Crow-Wing, July, 1846.
The Indian trader belongs to the aristocracy of the wilderness. His
business is to barter with the Indians for their furs, as the agent of
some established fur company. He is generally a Frenchman, whose
ancestors were traders before him, and of course a native of the wild
region he inhabits. Such are the facts with regard to the individual I
am about to portray, and I purpose, by this specimen, to give my reader
a faithful idea of the class to which he belongs.
The residence of my friend is on the Saint Peter’s, near the brow of a
picturesque point formed by a bend of the river, and his nearest white
neighbor is _only_ two hundred miles off. The dwelling that he lives in
is built of logs, and contains one large room and a garret. Adjoining
this cabin is another of the same character, where he keeps his
merchandise; which consists chiefly of pork, flour, blankets, blue and
scarlet cloths, and various kinds of trinkets. His household is composed
of an Indian wife and a full assortment of half-breed children, who are
generally possessed of a good deal of natural shrewdness, but of course
utterly ignorant of books and the ways of the civilized world. Adjoining
the trader’s residence is about one acre of ploughed ground, where he
cultivates a few common vegetables; and he keeps a solitary cow, which
yields him the only luxury that he enjoys. His live stock is very
extensive, but not of that character which is profitable,—it is peculiar
to the wilderness, and in our section of country would be called a
menagerie. The following is a correct list of my friend’s treasures in
this particular, viz.:—one grisly bear, two black bears, two fawns, one
fox, one coon, one eagle, one crow, one cormorant, a flock of wild
geese, two swans, and one owl. In addition to these I ought to mention a
herd of Indian dogs, and a brotherhood of Indians, who are nearly always
encamped in the vicinity of the trader’s dwelling.
Now, as to the manner of the trader’s life. Though I did not intend to
make a hero of my friend, I must say that the life he leads is heroic to
an uncommon degree. His resting time is during the summer months, when
his principal business is to obtain his merchandise and attend the
various Indian payments that may happen to be made. But during the
winter, which is long and very severe in this region, he visits, with
one or two companions, the hunting-grounds of the Indians,—leaving his
home heavily loaded with goods and provisions, and returning, still more
heavily laden with packs of furs and peltries. The hardships and
privations that he then endures, would, in a single month, utterly
destroy a common constitution; but they are treated by him as matters of
very little consequence, for his constitution seems to be of an iron
nature. Several days does he sometimes spend without a particle of
food;—now, snowbound in the pathless woods, and now surrounded, perhaps,
by a band of hostile Indians, who may succeed in robbing him of his
furs. Now it is his fortune to struggle for life with some half-famished
beast; and now he has to endure the frightful dangers of fording angry
and partly frozen rivers. Cold, fatigue, and hunger are at the
foundation of almost every scene that he passes through during the
cheerless winter months of every year, in the Indian Territory of the
northwest.
The intellectual and moral character of our Indian trader is what would
be expected from a man in his condition. He knows not how to read or
write, and is consequently dependent upon a clerk for the prosecution of
his epistolary business and the keeping of his memorandum books. In
politics he is nothing, as he has not, from his location, the privilege
of voting; but his sympathies are invariably with those officers of the
Government who project and carry out measures nominally for the benefit
of the poor Indians, but more particularly for his own. In religion, he
is a blind adherent to the Pope of Rome. The glittering dollar seems to
be the star of his ambition. Having been for many years an agent for the
famous but most outrageous American Fur Company, he has become hardened,
and, like his _teacher_ in the science of oppressive monopoly, seldom
hesitates at any course of conduct that will prove lucrative. He avows
himself the best and only friend of the Indian, and yet his every act of
kindness is accompanied by a moral stab. He buys a pack of furs and
allows the hunter the current price, but then he pays him in flour at
_fifty_ dollars per barrel, and blankets at ten dollars apiece;—but far
worse, he sells to the benighted savage the baneful fire water, which
makes him a perfect devil.
But the trader has some redeeming qualities, and I know not that I am
disposed to write him down as more ignorant or wicked than his
_civilized_ fellow-men in the same sphere of life. At the same time that
he imposes upon the poor Indian, in more ways than one, it is also true
that he is his friend when cold and hungry. The Indian is such a
thoughtless and improvident creature, that it is absolutely necessary he
should have some one to watch over him and keep him from starving. And
often is the trader’s duty, in this particular, faithfully performed;
with all his faults he would sooner die than see an Indian suffer. Take
the trader away from the cares of business, as you sometimes may employ
him as your guide in a hunting expedition, and you will find him a most
interesting companion. Strange as it will seem, he is a devoted lover of
nature, and being superstitious, he has a legend in his head for every
picturesque nook of the woods and prairies, and for every beast or bird
which may happen to cross your path. He is well acquainted with the
geography of the northwest, and makes an occasional rude map upon birch
bark, which are of great value to those who execute them on a large
scale for our Government. That portion of Nicolet’s map, representing
the extreme head of the Mississippi, was made upon bark, by Francis
Brunet, who is to be my guide for hundreds of miles. He is also well
acquainted with the traditionary history of the Indian tribes, and knows
well the character of every chief and remarkable personage now living.
He has a kindly nature, and his whole conduct is agreeably softened by
an innate politeness. He is, to sum up all, a most romantic, but very
useful and influential character, and in intellect the aristocrat of the
wilderness.
I may append with propriety to this sketch, a few words about the fur
trade generally, as it now exists beyond the Mississippi. A division
took place in the American Fur Company a few years ago, and while one
party was headed by Piere Choteau, and traded on the Missouri, the other
remained under the guiding hand of Ramsey Crook, and confined its
operations to the region of the Great Lakes. The principal men in this
fur trade, before and since the family division, succeeded in
accumulating large fortunes, but both of the companies, which retain the
original name, are supposed to be, at any rate, no better off than they
should be. For my part I am not surprised at this result, when I know
the overbearing and monopolizing character of these companies, and when
I believe in the theory that iniquity has its reward even in this world.
Many of the deeds that have been, and are still, sanctioned by the
so-called American Fur Company, are of such a character as to be worthy
of the severest condemnation; out of its many iniquities I will mention
only one. This company has located its agents in every eligible corner
of the wilderness, for the ultimate purpose of accumulating gold; and
when the poor missionary of the cross has crept along through untold
hardships to plant the banner of a pure religion, for the benefit of the
red man, he has been insulted and driven away. But I like not this
theme, and will let it pass into forgetfulness. When I am told that the
beaver and the otter and other valuable animals are rapidly becoming
extinct, and that the glory of the American Fur Company is for ever
departed, I cannot but believe that there is a wise and just Providence,
who holdeth the world in the hollow of his hands.