for all the English-speaking lovers of Russian literature appeared in
America. I mean the _Anthology of Russian Literature from the earliest
Period to the present Time_, by Leo Wiener, assistant professor of
Slavic languages at Harvard University, published in two stately
volumes by Messrs. Putnam’s Sons at New York. The first volume (400
pages) contains a rich selection from the earliest documents of Russian
literature--the annals, the epic songs, the lyric folk-songs, etc., as
also from the writers of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries.
It contains, moreover, a general short sketch of the literature of
the period and a mention is made of all the English translations from
the early Russian literature. The second volume (500 pages) contains
abstracts, with short introductory notes and a full bibliography,
from all the chief authors of the nineteenth century, beginning with
Karamzín and ending with Tchéhoff, Górkiy, and Merezhkóvskiy. All this
has been done with full knowledge of Russian literature and of every
author; the choice of characteristic abstracts hardly could be better,
and the many translations which Mr. Wiener himself has made are very
good. In this volume, too, all the English translations of Russian
authors are mentioned, and we must hope that their number will now
rapidly increase. Very many of the Russian authors have hardly been
translated at all, and in such cases there is nothing else left but
to advise the reader to peruse French or German translations. Both
are much more numerous than the English, a considerable number of the
German translations being embodied in the cheap editions of Reklam.
A work concerning Malo-Russian (Little-Russian) literature, on lines
similar to those followed by Mr. Wiener, has appeared lately under the
title, _Vik; the Century, a Collection of Malo-Russian Poetry and Prose
published from 1708 to 1898_, 3 vols. (Kiev, Peter Barski); (analysed
in _Athenæum_, January 10, 1903.)
Of general works which may be helpful to the student of Russian
literature I shall name Ralston’s _Early Russian History_, _Songs
of the Russian People_, and _Russian Folk Tales_ (1872-1874), as
also his translation of Afanásieff’s _Legends_; Rambaud’s _La Russie
épique_ (1876) and his excellent _History of Russia_ (Engl. trans.);
_Le roman russe_, by Voguë; _Impressions of Russia_, by George Brandes
(translated by Eastman; Boston, 1889), and his _Moderne Geister_, which
contains an admirable chapter on Turguéneff.
Of general works in Russian, the following may be named: _History of
Russian Literature in Biographies and Sketches_, by P. Polevóy, 2
vols., illustrated (1883; new edition, enlarged, in 1903); and _History
of the New Russian Literature from 1848 to 1898_, by A. Skabitchévskiy,
4th ed., 1900, with 52 portraits. Both are reliable, well written, and
not bulky works--the former being rather popular in character, while
the second is a critical work which goes into the analysis of every
writer. The recently published _Gallery of Russian Writers_, edited by
I. Ignátoff (Moscow, 1901), contains over 250 good portraits of Russian
authors, accompanied by one page notices, quite well written, of their
work. A very exhaustive work is _History of the Russian Literature_
by A. Pýpin, in 4 vols., (1889), beginning with the earliest times
and ending with Púshkin, Lérmontoff, Gógol, and Koltsóff. The same
author has written a _History of Russian Ethnography_, also in 4 vols.
Among works dealing with portions only of the Russian literature the
following may be mentioned: Tchernyshévskiy’s _Critical Articles_,
St. Petersburg, 1893; Annenkoff’s _Púshkin and His Time_; O. Miller’s
_Russian Writers after Gógol_; Merezhkóvskiy’s books on Púshkin and
another on Tolstóy; and Arsénieff’s _Critical Studies of Russian
Literature_, 2 vols., 1888 (mentioned in the text); and above all,
of course, the collections of _Works_ of our critics: Byelínskiy (12
vols.); Dobrolúboff (4 vols.), Písareff (6 vols.), and Mihailóvskiy (6
vols.), completed by his _Literary Reminiscences_.
A work of very great value, which is still in progress, is the
_Biographic Dictionary of Russian Writers_, published and nearly
entirely written by S. Venguéroff, who is also the editor of new,
scientifically prepared editions of the complete works of several
authors (Byelínskiy is now published). Excellent biographies and
critical sketches of all Russian writers will be found in the _Russian
Encyclopædia Dictionary_ of Brockhaus-Efron. The first two volumes of
this Dictionary (they will be completed in an Appendix) were brought
out as a translation of the _Lexikon_ of Brockhaus; but the direction
was taken over in good time by a group of Russian men of science,
including Mendeléeff, Woiéikoff, V. Solovióff, etc., who have made of
the 82 volumes of this _Dictionary_, completed in 1904 (at 6 sh. the
volume)--one of the best encyclopædias in Europe. Suffice it to say
that all articles on chemistry and chemical technics have been either
written or carefully revised by Mendeléeff.
Complete editions of the works of most of the Russian writers have
lately been published, some of them by the editor Marks, in connection
with his weekly illustrated paper, at astoundingly low prices, which
can only be explained by a circulation which exceeds 200,000 copies
every year. The work of Gógol, Turguéneff, Gontcharóff, Ostróvskiy,
Boborýkin, Tchéhoff, and some minor writers, like Danilévskiy and
Lyeskóff, are in this case.
FOOTNOTES:
[24] I borrow these remarks about the predecessors of Byelínskiy from
an article on Literary Criticism in Russia, by Professor Ivánoff, in
the _Russian Encyclopædic Dictionary_, Vol. 32, 771.
[25] The speech of Homyakóff is reproduced in Skabitchévskiy’s
_History_ (l. c.). I was very anxious to get Tolstóy’s speech, because
I think that the ideas he expressed about “the permanent in Art, the
universal” hardly did exclude the denunciation of the ills from which a
society suffers at a given moment. Perhaps he meant what Nekrásoff also
meant when he described the literature to which Schédrin’s _Provincial
Sketches_ had given origin as “a flagellation of the petty thieves
for the pleasure of the big ones.” Unfortunately, this speech was not
printed, and the manuscript of it could not be found.
INDEX
Abolition of serfdom committees, 119
Absolutism, historical necessity of, 272
Æsthetics, philosophical, 287
theories of, 290
of the leisured class, 306
Agricultural Academy of Moscow, 302
Agricultural labourers in Western Europe, hardships of, 267
Agricultural population of Russia, immense, 244
Agricultural village, life in an, 245
“Akib, the Assyrian King,” 8
Aksákoff, Iván, 176
Konstantín, 176
Serghéi Timoféevitch, prose writer, 176;
a Slavophile, 268, 269, 301
Alexander the Great, legends of, 8
Alexander I., educated by La Harpe, 34;
attempts to give Russia a constitution, 34;
grants one to Poland and Finland, 34;
influence of German mystics on, 34;
surrenders to the reactionists, 34;
influence of Madame Krüdener on, 34
Alexéi the priest’s son, 8
American features of a new life, 302
American squatters, 119, 227
Anarchism, no-government principles of, 146
modern, founded by Mikhail Bakúnin, 276
Annals, rich Russian collection of, 14
Antonovitch, Grand Duke Ivan, imprisoned in fortress of Schüsselberg,
29
Antique Greek world, study of the, 306
Anti-Semitic comedy, reception of, in St. Petersburg, 264
Apocryphal gospels, wide circulation of, in Russia, 17
Archæological details, abuse of, 306
Arakchéeff, General, rules Russia during last ten years of reign of
Alexander I., 34
Arctic exploration, Lomonósoff’s memoir on, 25
Aristocratic girl, interesting types of the, 302
Armenian language, 4
Arsenal of punishments, 264
Arsénieff, K., critic, 172, 295
K. K., writer of satires, 282
Art and its impulses, 160
Art, counterfeits of, 298
Art criticism, canons in, 293
foundations of new, 287
in Russia, 287
“Art for Art’s sake,” 295, 297, 298
poets of, 183-185
Art in the service of mankind, 296
Art, latest works of, 145-148
the main principles of, 289
utilitarian views upon, 295
Artels (coöperative organisations), 230
Asceticism preached in Russia, 17
Audubon, John James, mentioned, 177
Auerbach, Berthold, mentioned, 91
Autocracy, evils of, 63
Avvakúm, Nonconformist priest, memoirs of, 19-21;
quotation from, 20;
exiled to Siberia, 20;
taken to the Amúr, 20;
burned at the stake, 20
Bakúnin, Mikhail, Russian revolutionist, 276
Balakláva disaster, Tolstóy’s poems on, 113
Balkan peninsula, invasion of, by Turks, 15
Balzac, Honoré de, mentioned, 58, 86, 91
Barantsévitch, novelist, 304
Baratýnskiy, romantic Russian poet, 62
Barbier, Henri Auguste, mentioned, 40, 173, 186
Bards of Northern and Little Russia, 7
Bards, special, 8
Baskáks, visits of, to Russia, 16
Bayán, Russian bard, 13
Beautiful, realistic definition of the, 290
the worship of the, 306
Beauty and Truth, idealistic point of view of, 289
Belles-lettres, Academy of, founded by Catherine II., 26
Béranger, Pierre Jean de, mentioned, 3, 186
chansonnettes of, 4
Bestúzheff, Alexander, prose writer, 63
Bible, Russian translation of, 5
the first Russian, 19
why it has not yet been superseded, 298
Biblical Old Slavonian, little use of, 22
Bibliographical notes, 318-320
Bismarck, Otto Eduard Leopold, mentioned, 124
“Black people” and “white people,” 14
Black Sea, Russia takes firm hold of, 27
Blood-vengeance of Scandinavian heroes, 10
Boborýkin, novelist, sketch of, 307
Bodenstedt, friend and German translator of Lérmontoff’s poems, 52,
53, 56
Bogdanóvitch, poet, 27, 28
Books, censorship on, in Russia, 264
Borodín, music of, 14
Brandes, George, his study of Turguéneff, 91, 94
Brontë, Charlotte, mentioned, 179
Browning, Robert, mentioned, 40, 186
Buckle, Henry Thomas, mentioned, 265
Bulgaria falls under the rule of the Osmanlis, 15
Bulgarian language, 4
Bureaucratic centralisation, 267
Burial songs of peasant women, 7
Byeláeff, historian, 269
Byelínskiy, the greatest critic of histime, 163, 288;
ancestry and sketch of his writings, 288-290;
mentioned, 178, 224, 267, 269, 272, 276, 287 _n._, 288, 289, 293,
296, 298
Bylíny, early Russian explorers of, 9
epic songs of, 8
Byron, Lord George Gordon, mentioned, 33, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51,
61, 63, 186, 187, 288
Byronism, mantle of, 48
Púshkin’s, 45
Byronists, Don Juanesque features of the, 162
Byzantine Church, teachings of, 17
Byzantine gnosticism, 5
Byzantine habits of Moscow, 68
Byzantine historians, 15
Byzantine ideals of the Russian Church, 16
Capitalism, powers of, 268
Cat-o’-nine-tails, punishment of the, 164
Catherine II., literature in the early part of her reign, 26;
full of progressive ideas, 26;
her intercourse with French philosophers, 26;
composes her remarkable _Instruction_ to the deputies, 26;
writes several comedies, 26;
edits a monthly review, 26;
writes two satirical comediesand a comic opera, 194
Caucasians, the most beautiful people of Europe, 52
Caucasus “society,” descriptions of, 59
Caucasus, the, one of the most beautiful regions on earth, 52
Censorship of literature under Nicholas I., 36
Censorship, rigorous Russian, 94, 263
Central Russia, invaded by Cossacks, 18
spoken language of, 6
Cervantes, Miguel de, good-natured laughter of, 4
Chansonnettes, playful, 4
Charles XII., of Sweden, ruler of Little Russia, defeated at Poltáva,
36
Christ, the teachings of, 140
Christian brotherhoods, early, 17
Christian ethics, main points of the, 142-145
Christian humility, 143
mask of, 83
Christian literature in Russia, 17
Christian mysticism, 28
Christian nationality of Russian Church, 16
Christian teaching, interpretation of, 138
moral aspects of, 140
Christianity, development of, 17
rationalistic interpretation of, 139;
dogmatic elements of, 140
reformed, antagonism to, 17
spread of, in Russia, 29
Christmas Eve, Russian village life on, 69
Church and State, attitude of negation towards, 145
Church Christianity, 140 _n._
Church, lower clergy of the, impositions on, 19
Church, Russian, throws off the Mongol yoke, 16
Churches, hatred of, towards each other, 138
Cicero, powerful oratory of, 24
Circassians, struggle of, against the Russians, 56, 57
Circles, the, important part played by the, in the intellectual
development of Russia, 266
Citizen, the duties of a, 174
Civilisation based on Capitalism and State, 131
Classicism in Russia, 43
Classics, Russian, circulation of, 6
Codes of the Empire and the Common Law, 269
Colonisation, inner, of Russia, 230
Commercialism, modern, the prey of, 245
Common Law Courts, peasants’, 222
Communal land-ownership, 267
Communal principles in Russian life, 32
Communal spirit of Russian popular life, 10
Communism, teachings of free, 144
Constantine, Grand Duke, exploration of Russia, 225, 230
Constantine, proclaimed emperor, 35;
abdicates, 35
Constantinople annalists and historians, 15
Contemporary novelists, 300-317
_Contemporary, The_, a monthly review, Tolstóy contributes to,
110, 112;
its fight for peasant freedom, 114;
Nekrasoff edits and contributes to, 171;
Ivan Panaeff, co-editor, 178;
Tchernyshévskiy contributes to, 279;
suppressed, 283
Coolidge, Professor, of Cambridge, Mass., his review articles
on Russian writers, 39
Co-operative organisations, 230
Copernicus, mentioned, 25
Cornwall, Barry, mentioned, 187
Corps of Pages, 30
Cossacks, invade Central Russia, 10;
their ways of conducting war, 72
County councils, 231
Criticism, literary, 285, 286
Critics, works of, early read, 287
Czech language, 4
Czechs, old literature of, 4
Dal, V., ethnographer and prose writer, birth and ancestry, 177;
his main work a dictionary of the Russian language, 178
Danilévskiy, historical novelist, 227
Dante, Alighieri, mentioned, 61, 187
Dargomýzhsky, operas of, 13
Darwin, Charles Robert, mentioned, 265
Darwinism, exposition of, 293
new ideas of, 110
“Decadent” would-be poets, 296
Decembrists, the, 33-36;
Nicholas I. hangs five and exiles others to Siberia, 35
Degeneracy not the sole feature of modern society, 86
Délwig, Russian poet, personal friend of Púshkin, 62
Demetrius, the pretender, takes possession of throne at Moscow, 18
Demon of habitual drunkenness, 238
Derzhávin, poet laureate to Catherine II., 26;
his poetry of Nature, 27;
_Ode to God_, 27;
_The Waterfall_, 27
Dickens, Charles, references to, 91, 187;
rollicking humour of, 4
Discussions, unnatural theoretical, 169
“Dissent,” varieties of, 268
“Disturbed Years,” traces of, in popular songs, 18
Dobrolúboff, literary critic, ancestry and sketch of, 291
Dobrolúboff, ultra-democratic writer, 114;
mentioned, 290, 293, 297
Dobrýnia, the dragon-killer, 9
Dolgorúkiy, Prince, political writer, 278
Dolgúshin groups, trial of, 135
Don, blue waters of the, 11
Dover, England, cliffs of, 52
Dostoyévskiy, Russian author, sketch of his life and works, 163-170;
writes _Poor People_ when twenty-four, 163;
congratulated by Nekrásoff and Grigoróvitch, 163;
introduced to Byelínskiy, the critic, 163;
his sad life, 163;
condemned to death, 163;
pardoned, 164;
death of, 164;
description of his novels, 164-170
Drama in Russia, its origin, 191;
Peter I. opened a theatre in Moscow, 192;
theatres become a permanent institution, 192
Dramatic art in Russia, development of, 77
Drunkenness, Russian habits of, 238;
the terrible disease of, 242
Druzhínin, critic, 295
Eastern heroes, exploits of, 9
Eastern legends, Russian versions of, 8
Eastern Russia, spoken language of, 6
Eastern traditions, spread of, in Russia, 10
Educated man in Russia, despair of the, 96
Educated women, new generation of, 304
Eighteenth century philosophers, 4
Eliot, George, mentioned, 179
Elpátievskiy, S., folk-novelist, 249
Elsler, Fanny, ballet dancer, appears at the Imperial Theatre, Moscow,
200
Emancipated woman, the, 304
Emancipation committees, 280
Epic narrative, quiet recitative of, 8
Epic poetry, freshness and vigorous youthfulness of the early, 16
Epic songs, collecting of, 8;
heroes of, 8
of wandering bards, 16
proscribed by the Russian Church, 13
Epicureanism, exclusive conditions of, 134
Equality and Liberty, appeals to, 93
Equality of all men, recognition of, 145
Ergólskaya, T. A., a woman relative of Tolstóy’s, 111
Ethnographical research in Russia, 230-232
Euler, Leonhard, mathematician, 24
European society, conventional life of, 45
Everyday talk, forms of familiar, introduced into Russian literature,
31
Everyday life, 259
Evil, physical force in resisting, 143
Exact sciences, interest of Peter I. in, 22
Factory girls, life of, 135
Faust, Dr., 5
Federal principles in Russia, 32, 268
Finland, constitution granted to, by Alexander I., 34
Folk-literature, of European nations, 7
of Russia, early, 7
Folk-lore, leading features of Russian, 16
Folk-novelists, 221-260
realistic school of, 232
their position in Russian literature, 221
Fonvizin. See Wízin, Von
Fourier, François, mentioned, 224, 272
Fourierism, 281
Fourierists, 163
Franklin, Benjamin, mentioned, 30
Freemasons in Russia, their effort for spreading moral education among
the people, 28;
their deep influence on Russia, 29;
Alexander I. grants them more freedom, 29
Free thought stifled in Russia under Nicholas I., 35
French philosophers, Catherine II.’s intercourse with, 26
French Revolution of 1830, 271;
of 1848, 272
French school of acting popular in Moscow, 201
French Socialists, 272
Froebel, reforms of, 121
_From Whence and How Came to be the Land of Russia_, early attempt at
writing history, 15
Gárshin, war novelist, 124
Georgia, smiling valleys of, 53
Georgian language, 4
Gerbel, N., poetical translator, 186
German æsthetical writers, metaphysics of, 295
German metaphysics, 4
German philosophy, idealistic, 289
Glínka, music of, 13
God of the Thunders, 9
God, the essence of life, 141
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, references to, 4, 5, 40, 41, 45, 62, 172,
185, 187, 288, 293
Gógol, Nicolai Vasilievitch, sketch of his life and works, 67-86;
birth and ancestry of, 67;
humour and wit of, 68;
his tales of the upper classes, 69;
the plot of his novel, _Tárás Búlba_, 70-72;
his prose-comedy _The Inspector-General_ described, 73-76;
extracts from, 76-81;
hostile criticism on _The Inspector-General_, 78;
_Dead Souls_ his main work, 79;
extracts from, 79-81;
he suffers from a nervous disease, 83;
falls under the influence of the “pietists,” 83;
death of, 84;
his great influence on the minds of Russians, 84;
forerunner of the literary movement against serfdom, 84;
literary influence of, 85;
a great artist, 85;
first to introduce the social element into Russian literature, 85;
references to, 6, 27, 58, 89, 96, 163, 176, 177, 201, 282, 283, 288,
301, 319
Goncharóff, talented Russian writer, sketch of his life and works,
151-162;
his attitude of impartiality to his heroes, 152;
profusion of details in his novels, 152;
description of his novel _Oblómoff_, 152-161;
his youth and character, 154;
extracts from _Oblómoff_, 154-159;
description of _The Precipice_, 161, 162;
mentioned, 6, 120, 169, 223, 224, 228
Górkiy, Maxim, author and dramatic writer, 217, 249;
his childhood, 250;
his reputation in America and Western Europe, 250;
sketch of the characters in his novels, 250-260;
extracts from _The Reader_, 257-259
Gospels, interpretation of, heresy, 17
Grammar of the Russian language, foundation of, 24
Great Russia, description of, 68
Great-Russian language, 6
Greco-Latin Academy of Kieff, 19
Greco-Slavonian Academy founded, 22
Greek Church, wide-spread separation of the people from the, 19
Greek models, inspiration of, 15
Greek Orthodox Church, 137, 138, 267
Gregory, an adapter of English plays, 191
Griboyédoff, comedy writer, born in Moscow, 196;
enters the diplomatic service, 196;
sent to Teheran, 196;
arrested at Tiflís, 197;
set free, 197;
in the Persian war, 197;
killed in Teheran, 198
Grigórieff, A., critic, 295
Grigoróvitch, peasant novels of, 85, 229
Grimm’s collection of fairy tales, 7
Hamlet and Don Quixote, 105
Hamletism in Russian life, 97, 108
Hannibal oath, the, 271
Happiness, personal, where found, 137 _n._
Harte, Bret, mentioned, 250
Hatzfeld, Countess of, her relations to Lassalle, 93
Heat, mechanical theory of, 25
Heine, Heinrich, references to, 3, 4, 44, 186, 187, 293
Hellenic love and poetic comprehension of Nature, 306
Hemnitzer, a writer of fables, 28
Herder, Johann Gottfried, mentioned, 33
Heredity, physiological, 222
Hérzen, Alexander, birth and ancestry, 271;
enters Moscow University, 271;
exiled to the Urals, 272;
returns to Moscow, 272;
exiled to Novgorod, 272;
expelled from France, 273;
naturalised in Switzerland, 273;
starts his _Polar Star_ in London, 273;
starts _The Bell_, and becomes a real power in Russia, 274;
supports the Poles, 274;
his death, 275;
mentioned, 267, 269, 289, 314
High-life in St. Petersburg, 48
Highly educated, inner drama of the, 299
Hilferding, A., 8
Historians, General Staff, 124
Historical dramas, 214, 215
Historical novels, difficulties in writing, 123
Holberg, Danish comedy writer, _Jean de France_, 27
Holiday cycle of songs, 7
Holy Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Russia, 34
Holy Books, printing of the, 19
scholastic discussions on, 68
Homer, epics of, 11
Homyákoff (Slavophile), extract from speech on Art, 296, 297
Hood, Thomas, mentioned, 186
Hugo, Victor, mentioned, 40, 173, 186, 215, 288
Human drama, development of the inner, 92
Human nature, failures of, in our present civilisation, 309
Humanitarian feeling in a family, 310
Husband and wife, separation between, debated in Russia, 127
Huxley, Thomas Henry, mentioned, 24
Huyghens, Constantijn, mentioned, 25
Hvoschinskaya, N. D., woman prose writer, 179;
sketch of her writings, 179-181
Ibsen, Henrik, mentioned, 259
Icelandic sagas, 8
Idea and form in poetry, correspondence between, 173
Idealism, 116
mask of, 128
the neglect of, 257
Idealistic realism, forms of, 249
Ideas, means of exchanging, by the circles, 266
Ilyiá of Múrom, 8
Imperial Theatre, St. Petersburg, established, 193
Individual, rights of the, 305
Indo-European languages, 4
Industrialism, era of, 267
Intellectual life in Russia, from 1848 to 1876, 97
Intellectual unity of the Russian nation, 6
Intellectuals, Russian, 253
educated, 263
type of, 231
International Working Men’s Association, 276
Ivánoff, Professor, 287 _n._
Jacobinism, Governmental, 114
James, Richard, his songs relating to dark period of serfdom, 18
Jersey, Norman law in, 269
John the Terrible, letters of, to Prince Kúrbskiy, 18;
rule of, in Russia, 18
Journalism, serious, the founder of, in Russia, 287
Judaic Christianity, life-depressing influences of, 306
“Kalevála” of the Finns, 11
Kalíki, wandering singers, 7
Kantemir, writer of satires, 22;
ambassador to London, 22 _n._
Kapníst, writer of satires, 28
Karamzín, historian, poet, and novelist, _The History of the Russian
State_, 32;
a poet of the virtues of monarchy, 32;
his history a work of art, 32;
_Letters of a Russian Traveller Abroad_, 33;
his sentimental romanticism, 33;
his _Poor Liza_, 33;
spirited protest against serfdom, 33
Kavélin, philosopher and writer on law, 50
Kíeff, Annals of, 14, 15
disappears from history for two centuries, 15
Knights of industry and plutocracy, modern, 284
Knyazhnín, translator of tragedies, 193
Kókoreff, I. T., folk-novelist, 228
Koltsóff, a poet from the people, 182
Korolenko, novelist, sketch of, 302
Kórsakoff, Rímsky, music of, 14
Kostomároff, historian, 268
Kotoshíkhin, historian, runs away from Moscow to Sweden, 21;
writes a history of Russia, 21;
advocates wide reforms, 21;
his manuscripts discovered at Upsala, 21
Kozlóff, Russian poet, 61
Krestovskiy, Vsevolod, a woman writer of detective stories, 179
Krüdener, Madame, influence of, on Alexander I., 34
Krylóff, V. A., playwright and fable writer, 60;
his translations from Lafontaine, 60;
his unique position in Russian literature, 61;
mentioned, 177, 194, 217
Kryzhánitch, South Slavonian writer, called to Moscow, 21;
revises the Holy Books, 21;
preaches reform, 21;
exiled to Siberia and dies, 21
Kürbskiy, Prince, letters to, from John the Terrible, 18
Labour movement in Russia, 265
Lábzin, a Christian mystic, writes against corruption and is exiled,
29
La Harpe, French republican, educates Alexander I., 34
Lake Onéga, folk-literature at, 7
Land, municipalisation of, 146 the communal ownership of, 246
Languages of Western Europe, 3
Lassalle, Ferdinand, mentioned, 93
Latin Church prevented from extending its influence over Russia, 16
“Latinism,” 19
Lavróff, Peter, political writer, 276;
a preacher of activity among the people, 277
Law of the Russian State and people, 268
_Lay of Igor’s Raid, The_, a twelfth century poem, 11
Lazhéchnikoff, historical novelist, 64
Laziness, the poetry of, 155
Legends of the saints widely read, 17
Leroux, Pierre, mentioned, 224, 272
Lérmontoff, Mikhail Yurievitch, sketch of his life and works, 50-59;
writes verses and poems when a boy, 50;
enters Moscow University, 51;
goes to a military school in St. Petersburg, 51;
writes a popular poem on Liberty and is exiled to Siberia, 52;
transferred to the Caucasus, 52;
plot of _The Demon_, 54;
description of Mtsýri, 54;
his demonism or pessimism, 55;
a “humanist,” 56;
his love for Russia, 56;
his dislike of war, 57;
death of, 57;
_The Captain’s Daughter_ described, 57, 58;
plot of his novel, _The Hero of Our Own Time_, 58, 59;
references to, 4, 61, 63, 68, 84, 89, 112, 172, 173, 176, 295, 319
Levítoff, folk-novelist, 240;
his sad life, 240-242
Liberty, culminating point in struggle for, 304
Life superior to Art, 290
Life, the kaleidoscope of, 307
the organisation of, 140
the simplification of, 144
Literary criticism, 285-299
Literary language of Russia, 6
Literary technique, 227
Literature, a new vein in, 308;
of the Czechs, 4;
of the Poles, 4;
of the great Slavonian family, 4;
of the Great-Russians, 4;
of the Little-Russians, 6;
of the White-Russians, 6;
treasures of thirteenth century Russian, 15;
a new era for, 26;
modern Russian created, 43;
Púshkin frees it from enslaving ties, 44;
realism of Russian, 46;
introduction of the social element into, 85;
true founders of Russian literature, 176;
position of folk-novelists in Russian literature, 221;
a new school of, 233;
the duty of, 257
Lithuanian language, 4
Little-Russia, description of, 67, 68
Lomonósoff, historian, studies in Moscow, 23;
and at Kieff, 23;
sent to Germany and studied under Wolff, 23;
returns to Russia, 23;
writes a work on Arctic exploration, 25
Longfellow, William Wadsworth, references to, 3, 4, 186;
his _Hiawatha_ mentioned, 4
Love, discussion on, 127
Mal-administration in Russia, 274
Malo-Russian (Little-Russian) literature, 318
Mámin, novelist, 304
Mankind, repulsive types of, 168
Márkovitch, Mme. Marie, folk-novelist, 226
Marriage and separation, questions of, 281
Marriage, accusation against, 147
opinions upon, 127
Marriages, complicated ceremony of, 7
Matchtétt, novelist, 304
Maupassant, Guy de, mentioned, 250, 308
Máykoff, Apollon, poet of pure art for art’s sake, 184
Máykoff, Valerián, critic, 224, 290
Mazépa, hétman, joins Charles XII. against Peter I., 36;
flees to Turkey, 36
Mazzini, Joseph, mentioned, 93
Mediæval literature of Russia, the, 15-19
Mediæval Russia, 32
Melshin, L., folk-novelist, 249
Mérimée, Prosper, mentioned, 39
Merezhkóvskiy, Dmitriy, poet and novelist, sketch of, 305
Metaphysics, fogs of German, 268
Mey, L., poet and dramatist, 186
Mihailóskiy, leading Russian critic, 294
Mihailóvskiy, gifted Russian critic, 131;
extracts from his writings, 132
Mikhail (the first Romanoff) introduces serfdom, 18
Mikháiloff, Mikhail, translator of poems, 186
Mináyeff, poet, 174
Mináyeff, D., writer of satirical verses, 187
Ministerial circulars, system of, 264
Ministry of the Interior, Russian, censorship of books and newspapers
by the, 263, 264
Mir-eaters, 248
Misgovernment, evils of, 144
Modern civilised life, analysis of, 284
Moltke, Hellmuth Karl Bernhard, mentioned, 124
Monarchy, the virtues of, 32
Monasteries, learning concentrated in, 17
Money-making middle class men, 316
Mongol invasion of Russia, 15
Mongol Khans help to build up Moscow, 16
Mongols, tales from the, 7
Montesquieu, Baron de la Brède, mentioned, 26
Moore, Thomas, mentioned, 33, 187
Moral foundations of life, 129
Moral philosophy, construction of a, 145
Moral teachings of the prophets of mankind, 140
Morality, current rules of, 167
Moravian language, 4, 5
Morbid literature, 168
Mordóvtseff, novelist, 304
Moscow, built up by aid of Mongol Khans, 16
conflagration of, in 1812, 11
first capital of Russia, 14 _n._
serfdom introduced into, 16
becomes a centre for Church and State, 16
the heir to Constantinople, 16
Poles capture, 18
first printing office established in, 19
revision of the Holy Books undertaken at, 19
the slums of, 135
Western habits of life introduced into, 191
Moscow Church, criticism of dignitaries of, 17
obtains a formidable power in Russia, 19
“Moscow Fifty,” trial of, 135, 136
Moscow Institute of the Friends founded by Nóvikoff, 30
Moscow monarchy, consolidating the, 16
Moscow princes, unlimited authority of the, 16
Moscow stage, the, 200-211
Moscow Theological Academy, 23
Moscow tsars, authority of the, 268
Murillo, Bartolomé, mentioned, 90
“Muse of Vengeance and of Sadness, A,” 174, 175
Muslin education, 294
“Muslin Girls,” 294
Mystery plays, 191
Nadézhdin, poet, 287
Nádson, poet, 304
Napoleon I. in Russia, 126
horrors of the retreat of, from Moscow, 122
Napoleon III., _coup d’état_ of, 96
Napoleonic wars, effect of the, on Russian soldiers, 34
Naryézhnyi, historical novelist, 64
Nation’s life, the accidental and temporary in the historical
development of, 297
_Natural History of Selbourne_ (White), 177
Naturalism and realism in France, 222
Naturalism and realism, sound, 288
Nature, forces of, personified in heroes, 9
Humboldt’s poetical conception of, 25
knowledge of “unholy,” 17;
severely condemned by the Church, 17
mythological representations of forces of, 10
return to, 119
the highest poetry of, 299
the law of, 144
Naúmoff, folk-novelist, 248
Nefédoff, folk-novelist, 249
Nekrásoff, Nicholas, poet, sketch of his life and works, 170-177;
editor of _The Contemporary_, 112;
birth and ancestry of, 170;
his black misery, 171;
makes acquaintance with the lowest classes of St. Petersburg, 171;
death of, 171;
his love of the peasant masses, 172;
his inner force, 174;
his pessimism, 174;
his struggle against serfdom, 174;
his best poem, 175;
his poems to the exiles in Siberia and the Russian women, 175;
mentioned, 224, 226, 235, 298
Neptune, the Sea-God, 9
_Nestor’s Annals_, 14
Netcháeff groups, the trial of, 135
“Neutral tint” types of real life, 233
Newspaper publishing, difficulties of, in Russia, 263, 264
Newton, Sir Isaac, mentioned, 25
Nicholas I., becomes emperor, 35;
hangs some and exiles others of the Decembrists, 35
Nicholas the Villager, 8
Nihilism and Terrorism compared, 102
Nihilist movement of 1858-64, 228
Nihilist, the, in Russian society, 102
Nihilists, in art, 296
true, 281
Nikítich, Dobrýnia, Knight, 8
Nikitin, Russian poet, 182
Níkon, Patriarch, ambition of, 19
Nineteenth century, first years of, in Russia, 31-34
Nobles, servility of the, 28
Nókikoff, first Russian philosopher, 26
Nonconformist writings, 19
Nonconformists, cruel persecution of, 18, 19
Northern Caucasia, spoken language of, 6
Northern Russia, spoken language of, 6
Nóvgorod, annals of, 14
Nóvgorod republic, victories of the, 14
Nóvikoff, an apostle of renovation, 28;
his capacities for business and organizing, 28;
starts a successful printing office in Moscow, 28;
his influence upon educated society, 29;
organises relief for starving peasants, 29;
accused of political conspiracy, 29;
condemned to death, 29;
imprisoned in fortress of Schüsselberg, 29;
released by Paul I., 29;
founds the Moscow Institute of Friends, 30
Novodvórskiy, novelist, 304
Obloffdom, laziness of mind and heart, 159;
not a racial disease, 161
Odóevskiy, Prince Alexander, poet, 62
_Odyssey_, the, mentioned, 33
Oertel, prominent novelist, 300;
sketch of, 300-302
Ogaryóff, poet, 275
Old Testament, books of, wide circulation of, in Russia, 17
Olónets, province of, bards of, 8
Orenbúrg, Southern Uráls, 176
Organ-grinders, miserable life of, in St. Petersburg, 224
Osmanlis, rule of the, over Servia and Bulgaria, 15
Ostróvskiy, Russian playwright and actor, sketch of, 202;
description of his plays, 203;
extracts from his drama of _The Thunderstorm_, 205-210;
his prolific work, 211;
mentioned, 223, 224, 229
Overtaxation of peasants, 284
Ovid, mentioned, 24
Ozeroff, translator of plays, 193
Paganism, return to, 17
Painters, Russian Society of, 223
Palm, A. I., dramatic writer, 217
Panaeff, Ivan, Russian novelist, 178
Paris, occupation of, by Russian armies, 34
Parliamentary commissions in England, 267
Patriarchal family, principles of the, 267
Peasant character and life, 225
Peasant choir, music of the, 14
Peasant proprietorship of land, 246
Peasant woman, the, apotheosis of the Russian, 175
Peasants, revolt of, 18
Peasantry, Russian, 225
Permians of the Uráls, 235, 236
Persian language, 4
Pesaríff, Russian critic, 104
Pestalozzi, reforms of, 121
Péstel, mentioned, 35
Peter I., violent reforms of, 21;
historical significance of his reforms, 21;
realizes importance of literature, 21;
introduces European learning to his countrymen, 21;
establishes a new alphabet, 22;
little interest in literature, 22;
his love of the drama, 192
Peter III., _coup d’état_ of Catherine II. against, 26
Petropávlovskiy, a poet of village life, 248
Philistine family happiness, 133
Philosophical Nihilist, a, 129
Philosophical thought, main currents of, 266
Philosophy of war, 123
Písareff, literary critic, sketch of, 118, 292, 298, 303
Písemskiy, A. Th., folk-novelist, 216, 228
Pleschéeff, A., Russian poet, 174;
arrested with the “Petrashévskiy circles,” 183;
imprisoned, 183
Poetical beauty of Russian sagas, 11
Poetical love, higher enthusiasms of, 160
Poet, Russian, intellectual horizon of, 45
Poets, the minor, of Russia, 62-64
Poland, Alexander I. grants constitution to, 34
uprising of, in 1863, 274
_Polar Star, The_, Hérzen’s review, 273
Poles invade Russia and capture Moscow, 18
Poles, old literature of, 4
Polevóy, P., historical writer, 295
Polevóy, poet, 287
Polezháeff, poet, 62, 63
Polish landlords, exactions of, 72
Polish language, 4
Political literature, 263-281
abroad, 270-278
in Russia, restrictions imposed on, 282
with art, mixture of, 243
Political and moral education, school of, 292
Political parties, development of, 266
Political thought, channels for, 265
first manifestation of, in Russia, 28
Pólonskiy, Russian poet, 184
Pólotskiy, Simeon, a mystery play-writer, 191
Pólovtsi, raid on the, 11
Poltáva, Charles XII., of Sweden, defeated at, 36
Pomyalóvskiy, folk-novelist, 233;
his sketches from the life of clerical schools, 233
Pope, an Eastern, 19
Popular song, development of the Russian, 23
Popularism, ludicrousness of, 305
“Populist” element in the Russian novel, 304
Populists, the, 275
Potápenko, novelist, 307
Potyekhin, A. A., comedy writer and folk-novelist, 216, 228, 229
Prairies, village life in the, 241;
charm of the South Russian, 241
Press of Russia, muzzling of, 265
Priest’s house in Central Russia, a, 232
Printing office established in Moscow, 19
Privileged classes, educational theories in the interest of, 130
Procopóvitch, priest and writer, 22;
founds the Greco-Slavonian Academy, 22
Proletarians, massacre of the Paris, 272
Protestant rationalism in Nóvgorod and Pskov, 17
Provincial life in a Little-Russian village, 301
Pseudo-classicism, revolt against, 287
Pskov, republic of, annals of, 14;
struggles between the poor and rich of, 14
Psychical disease, specimens of incipient, 169
Pugatchóff, leads peasant revolt against Catherine II., 47;
history of, by Lérmontoff, 57
Punishments, Russian system of, 148
Púshkin, Alexander, Russian poet, sketch of his life and works, 39-50;
his lyrics familiar in England, 39;
neglected in Russia, 39;
appreciated in France and Germany, 39;
his beauty of form, 40;
his individuality and vital intensity, 40;
his birth and ancestry, 41;
his perfect mastership of the Russian language, 41;
his knowledge of folklore, 41;
describes his shallow life in _Evghéniy Onyéghin_, 41;
exiled to Kishmyóff, 42;
joins the gypsies, 42;
journeys to the Crimea and the Caucasus, 42;
ordered to return to Central Russia, 42;
returns to St. Petersburg and becomes chamberlain to Nicholas I.,
42;
marries, 42;
fights a duel and is killed, 42;
his early productions, 42, 43;
his simplicity in verse, 43;
frees literature from enslavement, 44;
his lyric love poems, 45;
called the Russian Byron, 45;
his Epicureanism, 46;
his stupendous powers of poetical creation, 46;
his dramas, 47;
his comprehension of human affairs, 47;
his most popular work, 47;
references to, 4, 6, 13, 24, 27, 31, 36, 51, 53, 54, 58, 61, 63, 67,
68, 69, 79, 84, 85, 89, 103, 112, 172, 173, 176, 195, 265, 287,
288, 289, 293, 308, 319
Pyéshkoff, A. (Maxim Górkiy), 250.
See Górkiy, Maxim.
Pýpin, A. N., ethnographical writer, 231
Racine, Jean Baptiste, mentioned, 61
Radicals, conceptions of advanced Russian, 114
Radíscheff, political writer, 26;
receives his education in the Corps of Pages, 30;
his _Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow_, 30;
transported to Siberia, 30;
commits suicide, 30
Ralston, English translator of Russian _sagas_, 11
Rambaud, French historian, 11
Rázin, Stepán, terrific uprising of, 18
Reaction, real geniuses of, 284;
triumphant, 285
Realism, how put to service of higher aims, 86
in art, 85
in France, 86
in the Russian novel, 85
of Balzac, 86
of Russian literature, 46, 222
Realism and romanticism, mixture of, 168
Realism, Shakespearian, 146
Realist, the thoughtful, 303, 305
Realistic school introduced into Russia by Púshkin, 58
Religious deception, 140
Religious propagandists, 248
Renaissance, movement of, did not reach Russia, 17
Republican federalism of old Russia, return to, 35
Rich classes, lust of, for wealth and luxury, 144
Rigourism condemned, 305
Romantic school, influence of the, 72
French novelists of the, 64
Romantic sentimentalism, 238
Romanticism, German, 48
unbridled, 86
Romanticism and pseudo-classicalism contend for possession of the
Russian stage, 195;
triumph of romanticism, 195
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, mentioned, 119, 121, 130, 148
Royal power, uninterrupted transmission of, 269
Rúrik, house of, 14
Russia, centres of development in, 14
exploration of, 225, 230-232
her firm hold of the Black Sea, 27
begins to play a serious part in European affairs, 27
independent republics of, 15
invasion of, by Turks, 15
main cities of South and Middle, laid waste by Mongols, 15
unity of the spoken language of, 13
Russian administration, rottenness of, 283
Russian annals, high literary value of, 15
Russian Art, different currents in, 300
Russian Church, split in the, 19-21
Russian diplomatists in Austria, 122
Russian drama, the, 191-217
Russian dramatists, clumsy productions of, 48
Russian epic heroes, Eastern origin of, 9
Russian epics, mythological features of heroes of, 10
Russian folk-lore, 10
Russian functionaries, venal nature of, 283
Russian Geographical Society, 8
Russian Intellectuals, 304, 307;
moral bankruptcy of, 310, 314, 315
Russian language, 3-36;
richness of, 3;
its pliability for translation, 3;
musical character of the, 4;
many foreign words adopted in, 4;
remarkable purity of, 5;
grammatical forms of, 5;
roots of unchanged, 5;
beauty of structure of, 5;
remarkably free from _patois_, 6;
unity of the spoken, 13;
foundation of the grammar of, 24;
dictionary of, compiled by Academy of Sciences, 26;
melodiousness of, 53
Russian literature, a new era in, 283
Russian novel, change in the, 303
Russian philosophical language, 31
Russian _sagas_, 10
Russian society, influence of Tchernyshévskiy’s novels upon, 281
intellectual portion of, 314
Russian theatre in the first years of the nineteenth century, 194,
195
Russian verse, old, 22
Russian versification, rhythmical form of, 13
Russian women, higher education of, 303
Russian youth, development of, 293
Russians, traditions, tales, and folk-songs of, 7
Rustem of Persia, legends of, 8
Ryépin’s picture of Tolstóy behind the plough, 137
Ryeshétnikoff, folk-novelist, 234;
description of his novels, 236-240;
literary defects of his works, 237
Ryléeff, literary representative of the Decembrists, 35, 36;
his ballads circulate in Russia in manuscript, 36;
powerful poetical gift of, 36
Sádko, personification of navigation, 9
St. George, 9
St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, 23, 24
St. Petersburg winter season, attractions of, 46
Saint-Simonism, 271
Saltykóff (_nom-de-plume_ Schedrin), satirist, 282
Sand, George, mentioned, 229
Satire, a favourite means of expressing political thought, 282
Satire, writers of, 282-285
_Saying about Igor’s Raid_, extracts from, 12
Scandinavo-Saxon language, 4
Scheller (_nom-de-plume_ A. Mikháiloff), novelist, 304
Scherbátoff, Prince, collector of annals and folk-lore, writes a
history of Russia, 28
Scherbina, N., anthological poet, 184
Schiller, Johann Christoph, references to, 4, 33, 40, 51, 56, 103,
185, 276, 288
Schopenhauer, Arthur, mentioned, 54, 134, 135, 255
Scott, Sir Walter, mentioned, 61, 195
Sebastopol, Tolstóy’s sketches of siege of, 112, 113
Secret societies begin to be formed in Russia, 34
Self-love, rational, 142
Serbian language, 4
Serfdom, abolition of, 224
atrocities of, 94
energetic protest against, 288
evils of, 222
growth of, 269
horrors of, 28, 224, 230
introduced into Moscow, 16
introduction of, into Russia, 18
literary movement against, 84
Serfs, general feeling in favour of, 226
Serfs of the Church, 19
Serfs sold like slaves, 79
Servia falls under the rule of the Osmanlis, 15
Shahovskóy, Prince, a writer for the Russian stage, 195
Shakespeare, William, references to, 4, 47, 51, 52, 126, 195,
201 _n._, 215, 288
Shakespearian fatalism, 238
Shapír, Olga, novelist, 304
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, references to, 4, 51, 53, 172, 186
Shenshin, A. (_nom-de-plume_ A. Fet), Russian poet, 185
Shevchénko, poet, 63
Shevtchénko, Little-Russian poet, 224
Short story, the, and its ways of dealing with human life, 316
Siberia, spoken language of, 6
Siberian forests, life in the depths of, 222
Skabitchévskiy, critic and historian, 172, 295
Slavery, abolition of modern, 146
Slavonian family of languages, 4
Slavonian mythology, old, 9
Slavonic archaisms, 25
Slavonic mythology, early, 10
Slavophiles, 266-270;
fanatics of absolute rule, 268, 272
Slum-life, pictures of, 168
Smirnóff, Madame O. A. (_née_ Rossett), pietist, Gogol falls under
her influence, 83
Smirnóva, Sophie, novelist, 304
Smith, Adam, mentioned, 277
Smolénsk, captured by Poles, 18
Social evils, the main cause of, 144
Social ideas, unsettled condition of, 305
Socialism, economic principles of, 146
Socialist revival in France, 224
Socialistic movement in Russia, 163
Society, agitated Russian, 281
Society and Court scandals, 265
“Society” divorce cases in Russia, 127
Society, looseness of habits in Russian, 28
Society of Friends, assist Freemasons in spreading moral education, 28
Society of Friends of Russian literature, 296
Society, Russian educated, 232
Society, the rebel against, 254
Solidarity, germs of a realistic philosophy of, 104
Solovióff, N., playwright, 217
Solovióff, V., philosopher, 270
Song-collectors, 231
_Song of the Nibelungs_, 11
_Song of Roland_, 11
Songs, burial, 7;
antique, 7
South Russian annals, 14
South Slavonian language, high degree of perfection of, 5;
remarkable beauty of, 5
South Slavonians, folk-songs of, 4
mixture of, with Turkish and Polish blood in Little Russia, 68
Southeastern Steppes, Tartar encampments in the, 16
Southern Russia, spoken language of, 6
Spencer, Herbert, mentioned, 265
deep sensation of, in Russia, 294
Stanukóvitch, novelist, 304
Stásoff, V. V., his theory of epic songs of Slavonic mythology, 9
State religions in the interest of the ruling classes, 142
Stepniak, political writer, 278
Sterne, Laurence, mentioned, 30
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, mentioned, 224, 226
Sukhovó-Kobýlin, playwright, 215, 216
Sumarókoff, historian, the Russian Racine, 25;
wrote dramas and contributed to the development of the Russian
theatre, 25;
helps to develop the Russian drama, 193
Súzdal, Land of, 14
Swaggerers, collection of, 178
Tales, Russian, 7
Tartars, raids of, into Russia, 16
Tasso, Torquato, mentioned, 61
Tatíscheff, historian, superintendent of mines in the Uráls, 23;
wrote a number of political works, 23;
collects and systematises the Annals, 23
Tchaykóvsky, musician, music of, 13;
composes an opera from Púshkin’s _Evghéni Onyéghin_, 47;
plot of the opera, 48-50
Tchéhoff, Anton, dramatic writer, 217
Tchéhoff (pseudonym Tcheónte), novelist, sketch of, 308-317
Tchernyshévskiy, Nicolai, political writer, 279;
his birth and ancestry, 279;
contributes to _The Contemporary_, 279;
arrested and confined, 280;
his influence on Russian Society, 281;
exiled to Siberia, 281;
returns to Russia and settles in Astrakhán, 281;
his death, 281;
referred to, 290, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298, 314
Tchernyshófe, I. E., actor and playwright, 217
Tennyson, Sir Alfred, mentioned, 173, 174, 186
Terrorism and Nihilism compared, 102
Thackeray, William Makepeace, mentioned, 178
Thought, advanced European, 267
Tkretiaóvskiy, son of a priest, studies
at Moscow, 22;
travels to Amsterdam and Paris, 22;
studies at the Paris University, 22;
his services to Russian poetry, 22
Tocqueville, Alexis de, _Democracy in America_, censored in Russia,
97
Tolstáya, Countess A. A., 121
Tolstóy, Count Alexei Konstantínovitch, poet, historical novelist, and
playwright, 185, 214, 215;
becomes Head of the Imperial Hunt, 215
Tolstóy, Lyoff Nicolaievich, sketch of his life and works, 110-148;
his contributions to _The Contemporary_, 110;
birth and ancestry of, 111;
loses his father and mother when young, 111;
educated by relatives, 111;
enters military service in the Caucasus, 112;
his life during and after the Crimean War, 112-115;
takes part in the siege of Silistria and the battle of Balakláva,
112;
besieged in Sebastopol, 112;
goes to St. Petersburg, 113;
becomes acquainted with Turguéneff, 113;
co-edits _The Bell_, 113;
in search of an ideal, 115-118;
his artistic power, 117;
his descriptive talent, 117;
his small stories, 118-121;
his educational work, 120-121;
his marriage, 121;
family traditions, 122;
sketch of his _War and Peace_, 125;
of his Anna Karénina, 126, 127;
his honest artistic genius, 128;
his religious crisis, 129-138;
his views on property and labor, 130;
his dislike of the Russian Government, 131;
his thoughts on suicide, 134;
his love of the peasant masses, 134;
his idea of earning his own living, 135;
reforms his life, 137;
his plain food, 137;
philosophical reasons for his conduct, 137;
his interpretation of the Christian teaching, 138-142;
his influence, 148;
references to, 4, 6, 35, 58, 151, 152, 169, 201, 202, 223, 228, 229,
250, 278, 281, 296, 297, 298, 300, 308, 319
Tolstóy, Nicholas, dies of consumption, 120
Tolstóyism, 305
Tramps and thieves, idyll of, 303
Tramps and outcasts of Russian large cities, 242
Tramps, Górkiy’s species of, 255
Tramps of Southern Russia, 252
Transbaikalian folk-lore, 10
Tsar, absolute power of the, 267
Tsar’s authority, divine origin of, 18
Turanian language, 5
Turguéneff, Nicholas, political writer, 277;
member of the Decembrists, 277
Turguéneff, Ivan Sergeyevich, last message of, to Russian writers, 3;
sketch of his life and works, 89-109;
the greatest novel writer of his century, 89;
his high sense of the beautiful, 89;
his novels a succession of scenes, 91;
the qualities of a pessimist and lover of mankind combined in him,
93;
extract from his _Correspondence_, 95, 96;
his pessimism, 96;
threatened with being sent to Siberia, 96;
a sketch of his _Rúdin_, 97, 98;
extracts from, 98, 99;
his most artistic work, _A Nobleman’s Retreat_, 100;
his life-picture of a Russian girl, 100;
extracts from his _Fathers and Sons_, and Hamlet and Don Quixote,
105, 106;
his attitude towards Bazároff, 106, 107;
wreck of his hopes in reform movement, 107;
his death in Paris, 109;
references to, 4, 6, 31, 39, 46, 50, 52, 58, 84, 85, 110, 118, 151,
152, 157, 169, 171, 175, 177, 179, 180, 201, 202, 212, 215, 223,
225, 226, 228, 239, 247, 252, 253, 258, 265, 267, 269, 272, 274,
275, 281, 291, 293, 295, 300, 302, 303, 304, 308, 314, 315
Turkish War of 1877, 124
Turks, tales from the, 7
Tyútcheff, Th., Russian poet, 183
Uhland, Ludwig, mentioned, 33
Ultramontanes, Orthodox, 270
Ultra-realistic school of Russian folk-novelists, 234
Universal religion, elements of a, 144, 145
Universal understanding, criterion of, 298
Universal welfare, a desire for, 141
Upper classes, superstitions of the, 146
Ural-Altayan language, 4
Uspénsky, Gleb, folk-novelist, artistic descriptions of, 222;
his ethnographic sketches, 243;
his views on ownership of land, 246
_Varingiar_, the Scandinavian, 32
Vaudeville on the Russian stage, 195
Venevítinoff, poet, 62, 287
Vengeance, question of, 128
Venguéroff, S., gifted Russian critic, 104, 172;
author of biographical dictionary of Russian authors, 172
Vereschágin, Vasili, Russian painter, 124
Versification, forms of, 173
laws of rhythmical, 23
Verstóvskiy’s _Askóld’s Grave_ (opera), 13
Village-community, future of the, 222
Village communities, idyllic illusions about, 245;
drawbacks of, 247
Village life, foundations of, 244;
dark sides of, 224
Village life and humour, 69
Village people, typical, 222
Virgil, mentioned, 24
Vladímir, the Fair Sun, Kieff Prince, table of, 8
Voinarsóky, Russian patriot, exiled to Siberia, 36
Volhýnian annals, 14
Volkhónskaya, Princess, Tolstóy’s mother, 111
Voltaire, François, sarcasm of, 4;
mentioned, 193
Vorontsova-Dáshkova, Princess, aids Catherine II. in her
_coup-d’état_, 26;
nominated President of the Academy of Sciences, 26;
assists in compiling a Russian dictionary, 26
Vovtchók, Márko, folk-novelist, 226
Vvedénskiy, prose translator, 187
Wagner’s operas, librettos of, 296
War correspondents, 124
Weinberg, P., translator of poems, 186
Welfare of man, the greatest, 141
West Siberian villages, life in, 248
Western civilization, Russia looked to, for inspiration, 119
Western Europe, languages of, 3
mediæval city-republics of, 15
struggles for freedom in, 97, 272
Russia’s great conflict with, 122
influence of, on Russian art, 305
Western influences, struggle against intrusion of, in Russia, 16
Westerners, 266, 269, 270
White-Russian literature, 6
Wiener, Leo, great knowledge of Russian literature, 12 _n._;
_Anthology of Russian Literature from the Earliest Period to the
Present Time_, 12 _n._
Wine and women, an inspiration for producing poetry, 287
Wízin, Von (Fonvizin), writer of comedies, 26;
_The Brigadier_, 27;
_Nédorosl_, 27;
creator of the Russian national drama, 27;
his realistic tendency, 27;
Secretary to Count Pánin, 27, 194
Wolff, Christian, natural philosopher, 23
Women, energy of Russian, 304 slavery of, 290
Women in Russian revolutionary movements, 109
Women, their part in the development of Russia, 33
Women’s rights, fighters for, 304
Wordsworth, William, mentioned, 44, 186
Yaroslavni, lamentations of, 12
Yásnaya Polyána, Tolstóy’s estate, 111, 113, 116, 130
Yazýkoff, poet, 62
Young men, reckless heartlessness of, 310
Young Russia, 136 revival of, 101
Yúshkova, P. I., Tolstóy’s aunt, 111
Zabyélin, historian, 268
Zagóskin, historical novelist, 64
Zasódimskiy, folk-novelist, 248
Zasúlitch, Véra, trial of, 135
Zemstvo Statisticians, 231
Zhúkóvskiy, romantic poet, 32;
translates works of European poets and the classics, 33;
his ultraromanticism, 33;
his appeal to human nature, 33
Zlatovrátskiy, folk-novelist, 246
Zola, Émile, realism in first writings of, 85;
mentioned, 222, 238, 314
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
Some inconsistencies in the spelling and accentuation of names has been
standardized to reduce confusion.
Page 11: “the expolits” changed to “the exploits”
Page 25: “ideas of Corpernicus” changed to “ideas of Copernicus”
Page 62: “sounthern climate” changed to “southern climate”
Page 68: “for northerner” changed to “for northerners”
Page 72: “during the seige” changed to “during the siege”
Page 84: “formidable indicment” changed to “formidable indictment”
Page 102: “was writen” changed to “was written”
Page 106: “the enthusiam” changed to “the enthusiasm”
Page 108: A section of misprinted text has been corrected by
consultation with the 1916 edition. The original section read
“Consequently, Virgin Soil could only refer to the very earliest phases
of the movement: misconception of the peasantry, the peculiar inca-
did not meet with any of the best representativs of it. Much of the
novel is true, but the general impression it conveys is not precisely
the impression which Turguéneff himself would have received if he had
better known the Russian youth at that time.”
The corrected text reads: “Consequently, _Virgin Soil_ could only
refer to the very beginnings of the movement. Besides, Turguéneff
did not meet with any of the best representatives of it. Much of the
novel is true, but the general impression it conveys is not precisely
the impression which Turguéneff himself would have received if he had
better known the Russian youth at that time.”
Page 109: “children stories” changed to “children’s stories”
Page 121: “probably untilising” changed to “probably utilising”
Page 125: “and Englishman, or a” changed to “an Englishman, or a”
Page 126: “all the Tolstóy’s novels” changed to “all the Tolstóy novels”
Page 131: “in the mind the great writer” changed to “in the mind of the
great writer”
Page 136: “nothwithstanding all” changed to “notwithstanding all”
Page 141: “similiar conclusion” changed to “similar conclusion”
Page 160: “higher enthusiams” changed to “higher enthusiasms”
Page 192: “holy precints” changed to “holy precincts”
Page 199: “the accquaintance” changed to “the acquaintance” “Altogther,
a Russian” changed to “Altogether, a Russian”
Page 203: “a great dramatic write.” changed to “a great dramatic
writer.”
Page 208: “from the opression” changed to “from the oppression”
Page 225: “tremendous successs” changed to “tremendous success”
Page 229: “memtioned in” changed to “mentioned in”
Page 231: “dry satistical reports” changed to “dry statistical reports”
Page 243: “not enthnography” changed to “not ethnography”
Page 245: “human pyschology” changed to “human psychology”
Page 249: “an ethnographr” changed to “an ethnographer”
Page 250: “was pubished” changed to “was published”
Page 255: “another characterstic” changed to “another characteristic”
Page 284: “nevertheles continued” changed to “nevertheless continued”
Page 296: “Sociey of Friends” changed to “Society of Friends”
Page 299: “fine, quite mid-summer” changed to “fine, quiet mid-summer”
Page 301: “bougeoisie du” changed to “bourgeoisie du”
Page 308: “originality of stlye” changed to “originality of style”
Page 312: “been focussed” changed to “been focused”
Page 313: “towards reconcilation” changed to “towards reconciliation”