of _Cuba_, probably the head kingdom, 4.

_Camayegua_ or _Camaguey_ inhabited by a different people, famous tribe,

probably _Comayaguas_ of Honduras, or Olmecas, 5. _Xagua_ near the middle,

6. _Macaca_ in the south opposite Jamaica, 7. _Haniguanica_ at the west

end where are the high mountains _Uhima_.

_61st Event._ The island of Jamaica was divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen

also Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico, formed one, but had 26

Cazics in as many valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo being desert. The

_Yucayas_ (white islands) now Bahama, were numberless, the largest being

Amana, Zigateo, Bahama, Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto, Abaco

&c. The Cazics were much respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques

(priests) judges and stewards. Labor was in common and the daily food

given from the public stores. Some islands were at war; but only used

sticks in their quarrels. Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom, the

great Cazic resided at Saomoto.

_62d Event._ The Caribas of Ayay having multiplied, spread again over the

eastern islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen; but meeting their ancient

tribes in _Curucueria_ now Guadeloupe: it becomes their chief island:

whence they send war parties to 1000 miles off, even to the continent; and

occupy _Galana_ now Marigalante, _Matinino_ or _Madinino_ now Martinique,

_Liamaca_ now Antigua, _Liamuiga_ St. Christopher, _Bayaraco_ St. Vincent,

_Bequia_ Grenada &c. called collectively _Caliaqua_ the islands of the

Calibis.

_63d Event._ They molest the shores of Boriquen, where they are always

repulsed, but often steal men and children to eat them.

_64th Event._ They assail the shores of Hayti, where they are much feared;

signals by smoke are made when they appear. In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern

regions of the island, the Haytians become warlike to defend themselves,

and use poisoned arrows as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used only

darts, lances and macanas, peculiar wooden swords.

_65th Event._ The Caribs went as far as the shores of Cuba, and desolated

the south shores: the Cubans removing their towns inland. They were called

Canibas and Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement at Baracoa to the

south-east.

_66th Event._ They were repulsed in their attempt against the warlike

Jamaicans who used arrows; they do not appear to have molested the

Yucayans, owing to their former alliance and gift of the island Ayay.

These events are chiefly collected from Columbus’ own account, and

personal narratives of his travels, with other retrospective hints by the

Spanish writers. They will also afford the notices of the subsequent

events.

_67th Event._ The population of all the Tainos in the Antilles was at

least two millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in Cuba; 100,000 in

Boriquen; 60,000 in Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides the unknown

Carib population.

This is the least calculation, at the Spanish arrival: others have swelled

it to 6 millions, including all the West Indies. Las-Casas states that the

Lucayas had 500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000.

_68th Event._ The domestic animals of these islands, were among beasts,

Alco dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari hogs and manatis: turtles

and guanas among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges, fowls, ducks and

red cranes among birds: remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos or fire

flies used for lamps among insects.

Such were found either in one or all the islands; which were not therefore

destitute of domestic animals, as commonly believed. Columbus found tame

fowls at Cuba in 1492; which were probably the Powis fowls.

_69th Event._ Beroica was king of Jamaica (about the year 1420) he began a

dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica and _Abem-beroica_, meaning

Beroica II., Beroica III.

Garcia states this fact; but in 1503 Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the

east, and Huarco of the west of Jamaica.

_70th Event._ The island Puta or Cahiri now Trinidad at the furthest east

end of the Antilles was still inhabited by several Aruac tribes, Cahiris,

Yaoy &c. which resisted the inroads of their constant foes the Galibis and

Caribas.

_71st Event._ Between 1450 and 1480 Guaramatex was the greatest king and

Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana.

_72d Event._ Cayacoa was king of Caizimu and Higuey in the east from about

1460 to 1494 when he died.

_73d Event._ About 1470 some Caribs settle in Samana, the east peninsula

of Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo and Manicatex, form themselves

a small kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation, Mayo-banex their king

admits them as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces, Dahabon, Zibaho and

Manababo. He was so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana the Venus

of Hayti, sister of the king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon after.(81)

_74th Event._ About 1475, Behechio is king of Guacarima in the west, till

1500. His capital was Xaragua. He became a conqueror of several provinces,

as far as Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal Cazics, and 30 wives,

his favorite queen was Guanahata.

Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa, and says that as usual with

great kings, he received many titles, being called Shining Copper, Bright

Highness, and Rich Flood. These titles were really

_Tureigua hobin_, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.

_Siarei-huibo_, Star-bright Highness.

_Duyh-zinequen_, Wealthy in Streams.

_75th Event._ In 1480 Guarionex succeeds Guaramatex as the greatest king

of Hayti.

_76th Event._ In 1486 the Cubans send a colony to Florida, in search of a

river and spring restoring to youth; they visit the _Pola_ islands, now

Martyrs or Florida keys, the _Colas_ nation of South Florida, and settle

the town of Abaiba near the cape of Florida.—Herrera.(82)

This proves a previous trade and knowledge of Florida. The _Colas_ are

perhaps descendants of the ancient Cara-_Cols_ of Hayti: they dwelt in

Florida till 1760, when they removed to Cuba.

_77th Event._ In 1490 and previous to it, war in Cuba between the kingdom

of Cuba or Colba, and Cavilla king of the _Cami_ nation, in the country of

Bafan, whose capital was Fava.—_Columbus’ Narrative._

Columbus heard of this war in 1492. The _Cami_ are the same as the

Cama-yegua, the foreign people of Cuba.(83)

CHAPTER VII.

THE HAYTIAN OR TAINO LANGUAGE _restored, with fragments of the

dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi,

Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies._

At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of

this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical

traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important

results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish

discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves

were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we

have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation

has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.

However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies

have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some

of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the

quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia,

Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor

Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but

three-fourths of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and

unavailable.

I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and

thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample

enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the

Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects,

useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to

Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight

dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.

But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South

America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the

many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or

relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the _Eyeris_ or

_Cabres_ had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and

these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught

it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the

women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will

enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet

in America, with a peculiar female idiom.

The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had

gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and Hayti of the Mayas,

will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many

homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic

and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.

From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had

received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya

and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The

same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in

Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian

and Gothic tribes.

The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by

me, _upon all the languages of the earth_, as I was determined that one

American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real

origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have

used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American

language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words

than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American

languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false

views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.

But this comprehensive labour teaches other facts, by far more important

and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the

languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each

other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may

indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also

similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of

American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a

language and nation is compared _with all the others_, we can never

ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.

This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid

philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated

hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.

I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.

1. _Ainu of Choka_ islands between Japan and _Kamchatka_, 22 comparable

words 4 alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual affinity only 21

per cent. No parentage.

2. _Singala_ of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with

Haytian—Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.

3. _Guanch_ of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32

comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant

connection.

4. _Mandara._ Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words

comparable, 6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother, river—Mutual analogies

50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less

remote.

5. _Pelagic_, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in

all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer

more or less analogies!—Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near

connection.

_Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin!_ No other group of

languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic

L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected

with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese,

Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.

In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the

_Aruac_ nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to

the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet

they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American

settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the

vocabularies, the _Araguas_ had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the

_Cairi_ only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with

the _Apalachis_, _Nachez_, _Cadoz_, _Huastecas_, _Mexican_, _Tarasca_,

_Maya_, _Chontal_ &c. of N. America, and the _Darien_, _Betoy_,

_Peruvian_, _Chili_, _Mbaya &c._ of South America.

Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of

South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were

much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.

The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other

American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above

all the connection with the American Pelagians.

Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting

language, and first its phonology.

It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks

the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had _TH_. It has been written by Spaniards,

and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt

whether it had the Celtic and French û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English

SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.—It

had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the

Spanish LL, GN or Ñ, and TZ.

It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing

to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in

Italian, AN becoming _Ana_ &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI

&c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made the language soft,

pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the

accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.

On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is

quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the _Lord’s Prayer_ in it, so

as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of

Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of

it.

One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a

peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It

was a demonstrative article, meaning _such_, or _this_, _that_, _these_,

_those_; but never changing and common as our _The_: while this indicative

_The_ was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely

various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N’, ZI, LI

&c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been

comparative, and to mean _Akin_, _Like_, _Similar_, or our English AS. The

relative article _Of_ was A prefixed.

Examples of Articles.

_Gua-yava_ This pear.

_Gua-ma_ This great, or lord.

_Gua-tiaos_ Those brothers.

_Ma-za-gua_ Great plain such.

_Bala-gua_ Sea such, the ocean.

_I-Guana_ The guana or lizard.

_Ni-taino_ The good or noble.

_Mi-taino_ My noble lord.

_Li-ani_ The wife. Eyeri dialect.

_Hin-Guaili_ The such-sons, the children.

_Ziba o_ Stone like, stony.

_A-na_ Of bloom, a flower.

_A-boria_ Of labor, a vassal.

_A-maca_ Of wood, a bed.

_A-ma_ Of great, water.

_A-reiti_ Of rite, song.

These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not

perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan,

and Greek, than the Latin.

The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.—_Taino_,

_Taina_, Lord, Lady—_Hito_, _Hita_, Man, Woman; but there must have been

irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N,

U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.

Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the

Oriental language.—_Bi_ life, _Bibi_ mother and wife in dialects. _Ba_

habitation, _Baba_, _Vava_ Father. _Ma_ great, _Mama_ mother. _Xau_ cake,

_Xauxau_ bread or large cake.

The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but

there are some irregular plurals. _Taino_, _Taini_, Lord, Lords. _Hito_,

_hitos_ man, men.

EL son. ILI sons. _Zemi_ angel, _Zemes_ angels.

The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. _Eyeri_ man, _Eyerium_ men;

_Inaru_ woman, _Inayum_ women.

The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two

forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the

regular as in Latin.

Examples of regular position.