I.

About the period of A.D. 1160 Kanipahu was the nominal sovereign

of the island of Hawaii. He was the grandson of Pili, who near the

close of the previous century came from Samoa, at the solicitation of

the high-priest Paao, to assume the moiship left vacant by the death

of Kapawa, whose grandfather was probably the first of the southern

chiefs who came to the Hawaiian group during the important migratory

movements of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Although the sovereignty of the entire island was claimed by the

Pili family, disturbances were frequent in the time of Kanipahu,

and a few of the native chiefs of the old stock of Nanaula, which

held sway in the group for nearly six centuries, refused to yield

allegiance to the new dynasty. To strengthen his power and placate the

native chiefs and people, Kanipahu took to wife Hualani, the fifth in

descent from Maweke, of the Nanaula line, and subsequently Alaikaua,

who was probably of the same native strain.

The makaainana, or common people, however, seem to have been better

satisfied with their new rulers than were their former chiefs who had

been supplanted in authority, and it was therefore with difficulty that

they could be aroused to a resistance to political conditions which

imposed upon them no hardships which they had not borne under their

old rulers, and no responsibilities with which they were not already

familiar. And, besides, the new-comers from the south had introduced

new laws, new customs and new products of the soil, as well as new

gods and new forms of worship. They had brought with them the kaeke,

or sacred drum, and puloulou, or inviolable tabu staff, crowned with

balls of white or black kapa. They had also instituted the title of

moi, or supreme sovereign, whereas the several islands before had been

ruled by scores of independent chiefs, each claiming and holding as

large a district as he was able to defend. They had established the

Aha-alii, or college of chiefs, through which the rank of every noble

might find recognition, and be perpetuated in his family. They had

constructed grander heiaus, or temples, and shut the populace from

the observance of many of their religious ceremonies. The tabus of

the chiefs and priests had been enlarged and rendered more strict,

and the priesthood had become more powerful and independent. The

persons of the mois and high chiefs had become more sacred, and they

exercised their functions with increased display and ostentation.

These additional exactions on the part of the new rulers, however,

were partially if not wholly compensated for to the laboring masses by

the protection brought to them through the political change against the

oppressions of their petty chiefs and land-owners; and it is therefore

probable that, on the whole, their social and industrial condition

was quite as tolerable under the new as under the old or native régime.

Kanipahu resided principally in Kohala, where his grandfather had taken

up his abode, and constructed mansions consistent with his sovereign

state. And it was there that the high-priest Paao, who brought Pili

to the group, established himself and family, after first landing

in Puna and erecting to his god the temple of Wahaula, the ruins

of which are still seen near the village of Kahawalea. After the

arrival of Pili it is probable that Paao removed with him to the more

populous district of Kohala, and there remained as his high-priest

and adviser. At Puuepa he erected the large heiau of Mookini,

the stones for which were passed from hand-to-hand from Niulii, a

distance of nine miles--a circumstance indicating the presence of a

large population on Hawaii at that time. As it was one of the largest

temples in the group--its walls, enclosing an irregular parallelogram,

having an aggregate length of 817 feet, with a height of 20 feet,

and a breadth of 8 feet at the top--a vast amount of labor must have

been required to transport the material over so long and rough a road,

with no appliance more effective than human muscle. But the walls

are so well built that they are standing to-day, and from a secret

crypt in the wall of the south side of the heiau were taken but a few

years ago, and are still preserved, two finely-polished stone disks

of a diameter of eight or ten inches, which it is not improbable were

the two strange idols which tradition says Paao brought with him over

the great waters from Upolu, and which were hidden by some faithful

kahu or servant of the heiau when the ancient worship of the people

was abolished by the second Kamehameha in 1819.

Kanipahu was a just and considerate sovereign, and sought by every

peaceful means to harmonize the conflicting interests of the chiefs and

strengthen and consolidate his power. To this end, as already stated,

he allied himself by marriage to the Nanaula line of chiefs, and

attached to his person and household a number of prominent nobles of

native lineage. The result was that for some years he ruled in peace,

and race jealousies were gradually wearing away, when a circumstance

occurred which suddenly terminated the reign of Kanipahu and drove

him into exile.

It was a sultry afternoon, near the time of the annual feast of Lono,

perhaps in 1172, that Kanipahu, after having despatched the business

of the day, was reclining on a couch of mats in the cool shade of

a palm-grove within the walled enclosure of the palace grounds--if,

indeed, two large wooden and thatched buildings, each a hundred or more

feet in length by forty in breadth, with eight or ten smaller houses

among the banana growths in the rear, may be called a palace. The

grounds were thickly studded with shade and fruit trees, embracing

almost every variety of value found on the island. Here and there were

shaded walks and vine-wreathed nooks in which rude seats had been

constructed; and as the sentinels lounged lazily at the entrance,

and the kahus of the king languidly administered to his wants, the

scene was a picture of royal power and barbaric comfort peculiar to

the Polynesian islands, but scarcely less imposing than the forms

and architectural environments of the jarls and princes of northern

and central Europe at that period. Each of the personal attendants

of the king was of the lesser nobility, and his office was one of

honor. Over the head of the drowsing sovereign the paakahili, or

kahili-bearer, at brief intervals waved his tuft of painted plumes,

while at a respectful distance stood the spittoon-bearer (ipakuha)

and head steward (aipuupuu).

The king was suddenly aroused by a tumult at the outer gate. There

was a sound of angry voices mingled with a clashing of spears, and

immediately after a tall chief, clad in maro, feather cape and helmet,

and bearing a stout ihe, or javelin, strode toward the royal mansion,

followed by a number of excited chiefs and their retainers. Reaching

the palace, the chief turned and faced his clamoring pursuers with

a look of defiance. To shed blood there was an offence which no one

was bold or reckless enough to commit, and, after one of the number

had first been despatched to the king to ascertain his pleasure, the

entire party of chiefs repaired to the royal presence, leaving their

weapons behind in the hands of the guards who had hurried toward the

scene of disturbance.

Bowing low before the king, who had risen to a sitting posture on his

couch, the chiefs waited for him to break the silence. Slowly scanning

his auditors, all but one of whom he knew and trusted, Kanipahu

finally fixed his eyes upon the face of the stranger and quietly said:

"Your face is strange to me. Who are you, and what brings you here?"

"Great chief, I am Kamaiole, a chief of Kau," was the reply, "and

I came to Kohala in search of my sister, Iola, who was stolen and

brought here about the close of the last season of rain."

"Have you found her?" inquired the king.

"I have found her," replied Kamaiole, bowing his head.

"Who took your sister away from Kau?" resumed the king.

"That man," said Kamaiole, pointing to one of the chiefs present;

"at least, so I presume, since he was seen in Kau about the time of

her disappearance, and I found her in his possession here."

The chief designated was a large and well-favored young man, with

a palm-tree tattooed upon each of his muscular thighs, and wearing

a number of gaudy ornaments around his neck. He was an alii koa, or

military chief, without possessions and in the service of the king,

to whom he was distantly related. Turning toward him, Kanipahu said:

"Speak, Waikuku, and answer the words of the chief of Kau."

Glancing savagely at Kamaiole, Waikuku bowed to the king and replied:

"It is true that Iola came with me from Kau, where I went to visit

the brother of my mother; but she came willingly, although I admit

without the consent of Kamaiole."

"Waikuku is of the blood of noble chiefs," said the king in a tone

of conciliation; "why not permit your sister, since it is her will,

to remain with him in peace?"

"She may remain," was Kamaiole's grim reply.

"And well may she remain!" exclaimed Waikuku bitterly. "Iola is

dead! To-day, even a few breaths past, her brutal brother found and

with his own hand killed her!"

"Killed her?" repeated the king.

"Yes, killed her," continued Waikuku; "and but that her cowardly

murderer sought the protection of the royal enclosure, my spear would

have tasted his blood!"

"Speak, and give good reason for this murder of the wife of Waikuku,"

said the king, sternly addressing Kamaiole, "or, by great Lono! I

will downward command your face!"

When a prisoner of war or malefactor was brought before an ancient

Hawaiian king, if his order was "Downward the face!" the prisoner

was taken away and slain at once by one of the royal executioners;

but if it was "Upward the face!" his life was spared, either for

complete pardon, slavery or sacrifice to the gods.

Giving little regard to the threat of the king, but burning with

wrath at the insulting language of Waikuku, Kamaiole proudly answered:

"I am of the aha-alii of Hawaii. My war-canoes are red, and pennons

float at their mast-tips. The blood of Nanaula is in my veins, and my

ancestors were of the alii-nui--were kings here generations before Pili

landed at Kohala or the Paumakuas blasted the shores of Hilo. With a

rank befitting it was my purpose to mate my sister. But she secretly

became the wife of a marauding puuku--possibly by force, probably by

the charm of lies and the glitter of shells--and I followed and slew

her, that her blood and mine might not be degraded by being mingled

with that of Waikuku!"

"Puuku!" hissed Waikuku, enraged at the low rank contemptuously given

him by Kamaiole, and making a hostile menace toward the speaker.

Kamaiole regarded Waikuku for a moment with a look of disdain, and

then continued:

"The occupation of this Waikuku--this woman-stealer--is that of war,

I have been informed. He boasted that his spear would have tasted

the blood of Kamaiole had he not sought the protection of the royal

grounds. I came here through no fear of his arm or the spears of his

friends, but to explain to the king why I had shed blood within sight

of the royal hale. But since he talks so bravely of blood and spears,

I challenge him to make good his words with me beyond the palace

walls. The matter is solely between us. I am prepared to answer to him

in words of combat for what I have done to-day. Or if, as I suspect,

he lacks the courage to give his warlike training a test so public,

I will ward a spear with such of his friends, one by one, as may feel

disposed to make his grievance theirs."

The chiefs looked at each other in amazement at the broad challenge

of Kamaiole, and the king seemed to be scarcely less astounded. But

the proposal could not be deemed either unfair or unusual, since,

according to the usage of the time, Kamaiole was answerable to Waikuku

for the death of Iola.

The stinging remarks of the dauntless Kau chief left to Waikuku no

pretext or excuse for declining the challenge, and the king somewhat

reluctantly consented to a settlement of the matter by the arbitrament

of single combat, with such weapons as might be mutually agreed upon.

Among the members of the royal household who witnessed this remarkable

interview with the king was a chief of the old native line called

Nanoa. Admiring the cool courage of Kamaiole, and feeling for him

something of a sympathy of lineage, he proffered to stand his friend

and adviser in the forthcoming encounter; and the arrangements finally

made were that the hostile parties were to meet just at sunset in

a grove immediately back of the palace enclosure. They were to be

armed each with two spears and a javelin. The spears were first to

be used when the combatants approached within twenty paces of each

other. These being thrown without ending the battle, the parties were

to advance to close encounter with their javelins, with the discretion

of either throwing or retaining them in hand. No other weapons were

to be used, and the conditions of the meeting were such that the king,

who proposed to be present, did not deem it probable that there would

be loss of life, especially as he had resolved to put an end to the

combat with the first wound received by either.

Promptly at the time appointed the principals were on the ground. The

attendants of Kamaiole were nowhere to be seen. By his orders they

had quietly left the village two hours before, and the only friend

at his side was Nanoa. He had thrown aside his cloak and helmet, and

stood stern and motionless at the place assigned him, with a spear in

his right hand, and another, with a javelin, at his feet. With limbs

and shoulders bare, and beard and hair black as midnight veiling his

neck, Kamaiole leaned upon his spear a picture of barbaric strength

and courage.

Thirty paces in front of Kamaiole stood Waikuku, similarly armed and

clad, but less calm than his adversary. Around him were a score or

more of high chiefs, some rallying and others advising him; but he

remained gloomily silent, nervously awaiting the arrival of the king

and the word for action.

In a few minutes Kanipahu, accompanied by a number of armed attendants,

arrived and took a seat prepared for him at a point about equally

distant from the two combatants. It being announced that everything was

in readiness, the king signaled the word to be given, and the hostile

chiefs, advancing five paces each, were in a moment balancing their

long spears for flight. The spear of Waikuku first shot through the air

in a line direct for his adversary's breast; but the latter adroitly

turned it from its course with a touch from his own weapon, which he

in turn launched at Waikuku without effect. The second spears were

thrown to the injury of neither, when they grasped their javelins and

slowly and warily began to advance. It was an exciting moment. As each

had gripped his weapon with both hands, it was apparent that neither

ihe would be thrown, and a hand-to-hand struggle was inevitable.

The king drew nearer to obtain a better view of the closing conflict,

and the spectators eagerly watched every movement of the advancing

chiefs. Approaching within striking distance--the javelins being about

six feet in length--a few feints were made, and Waikuku ventured

a desperate thrust at the breast of his opponent. The movement was

evidently expected, perhaps invited, for like a flash the point of the

ihe was thrown into the air, and the next moment Waikuku received a

thrust through the side. He fell, javelin in hand, and Kamaiole was

lifting his weapon to strike his prostrate enemy to the heart when

"Stop!" came the command of the king.

Heedless of the royal order, or too greatly excited to be able to

restrain his hand, Kamaiole savagely drove his javelin into the breast

of Waikuku, inflicting a death-wound.

"Downward the face!" thundered the king, exasperated at Kamaiole's

apparent defiance of his order.

The chiefs began to move forward to seize or slay the offender. Knowing

that his death had been decreed, Kamaiole recklessly poised his ihe,

red with the life-blood of Waikuku, and with a wild cry of "Yes,

downward the face!" hurled it at the heart of Kanipahu.

With exclamations of rage and horror the spectators sprang toward

Kamaiole, the most of them dropping their unwieldy spears and grasping

their pahoas, or daggers of ivory or hardened wood, as they advanced.

For an instant Kamaiole hesitated whether to defend himself to the

death with the javelin of the dying chief, or take the almost equally

desperate chances of escape by breaking through the lines of his

encircling enemies. He chose the latter, and, grasping the javelin,

started toward the king, with the view of drawing his assailants in

that direction. This object being accomplished, he suddenly turned

to the right, and charged and made an opening through the throng at

a point that seemed to be the weakest. As he flew past the yielding

line he miraculously escaped the spear and knife thrusts aimed at him,

and succeeded in putting himself beyond the reach of spear and sling

before real pursuit was made.

The javelin hurled at the king was received in the shoulder of

a faithful attendant who had opportunely thrown himself in front

of his royal master; and so rapid and confusing were the movements

following that Kanipahu had scarcely recovered from his consternation

at the bold assault upon his life before he learned that Kamaiole

had escaped. Giving orders for a vigorous pursuit of the fugitive,

the king walked to the body of Waikuku, and, discovering that life

was extinct, directed its respectful removal, and then proceeded

sadly to the royal mansion.

Kamaiole was not overtaken. He was strong and fleet of foot, and,

as darkness soon intervened in his favor, he was able to elude his

pursuers. He reached the coast in safety, and, boarding a canoe

awaiting him in charge of his attendants, set sail for Kau. This

provision for a hasty flight from Kohala renders it certain that

Kamaiole meditated desperate work on landing there, and the relation

of his subsequent exploits has shown how successfully he performed it.