_By the Same Author_
MANITO MASKS
_E. P. Dutton & Company_
[Illustration: Tonatiuh]
GOD’S DRUM
And Other Cycles From Indian Lore
_Poems by_
HARTLEY ALEXANDER
_Illustrations by_
ANDERS JOHN HAUGSETH
[Illustration]
NEW YORK
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
681 Fifth Avenue
Copyright, 1927
By E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
_All rights reserved_
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
PAGE
I. THE CHANTING EARTH
The Sun’s First Ray 3
The Wet Grass of Morning 4
Birds and Frogs 9
The Pines are Thinking 10
Day and Night 15
When We Dance 16
God’s Drum 17
The Cities of White Men 18
The Sun’s Last Ray 23
II. ON THE PRAIRIE
The Winds 27
Dust Eddies 28
Tumbleweeds 29
The Thunder 30
Mirage 35
The Blizzard 36
The Eagle, also, Dies 38
The Trail 43
III. SPIRIT SONGS
Each Time I Behold Her 47
Sunstruck 48
The Bird of War 53
The Playthings of Children 54
A Lock of Hair 55
Her Robe Is Broidered 56
Rain-in-the-Face 57
I am Running 58
The Last Song 63
The Dreams are Walking 64
IV. THE RED APOCALYPSE
The Serried Rockies (Boulder) 67
The Mummy (Estes Park) 68
The Priests (Estes Park) 74
Palingenesis 79
Eschatology 86
The Origin of Death 88
To a Child’s Moccasin 93
The Only Good Indian 99
V. POEMS OF PUEBLO LAND
Earth’s Terraced Bowl 103
The Corn Maidens 128
Saint Dominic’s Day 145
Flower Alone 159
The Pottery Peddler 167
The Dead Pueblo 173
VI. AZTEC GODS
Tezcatlipoca 211
Xochiquetzal 217
Quetzalcoatl 218
Tonatiuh 225
Xiuhtecutli 231
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Tonatiuh _Frontispiece_
The Sun’s First Ray 7
Day and Night 13
The Sun’s Last Ray 21
Mirage 33
The Trail 41
The Bird of War 51
The Last Song 61
The Mummy (Estes Park) 71
The Priests (Estes Park) 77
Palingenesis 83
To a Child’s Moccasin 91
The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian 97
Earth’s Terraced Bowl--I 107
Earth’s Terraced Bowl--II 119
The Corn Maidens 131
Saint Dominic’s Day--I 143
Saint Dominic’s Day--II 151
Flower Alone 157
The Pottery Peddler 165
The Dead Pueblo--I 171
The Dead Pueblo--II 181
The Dead Pueblo--III 187
The Dead Pueblo--IV 193
The Dead Pueblo--V 199
Tezcatlipoca 209
Xochiquetzal 215
Quetzalcoatl 221
Xiuhtecutli 229
I
THE CHANTING EARTH
[Illustration]
GOD’S DRUM
THE SUN’S FIRST RAY
This early Morning,
This earliest Dawning,
Behold the Youth,
Streaked with flaming red,
Wearing in his hair a waving feather,
Into the Sky ascending!
Upon me,
Standing alone where the World is--
Upon me comes the shining of his Ray.
I, too, shall be ruddy with new life!
I, too, shall wear in my hair the eagle’s plume!
This day shall be fulfilled with accomplishment;
Valiantly I shall ascend into the Sky!
THE WET GRASS OF MORNING
In the spring when I bathe my feet in the wet grass of morning,
I see many smiles upon the meadows....
There are drops of shining dew clinging to the blue harebells,
And the little white starflowers sparkle with dew, shining....
Old Woman Spider has beaded many beautiful patterns,
Spreading them where the Sun’s ray falls....
He also is smiling as he catches the red of the blackbird’s opening
wing,
As he harkens to the mocking-bird inventing new songs....
I was an old man as I sat by the evening fire;
When I bathe my feet in the wet grass of morning I am young again.
[Illustration: The Sun’s First Ray
_Upon me, standing alone where the World is--
Upon me comes the shining of his Ray!_
]
BIRDS AND FROGS
The birds that sing in the morning,
Them I can understand:
They call to one another proudly;
Proudly they descant their songs;
Proudly they look about, eager for response.
But the frogs that sing when it is evening;
I cannot understand them:
They sing all at once, each one attentive to himself;
They stop all at once, none gives an answer;
The frogs have voices, they have not ears.
Some men are like the birds;
Some women are like the frogs.
THE PINES ARE THINKING
The cottonwood trees,
growing in clumps,
They are very loquacious,
conversing with one another.
But the tall pines
are like men in meditation,
They seldom have anything to say.
In winter the leaves of the cottonwoods
are fallen,
Their branches are shelterless;
But the pine-trees are always green.
[Illustration: Day and Night
_The Day is a blue Man, with a burning heart...
The Night is a Woman, with a changing heart..._
]
DAY AND NIGHT
The Day is a blue Man with a burning heart;
The bright clouds are his feather ornaments;
The dark clouds are his spacious robes;
The whole world is his rich possession,
And the shining birds are the choirs that praise him:
He is the Chieftain of all that live,
And men call him ‘Father’....
The Night is a Woman with a changing heart,
Which sometimes she reveals and sometimes she hides,
And sometimes she sends palely, palely, after the Day;
But her stars she keeps with her, always upon her bosom,
For her stars are her little children that must be carried:
Her stars are the spirits of all that die,
And men call her ‘Mother’....
WHEN WE DANCE
When we dance all together,
We men:
The drummers beat their drums,
The singers sing....
In the midst of the vast prairie
We are very small.
Feathers are waving
in the bright sunlight:
Colors are flashing
in the bright sunlight:
A thin dust is floating upward
where our feet are beating the brown earth.
We are dancing because we do not know what to do
about our lives:
All together we are dancing
because we wish to live....
In the midst of the vast prairie
We are a very small nation,
We men.
GOD’S DRUM
The circle of the Earth is the head of a great drum;
With the day, it moves upward--booming;
With the night, it moves downward--booming;
The day and the night are its song.
I am very small, as I dance upon the drum-head;
I am like a particle of dust, as I dance upon the drum-head;
Above me in the sky is the shining ball of the drum-stick.
I dance upward with the day;
I dance downward with the night;
Some day I shall dance afar into space like a particle of dust.
Who is the Drummer who beats upon the earth-drum?
Who is the Drummer who makes me to dance his song?
THE CITIES OF WHITE MEN
Those men build many houses:
They dig the earth, and they build;
They cut down the trees, and they build;
They work always--building.
From the elevation of the mountain-side
I behold the clouds:
The clouds build many beautiful houses in the sky:
They build, and they tear down;
They build, and they dissolve....
The cities of white men,
They are not beautiful, like the cloud cities;
They are not vast, like the cloud cities....
A wind-swept teepee
Is all the house I own....
[Illustration: The Sun’s Last Ray
_Thou dost touch the World with many reflections,
With parting injunctions many,--
Thy thought thou hast given us._
]
THE SUN’S LAST RAY
Upon the blue mountain I stood,
Upon the mountain as he sank into the Rivers of Night:
The camps of the clouds in the heavens were shining with evening
fires, many-colored,
And the pools on the plain below gleamed with many reflections:
All things were made precious with the Day’s last ray.
Farewell, my Father, the Shining One!
Farewell, whither thou goest,
Like an aged chieftain adorned with the splendors of many deeds!
Thou dost touch the world with many reflections,
With parting injunctions many----
Thy thought thou hast given us.
II
ON THE PRAIRIE
[Illustration]
THE WINDS
The wind is coming to me,
Coming to me with coolness,
Coming to me with fullness,
Breathing upon me----
The Spirit Wind.
Fanned onward by wings cloud-feathered,
Soft with white snow, gray with misty rain,
Fragrant and freshening, come the winds----
The Spirit Winds.
They breathe upon my body,
They lave me in their coolness,
With their fullness they obliterate me....
Death, too, is a Spirit;
Death, too, is a Wind.
DUST EDDIES
Whirling dust-clouds dance on the prairies----
Whirling the dust-clouds dance!
Her loosened hair swirls like a dust-cloud!
Her lithe brown arms are tossing aloft!
I see her white teeth flash as she smiles!
Ah, ah! I am a dust-cloud whirling!
Ah, ah! I am a dancing warrior!
I dance, dance, dance, on the prairies!
I dissolve....
Into dust....
TUMBLEWEEDS
Great Heads, rolling over the lands....
Giant Heads, tumbling, leaping, pursuing!
Tangled and shaggy, gnashing their cannibal jaws,
Bellowing with the winds, they come....
The lightning reveals them, eyeless, infuriated,
Leaping over the lands--Great Heads, pursuing!
Are they the Race of the Shamefully Dead?
Forever dishonored, forever enraged?
Great Heads, tumbling, leaping, gnashing....
The place of their rest no man hath discovered.
THE THUNDER
I am the Thunder,
I am the Thunder,----
Sometimes I go
Pitying myself....
Sometimes in wonder
Grieving through the skies....
Many Thunders are gone,
Many Thunders are flown
In the old days,----
Great Birds of Night,
Rain-laden Birds
With flame-blinking eyes....
I am the Thunder,
I am the Thunder,----
Oft-times alone,
Oft-times in wonder
Pitying myself....
Oft-times in fright
Of mine own sounding words,
Grieving through the night,----
I, the winged Thunder....
[Illustration: Mirage
_Are they men who come out of the silence to walk beside me?
Are they gods who flit with invisible wings?_
]
MIRAGE
The footfalls of many feet are on the prairies,
Treading softly, like the rustling of shaken grasses;
In the air about me is a sound scarce audible,
As of the wings of silent birds, low-flying....
What are they that move in the luminous mid-day,
Invisibly, intangibly?...
It is hot and whisperingly still;
I see only the quivering air there on the far horizon,
And beyond it a lake of cool water lifted into the sky:
Pleasant groves are growing beside it,
Very distant I see them....
Are these men come out of the silence to walk beside me?
Are these gods who flit with invisible wings?
THE BLIZZARD
Whipped onwards by the North Wind
The air is filled with the dust of driven snow:
The earth is hidden,
The sky is hidden,
All things are hidden,----
The air is filled with stinging,
Before, behind, above, below,----
Who can turn his face from it?...
All the animals drift mourning, mourning....
Only the Gray Wolf laughs.
Who are ye who wallow in the winds?
Who are ye who strike with stinging blows?...
Man-beings out of the North?
Beast-beings out of the North?
Shadow-beings with fingers of thin ice?...
I am a Daughter of the South:
My lips are soft, my breath is warm,
My heart is beating wildly,----
I cannot live in the cold....
All my animals drift mourning, mourning....
Only the gaunt Gray Wolf is laughing.
Tomorrow three suns will rise, side by side;
All the earth will be covered with dazzling snow,----
Cold, cold, and very quiet....
The animals will lie buried in snow,----
Cold, and very quiet....
But the gaunt Gray Wolf will break a new trail,
Running, with three shadows, blue upon the snow.
THE EAGLE, ALSO, DIES
With his hooked beak,
With his hooked talons,
With battle-plumes outspread,----
His beak is a driven lance-head;
His talons are scarlet arrows,
His voice is a war-cry!
When he circles the sky
The birds suddenly cease their singing,
The rabbit becomes rigid.
“The hurricane is my horse,
“The black tornado is my charger,
“Earth trembles where I strike!”
Wherefore do you fear, O Warrior?
For the strongest there is a Fate:
The Eagle, also, dies.
[Illustration: The Trail
_Wide is the trail of many buffalo._
]
THE TRAIL
Very pleasant are the prairies, oh!
Wide is the trail of many buffalo;
Here it was our fathers wandered through the moons of long ago,
Following on the trails that lead to and fro....
Very pleasant are the grassy prairies, oh!
Following on the trail of many buffalo....
Ah, where went our elders, thither all must go.
III
SPIRIT SONGS
[Illustration]
EACH TIME I BEHOLD HER
Each time I behold her again I am lost in wonder....
Is her beauty but for a season, like that of the rose?
Are we men but as the drunken butterflies?
A hundred comely women are in her eyes,
Where she stands in the midst of life....
She is the daughter of many tribes,
She is the mother of many tribes....
Of what use to me are eyes?
Ears only I need----
For her voice I am listening.
SUNSTRUCK
Now he wears sunflowers in his hair,
And dances all day long toward the Sun, nodding....
They say that he was a brave youth, and sensible,
Until he dreamed about the Sun.
My mind is like a fitful wind among the fallen leaves....
It gathers them ... and lets them drop....
It turns them ... and lets them drop....
[Illustration: The Bird of War
_I cannot forget how it was when I died._
]
THE BIRD OF WAR
On mighty pinions flying,
The Bird of War, the Bird of War!
I shout to the skies!
In triumph I shout!...
The hollow sky answers me back....
Men live not forever,
Men battle and die....
Like eagles their souls ascend the hollow sky.
* * * * *
The warriors pass,
The young men pass....
In his place I cannot see him....
In the night I hear him crying,
In the night I hear him pleading....
The spirit stars are rising....
* * * * *
When they dug up my bones they painted them red....
Red was upon my body when I died;
I cannot forget how it was when I died.
THE PLAYTHINGS OF CHILDREN
The playthings of children....
they laugh and they pretend,
their voices are unconcerned and happy....
The fallen feathers of birds amuse them,----
even to the slightest touch
the caterpillar is very sensitive....
They amuse themselves, too,
with the round smooth object
which they roll over the ground, pretending....
There is a scar upon it,
where the knife struck
when the hair was torn away....
The playthings of children....
they talk unconcernedly,
they laugh, they pretend....
A LOCK OF HAIR
It is only crying about myself
that comes to me in song,
It is only tears....
When the young men go by, happy,
When the young girls go by, happy,
I seem to see someone with them....
How lifelike is a lock of hair
when all the body is decayed!
HER ROBE IS BROIDERED
Her robe is broidered with white daisies;
Her hair is braided with blue feathers;
On her little feet are new moccasins.
Ah, she was near to me!
Ah, she was dear to me!
On her little feet are new moccasins.
The grass is broidered with white daisies;
Bluebirds in the air are hovering low;
Between earth and sky, the burial scaffold.
On her little feet are new moccasins.
RAIN-IN-THE-FACE
Rain in the face----
Rain in the face----
The world is gray with falling waters,
The world is sad with falling tears....
Alone I walked,
questioning Father Sky,----
Alone----
seeking to divine the cause of Sorrow....
They named me
Rain-in-the-Face....
I AM RUNNING
I am running a swift race:
My body is painted with the symbols of swiftness;
In my hair are the plumes of swift-flying birds;
Tight-clasped, I hold in my hand a charm.
Who is he who is running beside me?
His shadow is purple and very angry;
His shadow is very swift;
I dare not look about.
Something scarlet is bobbing before my eyes----
Something which I should remember....
Is it a beautiful flower?
Or is it ... something which I should remember?
The goal is a gleaming mountain:
Before I can touch it
I must cross a dark canyon,
I must cross the purple shadows of deep earth.
[Illustration: The Last Song
_I would look upward, with open eyes, singing!_
]
THE LAST SONG
Let it be beautiful
when I sing the last song----
Let it be day!
I would stand upon my two feet,
singing!
I would look upward with open eyes,
singing!
I would have the winds to envelope my body;
I would have the sun to shine upon my body;
The whole world I would have to make music with me!
Let it be beautiful
when thou wouldst slay me, O Shining One!
Let it be day
when I sing the last song!
THE DREAMS ARE WALKING
The Dreams are walking, walking,
The Dreams are walking beside me----
Ah hay ay, hay ay ay ay ay....
I hear them rustling the withered grasses,
I hear them stirring the fallen leaves----
Ah hay ay, ay ay ay ay....
Very faint are their footfalls,
Very soft are their whispering voices----
Ah hay ay, hay ay ay ay ay....
All their touches are caresses----
Ah hay ay, ay ay ay ay....
O come to me, touch me with tenderness!
O come to me when my heart is desolate!
Ah hay ay, hay ay ay ay ay....
Come walking beside me,
Come walking in beauty----
Ah hay ay, ay ay ay ay....
IV
THE RED APOCALYPSE
[Illustration]
THE SERRIED ROCKIES
Great Shields brunting the plain, motionless:
The red Warriors peer over them stonily.
The lances of Morning are flung aloft!
The Plains rise up with a fierce cry----
The Tribes of the Dawn are exultant!
Great Shields brunting the plain, purple after the day:
The dark Warriors peer over them grimly.
THE MUMMY (Estes Park)
In the time of the First Race,
In the time of the Giants,
In the time of the Earth-Shapers,----
Their axes were flakes of cliffs,
Their mallets were the knobs of mountains,
The great rocks roared with the sound of their handiwork,----
He was a Chieftain among them,
He was their First Counsellor,
He was the Master Builder when they upreared mighty hills and clave
the deep valleys....
For the place of his Mummy they hewed the crested Earth,
For the sarcophagus of his Mummy they established a Mountain,
In the days when his work was completed, he, the First Counsellor!
Above the changing clouds they raised him high;
They set his face to the eternal blue;
His eyes they set to the westering Sun....
What is it that thou dost behold, O Chieftain of the Earth-Shapers?
What is it that thou dost look upon within the mirror of the skies?
With thy stony eyes, what is it that thou dost see--forever?
Men are, and they are not;
Tribes are, and they are not;
Nations are, and they are not,----
Beyond the cycles of the years,
Beyond the portals of time,
What is it that thou dost behold, with stony eyes, with unchanging
heart?
Immutable, thou gazest into the blue----
Maker to Maker!
Imperturbable, thou facest the westering Sun----
Chieftain to Chieftain!
[Illustration: The Mummy (Estes Park)
_Immutable, thou gazest into the blue--
Maker to Maker!
Imperturbable, thou facest the Westering Sun--
Chieftain to Chieftain!_
]
THE PRIESTS (Estes Park)
Holy, holy, holy!
The high hills, the Great Mystery!...
The procession of the mountains is eternal,
The great mountains, each in his station abiding....
The crests of the mountains are exalted,
In the glories of the heavens they are transfigured!
Holy, holy, holy!
The high hills, the Great Mystery!...
The mountains lift up their heads----
Into the azure they lift them up;
Their bodies are swathed in silver light,
Their bodies are made luminous with splendors!
Holy, holy, holy!
They are the Priests of God,
They are the Processional of the Great Mystery!...
Their deep-toned voices are a singing hymn,
Their deep-toned voices are chanting the anthem of God;
In the House of Heaven they sing an eternal song!
[Illustration: The Priests (Estes Park)
_The Procession of the Mountains is eternal,
The great Mountains, each in his station abiding._
]
PALINGENESIS
The lodge of Olelbis is very great and beautiful:
Its pillars are the trunks of acorned oak-trees, upward growing;
Its walls are interwoven with all the flowers of the world;
In its midst there is a limpid pool
Formed from the dews that glide downward from the laden petals----
Who drinks thereof, he lives forever.
In the days of the First People
Fire was under the wing of the Swift;
Thence Flint stole it,
And the World was enkindled.
From his lodge in the sky Olelbis gazed downwards:
The hills were smoking,
The tops of the trees were blazing,
The rocks were consumed as burning brush
And the earth, bursting, flew upward in furious sparks which clung
to the vault of the sky,----
The stars that glow by night are the embers of them.
Then Olelbis saw that the flames assailed the foundations of the
heavens;
The pillars of his lodge were shaking,
The pillars of his lodge were burning,----
And his voice sounded around the World.
The Woman of the Waters was the first to hear:
Her hair is like the kelp which the waves spew forth in their
tumult;
Her hands are like the fins of huge whales;
Her feet are like the tail-flukes of huge whales;
When she thrashes amid the sea the foam of the billows washes the
sky-floor.
The Man of the North Wind was the first to hear:
His wings are like the wings of enormous bats,
They are blacker than night is black;
When he blows furiously his cheek feathers move up and down,
Sweeping earth and sky.
Against mountains of fire arose mountains of water;
They fought with one another,
They consumed one another;
Red smoke hung over all things;
Black smoke hung over all things.
Then Olelbis, gazing downward, beheld only ashes;
There was no earth where the earth had been;
There was no sea where the sea had been;
There was nought save the dusk of floating ashes.
From the walls of the lodge of Olelbis
The flowers descended like a many-colored snow;
From the Pool of Life
The round drops descended in a shining mist:
Life was renewed where Life had been.
[Illustration: Palingenesis
_Then Olelbis saw that the flames assailed the foundations of the
heavens;
The pillars of his lodge were burning,--
And his voice sounded around the world._
]
ESCHATOLOGY
The Sick-Man-of-the-North,
He lies upon a litter;
There are four stars which are four Doctors who carry him;
There are three stars which are three Doctors who follow singing;
About the Star-which-Never-Moves they circle----
So it has been,
So it shall be, while the World lasts.
The Spirit-Star-of-the-South,
He was not so high in the heavens when Life was created;
His station was appointed him,
It was lower in the heavens:
He steals upward,
He steals northward, as the World grows older.
The White-Pathway-of-Souls,
It is like a bow laid athwart the night;
The souls of the departed journey southward over it....
When the Doctors cease their singing,
When the Spirit Star has reached a certain height, stealthily,
Will not He-of-the-North journey as they have journeyed----
Southward?
Then the Star-that-Never-Moves will be seen no more;
Then men will be seen no more.
THE ORIGIN OF DEATH
In the Day ere Man came,
In the Morning of Life,
They came together,
The Father, the Mother,
Debating.
“Forever they shall live,
“Our Children,
“When they are born Men
“Forever they shall live,”
Said the Father,
Said the Mother.
But the little Bird cried,
Ah, the little Bird cried:
“How shall I nest me----
“How shall I nest me
“In their warm graves
“If men live forever?”
[Illustration: To a Child’s Moccasin
_Death, you have taught me to mother!
Death, I will mother well!
With red, red blood I will nourish!
I will lull with the rifle’s spell!_
]
TO A CHILD’S MOCCASIN
Looted from the body of an Indian child killed at Wounded Knee.
’Twas complained that Indian women--some were slain--fought with
the braves; which, indeed, they did.
I
A wild mother’s patterned fancy--white beads, green and blue,
With here, like heart-stained arrows, scarlet zigzagged through,
Thy lining furry rabbit, little shoe!
How joyously she wrought thee, the long blue sunny day,
On the wind-stroked grass of the prairie, ’neath the willows’ shady
sway,
Singing the old song mothers sing alway:
_Chaske, my little Chaske, Chaske my brave to be!
Fleet shall he run as the stallion, stand tall as the tall pine
tree,
As the storm be mighty and valiant--Chaske, my chief to be!_
Stringing the beads in patterns, zigzag red and blue;
Sewing with thread of tendon the furry edges true;
Singing the song of mothers the blue day through.
II
A hill-slope, a desolation; yonder the cordoned crest
Of glinting gun and sabre--here, like mole in nest,
Trapped in the hill-crest’s hollow, the huntsmen’s quest.
A solitude of heaven, high and sunny still
Above a breadth of desert--sudden the locust shrill
Of bullets, then death, and sudden the war-whoop’s thrill.
And here a wild squaw-mother--something dead at the breast,
Something live at the shoulder, spitting lead with the best----
Singing a song of wild-heart’s cradle-rest:
_Death, you have taught me to mother! Death, I will mother well!
With red, red blood I will nourish, I will lull with the rifle’s
spell!
For O you have taught me to suckle and I will suckle them well!_
Only a wild squaw-mother, bullet-stung at the start,
Quiet out there in the desert, something dead nigh the heart.
See! her quaint fancy’s beading, zigzag art.
[Illustration: The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian
(_An old saying of the Plains_)]
“THE ONLY GOOD INDIAN IS A DEAD INDIAN”
So there he lies, redeemed at last!
His knees drawn tense, just as he fell
And shrieked out his soul in a battle-yell;
One hand with the rifle still clutched fast;
One stretched straight out, the fingers clenched
In the knotted roots of the sun-bleached grass;
His head flung back on the tangled mass
Of raven mane, the war-plume wrenched
Awry and torn; the painted face
Still foe-wards turned, the white teeth bare
’Twixt the livid lips, the wide-eyed glare,
The bronze cheek gaped by battle-trace
In dying rage rent fresh apart:--
A strange expression for one all good!--
On his naked breast a splotch of blood
Where the lead Evangel cleft his heart.
So there he lies at last made whole,
Regenerate! Christ rest his soul!
V
POEMS OF PUEBLO LAND
[Illustration]
EARTH’S TERRACED BOWL
The art of the Pueblo Indians is so intimately woven into the pattern
and fabric of their lives that it can hardly be called an art. It is
never merely ornamental, and therefore dispensable; it is the intrinsic
and indispensable mode of performing the essential acts of living, and
its technique is an immediate reflection of the conditions of life.
The forms which adorn the painted olla are those cloud, vegetation,
and life forms which are spontaneously associated with the thought
of water--a thought which is ever-present among these agriculturists
in an arid country. The beads which trick out festal costumes are
talismans, emblematic in the very nature of their materials and hues;
and the colors which are ceremonially significant are the colors which
Nature makes so varied and vivid in the soil and sky and vegetation
of the Southwest. Dances themselves are as much in the character of
agricultural operations and political duties as of festal holidays; and
the Powers and Forces which to us are superstitions or personifications
are for them normal presences. We speak of art and symbolism in
connection with their modes of aesthetic expression because these
are the terms with which we most nearly describe them; but it is
always important in interpreting such an art to bear in mind that it
has little in common, spiritually, with what in our own culture is
analogous to it.
_Earth’s Terraced Bowl_ is an interpretation of the imagery of this
Pueblo art-in-life. Its purpose is to aid in our comprehension of a
beautiful and ancient culture, setting the coloristic and symbolic
elements into relationship with the life which they express. The site
described is the plateau above the Rio Grande, at the foot of the
Sangre de Cristo range, where Santa Fé is built over the ruins of an
ancient pueblo, and in its modern development is bringing into new
expression the art and architecture of the ancient peoples. The images
chosen are, first, the Pueblo woman potter, fashioning her ceremonial
bowl, of which the terraced rim is emblem of the cloud-terraces that
rise above the mountains in ever-changing variety; second, the man
drilling emblematic beads of shell and turquoise, of jet and abalone,
such as these Indians have used from beyond the dawn of history; third,
the great mid-summer dance, now devoted to the mystery of the union of
heaven and earth as it appears in vegetation and in the life which is
dependent upon vegetation; and fourth, the festivals of fertility and
of harvest, which complete, as it were, the definition of the life of
man in this simple setting.
[Illustration: Earth’s Terraced Bowl--I
_The Woman who dwells in the Place of Mists,
The Woman who appears in dissolvent skies,
Her body is very slender and luminous,
Her hands touch the extremity of the Earth,
Her feet touch softly upon the Earth!_
]
EARTH’S TERRACED BOWL
I
_Four are the terraced Mountains that uphold the Heaven in that Land
and Four are the Colors that pattern the Life of Man._
In that land where the stars of the night are ever near and burning,
--eyes of spirit watchers through the Black pine forest;
In that land where the azures of day are quivering and intense,
--precious the blue turquoise in the womb of the treasure hill;
In that land where the red-scarred mesas sunder and canyon the
earth,
--walls of jasper and sard ribboned with malachite;
In that land whose corners are keyed by heaven-locking
mountains,----
Glorieta, the Herald of Morn,
Sandia, who purpleth the South,
Jemez, the hearth-fire of Evening,
And fourth, the Hills of the North,
The cloud-gloomed and crimson-flared Mountains of Bleeding
Christ....
In that land doth the white cumulus froth unto the blue summit of
Day,
and the ochres and beryls of earth fade into violet Night;
In that land do the terraced hills uphold the terracing clouds;
In that land do the Weavers of Rain spin filaments many and
delicate,
silvering horizons many,
veiling with luminous veils,
baptismal with blessing....
There also marcheth the Sun in the splendor of Beauty;
There also wandereth the Moon in the softness of Beauty;
There all the colors unite, patterned in Beauty;
There all the cloud-forms assemble, vestured in Beauty;
Daily in that land man walketh in Beauty;
Nightly in that land man dreameth in Beauty.
II
_There the Indian Woman adorneth her potter’s work with symbols of
the life that falleth from Heaven and of the life of Earth that
ariseth responsive thereto._
Behold, where the Indian Woman fashioneth her Bowl of red clay!
Ceremonial water it shall contain,
Ceremonial meal it shall contain;
It shall contain the Water and the Bread of Life,
Even as holdeth this Earth the Water and the Bread of Life!
Behold, earthen-red is the Bowl,
smooth-rounded and rising rimmed,
bordered with terraces four,----
Yea, as riseth this Earth four-terraced into the Heaven!
Behold, fair-painted is the Bowl, with the forms of Heaven
painted,----
cloud-terraces thereon painted,
filaments of spun rain thereon painted,
the wayward-darting lightning thereon painted,----
With curves many, with angles many, with lacings of thin lines,
painteth she them, cunning-handed....
Who are they who give answer unto the rains, save the leaf and the
flower?
Who are they who joy in the freshness of sweet dews, save the bird
and the butterfly?
To whom shall the moisture be more precious than unto the Seeds of
Life?
Wherefore these also, cunning of hand, she painteth fair upon the
Bowl.
Therewith, painteth him who sitteth upon the margin of the high
cloud, fluting,----
Him with the rain-pack humped upon his back, him the Cloud-Musician,
flower-garlanded, fluting,----
Him also she painteth, cunning-handed,
singing as she fashioneth her earthen Bowl,
singing as she painteth thereon the forms of Heaven,
singing the Song of the Cloud-Musician,
singing the Song of the Beautiful Sky!
_And this is her Song of the Beautiful Sky and of the Spirit Mother
whose abode is in the Pool of Heaven._
“Beautiful Sky!
The mountains are dark behind me;
The sun is low beyond them.
To the billowing cloud blown over the plain, the mountains are
bidding farewell,
The sun is touching it in farewell....
“Underneath, it is of the deepest blue, like the waters of soundless
pools;
Underneath, it is fringed with fringes of light-falling rain.
But above, its face is sunward;
Above, it is filmed with pale gold, as of the day-seen moon....
“Beautiful Sky!
In the heart of the cloud is a perfect Rainbow, seven-hued with
beauty;
Over her is a perfect Rainbow----
Her spirit mother!”
III
_There the Indian Man maketh him beads that are symbols of Earth’s
Quarters and of the Place of Man’s Life, central in the World._
Behold, the Indian Man, where he drilleth and polisheth----
Where he maketh him beads of four significant colors,
Talismans shapeth him, singing the Song of his Central Life!
White shell beads----
Are not the disks of Dawn faint-lustrous, as on the Eastern crests
fall the earliest footfalls of Morning?
Turquoise beads----
Broken are the shapes, irregular spaces of azure, where the white
clouds part, to mottle and pattern the sky....
Talismans of crystal----
Clear is the bubble of Day, zenith-high it is blown when all things
are perfect!
So the Father and the Mother
In their Night of Meditation
First the lustre of the Dawn laid,
Then the azure light of Morning,
Touched them with translucent crystal,
Touched, and lighted perfect Day!
Talismans of black stone----
Jet as the starless Night, as the cloud-enfolded Night....
Talismans of abalone----
Opalled as is Evening on the Western Sea, many-reflecting,----
These also shapeth he him, remembering....
For whither shall they pass, whose sun is in the West?
And whither shall they pass, whose lodge is in the deep Earth?
Theirs are the many reflections of the Sunset land!
Theirs is the black unfathomed Night!
Behold, the Indian, where he sitteth beside his hearth,
Making him beads of four significant colors;
Singing the Song of his Central Life,
Singing the Song of this Middle Place!
_The four colors of the Wheel of Day and the four colors of the
Circle of the Earth unite in the Middle Place, this is the song of
the Indian Man, as the winds of his mind are singing it._
“White light of Dawn,
Blue light of Day,
Saffrons of Sunset,
Thereafter swooning Night:
“In the Middle Place all are gathered together----
Morning and the East,
Nooning and the South,
The vanishing Eve of the West,
And Northering Night:
“In the Middle Place all colors meet,
To the Middle Place the Four Winds blow:
The Circle of the Earth,
The Wheel of Day,
In the Middle Place they are united:
“_I_ am the Middle Place!
_I_ am the Central Man!
The life of the Four Winds is my breathing life,
All colors unite to illuminate me!”
[Illustration: Earth’s Terraced Bowl--II
_I am the Middle Place!
I am the Central Man!
The Life of the Four Winds is my breathing life,
All colors unite to illuminate me!_
]
IV
_There, also, the tribes of the Red Men dance the images of man’s
life: the Fertilization of the Fields, they dance; the upgrowing of
the Corn; and the Summer, and the Winter, which are the seasons of
life._
Behold, the Musicians of Summer, the Indian Musicians, chanting!
Yellow and blue are the colors of the drums, whereto the dancers
dance----
The Dancers of Summer, crested with iridescent feathers, like the
many colors of flowers,
Crested with wisps of featherdown, like the cloud-breaths of summer
winds in the blue bowl of Heaven....
Is not blue the color of the South, whence the Summer cometh?
Is not the resplendent Sun robed in shining yellow?
Twain are the Seasons of the Year, as they dance alternating:
The Summer advances dancing, and it recedes;
The Winter advances dancing, and it recedes....
Twain also are the divisions of men, as they dance in alternation.
Behold, the Musicians of Winter, the Indian Musicians, chanting!
Red and green are the colors of their drums, whereto their dancers
dance----
The Dancers of Winter, their bodies with red earth many-symboled,
in their hands the cypress-green rhythmically waving....
Is not the bare earth red, where it gleams between the snows?
Are not the snow-bent brows of the cypress Wintergreen?
Twain are the Great Seasons, as they dance the Year, alternating;
Twain also are the divisions of men where they dance the Life of the
World----
Male and female they dance, twofold in each division,----
verily, as the Year is twofold in each division....
Particolored their drums, where they dance, particolored their
festal costumes;
Their voices they uplift in song, in the Song of the Color Mixer,
singing Him who apportioneth all,
who adorneth the World in Beauty,
who maketh all perfect in Beauty!
_Here followeth the Song of the Color Mixer, who createth the World
with the music of his drum, who painteth the Year with his light._
“Shining in four Times,
Shining in four Directions,----
Thus the Color Mixer hath created it!
“First is the blue----
The little clouds that float up from the South,
These are the breaths of Spring!
“Thereafter, the green----
All the Earth waveth with green-verdant feathers
Where the Summer Sun cometh forth, radiant in the East!
“Red-yellow is the third color----
In the West the mountains of Autumn are variegated,----
Red earth and yellow, red berries and yellow!
“White also is a color----
Many times it is shadowed with blue,
As if the Wintry North were remembering Spring!
“These make up the Year,
These make up the World,----
Thus the Color Mixer hath created it!”
V
_The Tribes of the Red Men rejoice in their fields, thinking with
thankfulness of the Cloud Spirits which have caused the Goodness of
Life to descend, and of the Rainbow Woman who hath woven the colors
of her body into the several-colored maize, and of the Corn Maidens,
with the pollen-hued butterflies at their lips._
Behold, the Tribes, where they rejoice in the bounties of the
harvest!
Men and women are there, and youths, laughter-loving;
Mothers are there, and children merry of limb;
The friendly animals are there, the sport-eager dog, the burro,
burden-bearing.
Many songs are sung in the midst of the maize-fields;
Many colors gleam where the people move to and fro,
Where they gather the sheathéd ears, the ears hard-ripened,
Where they gather the crispéd maize, gleaning the several colors.
Many the songs that are sung, and many the altars made precious
With gift of well-drilled bead, with polished talisman,
With fields of waving feathers bearing the plume-winged prayers,
Where from the terraced Bowl the sacred meal is scattered....
While the harvesters bethink them,
Singing, where the maize they gather,
Of the dancing Cloud-born Women,
Of the Maidens of the Mist-Foam,
Of the Daughters of the Sunbeams,
Of the shining Rainbow-Mother
In her stripes of many colors,
Like the corn of many colors....
_The Song of the Rainbow Woman, whose body archeth the Fields of
Life, is on the lips of the Harvesters._
“The Woman who dwells in the Place of Mists,
The Woman who appears in dissolvent skies,
Her body is very slender and luminous,
Her hands touch the extremity of the Earth,
Her feet touch softly upon the Earth!
“Adorned is her body with many and beautiful colors,
With the green of tender grass it is adorned,
With the blue of feathery lupine it is adorned,
With the red of glowing cactus,
With the yellow of bright pollen....
“Daughter Corn is likewise adorned with colors,
Blue corn there is and red corn,
Yellow corn there is and white corn:
All corn grows upon the bladed green,
Touched by the luminous sunlight, watered by crystal dews....
“The Woman who dwells in the Place of Mists,
Arching the caverns of the clouds,
Arching the Earth with Beauty!
Bride she is of the luminous Sun,----
Their offspring is corn of all colors!”
VI
_The colors of the World’s Quarters and the colors of the Year are
united in the Land itself, to paint the walks of Man’s Life with
beauty._
Thus speaketh that Land where the colors are gathered together,
Thus singeth the Heart of Man in the shining land of the mesas,
Where he watcheth the Weavers of Rain spin and pattern their
fabrics,
Where Earth lifteth terraced hills and the Heavens are terraced with
glories!
Four are the Hills of the Life of Man,
Four are the steps of Earth’s terraced Bowl,
Its corners are keyed with Heaven above,
Its Pattern of old was made whole--
in that Land where man walketh in Beauty,
in that Land where man dreameth in Beauty!
THE CORN MAIDENS
(A Pueblo Cycle)
_The Chief Singer remembereth the Powers of Life:_
Five are the Beings which alone are necessary----
Five are the Great Beings which man must know if he would live.
Whereof the first is the Shining Sun, father of all things illumined
with life;
Whereof the second is Earth, Mother of Men;
Whereof the third is Water, who is Elder of All;
And the fourth whereof is Fire, who is Elder of All.
Central is the fifth----
Central are our Brothers and Sisters of the Fields of Corn,
Central are our Brothers and Sisters the Seeds of Growing Things.
Five are the Beings which alone are necessary----
Five are the Beings whereby men live.
[Illustration: The Corn Maidens
_All, all is beautiful!
The Seeds of Life are beautiful!
The Gifts of Life are beautiful!
Men walk in beauty!
The Children walk in beauty!_
]
_The Warriors of Light issue from Sipapú:_
Hail to the Light!
Hail to the Light!
The Sun of our Day is arisen,
The glory of Dawn fills our eyes!
Forth from the gloom of our prison,
Greeting the azuring skies!
Led on by the Warriors of Morning,
Led forth by the Archers of Light,
New splendors our bodies adorning,
We come from the mothering Night!
Our hearts are as dancers upleaping!
Our spirits a jubilant song!
Like summer-winged birds we come sweeping,
Throng within luminous throng!
Hailing the Light in its wonder!
Hailing the Heaven in its blaze!
Where the Dawning hath burst it asunder,
Filling with glory our days!
Hail to the Light!
Hail to the Light!
_The Earth is like a great drum beneath their feet:_
The Earth is throbbing like a drum----
Booming, reverberating,
Throbbing with deep pulsation....
So my heart is beating deeply,
So my heart is reverberating....
_The Corn Maidens are greeted with choric song:_
O ye Maidens! O ye Maidens!
O ye Maidens of the Corn!
Treasure bringing,
Pleasure singing,
Joy with you is yearly born!
With beauty ye our lives adorn!
Ye are the Sisters of the singing Trees;
Ye are the Daughters of the sighing Fields;
O’er your silks and tassels throng the humming bees
Gathering the honeys which your pollen yields!
Round your grateful roots the nursing waters run,
Under leafy shelters the swelling corn-ears form,
With their precious kernels growing one by one,
Ripening for the harvest-day, sheathéd from all harm!
Earth with fields a-dancing ye make beautiful!
Earth with hues entrancing ever ye make fair!
The vessel of rejoicing ye keep forever full!
The singing of your voices fills the singing air!
O ye Maidens! O ye Maidens!
O ye Maidens of the Corn!
Planting, tilling,
Baskets filling----
Joy with you is yearly born,
Where with beauty, where with beauty
Yearly ye our lives adorn!
_The Flute Musician summoneth to cool slumber:_
Cool wells of water,
Clear wells of sweet water,
I slumber beside them....
Star phantoms in water,
Dream phantoms in water,
I gaze on them slumbering....
Echoing voices of women,
Echoing from the still water,
I harken them slumbering....
Liquid melodies lingering,
Floating faint o’er the water,
Soothe my soul in its slumber....
Where the pools lie silent,
Deep and placid the water,
I sink into slumber....
Where life’s wanderings vanish,
Sunk in the shadowless water,
Fade the dim phantoms of slumber....
_The Morning Star summoneth the Corn Maidens:_
Come away! Come away! Come away!
Over the crest of the Southland,
Over the marge of the Year!
Into the Gardens of Summer,
Into Fields ever green, ever dear!
Unto the Land of Rejoicing,
Unto the Dancers of Cheer!
Where the Sons of Morning waken through the circles of the Sky,
And the zonéd World refreshened turneth with exultant cry,
While the flaming Sun ascendant leapeth shouting zenith-high!
There the fields in glowing colors down the bright horizons throng;
There the minstrel winds beguiling mellow music bear along,
And the heart of life upspringeth in a jubilance of song!
Come away! Come away! Come away!
Into the Gardens of Summer,
Over the marge of the Year!
Fleet to the Land of Rejoicing----
Fleet with the Dancers of Cheer!
_The Corn Maidens linger in the Place of Mist and Dew:_
Mists of Morning dreamily ascending----
Earth and Heaven in one being blending....
Upcoming corn,
Tender-green corn....
Breaths of Summer balmy-fragrant blowing----
Crystal dews upon the corn-leaves glowing....
Silkening corn,
Tasseling corn....
Butterflies from honey-cups sweet sipping----
Pollen-dews upon the corn low-dripping....
Ear-forming corn,
Kernelling corn....
Feathered wings of birds the blue sky covering----
Golden haze o’er all the cornfields hovering....
Ripening corn,
Hardening corn....
Many colors through the wide fields dancing----
Laughing sunlight o’er the cornlands glancing....
Crisp-sheathéd corn,
Harvest-ripe corn....
_Sun’s Gleam parteth the mists and revealeth the Rainbow Woman:_
Sun Gleam! Sun Gleam!
Part thou the Mists of their Concealment!
Cleave thou the clouds that do them veil!
Sun Gleam! Sun Gleam!
Bare thou the way to their revealment!
Blaze to their biding-place swift trail!
_The Choir watcheth with eagerness:_
Lo, now she cometh glory-vestured----
Daughter of Joy! Daughter of Day!
Lo, now she cometh beauty-splendored,
Crested with Sun-Father’s ray!
She bursteth the seals of the Night,
The lair of the hidden layeth bare!
She scattereth with lances of light
The demons of Earth and of Air!
She maketh still places to shout,
The caverns of silence to sing!
The choirs of the hills wide about
With joy of her radiance ring!
Lo, she darteth her arrows flame-feathered!
The fog-hidden bursteth aglow!
Up, up, from the arches of crystal
Springeth the Mist-Mother’s Bow!
_The Rainbow Woman approacheth the Zenith:_
O Woman of the Rainbow, we hail thee!
Daughter of Sun Gleam, we hail thee!
The Place of Concealment is found!
Abode of the precious Corn Maidens!
_The Choir chanteth the beauty of the World:_
All, all is beautiful!
Once again all is beautiful!
The Fathering Sun,
The Mothering Earth,
Yearn unto one another,
Warm unto one another,
Where all is beautiful!
The rain-fringéd clouds,
The light-gleaming dew,----
Crystal of Heaven,
Crystal of Earth,----
In their freshness all is beautiful!
Fair blossoms of flowers,
Fair pollens of corn,----
The meadows rejoice in them,
The fields rejoice in them,----
In their fragrance all is beautiful!
Colored plumes of the World,
Colored kernels of corn,----
Day they make precious,
Life they make precious,----
In their fruitfulness all is beautiful!
Yea, all, all is beautiful!
The Seeds of Life are beautiful!
The Gifts of Life are beautiful!
Men walk in beauty!
The Children walk in beauty!
[Illustration: Saint Dominic’s Day--I
_They gather at the mud-walled church,
A crew of motlied folk,
In gala dress their saint to bless,
In striped and fringéd cloak...._
]
SAINT DOMINIC’S DAY
_August 4, Pueblo of Santo Domingo_
A blessed Saint is Dominic
And blessed folk are they,
In many a land, ’neath many a sun,
Who keep his holy day----
Who gift of waxen tapers bring
And kneel them down to pray:
Who kneel before his image bright
With golden-bearded face
And gilded robe and coronet
And beg of him a grace----
Where they keep the dear Saint’s festival
In many an outland place.
’Tis in the time of the tasseled maize
When the fields are plumed with green
And the mesas of the terraced land
Red-wall them in between,
While overhead the cloud-flecked sky
Is lazily serene,----
’Tis in this time men dance the corn
That the harvest be not lean.
They gather at the mud-walled church,
A crew of motlied folk,
In gala dress their Saint to bless,
In striped and fringéd cloak,
In beaded shirt and blanket gay,
Answering the bellman’s stroke:
They heed them well the chiméd bell,
They go within to pray
Where golden-bearded Dominic
In festival array----
The blessed Saint in festal paint----
Smiles pleasantly that day:
He smiles upon each worshipper
Who enters at the door
And makes the sign of Christian faith
From the bowl that stands before----
The bowl with olden pagan things
Obscurely patterned o’er,----
Who kneels before the sanguined rail,
The Virgin in her blue,
The Christ upon his painted Cross,----
And nigh them, bright of hue,
A pony and a buffalo
Some dark-skinned artist drew,
With cock and stag and butterfly,
And maize just as it grew
All greened and bannered in the fields
Long ages ere the day
The foreign priest had brought the feast
Of Dominic that way----
The long-robed priest had taught the feast
And taught the words to say
When in the time of tasseled maize
For plenty men must pray:
And so they gather at the church,
As now for many a year,
Within its old adobe walls
Holy mass to hear
While they kneel where dear Saint Dominic
Sits smiling pleasant cheer,----
For corn will grow as all men know
If Dominic be near.