_ANALYSIS OF EXPLOSIVES._
Kieselguhr Dynamite--Gelatine Compounds--Tonite--Cordite--Vaseline--
Acetone--Scheme for Analysis of Explosives--Nitro-Cotton--Solubility Test--
Non-Nitrated Cotton--Alkalinity--Ash and Inorganic Matter--Determination
of Nitrogen--Lungé, Champion and Pellet's, Schultze-Tieman, and Kjeldahl's
Methods--Celluloid--Picric Acid and Picrates--Resinous and Tarry Matters--
Sulphuric Acid and Hydrochloric Acid and Oxalic Acid--Nitric Acid--
Inorganic Impurities--General Impurities and Adulterations--Potassium
Picrate, &c.--Picrates of the Alkaloids--Analysis of Glycerine--Residue--
Silver Test--Nitration--Total Acid Equivalent--Neutrality--Free Fatty
Acids--Combined Fatty Acids--Impurities--Oleic Acid--Sodium Chloride--
Determination of Glycerine--Waste Acids--Sodium Nitrate--Mercury
Fulminate--Cap Composition--Table for Correction of Volumes of Gases, for
Temperature and Pressure
~Kieselguhr Dynamite.~--The material generally consists of 75 per cent. of
nitro-glycerine and 25 per cent. of the infusorial earth kieselguhr. The
analysis is very simple, and may be conducted as follows:--Weigh out about
10 grms. of the substance, and place over calcium chloride in a desiccator
for some six to eight days, and then re-weigh. The loss of weight gives
the moisture. This will generally be very small, probably never more than
1 per cent., and usually less.
Mr James O. Handy, in order to save time, proposes to dry dynamite in the
following manner. He places 1 grm. of the material in a porcelain crucible
1 inch in diameter. The crucible is then supported at the bottom of an
extra wide-mouthed bottle of about 600 c.c. capacity. Air, which has been
dried by bubbling through strong sulphuric acid, is now drawn over the
surface of the sample for three hours by means of an ordinary aspirator.
The air should pass approximately at the rate of 10 c.c. per second. The
tube by which the dry air enters the bottle extends to within 1 inch of
the crucible containing the dynamite. An empty safety bottle is connected
with the inlet, and another with the outlet of the wide-mouthed bottle.
The first guards against the mechanical carrying over by the air current
of sulphuric acid from the acid bottle into the sample, whilst the second
prevents spasmodic outbursts of water from the exhaust from reaching the
sample. The method also gave satisfactory results with nitro-glycerine.
The dry substance may now be wrapped in filter paper, the whole weighed,
and the nitro-glycerine extracted in the Soxhlet apparatus with ether. The
ether should be distilled over at least twenty-four times.
I have found, however, that much quicker, and quite as accurate, results
may be obtained by leaving the dynamite in contact with ether in a small
Erlenmeyer flask for twenty-four hours--leaving it overnight is better--
and decanting, and again allowing the substance to remain in contact with
a little fresh ether for an hour, and finally filtering through a weighed
filter, drying at 100° C., and weighing. This gives the weight of the
kieselguhr. The nitro-glycerine must be obtained by difference, as it is
quite useless to evaporate down the ethereal solution to obtain it, as it
is itself volatile to a very considerable extent at the temperature of
evaporation of the ether, and the result, therefore, will always be much
too low. The dry guhr can, of course, be examined, either qualitatively or
quantitatively, for other mineral salts, such as carbonate of soda, &c. An
actual analysis of dynamite No. 1 made by the author at Hayle gave--
Moisture, 0.92 per cent.; kieselguhr, 26.15 per cent.; and nitro-
glycerine, 72.93 per cent., the last being obtained by difference.
~Nitro-Glycerine.~--It is sometimes desired to test an explosive substance
for nitro-glycerine. If an oily liquid is oozing from the substance, soak
a drop of it in filter paper. If it is nitro-glycerine it will make a
greasy spot. If the paper is now placed upon an iron anvil, and struck
with an iron hammer, it will explode with a sharp report, if lighted it
burns with a yellowish to greenish flame, emitting a crackling sound, and
placed upon an iron plate and heated from beneath, it explodes sharply.
If a few drops of nitro-glycerine are placed in a test tube, and shaken up
with methyl-alcohol (previously tested with distilled water, to see that
it produces no turbidity), and filtered, on the addition of distilled
water, the solution will become milky, and the nitro-glycerine will
separate out, and finally collect at the bottom of the tube.
If to a solution of a trace of nitro-glycerine in methyl-alcohol, a few
drops of a solution, composed of 1 volume of aniline, and 40 volumes
sulphuric acid (1.84) be added, a deep purple colour will be produced.
This colour changes to green upon the addition of water. If it is
necessary to determine the nitro-glycerine quantitatively in an explosive,
the scheme on page 213 may be followed. Ether is the best solvent to use.
Nitrogen should be determined in the nitrometer.
~Gelatine Compounds.~--The simplest of these compounds is, of course,
blasting gelatine, as it consists of nothing but nitro-cotton and nitro-
glycerine, the nitro-cellulose being dissolved in the glycerine to form a
clear jelly, the usual proportions being about 92 per cent. of nitro-
glycerine to 8 per cent. nitro-cotton, but the cotton is found as high as
10 per cent. in some gelatines. Gelatine dynamite and gelignite are
blasting gelatines, with varying proportions of wood-pulp and saltpetre
(KNO_{3}) mixed with a thin blasting gelatine. The method of analysis is
as follows:--Weigh out 10 grms. of the substance, previously cut up into
small pieces with a platinum spatula, and place over calcium chloride in a
desiccator for some days. Reweigh. The loss equals moisture. This is
generally very small. Or Handy's method may be used. The dried sample is
then transferred to a small thistle-headed funnel which has been cut off
from its stem, and the opening plugged with a little glass wool, and round
the top rim of which a piece of fine platinum wire has been fastened, in
order that it may afterwards be easily removed from the Soxhlet tube. The
weight of this funnel and the glass wool must be accurately known. It is
then transferred to the Soxhlet tube and exhausted with ether, which
dissolves out the nitro-glycerine. The weighed residue must afterwards be
treated in a flask with ether-alcohol to dissolve out the nitro-cotton.
But the more expeditious method, and one quite as accurate, is to transfer
the dried gelatine to a conical Erlenmeyer flask of about 500 c.c.
capacity, and add 250 c.c. of a mixture of ether-alcohol (2 ether to 1
alcohol), and allow to stand overnight. Sometimes a further addition of
ether-alcohol is necessary. It is always better to add another 300 c.c.,
and leave for twenty minutes or so after the solution has been filtered
off. The undissolved portion, which consists of wood-pulp, potassium
nitrate, and other salts, is filtered off through a linen or paper filter,
dried and weighed.
~Solution.~--The ether-alcohol solution contains the nitro-cotton and the
nitro-glycerine in solution.[A] To this solution add excess of chloroform
(about 100 c.c. will be required), when the nitro-cellulose will be
precipitated in a gelatinous form. This should be filtered off through a
linen filter, and allowed to drain. It is useless to attempt to use a
filter pump, as it generally causes it to set solid. The precipitated
cotton should then be redissolved in ether-alcohol, and again precipitated
with chloroform (20 c.c. of ether-alcohol should be used). This precaution
is absolutely necessary, if the substance has been treated with ether-
alcohol at first instead of ether only, otherwise the results will be much
too high, owing to the gelatinous precipitate retaining very considerable
quantities of nitro-glycerine. The precipitate is then allowed to drain as
completely as possible, and finally allowed to dry in the air bath at 40°
C., until it is easily detached from the linen filter by the aid of a
spatula, and is then transferred to a weighed watch-glass, replaced in the
oven, and dried at 40° C. until constant in weight. The weight found,
calculated upon the 10 grms. taken, gives the percentage of nitro-
cellulose.
[Footnote A: If the substance has been treated with ether alone in the
Soxhlet, the nitro-glycerine will of course be dissolved out first, and
the ether-alcohol solution will only contain the nitro-cellulose.]
~The Residue~ left after treating the gelatine with ether-alcohol is, in
the case of blasting gelatine, very small, and will probably consist of
nothing but carbonate of soda. It should be dried at 100° C. and weighed,
but in the case of either gelignite or gelatine dynamite this residue
should be transferred to a beaker and boiled with distilled water, and the
water decanted some eight or ten times, and the residue finally
transferred to a tarred filter and washed for some time with hot water.
The residue left upon the filter is wood-pulp. This is dried at 100° C.
until constant, and weighed. The solution and washings from the wood are
evaporated down in a platinum dish, and dried at 100° C. It will consist
of the potassium nitrate, and any other mineral salts, such as carbonate
of soda, which should always be tested for by adding a few drops of nitric
acid and a little water to the residue, and again evaporating to dryness
and re-weighing. From the difference in weight the soda can be calculated,
sodium nitrate having been formed. Thus--
Na_{2}CO_{3} + 2HNO_{3} = 2NaNO_{3} + CO_{2} + H_{2}O.
Mol. wt. = 106 = 170
(170 - 106 = 64) and _x_ = (106 x _d_)/64
where _x_ equals grms. of sodium carbonate in residue, and _d_ equals the
difference in weight of residue, before and after treatment with nitric
acid.
The nitro-glycerine is best found by difference, but if desired the
solutions from the precipitation of the nitro-cellulose may be evaporated
down upon the water bath at 30° to 40° C., and finally dried over CaCl_{2}
until no smell of ether or chloroform can be detected, and the nitro-
glycerine weighed. It will, however, always be much too low. An actual
analysis of a sample of gelatine dynamite gave the following result:--
Nitrocellulose (collodion) 3.819 per cent.
Nitro-glycerine 66.691 "
Wood-pulp 16.290 "
KNO_{3} 12.890 "
Na_{2}CO_{3} _Nil._
Water 0.340 "
This sample was probably intended to contain 30 per cent. of absorbing
material to 70 per cent. of explosive substances. Many dynamites contain
other substances than the above, such as paraffin, resin, sulphur, wood,
coal-dust, charcoal, also mineral salts, such as carbonate of magnesia,
chlorate of potash, &c. In these cases the above-described methods must of
course be considerably modified. Paraffin, resin, and most of the sulphur
will be found in the ether solution if present. The solution should be
evaporated (and in this case the explosive should in the first case be
treated with ether only, and not ether-alcohol), and the residue weighed,
and then treated on the water bath with a solution of caustic soda. The
resin goes into solution, and is separated by decantation from the
residue, and precipitated by hydrochloric acid, and collected on a tarred
filter (dried at 100° C.), and dried at 100° C. and weighed. The nitro-
glycerine residue is treated with strong alcohol, decanted, and the
residue of paraffin and sulphur washed with alcohol, dried, and weighed.
To separate the paraffin from the sulphur the residue is heated with a
solution of ammonium sulphide. After cooling the paraffin collects as a
crust upon the surface of the liquid, and by pricking a small hole through
it with a glass rod the liquid underneath can be poured off, and the
paraffin then washed with water, dried, and weighed. Sulphur is found by
difference. Mr F.W. Smith (_Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc._, 1901, 23 [8],
585-589) determines the sulphur in dynamite gelatine as follows:--About 2
grms. are warmed in a 100 c.c. silver crucible on the water bath with an
alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide, and where the nitro-glycerine is
decomposed, the liquid is evaporated to dryness. The residue is fused with
40 grms. of KOH and 5 grms. of potassium nitrate, the mass dissolved in
dilute acetic acid and filtered, and the sulphates precipitated in the
usual way. If camphor is present, it can be extracted with bisulphide of
carbon after the material has been treated with ether-alcohol. In that
case the sulphur, paraffin, and resin will also be dissolved. The camphor
being easily volatile, can be separated by evaporation. Let the weight of
the extract, freed from ether-alcohol before treatment with bisulphide of
carbon, equal A, and the weight of extract after treatment with CS_{2} and
evaporation of the same equal B; and weight of the residue which is left
after evaporation of the CS_{2} and the camphor in solution equal C, the
percentage of camphor will be A - B - C. The residue C may contain traces
of nitro-glycerine, resin, or sulphur.
Camphor may be separated from nitro-glycerine by means of CS_{2}. If the
solution of camphor in nitro-glycerine be shaken with CS_{2}, the camphor
and a little of the nitro-glycerine will dissolve. The bisulphide solution
is decanted, or poured into a separating funnel and separated from the
nitro-glycerine. The two solutions are then heated on the water bath to
20° C. and then to 60° C., and afterwards in a vacuum over CaCl_{2} until
the CS_{2} has evaporated from them. The camphor evaporates, and leaves
the small quantity of nitro-glycerine which had been dissolved with it.
The other portion is the nitro-glycerine, now free from CS_{2}. The two
are weighed and their weights added together, and equals the nitro-
glycerine present. There is a loss of nitro-glycerine, it being partly
evaporated along with the CS_{2}. Captain Hess has shown that it is equal
to about 1.25 per cent. This quantity should therefore be added to that
found by analysis. Morton Liebschutz, in a paper in the _Moniteur
Scientifique_ for January 1893, very rightly observes that the variety of
dynamites manufactured is very great, all of them having a special
composition which, good or bad, is sometimes of so complicated a nature
that the determination of their elements is difficult.
The determination of nitro-glycerine in simple dynamite No. 1 is easy; but
not so when the dynamite contains substances soluble in ether, such as
sulphur, resin, paraffin, and naphthalene. After detailing at length the
methods he employs, he concludes with the observation that the knowledge
of the use of acetic acid--in which nitro-glycerine dissolves--for the
determination of nitro-glycerine may be serviceable. Mr F.W. Smith[A]
gives the following indirect method of determining nitro-glycerine in
gelatine dynamite, &c. About 15 grms. of the sample are extracted with
chloroform in a Soxhlet apparatus, and the loss in weight determined. In a
second portion the moisture is determined. A third portion of about 2
grms. is macerated with ether in a small beaker, the ethereal extract
filtered, and the process of extraction repeated three or four times. The
united filtrates are allowed to evaporate spontaneously, and the residue
warmed gently on the water bath with 5 c.c. of ammonium sulphide solution,
and 10 c.c. of alcohol until the nitro-glycerine is decomposed, after
which about 250 c.c. of water and sufficient hydrochloric acid to render
the liquid strongly acid, are added, and the liquid filtered. The
precipitate is washed free from acid, and then washed through the filter
with strong alcohol and chloroform into a weighed platinum dish, which is
dried to constant weight at 50° C. The contents of the dish are now
transferred to a silver crucible, and the sulphur determined. This amount
of sulphur, deducted from the weight of the contents of the platinum dish,
gives the quantity of substances soluble in chloroform with the exception
of the nitro-glycerine, moisture, and sulphur. The amount of the former
substances _plus_ the moisture and sulphur, deducted from the total loss
on extraction with chloroform, gives the quantity of nitro-glycerine.
Nitro-benzene may be detected, according to J. Marpurgo, in the following
manner:--In a porcelain basin are placed two drops of liquid phenol, three
drops of water, and a fragment of potash as large as a pea. The mixture is
boiled, and the aqueous solution to be tested then added. On prolonged
boiling nitro-benzene produces at the edge of the liquid a crimson ring,
which on the addition of a solution of bleaching powder turns emerald-
green. And nitro-glycerine in ether solution, by placing a few drops of
the suspected solution, together with a drop or two of aniline, upon a
watch-glass, evaporating off the ether, and then adding a drop of
concentrated sulphuric acid to the residue, when, if nitro-glycerine is
present, the H_{2}SO_{4} will strike a crimson colour, due to the action
of the aniline sulphate upon the nitric acid liberated from the nitro-
glycerine.
[Footnote A: "Notes on the Analysis of Explosives," _Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc._, 1901, 23 [8], 585-589.]
~Tonite.~--The analysis of this explosive is a comparatively easy matter,
and can be performed as follows:--Weigh out 10 grms., or a smaller
quantity, and boil with water in a beaker, decanting the liquid four or
five times, and filter. The aqueous solution will contain the nitrate of
barium. Then put the residue on the filter, and wash two or three times
with boiling water. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness in a platinum dish.
Dry and weigh. This equals the Ba(NO_{3})_{2}. If the sample is tonite No.
3, and contains di-nitro-benzol, treat first with ether to dissolve out
this substance. Filter into a dish, and evaporate off the ether, and weigh
the di-nitro-benzol, and afterwards treat residue with water as before.
The residue is dried and weighed, and equals the gun-cotton present. It
should then be treated with a solution of ether-alcohol in a conical
flask, allowed to stand some three hours, then filtered through a weighed
filter paper, dried at 40° C., and weighed. This will give the gun-cotton,
and the difference between this last weight and the previous one will give
the collodion-cotton. A portion of the residue containing both the gun-
cotton and the soluble cotton can be tested in the nitrometer, and the
nitrogen determined.
~Cordite.~--This explosive consists of gun-cotton (with a little
collodion-cotton in it as impurity), nitro-glycerine, and vaseline--the
proportions being given as 30 per cent. nitro-glycerine, 65 per cent. gun-
cotton, and 5 per cent. vaseline. Its analysis is performed by a
modification of the method given for gelatines. Five grms. may be
dissolved in ether-alcohol in a conical flask, allowed to stand all night,
and then filtered through a linen filter. The residue is washed with a
little ether, pressed, and dried at 40° C., and weighed. It equals the
gun-cotton. The solution contains the nitro-glycerine, soluble cotton, and
vaseline. The cotton is precipitated with chloroform, filtered off, dried,
and weighed. The two ether-alcohol solutions are mixed, and carefully
evaporated down in a platinum dish upon the water bath at a low
temperature. The residue is afterwards treated with strong 80 per cent.
acetic acid, which dissolves out any nitro-glycerine left in it. The
nitro-glycerine is then obtained by difference, or the method suggested to
me privately by Mr W.J. Williams may be used. The residue obtained by
evaporation of the ether-alcohol solution, after weighing, is treated with
alcoholic potash to decompose the nitro-glycerine, water is added and the
alcohol evaporated off. Some ether is then added, and the mixture shaken,
and the ether separated and evaporated, and the residue weighed as
vaseline.
The moisture should, however, be determined by the method devised by Mr
Arthur Marshall, F.I.C., of the Royal Gunpowder Works, Waltham Abbey,
which is carried out as follows:--The cordite or other explosive is
prepared in the manner laid down for the Abel heat test, that is t say, it
is ground in a small mill, and that portion is selected which passes
through a sieve having holes of the size of No. 8 wire gauge, but not
through one with holes No. 14 wire gauge.
[Illustration: FIG. 40.--MARSHALL'S APPARATUS FOR MOISTURE IN CORDITE.]
The form of apparatus used is shown in Fig. 40. It consists of an
aluminium dish A, having the dimensions shown, and the glass cone B
weighing not more than 30 grms. Five grms. of the cordite are weighed into
the aluminium dish A. This is covered with the cone B, and the whole is
accurately weighed, and is then placed upon a metal plate heated by steam
from a water bath. It is left upon the bath until all the moisture has
been driven off, then it is allowed to cool for about half-an-hour in a
desiccator and is weighed. The loss in weight gives accurately the
moisture of the sample. For cordite of the original composition, one
hour's heating is sufficient to entirely drive off the moisture; for
modified cordite containing 65 per cent. of gun-cotton, two hours is
enough, provided that there be not more than 1.3 per cent. of moisture
present.
If the proportion of nitro-glycerine be higher, a longer heating is
necessary. The aluminium dish must not be shallower than shown in the
figure, for if the distance between the substance and the edge of the
glass cone be less than half an inch, some nitro-glycerine will be lost.
Again, the sample must not be ground finer than stated, else some of the
moisture will be lost in the grinding and sieving operations, and the
result will be too low. In order to be able to drive off all the moisture
in the times mentioned, it is essential that the glass cone shall not fit
too closely on the aluminium dish, consequently the horizontal ledge round
the top of the dish should be bent, so as to render it slightly untrue,
and leave a clearance of about 0.02 inch in some places. If these few
simple precautions be taken, the method will be found to be very accurate.
Duplicate determinations do not differ more than 0.01 per cent.[A]
[Footnote A: "Determination of Moisture in Nitro-glycerine Explosives," by
A. Marshall, _Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind._, Feb. 29, 1904, p. 154.]
~The Vaseline~ (C_{16}H_{34}), or petroleum jelly, used has a flash-point
of 400° F. It must not contain more than 0.2 per cent. volatile matter
when heated for 12 hours on the water bath, and should have a specific
gravity of 0.87 at 100° F., and a melting point of 86° F. It is obtained
during the distillation of petroleum, and consists mainly of the portions
distilling above 200° C. It boils at about 278° C.
~Acetone~ (CH_{3}CO.CH_{3}), or dimethyl ketone, is formed when iso-propyl
alcohol is oxidised with potassium bichromate and sulphuric. It is also
produced in considerable quantities during the dry distillation of wood,
and many other organic compounds. Crude wood spirit, which has been freed
from acetic acid, consists in the main of a mixture of acetone and methyl-
alcohol. The two substances may be roughly separated by the addition of
calcium chloride, which combines with the methyl-alcohol. On subsequent
distillation crude acetone passes over, and may be purified by conversion
into the bisulphite compound.
Acetone is usually prepared, however, by the dry distillation of crude
calcium or barium acetate.
(CH_{3}.COO)_{2}Ca = CH_{3}.CO.CH_{3} + CaCO_{3}.
The distillate is fractionated, and the portion, boiling between 50° and
60° C., mixed with strong solution of sodium bisulphite. The crystalline
cake of acetone sodium bisulphite, which separates on standing, is well
pressed, to free it from impurities, decomposed by distillation with
dilute sodium carbonate, and the aqueous distillate of pure acetone
dehydrated over calcium chloride. Acetone is a colourless, mobile liquid
of sp. gr. .792 at 20° C., it boils at 56.5° C., has a peculiar, pleasant,
ethereal odour, and is mixible with water, alcohol, and ether in all
proportions.
The acetone used in the manufacture of cordite should conform to the
following specification:--
SPECIFICATION FOR ACETONE.
1. The acetone to be not more than 0.802 specific gravity at 60° F. When
mixed with distilled water it must show no turbidity, and must leave no
residue on evaporation at 212° F. On distillation, four-fifths by volume
of the quantity taken must distil over at a temperature not exceeding 138°
F. The residual matter left after this distillation must not contain,
besides acetone, any ingredient that is not a bye-product incidental to
the manufacture of acetone.
2. One c.c. of 0.10 per cent. solution in distilled water of pure
permanganate of potash, added to 100 c.c. of the acetone, must retain its
distinctive colour for not less than 30 minutes. This test should be made
at a temperature of 60° F.
3. The acetone tested by the following method must not show more than
0.005 per cent. of acid, calculated to acetic acid:--
To 50 c.c. of the sample diluted with 50 c.c. of distilled water, with 2
c.c. of phenol-phthalein solution (1 gramme to 1,000 c.c. of 50 per cent.
alcohol) added as an indicator, add from a burette N/100 sodium hydrate
solution (1 c.c. 0.0006 gramme acetic acid), and calculate to acetic acid
in the usual manner.
The water used for the dilution of the acetone must be carefully tested
for acidity, and the pipettes used for measuring should not be blown out,
as it would be possible thus to neutralise nearly 2 c.c. of the soda
solution.
The presence of water in a sample of acetone may be detected by Schweitzer
and Lungwitz's method (_Chem. Zeit._, 1895, xix., p. 1384), which consists
in shaking together equal volumes of acetone and petroleum ether (boiling
point, 40° to 60° C.), when if present a separation of the liquid in
layers will take place.
~Estimation of Acetone.~--Kebler (_Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc._, 1897, 19, 316-
320) has improved Squibb's modification of Robineau and Rollins' method.
The following solutions are required:--
(1.) A 6 per cent. solution of hydrochloric acid.
(2.) A decinormal solution of sodium thiosulphate.
(3.) Alkaline potassium iodide solution prepared by dissolving 250 grms.
of potassium iodide in water, made up to a litre; dissolving 257 grms. of
sodium hydroxide (by alcohol) in water, likewise made up to a litre. After
allowing the latter to stand, 800 c.c. of the clear solution are added to
the litre of KI.
(4.) Sodium hypochlorite solution: 100 grms. of bleaching powder (35 per
cent.) are mixed with 400 c.c. of water: to this is added a hot solution
of 120 grms. of crystallised sodium carbonate in 400 c.c. of water. After
cooling, the clear liquid is decanted, the remainder filtered, and the
filtrate made up to a litre; to each litre is added 25 c.c. of sodium
hydroxide solution (sp. gr. 1.29).
(5.) An aqueous solution of the acetone, containing 1 or 2 per cent. of
acetone.
(6.) Bicarbonated starch solution prepared by treating 0.125 grm. of
starch with 5 c.c. of cold water, then adding 20 c.c. of boiling water,
boiling a few minutes, cooling, and adding 2 grms. of sodium bicarbonate.
To 20 c.c. of the potassium iodide solution are added 10 c.c. of the
diluted aqueous acetone, an excess of the sodium hypochlorite solution is
then run in from a burette and well shaken for a minute. The mixture is
then acidified with the hydrochloric acid solution, and while agitated, an
excess of sodium thiosulphate solution is added, the mixture being
afterwards allowed to stand a few minutes. The starch indicator is then
added, and the excess of thiosulphate re-titrated. The relation of the
sodium hypochlorite solution to the sodium thiosulphate being known, the
percentage of acetone can be readily calculated.[A]
[Footnote A: See "The Testing of Acetone," Conroy, _Jour. Soc. Chem.
Ind._, 31st March 1900, vol. xix.]
Dr S.J.M. Auld has recently (_Jour. Chem. Soc._, Feb. 15, 1906, vol. xxv.)
worked out a volumetric method for the estimation of acetone, depending on
the formation of bromoform, and its subsequent hydrolysis with alcoholic
potash. The hydrolysis is probably expressed thus--
3CHBr_{3} + 9KOH + C_{2}H_{5}OH = 3CO + C_{2}H_{4} + 9KBr + 7H_{2}O
as it has been shown by Hermann and Long that exactly 3 volumes of carbon
monoxide to 1 of ethylene are evolved. The residual potassium bromide is
estimated by means of standard silver nitrate solution. Bromoform is
specially suitable for this purpose for several reasons. It is very
readily formed by the action of bromine and potash on acetone, and
although very volatile in steam, it is not liable to loss due to its own
evaporation. Further, its high molecular weight and large percentage of
bromine conduce to accurate results, 58 grms. of acetone being responsible
for the formation of 357 grms. of KBr. The method of carrying out the
analysis is as follows:--
A known quantity of the solution to be tested, containing acetone to the
extent of 0.1 to 0.2 grm., is pipetted into a 500 c.c. round-bottom flask,
diluted with a little water, and mixed with 20 to 30 c.c. of a 10 per
cent. solution of caustic potash. The flask is connected with a long
reflex condenser, and is also fitted with a dropping funnel containing a
solution of bromine in potassium bromide (200 grms. of Br and 250 grms. of
KBr to 1 litre of water). The bromine solution is allowed to flow into the
mixture until it has acquired a faint yellow tinge, the flask and its
contents being then heated on the water bath at about 70° C. for half-an-
hour. Bromine solution is added drop by drop until the slight coloration
is permanent, excess of bromine being got rid of by boiling for a minute
or two with a little more caustic potash. The mixture is then distilled
until the distillate is free from bromoform, halogen being tested for in
the usual manner. Water is added to the contents of the flask if
necessary. It may be here observed that no acetone can be detected in the
distillate by means of the mercuric oxide test, and free bromine is also
absent. The condenser having been washed out with a little alcohol, in
order to remove any traces of bromoform which may have collected, the
distillate and washings are mixed with 50 c.c. of alcohol and sufficient
solid caustic potash to make an approximately 10 per cent. solution. The
mixture is then heated on the water bath under a reflux condenser until
the bromoform is completely decomposed. This generally occupies about
three-quarters of an hour. The liquid is allowed to cool, evaporated to
smaller bulk if necessary, and exactly neutralised with dilute nitric
acid. It is then diluted with water to 500 c.c., and an aliquot part
titrated with N/10 silver nitrate solution, using potassium chromate as
indicator; 240 parts of bromine correspond to 58 parts of acetone. The
complete analysis can be performed in one and a half to two hours. It is
imperative that the bromine used should be pure, as crude bromine
frequently contains bromoform. The method is suitable for the estimation
of acetone in wood-spirit, the spirit being diluted to 10 times its
volume, and 5 c.c. of this solution employed for the determination. For
example--
(1.) Three c.c. of a solution containing 9.61 per cent. acetone gave
1.7850 grm. KBr. Acetone found = 9.66 per cent.
(2.) Ten c.c. of a solution containing 0.96 per cent. acetone gave 0.5847
grm. KBr. Acetone found = 0.95 per cent.
~Nitro-Cotton.~--The first thing upon opening a case of wet cotton, or in
receiving a sample from the "poacher," that requires to be determined is
the percentage of water that it contains. It is best done by weighing out
about 1,000 grms. upon a paper tray, which has been previously dried in
the oven at 100° C. for some time, and become constant in weight. The
trayful of cotton is then placed in a water oven, kept at 100° C., and
dried as long as it loses water. The loss gives the percentage of water.
It varies from 20 to 30 per cent. as a rule in "wet" cotton.
OUTLINE SCHEME FOR THE ANALYSIS OF NITRO-EXPLOSIVES
_______________________________________________________________________
| |
| Exhaust dried substance with Anhydrous Ether in Soxhlet's Fat |
| Extraction Apparatus. |
|_______________________________________________________________________|
| |
| _Solution_--Divide into two parts ~A.~ and ~B.~ |
|_______________________________________________________________________|
| |
| ~A.~ |
| |
| Allow ether to evaporate spontaneously. Dry residue in vacuo over |
| H_{2}SO_{4} and weigh. Equals nitro-glycerine, resin, camphor, and |
| paraffin. |
| |
| The nitro-glycerine in this residue may be decomposed by heating |
| with a solution of alcoholic potash. Water may then be added, and the |
| alcohol evaporated off on the water bath. From this solution the |
| resin may be precipitated by HCl, filtered off, dried, and weighed. |
| Solution containing the paraffin is treated with AmS solution and |
| heated. On cooling the paraffin separates, and may be separated. |
| Residue may be shaken with CS_{2} to remove camphor. |
|_______________________________________________________________________|
| |
| ~B.~ |
| |
| Add phenol-phthalein and titrate with alcoholic potash, 1 c.c. normal |
| KHO = .330 grm. _resin_, and add considerably more KHO. Evaporate, |
| dissolve residue in water, shake with ether, and separate. |
|_______________________________________________________________________|
| |
| _Ethereal Solution_ evaporated leaves paraffin. |
|_______________________________________________________________________|
| |
| _Aqueous Solution_-- |
| Add bromide, acidify with HCl, separate any resin and precipitate, |
| filtrate with BaCl_{2} BaSO_{4} x .1373 = Sulphur. |
|_______________________________________________________________________|
| |
| _Residue_-- |
| Dry, weigh, and exhaust with water preferably in Soxhlet. |
|_______________________________________________________________________|
| | |
| _Solution_-- | _Residue_-- |
| Contains metallic | Dry, weigh, and agitate an aliquot part with |
| nitrates, chlorates, | with H_{2}SO_{4} and Hg in nitrometer. If |
| soluble carbonates, | nitro-cellulose is present, treat remainder of |
| the sum of which | residue with ether-alcohol. |
| (except AmCO_{3}) |________________________________________________|
| can be determined by | |
| evaporating down at | _Solution_-- |
| 100° C. to dryness | Evaporate and weigh. Residue consists of |
| and weighing. | soluble nitro-cellulose. |
| Nitrates can be |________________________________________________|
| determined by | |
| | _Residue_-- |
| | Dry and weigh and determine hexa-nitro- |
| | cellulose in nitrometer, if present. Exhaust |
| | remainder with acetic ether. |
| |________________________________________________|
| | | |
| | _Solution_-- | _Residue_-- |
| | Hexa-nitro-cellulose | Dry and weigh, ignite |
| | (Gun cotton). | and reweigh. Loss = |
| | | _Cellulose_. |
| | |_________________________|
| | | |
| | | Residue consists of |
| | | sawdust, charcoal, |
| | | coal, chalk, guhr, |
| | | or mineral matter, &c. |
|______________________|______________________|_________________________|
NOTE.--Camphor is found by difference. Sulphur is only partially soluble
in ether. It is better, therefore, to extract some of the original
substance with water, and treat residue with alcoholic KHO. Add bromide,
acidify, and precipitate as BaSO.
~The Solubility Test.~--The object of this test is to ascertain, in the
case of gun-cotton, the percentage of soluble (penta and lower nitrates)
cotton that it contains, or in the case of soluble cotton, the quantity of
gun-cotton. The method of procedure is as follows:--Five grms. of the
sample which has been previously dried at 100° C., and afterwards exposed
to the air for two hours, is transferred to a conical flask, and 250 c.c.
ether-alcohol added (2 ether to 1 alcohol). The flask is then corked and
allowed to digest, with repeated shaking, for two or three hours. The
whole is then transferred to a linen filter, and when the solution has
passed through the filter, is washed with a little ether, and pressed in a
hand-screw press between folds of filter paper. The sample is then
returned to the flask, and the previous treatment repeated, but it will be
sufficient for it to digest for one hour the second time. The filter is
then again pressed first gently by hand, then in the press, and afterwards
opened up and the ether allowed to evaporate. The gun-cotton is then
removed from the filter and transferred to a watch-glass, and dried in the
water oven at 100° C. When dry it is exposed to the air for two hours and
weighed. It equals the amount of gun-cotton and unconverted cotton in the
5 grms. The unconverted cotton must be determined in a separate 5 grms.
and deducted.
The method of determining the soluble cotton now used in the Government
laboratories is as follows:--Fifty grains of the nitro-cotton are
dissolved in 150 c.c. of ether-alcohol, and allowed to stand, with
frequent shakings, in a 200 c.c. stoppered measure for six hours; 75 c.c.
of the clear solution are then drawn off by the aid of a pipette and
evaporated in a dish on the water bath, and finally in the water oven at
120° F. (49° C.), until constant in weight. The weight found equals the
quantity of soluble cotton in the 75 c.c., which, multiplied by 4, equals
the percentage, thus: Suppose that 2.30 grains was the weight found, then
(2.3 x 150)/75 = 4.6 in 50 = 9.20 per cent.
A method for the determination of soluble nitro-cellulose in gun-cotton
and smokeless powder has been published by K.B. Quinan (_Jour. Amer. Chem.
Soc._, 23 [4], 258). In this method about 1 grm. of the finely divided dry
sample to be analysed is placed in an aluminium cup 1.9 inch in diameter
and 4-1/8 inch deep. It is then covered and well stirred with 50 c.c. of
alcohol, 100 c.c. of ether are then added, and the mixture is stirred for
several minutes. After removing the stirrer, the cup is lightly covered
with an aluminium lid, and is then placed in the steel cup of a
centrifugal machine, which is gradually got up to a speed of 2,000
revolutions per minute, the total centrifugal force at the position
occupied by the cups (which become horizontal when in rapid rotation) is
about 450 lbs. They are rotated at the full speed for ten to twelve
minutes, and the machine is then gradually stopped. By this time the whole
of the insoluble matter will be at the bottom of the cup, and the
supernatant solution will be clear. It is drawn off to within a quarter of
an inch of the bottom (without disturbing the sediment), with the aid of a
pipette.
Care must be taken that the solution thus withdrawn is perfectly clear.
About 10 to 15 c.c. of colloid solution and a film of insoluble matter
remain at the bottom of the cup; these are stirred up well, the stirrer is
rinsed with ether-alcohol, about 50 c.c. of fresh ether-alcohol are added;
the mixture is again treated in the centrifugal apparatus for about eight
minutes; the whole washing process is then repeated until all soluble
matter has been removed. This may require about seven or eight (or for
samples with much insoluble matter ten or twelve or more) washings, but as
the extraction proceeds, the period of rotation may be somewhat reduced.
After extraction is completed, the insoluble matter is transferred to a
Gooch crucible with the usual asbestos pad, dried at 100° C., and weighed.
The residue may, if wished, be dried and weighed in the aluminium cup, but
then it cannot be ignited. The whole time for an analysis exclusive of
that required for drying, is from one to two hours--average time, 1-1/4
hour. The results are satisfactory both as to accuracy and rapidity.
Acetone-soluble nitro-cellulose may be determined by the same method.
~The Unconverted or Non-nitrated Cotton.~--However well the cotton has
been nitrated, it is almost certain to contain a small quantity of non-
nitrated or unconverted cotton. This can be determined thus:--Five grms.
of the sample are boiled with a saturated solution of sodium sulphide, and
then allowed to stand for forty-eight hours, and afterwards filtered or
decanted, and again boiled with fresh solutions of sulphide, and again
filtered, washed first with dilute HCl and then with water, dried, and
weighed. The residue is the cellulose that was not nitrated, plus ash, &c.
It should be ignited, and the weight of the ash deducted from the previous
weight.
Acetone, and acetic-ether (ethyl-acetate) may also be used as solvents for
the nitro-cellulose. Another process is to boil the gun-cotton, &c., in a
solution of sodium stannate made by adding caustic soda to a solution of
stannous chloride, until the precipitate first formed is just
re-dissolved. This solution dissolves the cellulose nitrates, but does not
affect the cellulose. Dr Lungé found the following process more
satisfactory in the case of the more highly nitrated products:--The
reagent is an alcoholic solution of sodium-ethylate prepared by dissolving
2 to 3 grms. of sodium in 100 c.c. of 95 per cent. alcohol, and mixing the
filtered solution with 100 c.c. of acetone. It has no effect upon
cellulose, but decomposes nitro-cellulose with the formation of a reddish
brown compound, which is soluble in water. In the determination, 5 grms.
of gun-cotton are heated to 40° or 50° C. on the water bath with 150 c.c.
of the reagent, the liquid being shaken at intervals for twenty to thirty
minutes; or the mixture may be allowed to stand for a few hours at the
ordinary temperature. The brown-red solution is decanted from the
undissolved residue, and the latter washed with alcohol and with water, by
decantation, and then on the filter with hot water, to which a little
hydrochloric acid is added for the final washings. For ordinary work this
cellulose is dried immediately and weighed, but in exact determinations it
is washed with alcohol, again treated with 50 c.c. of the reagent, and
separated and washed as before. The cellulose thus obtained, gives no
trace of gas in the nitrometer, and duplicate determinations agree within
0.1 to 0.2 per cent. when the weight of unchanged cellulose amounts to
about 0.2 grm. Gun-cotton, which is completely soluble in acetone,
contains only traces of cellulose, and when as much as 0.85 per cent. is
present it does not dissolve entirely. This method is not applicable to
the determination of cellulose in lower nitrated products, and Dr Lungé
attributes this to the fact that these being prepared with less
concentrated acid invariably contain oxy-cellulose.
~Alkalinity.~--Five grms. of the air-dried and very finely divided sample
are taken from the centre of the slabs or discs, and digested with about
20 c.c. of N/2 hydrochloric acid, and diluted with water to about 250
c.c., and shaken for about fifteen minutes. The liquid is then decanted,
and washed with water until the washings no longer give an acid reaction.
The solution, together with the washings, are titrated with N/4 sodium
carbonate, using litmus as indicator.
~Ash and Inorganic Matter.~--This is best determined by mixing 2 or 3
grms. of the nitro-cotton in a platinum crucible with shavings of
paraffin, heating sufficiently to melt the paraffin, and then allowing the
contents of the crucible to catch fire and burn away quietly. The
temperature is then raised, and the carbonaceous residue incinerated,
cooled, weighed, &c., and the percentage of ash calculated. Schjerning
proceeds in the following way:--He takes 5 grms. of the nitro-cotton in a
large platinum crucible, he then moistens it with a mixture of alcohol and
ether, in which paraffin has been dissolved to saturation, and filtered
and mixed with one-fourth of its volume of water. Some fragments of solid
paraffin are then added, and the ether set on fire. Whilst this is in
progress the crucible is kept in an oblique position, and is rotated so
that the gun-cotton may absorb the paraffin uniformly. The partially
charred residue is now rubbed down with a rounded glass rod, and the
crucible is covered and heated for from fifteen to twenty minutes over the
blow-pipe, the lid being occasionally removed. The residue is soon
converted into ash, which is weighed, and then washed out into a porcelain
basin and treated with hydrochloric acid heated to 90° C. The oxide of
iron, alumina, lime, and magnesia are thus dissolved, and the silica
remains as insoluble residue. The rest of the analysis is conducted
according to the well-known methods of separation. The percentage of ash
as a whole is generally all that is required.
~Examination of Nitrated Celluloses with Polarised Light.~--Dr G. Lungé
(_Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc._, 1901, 23 [8], 527) has formed the following
conclusions:--The most highly nitrated products appear blue in polarised
light, but those containing between 13.9 and 13.0 per cent. of nitrogen
cannot be distinguished from each other by polarisation. As the percentage
of nitrogen rises, the blue colour becomes less intense, and here and
there grey fibres can be observed, though not in proportion to the
increase in the nitrogen. Below 12.4 per cent. of nitrogen, the fibres
show a grey lustre, which usually appears yellow when the top light is cut
off. Below 10 per cent. of nitrogen, the structure is invariably partially
destroyed and no certain observations possible. It is only possible to
distinguish with certainty, firstly any unchanged cellulose by its
flashing up in variegated (rainbow) colours; and secondly, highly nitrated
products (from 12.75 per cent. N upwards), by their flashing up less
strongly in blue colours. The purple transition stage in the fibres
containing over 11.28 per cent. of N (Chardonnet) was not observed by Dr
Lungé.
~Determination of Nitrogen by Lungé Nitrometer.~--The determination of the
percentage of nitrogen in a sample of gun-cotton or collodion is perhaps
of more value, and affords a better idea of its purity and composition,
than any of the foregoing methods of examination, and taken in conjunction
with the solubility test, it will generally give the analyst a very fair
idea of the composition of his sample. If we regard gun-cotton as the
hexa-nitro-cellulose, the theoretical amount of nitrogen required for the
formula is 14.14 per cent., and in the same way for collodion-cotton,
which consists of the lower nitrates, chiefly, however, of the penta-
nitrate, the theoretical nitrogen is 12.75 per cent., so that if in a
sample of nitro-cotton the nitrogen falls much lower than 14 per cent., it
probably contains considerable quantities of the lower nitrates, and
perhaps some non-nitrated cellulose as well (C_{6}H_{10}O_{5})_{x}, which
of course would also lower the percentage of nitrogen.
The most expeditious method of determining the nitrogen in these nitro
bodies is by the use of Lungé's nitrometer (Fig. 41), and the best way of
working the process is as follows:--Weigh out with the greatest care 0.6
grm. of the previously dried substance in a small weighing bottle of about
15 c.c. capacity, and carefully add 10 c.c. of concentrated sulphuric acid
from a pipette, and allow to stand until all the cotton is dissolved. The
nitrometer should be of a capacity 150 to 200 c.c., and should contain a
bulb of 100 c.c. capacity at the top, and should be fitted with a Greiner
and Friederich's three-way tap. When the nitro-cotton has entirely
dissolved to a clear solution, raise the pressure tube of the nitrometer
so as to bring the mercury in the measuring tube close up to the tap. Open
the tap in order to allow of the escape of any air bubbles, and clean the
surface of the mercury and the inside of the cup with a small piece of
filter paper. Now close the tap, and pour the solution of the nitro-cotton
into the cup. Rinse out the bottle with 15 c.c. of sulphuric acid,
contained in a pipette, pouring a little of the acid over the stopper of
the weighing bottle in case some of the solution may be on it. Now lower
the pressure tube a little, just enough to cause the solution to flow into
the bulb of the measuring tube, when the tap is slightly opened. When the
solution has run in almost to the end, turn off the tap, wash down the
sides of the bottle, and add to the cup of the nitrometer; allow it to
flow in as before, and then wash down the sides of the cup with 10 c.c. of
sulphuric acid, adding little by little, and allowing each portion added
to flow into the bulb of the nitrometer before adding the next portion.
Great care is necessary to prevent air bubbles obtaining admission, and if
the pressure tube is lowered too far, the acid will run with a rush and
carry air along with it.
[Illustration: FIG. 41.--ORDINARY FORM OF LUNGÉ NITROMETER.]
The solution being all in the measuring tube, the pressure tube is again
slightly raised, and the tube containing the nitro-cotton solution shaken
for ten minutes with considerable violence. It is then replaced in the
clamp, and the pressure relieved by lowering the pressure tube, and the
whole apparatus allowed to stand for twenty minutes, in order to allow the
gas evolved to assume the temperature of the room. A thermometer should be
hung up close to the bulb of the measuring tube. At the end of the twenty
minutes, the levels of the mercury in the pressure and measuring tubes are
equalised, and the final adjustment obtained by slightly opening the tap
on the measuring tube (very slightly), after first adding a little
sulphuric acid to the cup, and observing whether the acid runs in or moves
up. This must be done with very great care. When accurately adjusted, it
should move neither way. Now read off the volume of the NO gas in cubic
centimetres from the measuring tube. Read also the thermometer suspended
near the bulb, and take the height of the barometer in millimetres. The
calculation is very simple.
EXAMPLE--COLLODION-COTTON.
0.6[A] grm. taken. Reading on measuring tube = 114.6 c.c. NO. Barometer--
758 mm. Temperature--15° C.
[Footnote A: 0.5 grm. is enough in the case of gun-cotton.]
Since 1 c.c. NO = 0.6272 milligramme N, and correcting for temperature and
pressure by the formula
760 x (1 + _d_^{2}) (_d_ = .003665), for temperature 15° = 801.78,[A]
then
(114.6 x 100 x 750 x .6272)/(801.7 x. 6) = 11.22 per cent. nitrogen.
[Footnote A: See Table, page 244.]
The nitrogen in nitro-glycerine may of course be determined by the
nitrometer, but in this case it is better to take a much smaller quantity
of the substance. From 0.1 to 0.2 grm. is quite sufficient. This will give
from 30 to 60 c.c. of gas, and therefore a measuring tube without a 100
c.c. bulb must be used.
EXAMPLE.
0.1048 grm. nitroglycerine taken gave 32.5 c.c. NO. Barometer, 761 mm.
Temperature, 15° C.
Therefore,
(3.25 x 100 x 761 x .6272)/(801.78 x.1048) = 18.46 per cent. N. Theory =
18.50 per cent.
Professor Lungé has devised another form of nitrometer (Fig. 42), very
useful in the nitrogen determination in explosives. It consists of a
measuring tube, which is widened out in the middle to a bulb, and is
graduated above and below into 1/10 c.c. The capacity of the whole
apparatus is 130 c.c.; that of each portion of the tube being 30 c.c., and
of the bulb 70 c.c. The upper portion of the graduated tube serves to
measure small volumes of gas, whilst larger volumes are read off on the
lower part.
[Illustration: FIG. 42. FIG. 43. SOME NEW FORMS OF NITROMETER.]
F.M. Horn (_Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie_, 1892, p. 358) has devised
a form of nitrometer (Fig. 43) which he has found especially useful in the
examination of smokeless powders. The tap H is provided with a wide bore
through which a weighed quantity of the powder is dropped bodily into the
bulb K. From 4 to 5 c.c. of sulphuric acid which has been heated to 30° C.
are then added through the funnel T, the tap H being immediately closed.
When the powder has dissolved--a process which may be hastened by warming
the bulb very carefully--the thick solution is drawn into the nitrometer
tube N, and the bulb rinsed several times with fresh acid, after which
operation the analysis is proceeded with in the usual way.
Dr Lungé's method of using a separate nitrometer in which to measure the
NO gas evolved to the one in which the reaction has taken place, the gas
being transferred from the one to the other by joining them by means of
indiarubber tubing, and then driving the gas over by raising the pressure
tube of the one containing the gas, the taps being open, I have found to
be a great improvement.
1 c.c. NO gas at 0° and 760 mm.
Equals 0.6272 milligrammes (N) nitrogen.
" 1.343 " nitric oxide.
" 2.820 " (HNO_{3}) nitric acid.
" 3.805 " (NaNO_{3}) sodium nitrate.
" 4.523 " (KNO_{3}) potassium nitrate.
~Champion and Pellet's Method.~--This method is now very little used. It
is based upon the fact that when nitro-cellulose is boiled with ferrous
chloride and hydrochloric acid, all the nitrogen is disengaged as nitric
oxide (NO). It is performed as follows:--A vacuum is made in a flask,
fitted with a funnel tube, with a glass stopper on the tube; a delivery
tube that can also be closed, and which dips under a solution of caustic
soda contained in a trough, and the end placed under a graduated tube,
also full of caustic soda. From 0.12 to 0.16 grm. cotton dissolved in 5 to
6 c.c. of sulphuric acid is allowed to flow into the flask, which contains
the ferrous chloride and hydrochloric acid, and in which a vacuum has been
formed by boiling, and then closing the taps. The solution is then heated,
the taps on the delivery tube opened, and the end placed under the
collecting tube, and the NO evolved collected. The NO gas is not evolved
until the solution has become somewhat concentrated. Eder substituted a
solution of ferrous sulphate in HCl for ferrous chloride. Care must be
taken that the flask used is strong enough to stand the pressure, or it
will burst.
The same chemists (_Compt. Rendus_, lxxxiii. 707) also devised the
following method for determining the NO_{2} in nitro-glycerine:--A known
quantity of a solution of ferrous sulphate of previously ascertained
reducing power is placed in a flask, acidified with hydrochloric acid, and
its surface covered with a layer of petroleum oil. About .5 grm. of the
nitro-glycerine is then introduced, and the flask heated on the water
bath. When the sample is completely decomposed, the liquid is heated to
boiling to remove nitric oxide, and the excess of ferrous sulphate
ascertained by titration with standard permanganate; 56 of iron (Fe)
oxidised by the sample correspond to 23 of NO_{2} in the sample of
nitro-glycerine.
~The Schultze-Tieman Method~ for determining nitrogen in nitro-explosives,
especially nitro-cellulose and nitro-glycerine.--The figure (No. 44) shows
the general arrangement of the apparatus. I am indebted for the following
description of the method of working it to my friend, Mr William Bate, of
Hayle. To fill the apparatus with the soda solution, the gas burette is
put on the indiarubber stopper of basin W, and firmly clamped down. Then
the taps A and C are opened, and B closed. When the burette is filled with
soda solution half-way up the funnel Y, A and C are closed, and B opened.
The arrows show the inlet and outlet for the cooling water that is kept
running through the water jacket round the nitrometer tube. To collect the
gas, raise the nitrometer off the rubber stopper, and place the gas tube
from the decomposition apparatus in the glass dish W and under the opening
of the nitrometer.
[Illustration: Fig. 44. SCHULTZE-TIEMAN APPARATUS.]
For the estimation of nitrogen in nitro-cellulose take .5 to .65 grm., and
place in the decomposition flask _f_ (Fig. 45), washing in with about 25
c.c. of water by alternately opening clips D and E. The air in the flask
is driven out by boiling, whilst the air is shut off by the tube _i_
dipping into the basin W, which is filled with the soda lye, and tube K is
placed in the test tube R, which contains a few c.c. of water. As soon as
all the air is completely driven out, clips D and E are closed, and the
gas jet is taken away. (This flask must be a strong one, or it will
burst.) Into test tube R, 25 c.c. of concentrated solution of
protochloride of iron and 10 to 15 c.c. concentrated hydrochloric acid are
poured, which are sucked up into the developing flask _f_ by opening clip
E, air being carefully kept from entering. The clip E is now closed, and
tube _i_ is put underneath the burette, and the development of NO gas is
commenced by heating the contents of the flask _f_. When the pressure of
the gas in the flask has become greater than the pressure of the
atmosphere, the connecting tube begins to swell at _i_, whereupon clip D
is opened, and the boiling continued with frequent shaking of the bulb,
until no more nitrous gas bubbles rise up into the soda lye, the
distilling over of the HCl causes a crackling noise, the clip D is closed,
and E opened. The burette is again put hermetically on the indiarubber
stopper in basin W, and the apparatus is left to cool until the water
discharged through P shows the same temperature as the water flowing
through (into the cooling jacket) Z. If the level of the soda solution in
the tube X is now put on exactly the same level as that in the burette by
lowering or elevating the tube X as required, the volume of NO obtained in
c.c. can be read off within 1/10 c.c., and the percentage of nitrogen
calculated by the usual formula.
[Illustration: FIG. 45.--Decomposition Flask for Schultze-Tieman Method.]
The solution of protochloride of iron is obtained by dissolving iron
nails, &c., in concentrated HCl, the iron being in excess. When the
development of hydrogen ceases, it is necessary to filter warm through a
paper filter, and acidify filtrate with a few drops of HCl. The soda
solution used has a sp. gr. of 1.210 to 1.260; equals 25° to 30° B. The
nitro-cellulose is dried in quantities of 2 grms. at 70° C. during eight
to ten hours, and then three hours in an exiccator over H_{2}SO_{4}. The
results obtained with this apparatus are very accurate. The reaction is
founded upon that of MM. Champion and Pellet's method.
~The Kjeldahl Method of Determining Nitrogen.~--This method, which has
been so largely used by analysts for the determination of nitrogen in
organic bodies, more especially perhaps in manures, was proposed by J.
Kjeldahl,[A] of the Carlsberg Laboratory of Copenhagen. It was afterwards
modified by Jodlbauer, of Munich,[B] and applied to the analysis of nitro-
explosives by M. Chenel, of the Laboratoire Centrale des Poudres, whose
method of procedure is as follows:--0.5 grm. of the finely powdered
substance is digested in the cold with a solution of 1.2 grm. of phenol
and 0.4 grm. phosphoric anhydride in 30 c.c. of sulphuric acid. The
mixture is kept well shaken until the solution is complete. From 3 to 4
grms. of zinc-dust is then cautiously and gradually added, the temperature
of the mass being kept down until complete reduction has been effected.
Finally, 0.7 grm. of mercury is added, and the process continued in the
usual way, according to Kjeldahl; that is, the liquid is distilled until
all the ammonia has passed over, and is absorbed in the standard acid. The
distillate is then titrated with standard ammonia.
[Footnote A: J. Kjeldahl, _Zeitschrift Anal. Chem._, 1883, xxii., p. 366.]
[Footnote B: Jodlbauer, _Chemisches Centralblatt_, 1886, pp. 434-484. See
also _Arms and Explosives_, 1893, p. 87.]
The NO_{2} group is at the moment of solution fixed upon the phenol with
the production of mono-nitro-phenol, which is afterwards reduced by the
action of the zinc-dust into the amido derivative. During the subsequent
combustion, the nitrogen of the amido-phenol becomes fixed in the state of
ammonia. M. Chenel is perfectly satisfied with the results obtained, but
he points out that the success of the operation depends upon the complete
conversion of the phenol into the mono-nitro derivatives. This takes place
whenever the organic compound forms a _clear solution_ in the cold
sulphuric acid mixture. Substances like collodion or gun-cotton must be
very finely divided for successful treatment. The following table shows
some of the results obtained by M. Chenel:--
______________________________________________
| | |
| | Total Nitrogen. |
| Substances Analysed. |______________________|
| | | |
| | Calculated. | Found. |
| |_____________|________|
| | | |
| Saltpetre (KNO_{3}) | 13.86 | 13.91 |
| | | 13.82 |
| | | 13.73 |
| | | 13.96 |
| Ammonium nitrate | 35.00 | 35.31 |
| | | 34.90 |
| | | 34.96 |
| Barium nitrate | 10.72 | 10.67 |
| | | 10.62 |
| Nitro-glycerol | 18.50 | 18.45 |
| Di-nitro-benzol[A] | 16.67 | 16.78 |
| | | 16.57 |
| Para-nitro-phenol | 10.07 | 10.03 |
| Picric acid[A] | 18.34 | 18.42 |
| | | 18.43 |
| Ammonium picrate | 22.76 | 22.63 |
| | | 22.67 |
| Di-nitro-ortho-cresol | 14.14 | 14.10 |
| | | 13.98 |
| Tri-nitro-meta-cresol | 17.28 | 17.57 |
| | | 17.27 |
|_______________________|_____________|________|
[Footnote A: Dr. Bernard Dyer obtained 18.39 per cent. for picric acid and
16.54 per cent. for di-nitro-benzol.--_Jour. Chem. Soc._, Aug. 1895.]
When Chenel endeavoured to apply Jodlbauer's modification of Kjeldahl's
process to the examination of the tri- and tetra-nitrated naphthalenes, he
found that good results were not obtainable, because these compounds do
not dissolve completely in the cold sulphuric acid. It may, however, be
used if they are previously converted into the naphthylamines, according
to the plan proposed by D'Aguiar and Lautemann (_Bull. Soc. Chim._, vol.
iii., new series, p. 256). This is rapidly effected as follows:--Twelve
grms. of iodine are gradually added to a solution of 2 grms. of phosphorus
in about 15 or 20 c.c. of bisulphide of carbon, this solution being
contained in a flask of 250 c.c. capacity. The flask and its contents are
heated on the water bath at 100° C. with constant attention, until the
last traces of the carbon bisulphide have distilled away. It is then
cooled, and the iodide of phosphorus is detached from the sides of the
flask by shaking, but not expelled. The next step is to add about 0.5 to
0.6 grm. of the substance that is to be analysed, after which 8 grms. of
water are introduced, and the flask is agitated gently two or three times.
As soon as the reaction becomes lively, the contents of the flask are well
shaken. It is usually finished about one minute after the addition of the
water. The flask is now cooled, and 25 c.c. of sulphuric acid, together
with 0.7 grm. of mercury, are gradually added; hydriodic acid (HI) forms,
and the temperature of the flask must be raised sufficiently to expel it.
The remaining part of the operation is as in the ordinary Kjeldahl
process.
M. Chenel has found this process the best for the analysis of the nitro-
naphthalenes, and for impervious substances like collodion or gun-cotton.
Personally, I have never been able to obtain satisfactory results with
this process in the analysis of nitro-cellulose, and I am of opinion that
the process does not possess any advantage over the nitrometer method, at
any rate for the analysis of gun-cotton.
Table giving the Percentages of Nitrogen and Oxide of Nitrogen in Various
Substances used in or as Explosives:
Name FORMULÆ NITROGEN NO_{2}
per cent. per cent.
Nitroglycerine C_{3}H_{5}(ONO_{2})_{3} 18.50 = 60.70
Hexa-nitro-cellulose C_{12}H_{14}O_{4}(ONO_{2})_{6} 14.14 = 46.42
Penta-nitro-cellulose C_{6}H_{8}O_{5}(ONO_{2})_{5} 11.11 = 36.50
Nitro-benzene C_{6}H_{5}NO_{2} 11.38 = 37.39
Di-nitro-benzene C_{6}H_{4}(NO_{2})_{2} 16.67 = 54.77
Tri-nitro-benzene C_{6}H_{3}(NO_{2})_{3} 19.24 = 63.22
Nitro-toluene C_{7}H_{7}NO_{2} 10.21 = 33.49
Nitro-naphthalene C_{10}H_{7}NO_{2} 8.09 = 26.53
Di-nitro-naphthalene C_{10}H_{6}(NO_{2})_{2} 12.84 = 42.12
Nitro-mannite C_{6}H_{7}(NO_{3})_{6} 23.59 = 77.37
Nitro-starch C_{6}H_{8}O_{4}(HNO_{3}) 6.76 = 22.18
Picric acid
(Tri-nitro-phenol) C_{6}H_{2}OH(NO_{2})_{3} 18.34 = 60.15
Chloro-nitro-benzene C_{6}H_{3}Cl(NO_{2})_{2} 13.82 = 45.43
Ammonium nitrate NH_{4}NO_{3} 35.00 =
Sodium nitrate NaNO_{3} 16.47 =
Potassium nitrate KNO_{3} 13.86 =
Nitric acid HNO_{3} 22.22 =
Barium nitrate Ba(NO_{3})_{2} 10.72 =
~Analysis of Celluloid.~--The finely divided celluloid is well stirred, by
means of a platinum wire, with concentrated sulphuric acid in the cup of a
Lungé nitrometer, and when dissolved the nitrogen determined in the
solution in the usual way. To prevent interference from camphor, the
following treatment is suggested by H. Zaunschirm (_Chem. Zeit._, xiv.,
905). Dissolve a weighed quantity of the celluloid in a mixture of ether-
alcohol, mixed with a weighed quantity of washed and ignited asbestos, or
pumice-stone, dry, and disintegrate the mass, and afterwards extract the
camphor with chloroform, dry, and weigh: then extract with absolute
methyl-alcohol, evaporate, weigh, and examine the nitro-cellulose in the
nitrometer.
~Picric Acid and Picrates.~--Picric acid is soluble in hot water, and to
the extent of 1 part in 100 in cold water, also in ether, chloroform,
glycerine, 10 per cent. soda solution, alcohol, amylic alcohol, carbon
bisulphide, benzene, and petroleum. If a solution of picric acid be boiled
with a strong solution of potassium cyanide, a deep red liquid is
produced, owing to the formation of potassium iso-purpurate, which
crystallises in small reddish-brown plates with a beetle-green lustre.
This, by reaction with ammonium chloride, gives ammonium iso-purpurate
(NH_{4}C_{8}H_{4}N_{5}O_{6}), or artificial murexide, which dies silk and
wool a beautiful red colour. On adding barium chloride to either of the
above salts, a vermilion-red precipitate was formed, consisting of barium
iso-purpurate. With ammonio-sulphate of copper, solutions of picric acid
give a bright green precipitate. Mr A.H. Allen gives the following methods
for the assay of commercial picric acid, in his "Commercial Organic
Analysis":--
~Resinous and Tarry matters~ are not unfrequently present. They are left
insoluble on dissolving the sample in boiling water. The separation is
more perfect if the hot solution be exactly neutralised by caustic soda.
~Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, and Oxalic Acid~, and their salts are
detected by adding to the filtered aqueous solution of the sample
solutions of the picrates of barium, silver, and calcium. These salts are
readily made by boiling picric acid with the carbonates of the respective
metals and filtering: other soluble salts of these methods may be
substituted for the picrates, but they are less satisfactory.
~Nitric Acid~ may be detected by the red fumes evolved on warming the
sample with copper turnings.
~Inorganic Impurities and Picrates of Potash and Sodium~, &c., leave
residues on cautious ignition.
~General Impurities and Adulterations~ may be detected and determined by
shaking 1 grm. of the sample of acid in a graduated tube with 25 c.c. of
ether, the pure acid dissolves, while any oxalic acid, nitrates, picrates,
boric acid, alum, sugar, &c., will be left insoluble, and after removal of
the ethereal liquid, may be readily identified and determined. For the
detection and determination of water and of oxalic acid, 50 c.c. of warm
benzene may be advantageously substituted for ether. Sugar may be
separated from the other impurities by treating the residue insoluble in
ether or benzene with rectified spirit, in which sugar and boric acid
alone will dissolve. If boric acid be present, the alcoholic solution will
burn with a green flame. Mono- and di-nitrophenic acids lower the melting
point (122° C). Their calcium salts are less soluble than the picrate, and
may be approximately separated from it by fractional crystallisation, or
by precipitating the hot saturated solution of the sample with excess of
lime water. Picric acid may be determined by extracting the acidulated
aqueous solution by agitation with ether or benzene, and subsequently
removing and evaporating off the solvent. It may also be precipitated as
the potassium salt.
~Potassium Picrate~ [KC_{6}H_{2}(NO_{2})_{3}O]. When a strong solution of
picric acid is neutralised by carbonate of potash, this salt is thrown
down in yellow crystalline needles, which require 260 parts of cold or 14
parts of hot water for their solution. In alcohol it is much less soluble.
~Ammonium Picrate~ is more soluble in water than the above, and sodium
picrate is readily soluble in water, but nearly insoluble in solution of
sodium carbonate.
~Picrates of the Alkaloids.~--Picric acid forms insoluble salts with many
of the alkaloids, and picric acid may be determined in the following
manner:--To the solution of picric acid, or a picrate, add a solution of
sulphate of cinchonine acidulated with H_{2}SO_{4}. The precipitated
picrate of cinchonine [C_{20}H_{24}N_{2}O(C_{6}H_{2}N_{3}O_{7})_{2}] is
washed with cold water, rinsed off the filter into a porcelain crucible or
dish, the water evaporated on the water bath, and the residual salt
weighed. Its weight, multiplied by .6123, gives the quantity of picric
acid in the sample taken.
~Analysis of Glycerine.~[A] Glycerine that is to be used for the
manufacture of nitro-glycerine should have a minimum specific gravity of
1.261 at 15° C. This can be determined, either by the aid of a Sartorius
specific gravity balance, or by using an ordinary specific gravity bottle.
One of 10 or 25 c.c. capacity is very convenient.
[Footnote A: See also Sulman and Berry, _Analyst_, xi., 12-34, and Allen's
"Commercial Organic Analysis," vol. ii., part i.]
~Residue~[A] left upon evaporation should not be more than 0.25 per cent.
To determine this, take 25 grms. of the glycerine, and evaporate it at a
temperature of about 160° C. in a platinum basin, and finish in an air
bath. Weigh until constant weight is obtained. Afterwards incinerate over
a bunsen burner, and weigh the ash.
[Footnote A: Organic matter up to .6 per cent. is not always prejudicial
to the nitrating quantities of a glycerine.]
~Silver Test.~ A portion of the sample of glycerine to be tested should be
put in a small weighing bottle, and a quarter of its bulk of N/10 silver
nitrate solution added to it, then shake it, and place in a dark cupboard
for fifteen minutes. It must be pronounced bad if it becomes black or dark
brown within that time (acrolein, formic, and butyric acids).
The German official test for glycerine for pharmaceutical purposes is much
more stringent, 1 c.c. of glycerine heated to boiling with 1 c.c. of
ammonia solution and three drops of silver nitrate solution must give
neither colour or precipitate within five minutes.
~Nitration.~ Fifty grms. of the glycerine are poured from a beaker into a
mixture of concentrated nitric acid (specific gravity 1.53) and sulphuric
acid (1.84), mixed in the proportions of 3 HNO_{3} to 5 H_{2}SO_{4} (about
400 c.c. of mixed acids). The mixed acids should be put into a rather
large beaker, and held in the right hand in a basin of water, and the
glycerine slowly poured into them from a smaller one held in the left. A
constant rotatory motion should be given to the beaker in which the
nitration is performed. When all the glycerine has been added, and the
mixture has been shaken for a few minutes longer, it is poured into a
separator, and allowed to stand for some time. It should, if the glycerine
is a good one, have separated from the mixed acids in ten minutes, and the
line of demarcation between the nitro-glycerine and the acid should be
clear and sharp, neither should there be any white flocculent matter
suspended in the liquid. The excess of acids is now drawn off, and the
nitro-glycerine shaken once or twice with a warm solution of carbonate of
soda, and afterwards with water alone. The nitro-glycerine is then drawn
off into a weighed beaker, the surface dried with a piece of filter paper,
and weighed; 100 parts of a good glycerine should yield about 230 of
nitro-glycerine. A quicker method is to take only 10 c.c. of the
glycerine, of which the specific gravity is already known, nitrate as
before, and pour into a burette, read off the volume of nitro-glycerine in
c.c. and multiply them by 1.6 (the specific gravity of nitro-glycerine),
thus: 10 grms. gave 14.5 c.c. nitro-glycerine, and 14.5 x 1.6 = 23.2
grms., therefore 100 would give 232 grms. nitro-glycerine. The points to
be noted in the nitration of a sample of glycerine are: the separation
should be sharp, and within half an hour or less, and there should be no
white flocculent matter formed, especially when the carbonate of soda
solution is added.
~Total Acid Equivalent.~ Mr G.E. Barton (_Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc._, 1895)
proposes to determine thus: 100 c.c. of glycerine are diluted to 300 c.c.
in a beaker, a few drops of a 1 per cent. solution of phenolphthalein and
10 c.c. of normal caustic soda solution are added; after boiling, the
liquid is titrated with normal hydrochloric acid (fatty acids are thus
indicated and roughly determined).
~Neutrality.~ The same chemist determines the neutrality of glycerine
thus: 50 c.c. of glycerine mixed with 100 c.c. of water and a few drops of
alcoholic phenolphthalein[A] are titrated with hydrochloric acid or sodium
hydroxide; not more than 0.3 c.c. normal hydrochloric acid or normal soda
solution should be required to render the sample neutral; raw glycerines
contain from .5 to 1.0 per cent. of sodium carbonate.
[Footnote A: Sulman and Berry prefer litmus as indicator.]
~Determination of Free Fatty Acids.~ A weighed quantity of the glycerine
is shaken up with some neutral ether in a separating funnel, the glycerine
allowed to settle, drawn off, and the ether washed with three separate
lots of water. The water must have been recently boiled, and be quite free
from CO_{2}. All the free fatty acid is now in the ether, and no other
soluble acid. A drop of phenolphthalein is now added, a little water, and
the acidity determined by titration with deci-normal baryta solution, and
the baryta solution taken calculated as oleic acid.
~Combined Fatty Acid.~ About 30 grms. of the glycerine are placed in a
flask, and to it is added about half a grm. of caustic soda in solution.
The mixture is heated for ten minutes at 150° C. After cooling some pure
ether is added to it, and enough dilute H_{2}SO_{4} to render it
distinctly acid. It is well shaken. All the fatty acids go into the ether.
The aqueous solution is then removed, and the ether well washed to remove
all H_{2}SO_{4}. After the addition of phenolphthalein the acid is
titrated, and the amount used calculated into oleic acid. From this total
amount of fatty acids the free fatty acid is deducted, and the quantity of
combined fatty acids thus obtained.
~Impurities.~ The following impurities may be found in bad samples of
glycerine:--Lead, arsenic, lime, chlorine, sulphuric acid, thio-sulphates,
sulphides, cyanogen compounds, organic acids (especially oleic acid and
fatty acids[A]), rosin products, and other organic bodies. It is also said
to be adulterated with sugar and glucose dextrine. Traces of sulphuric
acid and arsenic may be allowed, also very small traces indeed of lime and
chlorine.
[Footnote A: These substances often cause trouble in nitrating, white
flocculent matter being formed during the process of washing.]
The organic acids, formic and butyric acids may be detected by heating a
sample of the glycerine in a test tube with alcohol and sulphuric acid,
when, if present, compound ethers, such as ethylic formate and butyrate,
the former smelling like peaches and the latter of pine-apple, will be
formed.
~Oleic Acid~, if present in large quantity, will come down upon diluting
the sample with water, but smaller quantities may be detected by passing a
current of nitrogen peroxide, N_{2}O_{4} (obtained by heating lead
nitrate), through the diluted sample, when a white flocculent precipitate
of elaidic acid, which is less soluble than oleic acid, will be thrown
down. By agitating glycerol with chloroform, fatty acids, rosin oil, and
some other impurities are dissolved, while certain others form a turbid
layer between the chloroform and the supernatant liquid. On separating the
chloroform and evaporating it to dryness, a residue is obtained which may
be further examined.
~Sodium Chloride~ can be determined in 100 c.c. of the glycerine by adding
a little water, neutralised with sodium carbonate, and then titrated with
a deci-normal solution of silver nitrate, using potassium chromate as
indicator.
~Organic Impurities~ of various kinds occur in crude glycerine, and are
mostly objectionable. Their sum may be determined with fair accuracy by
Sulman and Berry's method: 50 grms. of the sample are diluted with twice
its measure of water, carefully neutralised with acetic acid, and warmed
to expel carbonic acid; when cold, a solution of basic lead acetate is
added in slight but distinct excess, and the mixture well agitated. The
formation of an abundant precipitate, which rapidly subsides, is an
indication of considerable impurity in the sample. To ascertain its
amount, the precipitate is first washed by decantation, and then collected
on a tared, or preferably a double counter-poised filter, where it is
further washed, dried at 100° to 105° C., and weighed. The precipitate and
filter paper are then ignited separately in porcelain, at a low red heat,
the residues moistened with a few drops of nitric acid and reignited; the
weight of the lead oxide deducted from that of the original precipitate
gives the weight of the organic matter precipitated by the lead. Raw
glycerines contain from 0.5 to 1.0 per cent.
~Albuminous Matters.~ An approximate determination of the albuminous
matters may be made by precipitating with basic lead acetate as already
described, and determining the nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method; the
nitrogen multiplied by 6.25 gives the amount of albuminous matter in the
precipitate.
~The Determination of Glycerine.~ The acetin method of Benedikt and Canton
depends upon the conversion of glycerine into triacetin, and the
saponification of the latter, and reduces the estimation of glycerine to
an acidmetric method. About 1.5 grm. of crude glycerine is heated to
boiling with 7 grms. of acetic anhydride, and 3 to 4 grms. of anhydrous
sodium acetate, under an upright condenser for one and a half hours. After
cooling, 50 c.c. of water are added, and the mixture heated until all the
triacetin has dissolved. The liquid is then filtered into a large flask,
the residue on the filter is well washed with water, the filtrate quite
cooled, phenolphthalein is added and the fluid exactly neutralised with a
dilute (2 to 3 per cent.) solution of alkali. Twenty-five c.c. of a 10 per
cent. caustic soda solution, which must be accurately standardised upon
normal acid, are then pipetted into the liquid, which is heated to boiling
for ten minutes to saponify the triacetin, and the excess of alkali is
then titrated back with normal acid. One c.c. of normal acid corresponds
to .03067 grm. of glycerine.
~Precautions.~--The heating must be done with a reflux condenser, the
triacetin being somewhat volatile. The sodium acetate used must be quite
anhydrous, or the conversion of the glycerine to triacetyl is imperfect.
Triacetin in contact with water gradually decomposes. After acetylation is
complete, therefore, the operations must be conducted as rapidly as
possible. It is necessary to neutralise the free acetic acid very
cautiously, and with rapid agitation, so that the alkali may not be
locally in excess.
~The Lead Oxide Method.~--Two grms. of sample are mixed with about 40
grms. of pure litharge, and heated in an air bath to 130° C. until the
weight becomes constant, care being taken that the litharge is free from
such lead compounds and other substances as might injuriously affect the
results, and that the heating of the mixture takes place in an air bath
free from carbonic acid. The increase in weight in the litharge, minus the
weight of substance not volatilisable from 2 grms. of glycerine at 160°
C., multiplied by the factor 1.243, is taken as the weight of glycerine in
the 2 grms. of sample. The glycerine must be fairly pure, and free from
resinous substances and SO_{3}, to give good results by this process.
~Analysis of the "Waste Acids" from the Manufacture of Nitro-Glycerine or
Gun-Cotton.~ Determine the specific gravity by the specific gravity bottle
or hydrometer, and the oxides of nitrogen by the permanganate method
described under nitro-glycerine. Now determine the total acidity of the
mixture by means of a tenth normal solution of sodium hydrate, and
calculate it as nitric acid (HNO_{3}), then determine the nitric acid by
means of Lungé nitrometer, and subtract percentage found from total
acidity, and calculate the difference into sulphuric acid, thus:--
Total acidity equals 97.46 per cent.--11.07 per cent. HNO_{3} = 86.39 per
cent., then (86.39 x 49)/63 = 67.20 per cent. H_{2}SO_{4}.
Then analysis of sample will be:--
_
Sulphuric acid = 67.20 per cent. |
Nitric acid = 11.07 " |- Specific gravity = 1.7075.
Water = 12.73 " _|
This method is accurate enough for general use in the nitric acid factory.
The acid mixture may be taken by volume for determining nitric oxide in
nitrometer. Two c.c. is a convenient quantity in the above case, then 2 x
1.7075 (specific gravity) = 3.414 grms. taken, gave 145 c.c. NO (barometer
= 748 mm, and temperature = 15°C.) equals 134.9 c.c. (corr.) and as 1 c.c.
NO = .0282 grm. HNO_{3} 135 x .0282 = .378 grm. = 11.07 per cent. nitric
acid.
~Sodium Nitrate.~ Determine moisture and chlorine by the usual methods,
and the total, NaNO_{3}, by means of nitrometer--0.45 grm. is a very
convenient quantity to work on (gives about 123 c.c. gas); grind very
fine, and dissolve in a very little hot water in the cup of the
nitrometer; use about 15 c.c. concentrated H_{2}SO_{4}. One cubic cent. of
NO equals .003805 grm. of NaNO_{3}. The insoluble matter, both organic and
inorganic, should also be determined, also sulphate of soda and lime
tested for.
~Analysis of Mercury Fulminate (Divers and Kawakita's Method).~--A weighed
quantity of mercury fulminate is added to excess, but measured quantity of
fuming hydrochloric acid contained in a retort connected with a receiver
holding water. After heating for some time, the contents of the retort and
receiver are mixed and diluted, and the mercury is precipitated by
hydrogen sulphide. By warming and exposure to the air in open vessels the
hydrogen sulphide is for the most part dissipated. The solution is then
titrated with potassium hydroxide (KOH), as well as another quantity of
hydrochloric acid, equal to that used with the fulminate. As the mercury
chloride is reconverted into hydrochloric acid by the hydrogen sulphide,
and as the hydroxylamine does not neutralise to litmus the hydrochloric
acid combined with it, there is an equal amount of hydrochloric acid free
or available in the two solutions. Any excess of acid in the one which has
received the fulminate will therefore be due to the formic acid generated
from the fulminate. Dr. Divers and M. Kawakita, working by this method,
have obtained 31.31 per cent. formic acid, instead of 32.40 required by
theory. (_Jour. Chem. Soc._, p. 17, 1884.)
Divers and Kawakita proceed thus: 2.351 grms. dissolved, as already
described, in HCl, and afterwards diluted, gave mercury sulphide equal to
70.40 per cent. mercury. The same solution, after removal of mercury,
titrated by iodine for hydroxylamine, gave nitrogen equal to 9.85 per
cent., and when evaporated with hydroxyl ammonium chloride equal to 9.55
per cent. A solution of 2.6665 grms. fulminate in HCl of known amount,
after removal of mercury by hydrogen sulphide, gave by titration with
potassium hydrate, formic acid equal to 8.17 per cent. of carbon.
Collecting and comparing with calculation from formula we get--
Calc. I. II. III.
Mercury 70.42 70.40 ... ...
Nitrogen 9.86 9.85 9.55 ...
Carbon 8.45 ... ... 8.17
Oxygen 11.27 ... ... ...
_______
100.00
~The Analysis of Cap Composition.~--Messrs F.W. Jones and F.A. Willcox
(_Chem. News_, Dec. 11, 1896) have proposed the following process for the
analysis of this substance:--Cap composition usually consists of the
ingredients--potassium chlorate, antimony sulphide, and mercury fulminate,
and to estimate these substances in the presence of each other by ordinary
analytical methods is a difficult process. Since the separation of
antimony sulphide and mercury fulminate in the presence of potassium
chlorate necessitates the treatment of the mixture with hydrochloric acid,
and this produces an evolution of hydrogen sulphide from the sulphide, and
a consequent precipitation of sulphur; and potassium chlorate cannot be
separated from the other ingredients by treatment with water, owing to the
appreciable solubility of mercury fulminate in cold water.
In the course of some experiments on the solubility of mercury fulminate
Messrs Jones and Willcox observed that this body was readily soluble in
acetone and other ethereal solvents when they were saturated with ammonia
gas, and that chlorate of potash and sulphide of antimony were insoluble
in pure acetone saturated with ammonia; these observations at once
afforded a simple method of separating the three ingredients of cap
composition. By employing this solution of acetone and ammonia an analysis
can be made in a comparatively short time, and yields results of
sufficient accuracy for all technical purposes. The following are the
details of the process:--
A tared filter paper is placed in a funnel to the neck of which has been
fitted a piece of rubber tubing provided with a clip. The paper is
moistened with a solution of acetone and ammonia, the cap composition is
weighed off directly on to the filter paper and is then covered with the
solution of acetone and ammonia and allowed to stand thirty-four hours. It
is then washed repeatedly with the same solution until the washings give
no coloration with ammonium sulphide, and afterwards washed with acetone
until washings give no residue on evaporation dried and weighed. The paper
is again put in the funnel and washed with water until free from potassium
chlorate, dried and weighed.
If _c_ = weight of composition taken,
_d_ = " " filter paper,
_a_ = " after first extraction,
_b_ = " " second extraction,
then _c+d-a_ = weight of fulminate,
_c+d-a-b_ = " " KClO_{3},
_b-d_ = " " sulphide of antimony.
The composition should be finely ground in an agate mortar.
The results of the analysis by this method of two mixtures of known
composition are given below--
________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
| | A | B |
| | | |
| | Percentage | Percentage | Percentage | Percentage |
| | Taken. | Found. | Taken. | Found. |
|____________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|
| | | | | |
| Antimony Sulphide | 36.47 | 36.25 | 37.34 | 37.22 |
| Potassium Chlorate | 33.25 | 33.71 | 46.03 | 46.43 |
| Mercury Fulminate | 30.27 | 30.02 | 16.61 | 16.34 |
|____________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|
Dr. H.W. Brownsdon's (_Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind._, xxiv., April 1905) process
is as follows:--The cap composition is removed by squeezing the cap with
pliers, while held over a porcelain basin of about 200 c.c. capacity, and
removing the loosened foil and broken composition by means of a pointed
wooden chip. Composition adhering to the shell or foil is loosened by
alcohol, and washed into the dish by means of alcohol in a small wash
bottle. The shell and foil are put to one side and subsequently weighed
when dry. The composition in the dish is broken down quite fine with a
flat-headed glass rod, and the alcohol evaporated on the water bath till
the residue is moist, but not quite dry, 25 c.c. of water are then added,
and the composition well stirred from the bottom. After the addition of
0.5 grm. of pure sodium, thiosulphate, the contents of the dish, is well
stirred for two and a half minutes. One drop of methyl orange is then
added, and the solution titrated with N/20 sulphuric acid, which has been
standardised against weighings of 0.05-0.1 grm. fulminate to which 25 c.c.
of water is added in a porcelain dish, then 0.5 grm. of thiosulphate, and
after stirring for two and a half minutes, titrated with N/20 sulphuric
acid. The small amount of antimony sulphide present does not interfere
with the recognition of the end point. After titration, the solution is
filtered through a small 5-1/2 cm. filter paper, which retains the
antimony sulphide. The filter paper containing the Sb_{2}S_{3} is well
washed and then transferred to a large 6 by 1 test tube. Five c.c. of
strong hydrochloric acid are added, and the contents of the tube boiled
gently for a few seconds until the sulphide is dissolved and all the
H_{2}S driven off or decomposed: 2-3 c.c. of a saturated solution of
tartaric acid are added, and the contents of the tube washed into a 250
c.c. Erlenmeyer flask. The solution is then nearly neutralised with sodium
carbonate, excess of bi-carbonate added, and after the addition of some
starch solution titrated with N/20 iodine solution. This method for small
quantities of stibnite is both quick and accurate, the error being about
±0.0003 grm. Sb_{2}S_{3} at the outside.
The tendency of this method is to give slightly low figures for the
fulminate, but since these are uniform within a negligible error, it does
not affect the value of the results as a criterion of uniformity. The
following test results were obtained by Dr Brownsdon:--
____________________________________________________________
| | | |
| Fulminate Taken. | Fulminate Found. | Error. |
| Grm. | Grm. | Grm. |
| | | |
| 0.0086 | 0.0083 | -0.0003 |
| 0.0082 | 0.0081 | -0.0001 |
| 0.0074 | 0.0071 | -0.0003 |
| 0.0068 | 0.0066 | -0.0002 |
|____________________|___________________|___________________|
| | | |
| Stibnite Taken. |Sb_{2}S_{3}, Found.| Error. |
| Grm. | Grm. | Grm. |
| | | |
| 0.0085 | 0.0084 | -0.0001 |
| 0.0098 | 0.0099 | +0.0001 |
| 0.0160 | 0.0157 | -0.0003 |
| 0.0099 | 0.0100 | +0.0001 |
|____________________|___________________|___________________|
TABLE FOR CORRECTION OF VOLUMES OF GASES FOR TEMPERATURE, GIVING THE
DIVISOR FOR THE FORMULA.
V_{1} = V x B/(760 x (1 + dt)) (d = 0.003665) 1 + dt from 0° to 30° C.
___________________________________________________________
| | | | |
t. | 760x(1+dt). | t. | 760x(1+dt). | t. | 760x(1+dt).
_____|_____________|_____|_____________|_____|_____________
| | | | |
°C. | | °C. | | °C. |
0.0 | 750.000 | 1.7 | 764.7352 | 3.4 | 769.4704
.1 | 760.2785 | .8 | 765.0137 | .5 | 769.7489
.2 | 760.5571 | .9 | 765.2923 | .6 | 770.0274
.3 | 760.8356 | 2.0 | 765.5708 | .7 | 770.3060
.4 | 761.1142 | .1 | 765.8493 | .8 | 770.5845
.5 | 761.3927 | .2 | 766.1279 | .9 | 770.8631
.6 | 761.6712 | .3 | 766.4064 | 4.0 | 771.1416
.7 | 761.9498 | .4 | 766.6850 | .1 | 771.4201
.8 | 762.2283 | .5 | 766.9635 | .2 | 771.6987
.9 | 762.5069 | .6 | 767.2420 | .3 | 771.9772
1.0 | 762.7854 | .7 | 767.5206 | .4 | 772.2558
.1 | 763.0639 | .8 | 767.7991 | .5 | 772.5343
.2 | 763.3425 | .9 | 768.0777 | .6 | 772.8128
.3 | 763.6210 | 3.0 | 768.3562 | .7 | 773.0914
.4 | 763.8996 | .1 | 768.6347 | .8 | 773.3699
.5 | 764.1781 | .2 | 768.9133 | .9 | 773.6485
.6 | 764.4566 | .3 | 769.1918 | 5.0 | 773.9270
_____|_____________|_____|_____________|_____|_____________
___________________________________________________________
| | | | |
t. | 760x(1+dt). | t. | 760x(1+dt). | t. | 760x(1+dt).
_____|_____________|_____|_____________|_____|_____________
| | | | |
°C. | | °C. | | °C. |
5.1 | 774.2055 | .9 | 787.5755 | .7 | 800.9454
.2 | 774.4841 |10.0 | 787.8540 | .8 | 801.2239
.3 | 774.7626 | .1 | 788.1325 | .9 | 801.5025
.4 | 775.0412 | .2 | 788.4111 |15.0 | 801.7810
.5 | 775.3197 | .3 | 788.6896 | .1 | 802.0595
.6 | 775.5982 | .4 | 788.9682 | .2 | 802.3381
.7 | 775.8768 | .5 | 789.2467 | .3 | 802.6166
.8 | 776.1553 | .6 | 789.5252 | .4 | 802.8952
.9 | 776.4339 | .7 | 789.8038 | .5 | 803.1737
6.0 | 776.7124 | .8 | 790.0823 | .6 | 803.4522
.1 | 776.9909 | .9 | 790.3609 | .7 | 803.7308
.2 | 777.2695 |11.0 | 790.6394 | .8 | 804.0093
.3 | 777.5480 | .1 | 790.9179 | .9 | 804.2879
.4 | 777.8266 | .2 | 791.1965 |16.0 | 804.5664
.5 | 778.1051 | .3 | 791.4750 | .1 | 804.8449
.6 | 778.3836 | .4 | 791.7536 | .2 | 805.1235
.7 | 778.6622 | .5 | 792.0321 | .3 | 805.4020
.8 | 778.9407 | .6 | 792.3106 | .4 | 805.6806
.9 | 779.2193 | .7 | 792.5892 | .5 | 805.9591
7.0 | 779.4978 | .8 | 792.8677 | .6 | 806.2376
.1 | 779.7763 | .9 | 793.1463 | .7 | 806.5162
.2 | 780.0549 |12.0 | 793.4248 | .8 | 806.7947
.3 | 780.3334 | .1 | 793.7033 | .9 | 807.0733
.4 | 780.6120 | .2 | 793.9819 |17.0 | 807.3518
.5 | 780.8905 | .3 | 794.2604 | .1 | 807.6303
.6 | 781.1690 | .4 | 794.5390 | .2 | 807.9089
.7 | 781.4476 | .5 | 794.8175 | .3 | 808.1874
.8 | 781.7261 | .6 | 795.0960 | .4 | 808.4660
.9 | 782.0047 | .7 | 795.3746 | .5 | 808.7445
8.0 | 782.2832 | .8 | 795.6531 | .6 | 809.0230
.1 | 782.5617 | .9 | 795.9317 | .7 | 809.3016
.2 | 782.8403 |13.0 | 796.2102 | .8 | 809.5801
.3 | 783.1188 | .1 | 796.4887 | .9 | 809.8587
.4 | 783.3974 | .2 | 796.7673 |18.0 | 810.1372
.5 | 783.6959 | .3 | 797.0458 | .1 | 810.4175
.6 | 783.9544 | .4 | 797.3244 | .2 | 810.6943
.7 | 784.2330 | .5 | 797.6029 | .3 | 810.9728
.8 | 784.5115 | .6 | 797.8814 | .4 | 811.2514
.9 | 784.7901 | .7 | 798.1600 | .5 | 811.5299
9.0 | 785.0686 | .8 | 798.4385 | .6 | 811.8084
.1 | 785.3471 | .9 | 798.7171 | .7 | 812.0870
.2 | 785.6257 |14.0 | 798.9956 | .8 | 812.3655
.3 | 785.9042 | .1 | 799.2741 | .9 | 812.6441
.4 | 786.1828 | .2 | 799.5527 |19.0 | 812.9226
.5 | 786.4613 | .3 | 799.8312 | .1 | 813.2011
.6 | 786.7398 | .4 | 800.1098 | .2 | 813.4797
.7 | 787.0184 | .5 | 800.3883 | .3 | 813.7582
.8 | 787.2969 | .6 | 800.6668 | .4 | 814.0368
_____|_____________|_____|_____________|_____|_____________
___________________________________________________________
| | | | |
t. | 760x(1+dt). | t. | 760x(1+dt). | t. | 760x(1+dt).
_____|_____________|_____|_____________|_____|_____________
| | | | |
°C. | | °C. | | °C. |
19.5 | 814.3153 |23.0 | 824.0642 | .5 | 833.8131
.6 | 814.5938 | .1 | 824.3427 | .6 | 834.0916
.7 | 814.8724 | .2 | 824.6213 | .7 | 834.3702
.8 | 815.1500 | .3 | 824.8998 | .8 | 834.6487
.9 | 815.4925 | .4 | 825.1784 | .9 | 834.9273
20.0 | 815.7080 | .5 | 825.4569 |27.0 | 835.2058
.1 | 815.9865 | .6 | 825.7354 | .1 | 835.4843
.2 | 816.2651 | .7 | 826.0140 | .2 | 835.7629
.3 | 816.5436 | .8 | 826.2925 | .3 | 836.0414
.4 | 816.8222 | .9 | 826.5711 | .4 | 836.3200
.5 | 817.1007 |24.0 | 826.8496 | .5 | 836.5985
.6 | 817.3792 | .1 | 827.1281 | .6 | 836.8770
.7 | 817.6578 | .2 | 827.4067 | .7 | 837.1556
.8 | 817.9363 | .3 | 827.6852 | .8 | 837.4341
.9 | 818.2149 | .4 | 827.9638 | .9 | 837.7127
21.0 | 818.4934 | .5 | 828.2423 |28.0 | 837.9912
.1 | 818.7719 | .6 | 828.5208 | .1 | 838.2697
.2 | 819.0505 | .7 | 828.7994 | .2 | 838.5483
.3 | 819.3290 | .8 | 829.0779 | .3 | 838.8268
.4 | 819.6076 | .9 | 829.3565 | .4 | 839.1054
.5 | 819.8861 |25.0 | 829.6350 | .5 | 839.3839
.6 | 820.1646 | .1 | 829.9135 | .6 | 839.6624
.7 | 820.4432 | .2 | 830.1921 | .7 | 839.9410
.8 | 820.7217 | .3 | 830.4706 | .8 | 840.2195
.9 | 821.0003 | .4 | 830.7492 | .9 | 840.4981
22.0 | 821.2788 | .5 | 831.0277 |29.0 | 840.7766
.1 | 821.5573 | .6 | 831.3062 | .1 | 841.0551
.2 | 821.8859 | .7 | 831.5848 | .2 | 841.3337
.3 | 822.1144 | .8 | 831.8633 | .3 | 841.6122
.4 | 822.3930 | .9 | 832.1419 | .4 | 841.8908
.5 | 822.6715 |26.0 | 832.4204 | .5 | 842.1693
.6 | 822.9500 | .1 | 832.6989 | .6 | 842.4478
.7 | 823.2286 | .2 | 832.9775 | .7 | 842.7264
.8 | 823.5071 | .3 | 833.2560 | .8 | 843.0049
.9 | 823.7857 | .4 | 833.5346 | .9 | 843.2835
| | | |30.0 | 843.5620
_____|_____________|_____|_____________|_____|_____________