_Acts_ ix. 1, etc.; xxii. 5, etc.; xxvi. 12, etc. The
differences remarked between these passages prove that
the apostle himself varied in the accounts he gave of his
conversion. That in _Acts_ ix. itself is not homogeneous, as
we shall soon see. Comp. Gal. i. 15-17; I. Cor. ix. 1; xv. 8;
_Acts_ ix. 27.
[10.72] With the Mormons, and in the American trances, almost all the
conversions are also induced by nervous excitement, producing
hallucinations.
[10.73] The circumstance that the companions of Paul saw and heard
as he did may be legendary, especially as the accounts are on
this point, being in direct contradiction. Comp. _Acts_ ix. 7;
xxii. 9; xxvi. 13. The hypothesis of a fall from a horse is
refuted by these accounts. The opinion which rejects entirely
the narration in the _Acts_, founded on ἐν ἐμοί of Gal. i. 16,
is exaggerated, ἐν Ἐμοί in this passage, has the sense of
"for me." Comp. Gal. i. 24. Paul surely had at a fixed moment,
a vision which resulted in his conversion.
[10.74] _Acts_ ix. 3, 7; xxii. 6, 9, 11; xxvi. 13.
[10.75] This was my experience during my illness at Byblos. My
recollections of the evening preceding the day of the trance
are totally effaced.
[10.76] II. Cor. xii. 1, etc.
[10.77] _Acts_ ix. 27; Gal. i. 16; I. Cor. ix. 1; xv. 8; Hom.
Pseudo-Clem, xvii. 13-19. Comp. the experience of Omar, _Sirat
errasoul_, p. 226, etc.
[10.78] _Acts_ ix. 8; xxii. 11.
[10.79] Its ancient Arabic name was _Tarik el Adhwa_. It is now
called _Tarik el Mustekim_, answering to Ῥύμη ἐυθεῖα. The
eastern gate (_Bâb Sharki_) and a few vestiges of the
colonnades yet remain. See the Arabic texts given by
Wustenfield in the _Zeitschrift für vergleichende Erdkunde_
of Lüdde for the year 1842, p. 168; Porter, _Syria and
Palestine_, p. 477; Wilson, _The Lands of the Bible_, II.,
345, 355-52.
[10.80] _Acts_ xxii. 11.
[10.81] The account given in _Acts_ ix. appears to have been formed
from two mingled narratives. One, the more original, comprises
vv. 9, &c. The other more developed, containing more dialogue
and legend, includes verses 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
The 12th verse belongs neither to that which precedes nor to
that which follows it. The account in chapter xxii. 12-16, is
more conformed to the above-mentioned texts.
[10.82] _Acts_ ix. 12. It should read ἄνδρα ἐν ὁράματι according to
manuscript B. of the Vatican. Comp. verse 10.
[10.83] _Acts_ ix. 18; comp. _Tobit_, ii. 9; vi. 10; xi. 13.
[10.84] _Acts_ ix. 18; xxii. 16.
[10.85] Gal. i. 2, 8-9, 11, &c.; I. Cor. ix. 1; xi. 23; xv. 8, 9;
Col. i. 25; Ephes. i. 19; iii. 3, 7, 8; _Acts_ xx. 24; xxii.
14-15, 21; xxvi. 16; Homiliæ Pseudo-Clem., xvii. 13-19.
[10.86] Gal. i. 17.
[10.87] Ἀραβία is "the province of Arabia," principally composed of the
Hauran.
[10.88] Gal. i. 17, &c.; _Acts_ ix. 19, &c.; xxvi. 20. The author
of the _Acts_ believes that this first sojourn at Damascus
was short, and that Paul shortly after his conversion, came
to Jerusalem and preached there. (Comp. xxii. 17.) But the
passage of the epistle to the Galatians is peremptory.
[10.89] Insc. discovered by Waddington and De Vogüé (Revue Archéol.,
April, 1864, p. 284, &c., _Comptes Rendus_ de l'Acad. des
Inscr. et B. L., 1865, p. 106-108).
[10.90] Dion Cass. lix. 12.
[10.91] I have discussed this in the _Bulletin Archéologique_ of
Langperier and De Wette, September, 1856.
[10.92] Gal. i. 16, with following verses, prove that Paul preached
immediately after his conversion.
[10.93] Jos. B. J., I., ii. 25; II., xx. 2.
[10.94] _Acts_ ix. 20-22.
[10.95] Gal. i. 16. It is the sense of οὐ προσανεθέμην σαρκὶ και αἵματι.
CHAPTER XI.
[11.1] Acts ix. 31.
[11.2] See the atrociously naïve avowal of 3 Macc. vii. 12, 13.
[11.3] Read the 3d Book (apocryphal) of Maccabees, entire, and
compare it with that of Esther.
[11.4] Suetonius, _Caius_, 22, 52; Dion Cassius, lix. 26, 28; Philo,
_Leg. ad Caium_, § 25, &c.; Josephus, _Ant._ XVIII., viii.;
XIX., i. 1-2; _B. J._, II. x.
[11.5] Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 30.
[11.6] Philo, _In Flaccum_, § 7; _Leg. ad Caium_, § 18, 20, 26, 43.
[11.7] Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 29; Josephus, _Ant_. XVIII. viii.;
_B. J._ II. x.: Tacitus, _Ann_. XII. 54; _Hist_. V. 9,
completing the first passage by the second.
[11.8] Philo, _Leg. ad Caium_, § 27, 30, 44, and following.
[11.9] Acts ix. 31.
[11.10] Gal. i. 18, 19; ii. 9.
[11.11] Acts xi. 29, 30.
[11.12] Acts ix. 32.
[11.13] At this day, _Ludd._
[11.14] Acts ix. 32-35.
[11.15] Jaffa.
[11.16] Jos. _Ant._ XIV., x. 6.
[11.17] Acts ix. 43; x. 6, 17, 32.
[11.18] Mischna, _Ketuboth_, vii. 10.
[11.19] Compare Gruter, p. 891, 4; Reinesius, _Inscript._, XIV. 61;
Mommsen, _Inscr. regni Neap._, 622, 2094, 3052, 4985; Pape,
_Wört der Griech. Eigenn._, on this word Cf. Jos. _B. J._
IV., iii. 6.
[11.20] Acts ix. 36, and following.
[11.21] Ibid. ix. 39. The Greek runs: ὅσα ἐποίει μετ’ αὐτῶν οὖσα.
[11.22] Ibid. ix, 32, 44.
[11.23] Acts x. 9-16; xi. 5-10.
[11.24] Ibid. x. 1; xi. 18.
[11.25] There were at least thirty-two. (Orelli & Heuzen, _Inscr.
Lat._, Nos. 90, 512, 6756.)
[11.26] Compare Acts xxvii. 1. and Heuzen, No. 6709.
[11.27] Compare Luke vii. 2, and following. Luke is priding himself,
it is true, upon this idea of virtuous centurions, Jews
in heart without circumcision (see Introduction). But the
example of Izates (Jos. _Ant_., xx., ii. 5), proves that such
situations were possible. Compare Jos. _B. J._, II., xxviii.
2; Orelli, _Inscr._, No. 2523.
[11.28] Acts x. 2, 7.
[11.29] This seems, it is true, in contradiction to Gal. ii. 7-9. But
the conduct of Peter in that which relates to the admission of
the Gentiles was never very consistent. Gal. ii. 12.
[11.30] Acts xi. 18.
[11.31] Ibid. xv. 1, and following.
[11.32] II. Cor. ii 32, 33; Acts ix. 23-25.
[11.33] Gal. i. 18.
[11.34] Ibid. i. 18.
[11.35] Ibid. i. 23.
[11.36] _Acts_ ix. 26.
[11.37] Gal. i. 18.
[11.38] _Acts_ ix. 26.
[11.39] Acts ix. 27. All this portion of the Acts has too little
historical value to enable us to affirm that this fine action
of Barnabas took place during the fifteen days that Paul
passed at Jerusalem. But there is no doubt, in the manner in
which the _Acts_ present the case, a true sentiment of the
relations of Paul and Barnabas.
[11.40] Gal. i. 19, 20.
[11.41] Ibid. i. 18. Impossible, consequently, to admit as exact the
28th and 29th verses of Acts ix. The author of the _Acts_
makes an abusive employment of these ambushes and murderous
projects. The Acts vary from the Epistle to the Galatians in
supposing the sojourn of St. Paul at Jerusalem too long, and
too near to his conversion. Naturally the Epistle merits our
preference, at least, as to its chronology and the material
circumstances.
[11.42] See especially the Epistle to the Galatians.
[11.43] Epistle to the Galatians, i. 11, 12, and nearly throughout; I.
Cor. ix. 1, and following; xv. 1, and following; II. Cor. xi.
21, and following.
[11.44] We find this sentiment more or less directly; Rom. xii. 14; I.
Cor. xiii. 2; II. Cor. iii. 6; I. Thess. iv. 8; v. 2, 6.
[11.45] Gal. i. 22, 23.
[11.46] _Acts_ xx. 17, 21.
[11.47] _Acts_ ix. 29, 30.
[11.48] 48. Gal. i. 21.
[11.49] Acts ix. 30; xi. 25. The capital chronological datum for this
epoch of the life of St. Paul is Gal. i. 18; ii. 1.
[11.50] Cilicia had a church in the year 51. _Acts_ xv. 23, 41.
[11.51] It is in the Epistle to the Galatians (towards 56), that
Paul places himself for the first time openly in the rank of
the apostles (i. 1, and the following). According to Gal.
ii. 7-10, he had received this title in 51. Still he did not
assume it, even in the subscription of the two Epistles to the
Thessalonians, which are of the year 53. I. Thess. ii. 6, does
not imply an official title. The author of the _Acts_ never
gives Paul the name of "apostle." "The apostles," for the
author of the _Acts_, are "the Twelve." Acts xiv. 4, 14, is an
exception.
CHAPTER XII.
[12.1] Acts xi. 19.
[12.2] Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, ii. 4. Rome and Alexandria were
the two chief ones; compare Strabo xvi. ii. 5.
[12.3] Compare Otfried Müller, _Antiochian Antiquities_, Göttingen,
1839, p. 68. John Chrysostom, on _Saint Ignatius_, 4 (opp.
t. ii. p. 597, edit. Montfaucon): _On Matthew_, Homilies
lxxxv. 4. (vol. viii. p. 810). He estimates the population
of Antioch at two hundred thousand souls, without counting
slaves, infants, and the immense suburbs. The present city has
a population of not more than seven thousand.
[12.4] The corresponding streets of Palmyra, Gerasium, Gadara, and
Sebaste, were probably imitations of the grand _Corso_ of
Antioch.
[12.5] Some traces of it are found in the direction of _Bâb Bolos_.
[12.6] Dion Chrysostome, Orat. xlvii. (vol. ii. p. 229, edit.
Reiske), Libanius, _Antiochicus_, p. 337, 340, 342, 356 (edit.
Reiske), Malala, p. 232, et seq., 276, 280, et seq. (Bonn,
edition.) The constructor of these great works was Antiochus
Epiphanes.
[12.7] Libanius, _Antioch._ 342, 344.
[12.8] Pausanias, vi. ii. 7; Malala, p. 201; Visconti Mus.
Pio-clemen., vol. iii. 46. See especially the medals of
Antioch.
[12.9] Pierian, Bottian, Penean, Tempean, Castalian, Olympic games,
Jopolis (which was referred to Io). The city pretended to be
indebted for its celebrity to Inachus, to Orestes, to Daphne
and to Triptolemus.
[12.10] See Malala, p. 199; Spartian, _Life of Adrian_, p. 14; Julian,
_Misopogon_, p. 361, 362; Ammian Marcellin., xxii. 14; Eckhel,
_Doct. num vet._ part i. 3, p. 326; Guigniaut, _Religions de
l'Ant._ planches No. 268.
[12.11] John Chrysostom, _Ad pop. Antioch._ homil. xix. 1; (vol. ii.
p. 189.) De sanctis martyr. i. (vol. ii. p. 651.)
[12.12] Libanius, Antioch., p. 348.
[12.13] Act. SS. Maii, v. p. 383, 409, 414, 415, 416; Assemani, _Bib.
or._, ii. 323.
[12.14] Juvenal Sat., iii. 62, et seq.; Stacc. _Silves_, i. vi. 72.
[12.15] Tacitus _Ann._ ii. 69.
[12.16] Malala, p. 284, 287, et seq.; Libanius, _De Angariis_, p.
555, et seq.; _De carcere vinctis_, p. 445, et seq.; _ad
Timocratem_, p. 385; _Antioch_, 323; Philost., _Vit Apoll._
i. 16; Lucian, _De Saltatione_, 76; Diod. Sic. fragm. lib.
xxxiv. No. 34 (p. 358, ed. Dindorf); John Chrysos. Homil. vii.
in Matt. 5 (vol. vii. p. 113); lxxiii. _in Matt._ 3 (ibid. p.
712); _De consubst. contra Anon._, 1 (vol i., p. 501); _De
Anna_, 1 (vol. iv. p. 730), _De David et Saüle_ iii. 1 (vol.
iv. 768, 770); Julian Misopogon, p. 343, 350, edit. Spanheim;
_Actes de Sainte Thècle_, attributed to Basil of Seleucia,
published by P. Pantius (Auvers, 1608) p. 70.
[12.17] Philostr. _Apoll._ iii. 58; Ausonius, _Clar. Urb._, 2; J.
Capitolin _Verus_, 7; _Marcus Aurelius_, 25; Herodian ii. 10;
John of Antioch in the Excerpta Valesiana, p. 844; Suidas, at
the word Ἰοβιανός.
[12.18] Julian _Misopogon_, p. 344, 365, etc.; Eunap. _Vie des Soph._,
p. 496, edit. Boissònade (Didot); _Ammien Marcellin_ xxii. 14.
[12.19] John Chrysos. _De Lazaro_, ii. 11 (vol. 1. p. 722, 723).
[12.20] Cic. pro. Archiâ, 3, making allowance for the usual
exaggeration of an advocate.
[12.21] Philostratus _Vie d' Apollonius_, iii. 58.
[12.22] Malala, p. 287, 289.
[12.23] John Chrysos., Homil. vii. _On Matt._ 5, 6. (vol. vii. p.
113); See O. Müller, _Antiq. Antioch._, p. 33 note.
[12.24] Libanius, _Antiochichus_, p. 355-366.
[12.25] Juvenal, iii. 62 et seq. and Forcellini, in the word
_ambubaja_, where he observes that the word _ambuba_ is Syriac.
[12.26] Libanius, _Antioch_ p. 315; _De carcere vinctis_, p. 455;
Julian Misopogon, p. 367, edit. Spanheim.
[12.27] Libanius, _Pro rhetoribus_, p. 211.
[12.28] Libanius, _Antiochichus_, p. 363.
[12.29] Libanius, _Antiochichus_, p. 354 et seq.
[12.30] The actual enclosure, which is of the time of Justinian,
presents the same particulars.
[12.31] Libanius, _Antioch._, p. 337, 338, 339.
[12.32] The lake _Ak Denir_, which forms on this side the actual limit
of the territory of Antakieh, had, as it appears, no existence
in olden times. See Ritter, _Erdkunde_, xvii. p. 1149, 1613 et
seq.
[12.33] Josephus _Ant._, xii. iii. 1; xiv. xii. 6; _Wars of the Jews_,
ii. xviii. 5; vii. iii. 2-4.
[12.34] Josephus, _against Apion_, ii. 4; _Wars of the Jews_, vii.
iii. 2-4.
[12.35] Malala, p. 244, 245; Jos., _Wars of the Jews_, vii. v. 2.
[12.36] _Acts_ vi. 5.
[12.37] Ibid. xi. 19, et seq.
[12.38] Compare Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, ii. xviii. 2.
[12.39] _Acts_ xv. 20, 21. The proper reading is Ἕλληνας Ἕλληνιστας
comes from a false agreement with ix. 29.
[12.40] Malala, p. 245. The narrative of Malala cannot, indeed, be
exact, Josephus says not a word respecting the invasion of
which the chronographer makes mention.
[12.41] Malala, p 243, 265-266. Compare "_Memoirs of Academy of
Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres_," session of 17 August, 1865.
[12.42] S Athanasius, _Tomus ad Antioch_. (Opp. vol. i. p. 771, edit.
Montfaucon); S. John ChAsianos Daldianoi Simônianoi,
Kêointhianoi, Sêthianoi christos christeiosrysostom, _Ad
pop. Antioch_, Homil. i.
and ii. beginning (vol. ii. p. i and xx.); _In Inscr._ Act.
ii. beginning (vol. iii. 60); _Chron. Pasch._, p. 296 (Paris);
Theodoret, Hist. Eccl., ii. 27; iii. 2. 8. 9. The agreement
of these passages does not permit of ἐν τῆ καλουμένη Παλαιᾷ
being rendered by "in that which was called the old town," as
the editors have sometimes done.
[12.43] Malala, p. 242.
[12.44] Pococke, _Descript. of the East_, vol. ii. part i. p. 192
(London 1745), Chesney, _Expedition for the Survey of the
Rivers Euphrates and Tigris_, i. 425, et seq.
[12.45] That is to say, opposite to that part of the old town which is
still inhabited.
[12.46] See below.
[12.47] The type of the Maronites is reproduced in a striking manner
in the country of Antakieh, Soneideieb, and Beylan.
[12.48] F. Naironi, _Anoplia fidei Cathol._ (Rome, 1694), p 58,
et seq., and the work of S. Em. Paul Peter Masad, present
patriarch of the Maronites, entitled Kitab ed. durr ed.
manzoum (in Arabic, printed at the convent of Zamisch in the
Kesronan, 1863).
[12.49] _Acts_ xi. 19, 20; xiii. 1.
[12.50] Gal. ii. 11, et seq., presumes it to be so.
CHAPTER XIII.
[13.1] _Acts_ xi. 22, &c.
[13.2] _Acts_ xi. 25.
[13.3] _Acts_ xi. 26.
[13.4] Libanius. _Pro templis_, p. 164, &c.; _De carcere vinctis_, p.
458.; Theodoret, _Hist. Eccl._ iv. 28; Jean Chrysost.; Homil.
lxxii. _in Matt._ 3 (vol. vii. p. 705). _In Epist. ad Ephes._
Hom. vi. 4 (vol. xi. p. 44); In i. Tim. Hom. xiv. 3 &c. (ibid.
p. 628, &c.); Nicephore xii. 44; Glycas p. 257 (Paris edition).
[13.5] _Acts_ xi. 26.
[13.6] The passages I. Petri iv. 16, and James ii. 7, compared with
Suet. _Nero_ 16, and with Tac. _Ann._ xv. 44, confirm this
idea. See also _Acts_ xxvi. 28.
[13.7] It is true that we find Ἀσιανός (_Acts_ xx. 4; Philo. Legatio,
36; Strabo, etc.). But it seems to be a Latinism like
Δαλδιανοί, and the names of the sects Σιμωνιανοί, Κηρινθιανοί,
Σηθιανοί, etc. The Greek derivative χριστός had been χριστειος.
It serves nothing to say that the termination _anus_ is a Doric
form of the Greek ηνος; this was not known at all during the
first century.
[13.8] Tac. (loc. cit.) so interprets it.
[13.9] Suet. _Claud._ 25. We shall discuss this passage in our next
book.
[13.10] Corpus _Inscr. Gr._ Nos. 2883 d., 3857 g., 3857 p., 3865 l.
Tertul. _Apol._ 3; Lactance Divin. Inst. iv. 7. Comp. the
French form _chrestien_.
[13.11] James ii. 7, only implies an occasional usage.
[13.12] _Acts_ xxiv. 5; Tertull. _Adv. Marcionem_ iv. 8.
[13.13] _Nesârâ._ The names of _meschihoio_ in Syriac, _mesihi_ in
Arabic, are relatively modern, and outlined from χριστιανός.
The name of "Galileans" is much more recent. Julian gave it
an official signification. Jul. _Epist._ vii.; Gregory,
Orat. iv. (Invect. i.), 76; S. Cyrille d'Alex. _Contre Julien_
ii. p. 39, (Spanheim ed.); _Philopatris_, dialogue falsely
attributed to Lucian, though really of the time of Julien,
§ 12; Theodoret _Hist. Eccl._ iii. 4. I believe that in
Epictetus (Arrien, _Dissert._ iv., vii., 6) and in Marcus
Aurelius (_Pensées_ xi. 3), this name does not designate
Christians, but rather "assassins" (_Sicaires_), fanatical
disciples of Judas the Galilean or the Gaulonite, and of
John of Gisehala.
[13.14] I. Petri iv. 16; James ii. 7.
[13.15] _Acts_ xiii. 2.
[13.16] Ibid xiii 1.
[13.17] See chapter vi.
[13.18] _Acts_ xiii. 1.
[13.19] Euseb. _Chron._ at the year 43; _Hist. Eccl._ iii. 22. Ignatii
_Epist. ad Antioch._ (apocr.) 7.
[13.20] I. Cor. xiv. entire.
[13.21] II. Cor. xii. 1-5.
[13.22] It places this vision fourteen years before he wrote the
second Epistle to the Corinthians, which dates about the year
57. It is not impossible, however, that he was still at Tarsus.
[13.23] For Jewish ideas about the heavens, see _Testam. des 12 patr._
Levi. 3; _Ascension d'Isaïe_, vi. 13; viii. 8, and all the
rest of the book; Talm. of Babyl., _Chagiga_ 12 b.; Midraschim
_Bereschith rabba_, sect. xix. fol. 19 c.; _Schemoth rabba_,
sect. xv. fol. 115 d.; _Bammiabar rabba_, sect, xiii fol. 218
a.; _Debarim rabba_, sect. ii. fol. 253 a.; _Schir hasschirim
rabba_, fol. 24 d.
[13.24] Comp. Talmud of Babylon, _Chagiga_, 14 b.
[13.25] Comp. _Ascension d'Isaïe_, vi. 15; vii. 3, &c.
[13.26] II. Cor. xii. 12; Rom. xv. 19.
[13.27] I. Cor. xii. entire.
[13.28] _Acts_ xi. 29; xxiv. 17; Gal. ii. 10; Rom. xv. 26; I. Cor.
xvi. 1; II. Cor. viii. 4, 14; ix. 1, 12.
[13.29] Jos. _Ant._ XVIII., vi., 3, 4; XX., v. 2.
[13.30] James ii. 5, &c.
[13.31] _Acts_ xi. 28; Jos. _Ant._ XX., ii. 6; v. 2; Euseb. _Hist.
Eccl._ ii. 8, 12. Comp. _Acts_ xii. 20; Tac. Ann. xii. 43;
Suet. _Claud._ 18; Dion Cass. lx. 11. Aurelius Victor, Cas.,
4; Euseb. _Chron._ year 43, &c. The reign of Claudius was
afflicted almost every year by partial famines.
[13.32] _Acts_ xi. 27, &c.
[13.33] The book of _Acts_ (xi. 30; xii. 25) includes Paul in this
journey. But Paul declares that between his first sojourn of
two weeks and his journey for the affair of the circumcision,
he did not visit Jerusalem. (Gal. ii. 1.) See Introduction.
[13.34] Gal. i., 17-19.
[13.35] _Acts_ xiii. 3; xv. 36; xviii. 23.
[13.36] Ibid. xiv. 25; xviii. 22.
CHAPTER XIV.
[14.1] The inscriptions of these countries fully confirm the
indications of Josephus. (Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Inscr.
_I. B. L._, 1865. pp. 106, 109.)
[14.2] Josephus, _Ant._ xix. iv. _B. J._, ii. xi.
[14.3] _Ib._ xix. v. i.; vi. i.; _B. J._, II. xi. 5; Dion Cassius,
LX. 8.
[14.4] Dion Cassius, LIX. 24.
[14.5] Jos. _Ant._ xix. ix. 1.
[14.6] Ibid. XIX. vi. 1, 3; ii. 3, 4; viii. 2; ix. 1.
[14.7] Ibid. XIX. vii. 4.
[14.8] Ibid. XIX. vi. 3.
[14.9] Juvenal, Sat. vi. 158, 159; Persius, Sat. v. 180.
[14.10] Philo. _In Flaccum_, §5, and following.
[14.11] Jos. _Ant._ XIX. v. 2, and sequel; xx. vi. 3.; _B. J._, II.
xii. 7. The restrictive measures which he took against the
Jews of Rome (_Acts_ xviii. 2; Suetonius _Claude_, 25; Dion
Cassius, LX. 6) were connected with local circumstances.
[14.12] Jos. _Ant._ xix. vi. 3.
[14.13] Ibid. xix. vii 2; _B. J._ II. xi. 6; V. iv. 2. Tacitus, Hist.
v. 12.
[14.14] Tacitus, _Ann._ vi. 47.
[14.15] Jos. _Ant._ XIX. vii. 2; vii. 21; viii. 1; XX. i. 1.
[14.16] Ibid. XIX. viii. 1.
[14.17] Suetonius, _Caius_, 22, 26, 35; Dion Cassius, lix. 24; lx.
8. Tacitus, _Ann._ xi. 8. As a type of the part these little
Eastern Kings played, study the career of Herod Agrippa I. in
Josephus (_Ant._ xviii. and xix.) Compare Horace, _Sat._ I.
vii.
[14.18] Supra.
[14.19] Acts xii. 3.
[14.20] Ibid. xii. 1, and following.
[14.21] James was in fact beheaded, and not stoned to death.
[14.22] Acts xii. 3, and following.
[14.23] _Ibid._ xii. 9, 11. The account in the Acts is so lively and
just, that it is difficult to find any place in it for any
prolonged legendary elaboration.
[14.24] Jos. _Ant._ xix. viii. 2; Acts xii. 18, 23.
[14.25] Ibid. xix. vii. 4.
[14.26] _Acts._ xii. 23. Compare 2 Macc. ix. 9; Jos. _B. J._ I.
xxxiii. 5; Talmud of Bab. _Sota_, 35 a.
[14.27] Jos. _Ant._ XIX. vi. 1; XX. i. 1, 2.
[14.28] Ibid. xx. v. 2; _B. J._ ii. xv. 1; xviii. 7, and following;
IV. x. 6; V. i. 6; Tacitus, _Ann._, xv. 28. _Hist._ i. 11; ii.
79; Suetonius, _Vesp._ 6; _Corpus Inscr. Græc._ No. 4957. (cf.
ibid. iii. p. 311.)
[14.29] Jos. _Ant._ XX. i. 3.
[14.30] Ibid. XX. v. 4, _B. J._ II. xii.
[14.31] Josephus, who relates with so much care, the history of these
agitations in all its details, never mixes up the Christians
with them.
[14.32] Jos. _Against Apion_, ii. 39; Dion Cassius, lxvi. 4.
[14.33] Jos., _B. J._, IV., iv. 3; V., xiii. 6; Suetonius, _Aug._, 93;
Strabo, XVI., ii. 34, 37; Tacitus, _Hist._, v. 5.
[14.34] Jos., _Ant._, XIII., ix. 1; xi. 3; xv. 4; XV., vii. 9.
[14.35] Jos., _B. J._, II., xvii. 10; _Vita_, 23.
[14.36] Matt, xxiii. 13.
[14.37] Jos., _Ant._, XX., vii. 1, 3; Compare XVI., vii. 6.
[14.38] Ibid. XX., ii. 4.
[14.39] Ibid. XX, ii. 5, 6; iv. 1.
[14.40] Jos., _B. J._, II., xx. 2.
[14.41] Seneca, fragment in St. Augustin. _De civ. Dei_, vi. 11.
[14.42] Jos., _Ant._, XX., ii.-iv.
[14.43] Tacitus, _Ann._, xii. 13, 14. The greater part of the names of
this] family are Persian.
[14.44] The name of "Helen" proves this. Still, it is remarkable that
the Greek does not figure upon the bi-lingual inscription
(Syriac and Syro-Chaldaic) of the tomb of a princess of the
family, discovered and brought to Paris by M. de Saulcy. See
_Journal Asiatique_, Dec., 1865.
[14.45] Cf. Bereschith rabba, xlvi. 51 d.
[14.46] It is according to all appearances the monument known at
this day under the name of "Tomb of the Kings." See _Journal
Asiatique_, passage cited.
[14.47] Jos., _B. J._, ii., xix. 2; vi., vi. 4.
[14.48] Talmud of Jerusalem, _Peah_, 15 b., where there are put into
the mouth of one of the Monobaze maxims that exactly recall
the Gospel (Matt. vi. 19 and following). Talmud of Bab., _Baba
Bathra_, 11 a; _Joma_, 37 a; _Nazir_, 19 b; _Schabbath_, 68 b;
_Sifra_, 70 a; _Bereschith rabba_, xlvi., fol. 51 d.
[14.49] Moses of Khorene, ii. 35; Orose, vii. 6.
[14.50] Luke, xxi. 21.
[14.51] Τὰ πάτρια ἔθη, an expression so familiar with Josephus, when
he defends the position of the Jews in the pagan world.
CHAPTER XV.
[15.1] It is well known that no MS. of the Talmud is extant to
control the printed editions.
[15.2] Jos., _Ant._, XX., v. 2.
[15.3] Jos., _B.J._, II., xvii. 8-10; _Vita_, 5.
[15.4] The comparison of Christianity with the two movements of Judas
and Theudas is made by the author of the _Acts_ himself. (V.
36.)
[15.5] Jos. _Ant._, XX., v. 1; _Acts_, u.s. Remark the anachronism in
_Acts_.
[15.6] Jos. _Ant._, XVIII., iv. 1, 2.
[15.7] Jos. _Ant._, XX., v. 3, 4; _B. J._, ii., xii. 1, 2; Tacit.,
_Ann._, xii. 54.
[15.8] Jos. _Ant._, XX., viii. 5.
[15.9] Jos. _Ant._, XX., viii. 5; _B. J._, II., xiii. 3.
[15.10] Jos. _B.J._, VII. viii. 1; Mischna, _Sanhédrin_, ix. 6.
[15.11] Jos. _Ant._, XX., viii. 6, 10; _B. J._, II., xiii. 4.
[15.12] Jos. _Ant._, XX., viii. 6; _B. J._, II., xiii. 5; _Acts_ xxi.
38.
[15.13] Jos. _Ant._, XX., viii. 6; _B. J._, II., xiii. 6.
[15.14] See ante, p. 153, note.
[15.15] Justin, Apol, 1, 26, 56. It is singular that Josephus, so well
informed on Samaritan affairs, does not mention him.
[15.16] _Acts_ viii. 9, etc.
[15.17] It cannot be considered entirely apocryphal in view of the
agreement between the system set forth in it, and what little
we learn from the _Acts_ concerning the doctrine of Simon upon
miraculous powers.
[15.18] Homil. Pseudo-Clem., ii. 22, 24.
[15.19] Justin, _Apol._ 1, 26, 56; ii. 15. Dial. cum Tryphone, 120;
Iren. _Adv. hær_. I. xxiii. 2-5; xxvii. 4; II. præf; III.
præf; Homiliæ pseudo-clem. i. 15; ii. 22, 25, etc.; Recogn.
i. 72; ii. 7, etc.; iii. 47; Philosophumena IV. vii.; VI. i.;
X. iv.; Epiph. _Adv. hær._ hær. xxi.; Orig. _Cont. Cels._ v.
62; vi. 11; Tertull. _De Anima_, 34; _Constit. apost._ vi. 16;
S. Jerome, _In Matt._ xxiv. 5; Theod. _Hæret. fab._ i.1. It is
from the quotations given in the _Philosophumena_, and not in
the travesties of the Fathers, that an idea may be obtained of
"The Great Exposition."
[15.20] Philosophum., IV. vii.; VI. i. 9, 12, 13, 17, 18. Compare
Revel. i. 4, 8; iv. 8; xi. 17.
[15.21] _Philosophum._, VI. i. 17.
[15.22] Ibid. VI. i. 16.
[15.23] _Act._ viii. 10; _Philosophum._, VI. i. 18; Homil.
Pseudo-Clem., ii. 22.
[15.24] Allusion to the adventure of the poet Stesichorus.
[15.25] Iren. _Adv._ hær. I. xxiii. 2-4; Homil. Pseudo-Clem., ii. 23.
[15.26] Philosophum. VI. i. 16.
[15.27] See _Vie de Jesus_, p. 247-249.
[15.28] Ibid. p. 247, note 4.
[15.29] _Chron. Samarit._ c. 10 (edit. Juynboll Leyden, 1848).
Cf. Reland, _De Sam._ § 7; _Dissertat. miscell._ Part II.
Gesenius, _Comment de Sam. Theol._ (Halle, 1824), p. 24, etc.
[15.30] In a quotation given in the Philosophumena, VI. i. 16, is a
citation from the synoptical gospels which seems to be given
as from the text of the "Great Exposition." But this may be an
error.
[15.31] Homil. Pseudo-Clem. II. 23-24.
[15.32] Iren. _Adv. hær._ I. xxiii. 3. _Philosophum._ VI. i. 19.
[15.33] Homil. Pseudo-Clem. ii. 22. Recogn. II. 14.
[15.34] Iren. _Adv._ hær. II. præf. III. præf.
[15.35] See the Epistle (probably authentic) of Paul to the
Colossians, i. 15, &c.
[15.36] Epiph. _Adv._ hær. L. xxx. 1.
[15.37] An argument for the latter hypothesis is, that Simon's sect
soon changed into a school of fortune-tellers, and for the
manufacture of philters and charms. _Philosoph._ VI. i. 20.
Tertull. De Anima, 57.
[15.38] Philosophum. VI. i. 20. Cf. Orig. _Contra Cels._ i. 57; vi. 11.
[15.39] Hegesip. in Euseb. _Hist. Eccl._ iv. 22; Clem. Alex. _Strom._
vii. 17; _Constit. apost._ vi. 8, 16; xviii. 1, &c. Justin,
Apol. i. 26, 56; Iren. _Adv. hær._ I. xxiii. init. Theod. Hær.
fol. I. i. 2. Tertull. _De Præscr._ 47; De Anima, 50.
[15.40] The most celebrated is that of Dositheus.
[15.41] _Act._ viii. 9; Iren. _Adv. hær._ xxiii. 1.
[15.42] _Philosophum._ VI. i. 19-20. The author attributes these
perverse doctrines only to Simon's disciples; but if the
disciples entertained them, the master must have shared them
in some degree.
[15.43] We shall hereafter see what these narrations signify.
[15.44] The inscription SIMONI DEO SANCTO, stated by Justin
to exist in the island (_Apol._ I. 26) of the Tiber, and
mentioned also by other Fathers, was a Latin inscription to
the Sabine deity Semo Sancus, SEMONI-DEO-SANCO. There
was in fact discovered under Gregory XIII. in the island of
St. Bartholomew, an inscription now in the Vatican bearing
that dedication. V. Baronius, _Ann. Eccl._ 44; Orelli, Inser.
Lat. No. 1860. There was at this spot on the island of the
Tiber a college of _bidentales_ in honor of Semo-Sancus,
with many inscriptions of the same kind. Orelli, No. 1861.
(Mommsen, Inscr. Lat. regni Neapol. No. 6770). Comp. Orelli,
No. 1859. Henzen, No. 6999; Mabillon, _Museum Ital._ I. 1st
part, p. 84. Orelli, No. 1862, is not to be relied on. (See
_Corp._ Inscr. Lat. I. No. 542.)
[15.45] This gross blunder could not have been detected without the
discovery of the _Philosophumena_, which alone contains
extracts from the _Apophasis magna_ (VI. i. 19). Tyre was
celebrated for its courtezans.
[15.46] Ἐχθρὸς ἄνθρωπος, ἀντικείμενος. See Homil. Pseudo-Clem. hom.
xvii. passim.
[15.47] Thus in the Pseudo-Clementine literature, the name of Simon
the Magician indicates sometimes the apostle Paul, against
whom the writer had a spite.
[15.48] It may be observed that in _Acts_, he is not treated as an
enemy, but only reproached as of low sentiments, and room is
left for repentance, (viii, 24). Perhaps Simon was living when
those lines were written, and his relations to Christianity
had not yet become absolutely hostile.
{15.49} {Jos., _Ant._, XX, vii., 1.}
CHAPTER XVI.
[16.1] _Acts_ xii. 1, 25. Remark the context.
[16.2] I Peter v. 13; Papias in Euseb. _Hist. Acc._ iii 39.
[16.3] Acts xiii. 2.
[16.4] Gal. i. 15, 16; Acts xvii. 15, 21; xxvi. 17-18; I Cor. i 1;
Rom. i, 1, 5; xv. 15, etc.
[16.5] Acts xiii. 5.
[16.6] The author of Acts, being a partisan of the hierarchy and of
church-domination, has perhaps inserted this circumstance.
Paul knew nothing of any such ordination or consecration. He
received his commission from Christ, and did not consider
himself any more especially the envoy of the church of Antioch
than of that of Jerusalem.
[16.7] _Acts_ xiii. 3; xiv. 25.
[16.8] In I. Peter v. 13, Babylon means Rome.
[16.9] Cic. Pro Archia, 10.
[16.10] Jos., B. J., II. xx. 2; VII. iii 3.
[16.11] _Acts_ xviii. 24, &c.
[16.12] See Philo. _De Vita Contempl._ passim.
[16.13] Pseudo-Hermes. _Asclepius_, fol. 158, v. 159 r. (Florence
Juntes, 15,12.)
[16.14] Cic. _Pro Flacco_, 28; Philo. _In Flaccum_, § 7; Leg. ad
Caium, § 36; _Acts_ ii. 5-11; vi. 9; Corp. Inscr. Gr. No. 5361.
[16.15] Lex. Wisigoth; lib. xii, tit. ii. and iii in Walter. Corp.
jur. German. Antiq. L I. p. 630, &c.
[16.16] See Vie de Jésus, p. 137.
[16.17] Philo. _In Flacc._, § 5 and 6; Jos. _Ant._ XVIII. viii 1; XIX
v. 2, B. J. II. xviii. 7, etc.; VII. x. 1. Papyrus printed in
_Notices et Extraits_ XVIII., 2d part, p. 383, etc.
[16.18] Dion Cass., XXXVII. 17; LX 6. Philo. _Leg. ad Caium_, § 23.
Jos. _Ant._ XIV. x. 8; XVII. xi. 1; XVIII. iii. 5; Hor. Sat.
I. iv. 142-143; v. 100; ix. 69, &c; Pers. 5, 179-184; Suet.
_Lib._ 36; _Claud._ 25; _Domit._ 12; Juv. iii. 14; vi. 542, &c.
[16.19] _Pro. Flac._ 28.
[16.20] Jos. _Ant._ XIV. x.; Suet. Jul. 84.
[16.21] Suet. _Lib._ 36; Tac. _Ann._ ii. 85; Jos. _Ant._ XVIII. iii.
4, 5.
[16.22] Dion Cass. LX. 6.
{16.23} {Suétone, _Claude_, 25; _Act._, xviii, 2; Dion
Cassius, LX, 6.}
[16.24] Jos. B. J., VII. iii. 3.
[16.25] Seneca, fragment in Aug. _De Civ._ Dei, vi. 11; Rutilius
Numatianus i. 395, &c.; Jos. Contr. Apion, ii. 39; Juv. Sat.
vi. 544; xiv: 96, &c.
[16.26] Philo. _In_ Flacc. § 5; Tac. _Hist._ v. 4, 5, 8; Dion. Cass.
xlix. 22; Juv. xiv. 103; Diod. Sic. fragm. 1 of lib. xxxiv.
and iii of lib. xl.; Philostr. _Vit. Apol._ v. 33; I. Thess.
ii. 15.
[16.27] Jos. _Ant._ XIV. x.; XVI. vi.; XX. viii 7; Philo. _In Flacc._
and _Legatio ad Caium._
[16.28] Jos. _Ant._ XVIII. iii. 4, 3 Juv. vi. 543, &c.
[16.29] Jos. _Contr. Apion_, passim; passages above cited from Tacitus
and Diodorus Siculus; Trog. Pomp. (Justin) xxxvi 411; Ptolem.
Hephestion or Chennus, in Script. Poet. Hist. Græci of
Westermann, p. 194. Cf. Quintilian, III. vii. 2.
[16.30] Cic. _Pro Flacco_, 28; Tac. Hist. v. 5; Juv. xiv. 103-104;
Diodorus Siculus and Philostratus, u. s.; Rutilius Numatianus
i. 383, &c.
[16.31] Martial iv. 4; Amm. Marc. xxii. 5.
[16.32] Suet. _Aug._ 76; Horace Sat. I. ix. 69, &c; Juv. iii. 13-16,
296; vi. 156-160, 542-547; xiv. 96-107; Martial. Epigr. iv. 4;
vii. 29, 34, 54; xi. 95; xii. 57; Rutilius Numat. l. c. Jos.
_Contra Apion_, ii. 13; Philo. _Leg. ad_ Caium. § 26-28.
[16.33] Martial, Epigr. xii. 57.
[16.34] Juvenal, Sat. iii. 14; vi. 542.
[16.35] Juvenal, Sat. iii. 296; vi. 543, &c.; Martial, Epigr. i. 42;
xii. 57.
[16.36] Martial, Epigr. i. 42; xii. 57; Statius Silves, I. vi. 73-74,
and Forcellini on word _sulphuratum_.
[16.37] Horace, Sat. I. v. 100; Juvenal, Sat. vi. 544, &c., xiv. 96,
&c; Apul. _Florida_, i. 6.
[16.38] Dion Cass. lxviii. 32.
[16.39] Tac. Hist. v. 5, 9; Dion Cass, lxvii 14.
[16.40] Hor. Sat. I. ix. 70; _Judæus_ Apella, appears to be a joke of
the same kind (see the scholiasts Acron and Porphyrion upon
Hor. Sat. I. v. 100); compare the passage from S. Anitus,
_Poemata_, v. 364, cited by Forcellini on the word Apella,
but which I do not find either in the editions of this Father
or in the ancient Latin manuscript, Bibl. Imp. No. 11320, as
given by the learned lexicographer; Juv. Sat. xiv. 99, &c.;
Martial Epigr. vii. 29, 34, 54; xi. 95.
[16.41] Jos. Contr. Apion ii. 39; Tac. _Ann._ ii. 85, Hist. v. 5; Hor.
Sat. I. iv. 142, 143; Juv. xiv. 96, &c.; Dion Cass, xxxvii.
17; lxvii 14.
[16.42] Martial, Epigr. i. 42; xii. 57.
[16.43] Juv. Sat. vi. 546, &c.
[16.44] Jos. _Ant._ xviii. iii. 5; xx. 11, 4; B. J. II. xx. 2; Act
xiii. 50; xvi. 14.
[16.45] _Loc. cit._
[16.46] Jos. _Ant._, xx. 11, 5; iv. 1.
[16.47] Passages already cited. Strabo shows much greater justice and
penetration (xvi. 11, 34, &c.) Comp. Dion. Cass, xxxvii. 17,
&c.
[16.48] Tac. Hist. v. 5.
[16.49] Jos. Contr. Apion ii. 39.
[16.50] Martial, xii. 57.
[16.51] Jos. _Ant._ xiv. x. 6, 11, 14.
[16.52] Eccl. x. 25, 27.
[16.53] Rom. i. 24, &c.
[16.54] Zach. viii. 23.
[16.55] Hor. Sat. I. ix. 69; Pers. v. 179, &c. Juv. Sat. vi. 159; xiv.
96, &c.
[16.56] Contr. Apion ii. 39.
[16.57] Pers. v. 179-184; Juv. vi. 157-160. The remarkable
preoccupation about Judaism which may be observed in the Roman
writers of the first century, especially the satirists, arises
from this circumstance.
[16.58] Juv. Sat. iii. 62, &c.
[16.59] Cic. _De Prov._ consul, 5.
[16.60] The children whose appearance had most pleased me on my first
visit, I found four years later, ugly, vulgar, and stupid.
[16.61] Πατρῷοις θεοῖς a very frequent formula in the inscriptions of
the Syrians (Corp. Inscr. Græc. Nos. 4449, 4450, 4451, 4463,
4479, 4480, 6015).
[16.62] Corp. Inscr. Græc. Nos. 4474, 4475, 5936; _Mission de
Phenicie_, I. ii c. ii. (in press), inscription of Abeda.
Comp. Corpus, Nos. 2271, 5853.
[16.63] Ζεύς οὐράνιος, ἐπουράνιος, ὕψιστος, μέγιστος, θεὸς σατράπης,
Corpus Inscr. Gr. Nos. 4500, 4501, 4502, 4503, 6012; Lepsius,
Denkmæler, t. xii fol. 100. No. 590. Mission de Phenicie,
p. 103, 104.
[16.64] I have developed this in the _Journal Asiatique_ for February
1859, p. 259, &c., and in _Mission de Phenicie_, 1. II. c. ii.
[16.65] Syrian code in Land, _Anecdota Syriaca_, i. p. 152, and
different facts which I have witnessed.
[16.66] Born in Haran.
[16.67] See Forcellini, word _Syrus._ This word designates Orientals
generally. Leblant, _Inscript._ Chrét. de la Gaule, i. p. 207,
328, 329.
[16.68] Juvenal, iii. 62-63.
[16.69] Such is at this day the temperament of the Syrian Christian.
[16.70] Inscriptions in _Mem._ de la Soc. des Antiquaires de Fr. t.
xxviii. 4, &c. Leblant, Inscript. Chrét. de la Gaule, i. p.
cxliv. 207, 324, &c. 353, &c. ii. 259, 459, &c.
[16.71] The Maronites colonize still in nearly all the Levant like the
Jews, Armenians, and Greeks, though on a smaller scale.
[16.72] Cic. _De Offic._ i. 42; Dion. Hal. ii. 28; ix. 28.
[16.73] See the characters of slaves in Plautus and Terence.
[16.74] II. Cor. xii. 9.
[16.75] Tacit. _Ann._ ii. 85.
CHAPTER XVII.
[17.1] Tacit. _Ann._ i. 2; Florus, iv. 3; Pomponius in the Digest, 1;
I. Tit. ii., fr. 2.
[17.2] Helicon. Apelles, Euceres, etc. The Oriental kings were
considered by the Romans to surpass in tyranny the worst of
the emperors. Dion. Cassius lix. 24.
[17.3] See inscription of the Parasite of Antony in the _Comptes
Rendus de l'Acad. des Inscr. et B. L._, 1864, p. 166, etc.
Comp. Tacit. _Ann._ iv. 55, 56.
[17.4] See for example the funeral oration on Turia by her husband,
Q. Lucretius Vespillo, of which the complete epigraphic text
was first published by Mommsen in _Memoires de l'Academie de
Berlin_, 1863, p. 455, &c. Compare funeral oration on Murdia
(Orelli, Inscr. Lat. No. 4860), and on Matilda by the emperor
Adrian (_Mem. de l'Acad. de Berlin_, u. s. 483, &c.). We
are too much preoccupied by passages of the Latin satirists
in which the vices of women are sharply exposed. It is as
if we were to design a general tableau of the morals of the
seventeenth century from Mathurin, Regnier, and Boileau.
[17.5] Orelli, Nos. 2647, &c., especially 2677, 2742, 4530, 4860;
Henzen, Nos. 7382, &c., especially No. 7406; Renier, Inscr. de
l'Algerie, No. 1987. They may have been false epithets, but
they prove at least the estimation of virtue.
[17.6] Plin. _Epist._ vii. 19; ix. 13; Appian, Bell. Civ. iv. 36.
Fannia twice followed to exile her husband, Helvidius Priscus,
and was banished a third time after his death.
[17.7] The heroism of Arria is well known.
[17.8] Suet. _Aug._ 73; Fun. Orat. on Turia, i, line 30.
[17.9] Ib. 31.
[17.10] The too severe opinion of Paul (Rom. i. 24, &c.) is explicable
in the same way. Paul was not acquainted with the higher
social life of Rome. Besides, these clerical invectives are
not to be taken literally.
[17.11] Sen. Ep. xii., xxiv., xxvi., lviii., lxx.; De Ira. iii. 15. De
Tranq. anim. 10.
[17.12] Apoc. xvii.; Cf. Sen. Ep. xcv. 16, &c.
[17.13] Suet. _Aug._ 48.
[17.14] The inscriptions contain countless examples.
[17.15] Plut. Græc. Ger. Reipubl. xv. 3-4; An seni sit ger. resp.,
passim.
[17.16] Jos. Ant. xiv., x. 22, 23; Comp. Tacit. _Ann._ iv. 55, 56.
Rutilius Numatianus, _Itin._ i. 63, &c.
[17.17] "Immensa romanæ pacis majestas." Plin. _Hist. Nat._ xxvii. 1.
[17.18] Ælius Arist. _Eloge de Rome_, passim; Plut. _Fortune_ des
_Romains_; Philo. _Leg. ad Caium_, § 21, 22, 39, 40.
[17.19] Dion. Hal. Antiq. Rom. i., comm.
[17.20] Plut. Solon. 20.
[17.21] See Athen. xii. 68; Ælian, _Var._ Hist. ix. 12; Suidas, word
Ἐπίκουρος.
[17.22] Tacit. _Ann._ i. 2.
[17.23] Study the character of Euthyphron in Plato.
[17.24] Diog. Laert. ii. 101, 116; v. 5, 6, 37, 38; ix. 52; Athen.
xiii. 92; xv. 52; Ælian, _Var. Hist._ ii. 23; iii. 36; Plut.
Pericles, 32; De Plac. Philos. I, vii. 2; Diod. Sic. XIII.,
vi. 7; Aristoph. in Aves, 1073.
[17.25] Particularly under Vespasian, as in the case of Helvidius
Priscus.
[17.26] We shall show later that these persecutions, at least until
that of Decius, have been much exaggerated.
[17.27] The early Christians were in fact very respectful towards
Roman authority. Rom. xiii. i., &c.; I. Peter iv. 14, 16. As
to St. Luke, see the Introduction to this work.
[17.28] Diog. Laert. vii. 1, 32, 33; Euseb. Prepar. Evang. xv. 15, and
in general the _De Legibus_ and _De Officiis_ of Cicero.
[17.29] Terence, _Heautont._ I. i. 77, Cic. De Finibus Bon. et Mal.,
v. 23; _Partit. Orat._, 16, 24: Ovid, Fasti, ii. 684; Lucian
vi. 54, &c.; Sen., Epist. xlviii, xcv. 51, &c.; De Ira, i. 5;
iii. 43; Arrian. Dissert. Epict. I. ix. 6; ii. v. 26; Plut.
Roman. 2; Alexander, i. 8, 9.
[17.30] Virg. Eclog. iv.; Sen. Medea, 375, &c.
[17.31] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 85; Suet. Tib. 35; Ovid. Fast. ii. 497-514.
[17.32] he inscriptions for women contain the most touching
expressions. "Mater omnium hominum, parens omnibus
subveniens," in Renier, Inscr. de l'Algerie, No. 1987, Comp.
ibid. No. 2756; Mommsen, Inscr. R. N., No. 1431. "Duobus
virtutis et castitatis exemplis." _Not. et Mem. de la Soc.
de Constantine_, 1865, p. 158. See inscription of Urbanilla in
Guerin, Voy. Archéol. in Tunis, i. 289, and a beautiful one,
Orelli, No. 4648. Some of these texts are subsequent to the
first century; but the sentiments they express were not new
when they were written.
[17.33] Table-Talk I., v. 1; Demosth. 2; the Dialogue on Love, 2; and
Consol. ad Uxorem.
[17.34] "Caritas generis humani." Cic. _De Finibus_, v. 23. "Homo
sacra res homini," Sen. Epist. xcv. 33.
[17.35] Sen. Epist. xxxi., xlvii.; De Benef., iii. 18, &c.
[17.36] Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 42, &c.; Suet. Claud. 25; Dion Cass. lx. 29;
Plin. Ep. viii. 16; Inscr. Lanuv. col. 2 lines, 1-4 (Mommsen
_De Coll et Sodal._ Rom., ad calcem); Sen. Rhet. Controv.
iii. 21; vii. 6; Sen. Phil. Epist. xlvii; De Benef. iii., 18,
&c, Columella. _De re rustica_, i. 8; Plut, the Elder, 5; _De
Ira_, 11.
[17.37] Epist. xlvii., 13.
[17.38] Cato. _De re rustica_, 58, 59, 104; Plut. Cato, 4, 5. Compare
the severe maxims of Ecclesiasticus xxxiii. 25, &c.
[17.39] Tac. Ann. xiv. 60; Dion Cass, xlvii. 10; lx. 16; lxii. 13;
lxvi. 14. Suet. Caius, 16; Appia, Bell. Civ. iv., from ch.
xvii. (especially ch. xxxvi. &c), to ch. li. Juv. vi. 476,
&c., describes the manners of the worst class.
[17.40] Hor. Sat. i. vi. 1, &c.; Cic. Epist. iii 7; Sen. Rhet.
_Controv._ i. 6.
[17.41] Suet. Caius, 15, 16; Claud. 19, 23, 25; Nero, 16; Dion Cass.
lx. 25-29.
[17.42] Tac. _Ann._ vi. 17; comp. iv. 6.
[17.43] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 50, 51; Suet. Nero, 10.
[17.44] Epitaph of the jeweller, Evhodus (hominis boni, misericordis,
amatis pauperis). _Corp. Inscr. Lat._ No. 1027, and
inscription of the age of Augustus (Cf. Egger, _Mem.
d'Histoire et de Phil._, p. 351, &c); Perrot, _Exploration de
la Galatie_, &c., p. 118, 119, πτωχοὺς φιλέοντα; Funeral
Oration of Matilda by Adrian (_Mem. de l'Acad. de Berlin_
for 1863, p. 489); Mommsen. Inscr. Regni Neap. Nos. 1431, 2868,
4880; Seneca Rhet., _Controv._ I. i.; iii 19; iv. 27, viii. 6;
Sen. Phil. _De Elem._ ii. 5, 6. De Benef. i l; ii. ll; iv. 14;
vii. 31. Compare Leblant Inscr. Chret. de la Gaule, ii. p. 23,
&c; Orelli, No. 4657, Fea _Framm de Frasti Consol._, p. 90;
R. Garrucci, _Cimitera degli ant. Ebrei_, p. 44.
[17.45] Corp. Inscr. Græc, No. 2758.
[17.46] Ibid. Nos. 2194 b. 2511, 2759 b.
[17.47] It must be borne in mind that Corinth in the Roman epoch was a
colony of foreigners, formed upon the site of the ancient city
by Cæsar and Augustus.
[17.48] Lucian, Demonax, 37.
[17.49] Dion Cassius, lxvi. 15.
[17.50] See Ælius Aristides, Treatise against Comedy, 751, &c., ed.
Dindorf.
[17.51] It is worthy of note that in several cities of Asia Minor the
remains of the ancient theatres are at this day haunts of
debauchery. Comp. Ov. Amor. i. 89, &c.
[17.52] Orelli-Henzen Nos. 1172, 3362, &c., 6669; Guerin, Voy. en
Tunisie, 11, p. 59; Borghesi, _Œuvres Completes_, iv. p. 269,
&c.; E. Desjardins. _De tabulis alimentariis_ (Paris 1854);
Aurelius Victor. Epitome, Nerva; Plin. Epist. i. 8; vii. 18.
[17.53] Inscriptions in Desjardins, op. cit. pars ii. cap. 1.
[17.54] Suet. _Aug._ 41, 46; Dion Cass. li. 21; lviii. 2.
[17.55] Tac. _Ann._ ii. 87; vi. 13; xv. Suet. Aug. 41, 42; Claud. 18.
Comp. Dion Cass. lxii. 18; Orelli, No. 3358 &c.; Henzen, 6662,
&c.; Forcellini, article _Tessera frumentaria_.
[17.56] Odyss. vi. 207.
[17.57] Eurip. _Suppl._ v. 773, &c.; Aristotle Rhetor. II. v. iii.
and Nicomachus viii. 1; IX. x. See Stobeus Florilegus xxxvii.
cxiii. and in general the fragments of Menander, and the Greek
comedians.
[17.58] Aristotle Polit. VI. iii. 4. 5.
[17.59] Cic. Tusc. iv. 7-8; Sen. De Clem. ii. 5. 6.
[17.60] Papyrus at the Louvre, No. 37, col. 1. line 21. Notices et
Extraits xviii. 2d part, p. 298.
[17.61] V. ante.
[17.62] Apoc. xvii. &c.
[17.63] Virg. Ec. iv. Georg. i. 463, &c.; Horace Od. I. ii; Tac.
_Ann._ vi. 12; Suet. Aug. 31.
[17.64] See for example De Republ. iii. 22, cited and preserved by
Lactantius Instit. div. vi. 8.
[17.65] See the admirable letter, xxxi. to Lucilius.
[17.66] Suet. Vesp. 18; Dion Cass. t. vi. p. 558 (edit. Sturz); Euseb.
Chron. A.D. 89. Plin. Epist. i. 8; Henzen, Suppl. to Orelli,
p. 124, No. 1172.
[17.67] Funeral Oration of Turia, i. lines 30-31.
[17.68] See first book of Valerius Maximus; Julius Obsequens on
Prodigies; and _Discours Sacrés_ of Ælius Aristides.
[17.69] Augustus (Suet. Aug. 90-92) and even Cæsar, it is said, (but I
doubt,) (Plin. Hist. Nat. xxviii. iv. 7) did not escape it.
[17.70] Manilius, Hygin. translations from Aratus.
[17.71] Cic. Pro Archia, 10.
[17.72] Suet. Claud. 25.
[17.73] Jos. _Ant._ XIX. v. 3.
[17.74] _Bereschith rabba_ ch. lxv. fol. 65b; Du Cange, word
_matricularius_.
[17.75] Cic. _De Legibus_, ii. 8; Vopiscus. Aurelian, 19.
[17.76] Religio sine superstitione, Orat. fun. Turia i. lines 30-31.
See Plu. de Superstit.
[17.77] See Melito, Περὶ ἀληθείας, in _Spicilegium Syriacum_ of Cureto,
p. 43, or _Spicil. Solesmense_ of dom Pitra, t. ii. p. xli.,
to get a good idea of the impression made by it upon the Jews
and Christians.
[17.78] Suet. Aug. 52; Dion Cass. li. 20; Tac. _Ann._ i. 10; Aurel.
Victor. Ceas, i. Appian. Bell. Civ. v. 132; Jos. B. J., I.
xxi. 2, 3, 4, 7. Noris, _Cenotaphia Pisana_, dissert. i. cap.
4; _Kalendarium Cumanum_, in Corpus Inscr. Lat. i. p. 310;
Eckhel. Doctrina Num. Vet. pars 2d. vol. vi. p. 100, 124, &c.
[17.79] Tac. _Ann._ iv. 55-56. Comp. Valer. Maxim. prol.
[17.80] Ante, p. 193, &c.
[17.81] Corinth, the only Grecian town which was considerably
Christianized during the first century, was no longer at this
period a Hellenic city.
[17.82] Heracl. Corn. Comp. Cic. De Nat. Deorum, iii. 23, 25, 60, 62,
64.
[17.83] Plut. Consol. ad ux. 10; _De sera numinis vindicta_, 22;
Heuzey. _Mission de Macedoine_, p. 128. _Revue Archéologique_,
April, 1864, p. 282.
[17.84] Lucret., i. 63, &c.; Sallust. Catil. 52; Cic. De Nat. Deorum.
ii. 24, 28. _De Divinat._ ii. 33, 35, 57; _De Haruspicorum
Responsis_, passim; Tuscul. i. 16; Juvenal, Sat. ii. 149, 152;
Sen. Epist. xxiv. 17.
[17.85] Sua cuique civitati religio est, nostra nobis. Cic. Pro
Flacco, 28.
[17.86] Cic. _De Nat. Deorum_, i. 30, 42; De Divinat. ii. 12, 33,
35, 72. _De_ Harusp. Resp. 6, etc.; Liv. i. 19, Quint. Curt.
iv. 10. Plut. _De plac. phil._ I. vii. 2; Diod. Sic. I. ii.
2. Varro. in Aug. _De civit. Dei_ ,iv. 31, 32; vi. 6. Dion.
Halic. ii. 20. viii. 5. Valer. Maxim. I. ii.
[17.87] Cic. De Divinat. ii. 15; Juvenal, ii. 149, &c.
[17.88] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 15. Plin. Epist. x. 97. _sub. fin._ Serapin in
Plut. _De Pythiæ Oraculis_. Comp. _De EI apud Delphos_, init.
See also Valer. Maxim I., _passim_.
[17.89] Juv. Sat. vi. 489, 527, &c. Tac. _Ann._ xi. 15. Comp. Lucian
_Conv. Deorum_; Tertull. _Apolog._ 6.
[17.90] Jos. _Ant._ xviii. iii. 4; Tac. _Ann._ ii. 85; Le Bas,
_Inscr._ part v. No. 395.
[17.91] Plut. De Pyth. orac. 25.
[17.92] See Lucian, _Alexander seu pseudomantis_ and _De morte
Peregrini_.
[17.93] Sen. Epist. xii. xxiv. lxv. Inscr. Lanuv. 2d col. lines 5-6;
Orelli, 4404.
[17.94] Dion Cass. lxvi. 13; lxvii. 13; Suet. Domit. 10. Tac.
_Agricola._ 2.45; Plin. _Epist._ III. ii.; Philostr. Vit.
Apollon. I. vii. passim. Euseb. _Chron._ A.D. 90.
[17.95] Dion Cass. lxii. 29.
[17.96] Arrian, Dissert. de Epictet. I. ii. 21.
[17.97] Ibid. I. xxv. 22.
CHAPTER XVIII.
[18.1] Val. Max., I. iii; Liv. XXXIX. 8-18; Cic., _De Legibus_,
II. 8; Dion Halic., II. 20; Dion Cass., XL. 47; XLII. 26;
Tertull., _Apol._ 6; _Adv. nationes_, I. 10.
[18.2] Propert., IV. i. 17; Lucian, VIII. 831; Dion Cass., XLVII. 15;
Arnob ii. 73.
[18.3] Val. Maxim. I. iii. 3.
[18.4] Dion Cass. XLVII. 15.
[18.5] Jos., XLV. x. Comp. Cic., _Pro Flacco_, 28.
[18.6] Suet., _Aug._, 31, 93; Dion Cass., lii. 36.
[18.7] Suet., _Aug._, 93.
[18.8] Dion Cass., LVI. 6.
[18.9] Jos. _Ant._ XVI. vi.
[18.10] Ibid. XVI. vi. 2.
[18.11] Dion Cass., LII. 36.
[18.12] Jos., B. J., V. xiii. 6. Comp. Suet.], Aug., 93.
[18.13] Suet., Tib., 36; Tac., Ann., ii., 85; Jos., Ant. XVII., iii.,
4, 5; Philo., In Flaccum, § 4; Leg. ad Caium, § 24; Sen.
Epist. cviii. 22. The assertion of Tertullian (Apol. 5),
repeated by other ecclesiastical writers, that Tiberius had
formed the intention of placing Jesus Christ on the list of
gods, is not worth discussion.
[18.14] Dion Cass., lx. 6.
[18.15] Tacit. Ann., xi. 15.
[18.16] Dion Cass., lx. 6; Suet., Claud. 25; Acts xviii. 2.
[18.17] Dion Cass., lx. 6.
[18.18] Jos. Ant., XIX. v. 2; XX. vi. 3; B. J. II. xii. 7.
[18.19] Suet. Nero 56.
[18.20] Tac. Ann. xv. 44; Suet. Nero. 16. This will be developed
hereafter.
[18.21] Tac. Ann. xiii. 32.
[18.22] Comp. Dion Cass. Domit. sub fin; Suet. Domit. 15. This
distinction is formally made in the digest, I. xlvii., tit.
xxii., de Coll. et Corp. i. 3.
[18.23] Cic. Pro Flacco, 28.
[18.24] This distinction is indicated in the _Acts_ xvi. 20, 21; Cf.
xviii. 13.
[18.25] Cic. Pro Flacco, 28; Juv. xiv. 100 &c.; Tac. Hist, v., 4, 5;
Plin. Epist. x., 97; Dion Cass. L. ii. 36.
[18.26] Jos. B. J. VII. v. 2.
[18.27] Ælius Arist. Pro Serapide, 53. Jul. Orat. iv., p. 136, of
Spanheim's Ed., and the sculptures copied by Leblant in the
Bull. de la Soc. des Ant. de Fr., 1859, p. 191-193.
[18.28] Tac. Ann. ii. 85; Suet. Tib. 37; Jos. Ant. XVIII. iii. 4-5;
letter of Adrian in Vopisc. Vit. Saturn, 8.
[18.29] Dion Cass. xxxvii. 17.
[18.30] See the inscriptions collected in the Rev. Archéol. Nov. 1864,
391, &c.; Dec., 1864, p. 460, &c.; June, 1865, p. 451-452,
and p. 497, &c.; Sept., 1865, p. 214, &c.; Apr., 1866; Ross.
Inscr. Græc. ined. fasc., ii., No. 282, 291, 292; Hamilton,
Researches in Asia Minor, Vol. ii., No. 301. Corp. Inscr.
Græc. Nos. 120, 126, 2525 b. 2562; Rhangabe Antiq. Hellen. No.
811. Henzen, No. 6082; Virg. Ecl. v., 30. Comp. Harpocration
Lex. art ἐρανιστής. Festus art. Thiastas; Digest XLVII., xxii.,
de Coll. et Corp. 4; Plin. Epist. x., 93, 94.
[18.31] Aristot. Mor. Nicom. VIII., ix., 5. Plut. Quest. Græc. 44.
[18.32] Wescher, Archives des missions scientif. 2d series, v., i., p.
432, and Rev. Arch., Sept., 1865, p. 221, 222. Cf. Aristot.
Œconom. ii. 3. Strab. ix., i., 15. Corp. inscr. gr., No.
2271, lines 13-14.
[18.33] Κληρωτοί.
[18.34] Κλῆρος. The ecclesiastical etymology of κλῆρος is different,
and implies an allusion to the position of the tribe of Levi
in Israel. But it is not impossible that the word was
primarily derived from the Greek confraternities (cf. Act i.
25, 26; I. Petri, v. 3. Clem. Alex. in Euseb. H. E. iii. 23).
M. Wescher finds among the dignitaries of these societies an
ἐπίσκοπος (Revue Arch., April, 1866). See ante, p. 86. The
assembly was also called σῦναγωγή (Revue Arch., Sept., 1865,
p. 216; Pollux IV. viii., 143).
[18.35] Corp. inscr. Gr. No. 126. Comp. Rev. Arch. Sept. 1865, p. 216.
[18.36] Wescher in Revue Archeol. Dec. 1864, p. 460, &c.
[18.37] See ante, p. 338, note 2.
[18.38] The Greek confraternities were not entirely exempt. Inscr. in
Revue Archeol., Dec. 1864, p. 462, &c.
[18.39] Digest XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 4.
[18.40] Liv. XXIX. 10, &c. Orell. and Heuzen, Inscr. Lat. c. v. § 21.
[18.41] Dion. Cass. lii. 36; lx. 6.
[18.42] Liv. XXXIX. 8-18. Comp. decree in Corp. Inscr. Lat. I. p.
43-44. Cf. Cic. De Legibus ii. 8.
[18.43] Cic. Pro Sext. 25; In Pis. 4; Asconius, in Cornelianam 75
(edit. Orelli); In Pison. p. 7-8; Dion. Cass. XXXVIII. 13, 14;
Digest. III. iv. Quod cujusc. 1; XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et.
Corp. passim.
[18.44] Suet. Domit. 1; Dion. Cass. XLVII. 15; LX. 6, LXVI. 24;
passages of Tertullian and Arnobius before cited.
[18.45] Suet. Cass. 42; Aug. 32; Jos. Ant. XVI. x. 8; Dion. Cass. LII.
36.
[18.46] "Kaput ex. S. C. P. K. Quibus coire, convenire, collegiumque
habere liceat. Qui stipem menstruam conferre volent in funera,
ii. in collegium cocant, neque sub specie ejus colleginisi
semel in mense vocant conferendi causa unde defuncti
sepeliantur." Inscr. Lanuv. 1st col. lines 10-13 in Mommsen,
De collegiis et sodalitiis Romanorum (Kiliæ, 1843), p. 81-82
and ad calcem. Cf. Digest. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et. Corp. 1;
Tertull. Apol. 39.
[18.47] Inscr. Lanuv. 2d col. lines 3, 7; Digest. XLVII. xxii. de
Coll. et Corp. 3.
[18.48] Digest. XLVII. xi. de Extr. crim. 2.
[18.49] Ibid. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et. Corp. 1 and 3.
[18.50] Heuzey, Mission de Macedoine, p. 71, &c.; Orelli, Inscr. No.
4093.
[18.51] Orelli, 2409; Melchior et P. Visconti, Silloge d'iscrizioni
antiche, p. 6.
[18.52] See article relative to colleges of Esculapius and Hygiens,
of Jupiter Corninus, and of Dian and Antinous, in Mommsen,
op. cit. p. 93, &c. Comp. Orelli, Inscr. Lat. Nos. 1710, &c.,
2394, 2395, 2413, 4075, 4079, 4107, 4207, 4938, 5044; Mommsen,
op. cit. p. 96, 113, 114; de Rossi, Bulletin di Archeol.
Cristiana, 2d year, No. 8.
[18.53] Inscr. Lanuv., 1st col., lines 6-7; Orelli. 2270; de Rossi,
Bullett. di archeol. crist. 2d year, No. 8.
[18.54] Inscr. Lanuv., 2d col., lines 11-13; Orelli, 4420.
[18.55] Inscr. Lanuv., 1st col. lines 3, 9, 21; 2d col. lines 7-17;
Mommsen, Inscr. regni Neap. 2559; Marini. Atti. p. 598;
Muratori, 491, 7; Mommsen. De coll. et sod. p. 109, &c. 113,
Comy. I. Cor. xi, 20, &c. The president of the Christian
Churches was called by the pagans θιασάρχης. Lucien,
Peregrinus, II.
[18.56] Inscr. Lanuv. 2d col. line 7.
[18.57] Inscr. Lanuv. 2d col. lines 24-25.
[18.58] Ibid. 2d col. lines 26-29. Cf. Corpus Inscr. Gr. No. 126.
[18.59] Orelli, Inscr. Lat Nos. 2399, 2400, 2405, 4093, 4103. Mommsen,
De Coll. et Sod; Rom. p. 97; Heuzey u. s. Compare at this day
the little cemeteries of the societies at Rome.
[18.60] Hor. Sat. I. viii. 8.
[18.61] _Funeraticium._
[18.62] Inscr. Lanuv. 1st col, lines 24, 25, 32.
[18.63] Ib. 2d col. lines 3, 5.
[18.64] Cic. De Offic. 1, 17. Schol. Bibb. ad Cic. Pro Archia, x. 1.
Comp. Plut. De frat. amore, 7; Digest XLVII. xxii. de Coll.
et Corp. 4. In a Roman inscription the founder of a sepulchre
provides that only those of his own faith shall be buried
there, _ad religionem pertinentes meam_ (de Rossi, Bull. di
Archeol. Crist. 53d year No. 7, p. 64.)
[18.65] Tertull. Ad Scap. 3; de Rossi, op. cit. 3d year, No. 12.
[18.66] St. Justin, Apol. 1, 67; Tertull. Apollog. 39.
[18.67] Ulpi. Fragm. xxii. 6. Digest III. iv. Quod cujusc. 1; XLVI. 1,
de Fid. et Mand. 22, XLVII. ii. de Furtis, 31; XLVII. xxii. de
Coll. et Corp. 1, 3; Gruter. 322, 3, 4; 424, 12; Orelli, 4080;
Marini, Atti. p. 95. Muratori, 516, 1; Mem. de la Soc. des
Antiq. de Fr. XX. p. 78.
[18.68] Dig. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. passim; Inscr. Lanuv. 1st
col. lines 10-13; Marini, Atti. p. 552; Muratori, 520, 3;
Orelli 4075, 4115, 1567, 2797, 3140, 3913; Heuzen 6633, 6745;
Mommsen op. cit. p. 80, etc.
[18.69] Digest XLVII. xi. de Extr. crim. 2.
[18.70] Ibid. XLVII. xxii. de Coll. et Corp. 2; XLVIII. iv. ad Leg.
Jul. majest. 1.
[18.71] Dion Cass. LX. 6. Comp. Suet. Nero 16.
[18.72] See administrative correspondence of Pliny and Trajan. Plin.
Epist. X. 43, 93, 94, 97, 98.
[18.73] "Permittitur tenuioribus stipem menstruam conferre, dum tamen
semel in mense coeant, ne sub prætextu hujusmodi illicitum
collegium coeant (Dig. XLVII. xxii. _de Coll. et Corp._ 1)."
"Servos quoque licet in collegio tenuiorum recipi volentibus
dominis (_ibid._ 3)." Cf. Plin. Epist. X. 94; Tertull. Apol.
39.
[18.74] Digest I. xii. de Off. præf. urbi, 1. § 14 (Cf. Mommsen op.
cit. p. 127); III. iv. Quod cujusc. 1; XLVII. xx. de Coll.
et Corp. 3. The excellent Marcus Aurelius extended as far as
possible the right of association. Dig. XXXIV. v. de Rebus
dubiis, 20; XL. iii. de Manumissionibus, 1; XLVII. xxii. de
Coll. et Corp. 1.
CHAPTER XIX.
[19.1] See de Rossi, Bull. di Arch. Crist. 3d year, Nos. 3, 5, 6,
12, Eg. Pomponia Græcina (Tac. Ann. xiii. 32) under Nero as
already characteristic; but it is not certain that she was a
Christian.
[19.2] See de Rossi, _Roma Sotteranea_ I. p. 309; and pl. xxi. No. 12
and the epigraphic collations of Leon Renier, Comptes Rend. de
l'Acad. des Inscr. et B. L. 1865, p. 289, etc., and of Creuly,
Rev. Arch. Jan. 1866, p. 63-64. Comp. de Rossi, Bull. 3d year,
No. 10, p. 77-79.
[19.3] I. Cor. i. 26, etc.; Jac. ii. 5, etc.
[19.4] Αἶρε τοὺς ἀθέους. See relation of martyrdom of Polycarp. § 3,
9, 12. Ruinart. Acta sincera, p. 31, etc.
[19.5] Ebionim. See Vie de Jésus. Jac. ii. 5, etc. Comp. πτωχοὶ τῷ
πνεύματι, Matth. v. 3.
[19.6] See _ante_.
[19.7] Tac. Ann. XV. 44, Plin. Epist. X. 97; Suet. Nero 16; Domit.
15; Philopatris, passim. Rutil. Numat. 1, 389, etc.; 440, etc.
[19.8] John xv. 17, etc.; xvi. 8, etc., 33; xvii. 15, etc.
[19.9] James i. 27.
[19.10] I allude to the essential and primitive tendencies of
Christianity, not to the transformed Christianity now
preached, especially that of the Jesuits.
[19.11] See history of the origin of Babism by M. de Gobineau, _Les
Relig. et les Philos. dans l'Asie Centrale_ (Paris, 1865), p.
141, etc.; and by Mirza Kazem-beg in the _Journal Asiatique_
(in press). I myself have received information from two
individuals at Constantinople, who were personally mixed in
the affairs of Babism, which confirms the narration of these
two _savants_.
[19.12] M. de Gobineau, p. 301, etc.
[19.13] Another detail which I have from original sources is as
follows: Several of the sectaries, to compel them to retract,
were tied to the mouths of cannon, with a lighted slow-match
attached. The offer was made to them to cut off the match if
they would renounce Bab. In reply, they only stretched out
their hands towards the creeping spark, and besought it to
hasten and consummate their happiness.
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VILLETTE.-- do. do. do. $1.75
=Hand-Books of Society.=
THE HABITS OF GOOD SOCIETY; with thoughts, hints, and
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[Illustration]
Transcriber's Note
Errors in the text that were obviously those of the printer have been
corrected as noted below. A number of suspects, that have been allowed
to stand, are also noted. Punctuation is sometimes missing, especially
when followed by an endnote reference, and has been added or corrected
without further notice here. Inconsistencies of punctuation in the
endnotes have also been corrected.
On p. 25, the division of Acts into two books is mistranslated as
comprising twelve and seven (_sept_) chapters respectively. There are
sixteen (_seize_) chapters devoted to Paul's travels in II Acts.
A quotation from an earlier work of the author, beginning on p. 46,
with "I protest once for all...", ends on the following page with
the end of the paragraph ending with "in opposing war to war." However,
the closing quotation mark is missing. It has been added here, after
confirming the extent of the quote in the cited source.
On pp. 222 and 226, the seraglio of "Abennérig" (in the French original)
is referred to variously as "Aberverig" and "Abenverig". Neither are
correct but are retained.
This original French text used copious footnotes, which were gathered
by the translator into a "Notes" section at the end of the text, and
numbered sequentially within each chapter. In doing so, numerous errors
were introduced, leaving many references pointed to the wrong or missing
notes. These errors, to the best of our knowledge, have been corrected,
based on a contemporary French edition. Where necessary, the references
have been re-numbered, sequentially.
The chapter number is included in the note number, e.g. [1.10]. Thus,
[I.54] is the 54th note to the Introduction.
Where the anchor has been restored or corrected, curly braces were
used, as {1.6}. Any text supplied for the three missing notes
themselves is also delimited by braces.
The reference to note 4.25 is missing, though it appears in the Notes.
On p. 97, the following sentence was incompletely translated:
"The Jews of Egypt and Hellenists of Palestine, indeed, practised a
more tolerant system, and habitually perused the Greek translations
of the Bible."
The complete sentence from the original should have been:
"The Jews of Egypt and Hellenists of Palestine, indeed, practised a
more tolerant system; {they employed Greek in prayer}{4.25}, and
habitually perused the Greek translations of the Bible."
Rather than omit the reference to 4.25 along with the missing phrase,
it has been placed at the end of the sentence as printed.
The following references were simply misprinted, and have been
corrected: 10.6 -> 10.9 ; 12.83 -> 12.33; 15.6 -> 15.9.
In the Notes section, note 7.13 was misprinted as "31" and has been
corrected.
Reference 5.65 was used twice, resulting in the remaining 36 notes of
Chapter V being mis-referenced by one. The numbering for Chapter V has
been corrected.
On the other hand, the text of notes 1.6, 11.22, 15.49 and 16.23 were
missing altogether. These have been restored from the French edition,
and the notes renumbered accordingly. Curly brackets indicate these
additions and corrections, either for the references or for the notes
themselves.
The text of note 1.48 appeared redundantly in the text itself, an
obvious error, and has been removed.
Note 4.40 refers to Michael Hohl's "Bruchstücke aus dem Leben und den
Schriften Edward Irving's". The printer interposed a semi-colon before
Irving's name, fooled, no doubt, by the change to normal font for the
English name in the German citation. This semi-colon has been removed.
The word "Bruhstucke" was also corrected.
Note 11.79 of Chapter XI includes a reference to Wustenfeld's
"_Zeitschrift für vergleichende Erdkunde_" as "_Zeitschrift für
vergleschende Erakunde". This was corrected. Also in this note, there
is a reference to "Wilson, _The Lands of the Bible_, II., 345, 355-52."
The final page reference is obviously incorrect, and, based on Wilson's
text, perhaps "355-57" was meant. This corresponds to a description of
Damascus.
Other issues and their resolutions are as follows. Pagination indicates
the location in the original text.
p. 12 I do not [attend] to repeat _sic._
p. 25 and the other containing the seven[teen] _sic._
remaining chapters
p. 38 Show me[ ]a specimen Added.
p. 45 if I[ ]were no longer able Added.
p. 47 opposing war to war.["] Added.
p. 50 excommu[n]icates Added.
p. 53 les[s]ened Added.
p. 62 3[6/1] Corrected.
p. 72 that they would [need] him there "meet"?
p. 92 expens[vi/iv]e Transposed.
p. 94 It was the Divine breath[[6]] Added.
p. 95 with [garbes] of flame _sic._
p. 115 and[ ]in Added.
p. 134 vi[is/si]ted Transposed.
p. 143 Palestineans _cf._ p. 239.
Palestinians.
p. 203 near the Pantheon[?/.] Corrected.
p. 204 Ghisra _cf._ p. 198.
Ghisira
p. 222 Abermerig _sic._
p. 225 Abenverig _sic._
p. 291 as widely as a[t] present. Added.
p. 298 Ignatius Loyola[./?] Corrected.
p. 307 Théologie Chretienne[ ]au siècle Apostolique Added.
(Paris, Lévy, 1864), p. 223, &c.[)]; Removed.
p. 323 [Prononciatian] Grecque _sic._
p. 325 [8.20] Compare _Acts_ xxiv. 27;
[xvv/xxv]. 9. Corrected.
p. 333 ὅσα ἐποίει μετ' αὐτῶν οὖ[τ]σα Removed.
p. 337 II. Cor. xii. 1[-]5. Added.
_Contre Julien_ ii. p. 39, [(]Spanheim ed.) Added.
p. 340 the two movements of Jud[u/a]s and Theudas Corrected.