When water issues from the original cave, and it is desirable to copy
it in the model, a piece of looking glass should be glued on the
stand, and the edges surrounded by glue, and paper covered with sand.
Sometimes it is requisite to cut away the wood of the stand, so as to
let in the looking glass; this, however, is only when the water is
supposed to be much lower than the surface of the land.
2361. Starch-Paste Models.
Starch-paste models are formed in the usual way, of the following
composition:--Soak gum tragacanth in water, and when soft, mix it with
powdered starch till of a proper consistence. It is much improved by
adding some double-refined sugar finely powdered. When the model is
finished, it must be coloured correctly, and varnished with white
varnish, or left plain. This is the composition used by confectioners
for modelling the various ornaments on cakes.
2362. Ancient Cities.
Ancient cities may be constructed of cork or starch-paste, in the same
manner as directed above; bearing in mind the necessity for always
working models according to a scale, which should be afterwards
affixed to the stand of the model.
2363. Modern Cities.
Modern cities are better made of cardboard, starch-paste, or
pipe-clay; the houses, public buildings, and other parts being
constructed according to scale.
2364. Houses.
Houses should be cut out of a long thin strip of cardboard, partially
divided by three strokes of a penknife, and glued together; this must
afterwards be marked with a pencil, or pen and ink, to represent the
windows, doors, stones, &c.; and the roof--cut out of a piece of
square cardboard, equally and partially divided--is then to be glued
on, and the chimney--formed of a piece of lucifer match, or wood
notched at one end and flat at the other--is to be glued on, A square
piece of cardboard must be glued on the top of the chimney; a hole
made with a pin in the card and wood; and a piece of grey worsted,
thinned at the end, fixed into the hole for smoke.
[EXAMPLES DO NOT AUTHORIZE SINS.]
2365. Public Buildings.
Cathedrals, churches, and other public buildings are made in the same
way; but require the addition of small chips of wood, ends of lucifer
matches, cork raspings, or small pieces of cardboard, for the various
ornaments, if on a large scale, but only a pencil-mark if small.
2366. Starch-Paste or Pipeclay.
When constructed of starch-paste, or pipeclay, the material is rolled
flat on a table or marble slab, and the various sides cut out with a
sharp penknife; they are then gummed together, and coloured properly.
2367. Large Models.
If large models of houses or buildings are made, the windows are
constructed of talc or thin glass, covered with net or muslin. The
frames of the windows are made of cardboard, neatly cut out with a
sharp penknife.
2368. Countries.
Countries should be made of cork, because it is easier to work.
Although the starch-paste is very agreeable to model with, yet it is
liable to shrink, and therefore, when in the mass, one part dries
quicker than another, so that there is not equal contraction--a great
objection to its employment in accurate models. Cork, on the contrary,
may be easily cut into all forms, and from abounding with pores, it is
remarkably light--no little consideration to travellers.
2369. Topographical Models.
Topographical models may, however, be formed of plaster of Paris, but
the weight is an objection. A model of a country on a moderate
scale--say one-eighth of an inch to a square mile--with its mountains,
valleys, and towns, may be thus made:--A model having been first made
in clay, according to scale and plan, moulds should then be taken of
various parts in gutta percha, rendered soft by dipping it into hot
water, and the parts cast in paper cement.
2370. Paper Cement.
i. Reduce paper to a smooth paste by boiling it in water; then add
an equal weight each of sifted whiting and good size; boil to a
proper consistence, and use.
ii. Take equal parts of paper, paste, and size, sufficient
finely-powdered plaster of Paris to make into a good paste, and use
as soon as possible after it is mixed. This composition may be used
to cast architectural ornaments, busts, statues, &c., being very
light, and susceptible of a good polish, but it will not stand
weather.
2371. Other Parts.
The several mountains and other parts being formed, join them together
in their proper places with some of the No. i. paper cement, rendered
rather more fluid by the addition of a little thin glue. The towns are
made of a piece of cork, cut and scratched to the form of the town;
steeples of cardboard, and trees of blades of moss. Sand is sprinkled
in one part; looking-glass in others, for the lakes, bays, and rivers;
and green baize flock for the verdant fields.
2372. Monuments.
Monuments, ancient or modern, are better constructed of cork, on
account of the lightness and facility in working, more especially the
ancient ones.
2373. Ruins.
Ruins should be constructed of cork, according to the directions given
above, and when it is necessary to represent the mouldering walls
covered with moss or ivy, a little green baize flock, or moss
chippings, should be attached by mucilage to the part; and oftentimes
a brush of raw sienna, combined with varnish, requires to be laid
underneath the moss or flock, in order to improve the effect.
Prostrate columns and huge blocks are effectively represented in cork,
and should be neatly cut out with a sharp knife, and the various parts
supposed to be destroyed by age picked away with a pin or blunt knife
afterwards.
2374. Cities and Temples.
We will suppose that the model is to represent the Temple of Theseus
at Athens, which was built by Cimon, the son of Miltiades. In the
first place we must obtain the necessary dimensions, and then,
reducing the number of feet to fractional parts of an inch, form a
scale suitable for carrying out the whole. A piece of wood of the
necessary size is procured, the plan marked out in pencil, and the
ground on which it stands imitated in cork, by cutting away the parts
that are not required with a sharp penknife, and adding others with
glue.
The floor of the temple is now to be glued on with common glue, for we
should remark that the liquid glue does not dry quickly enough for
cork modelling, and is not so good as the old plan; the sides and ends
are formed of cork sheets, marked with a lead pencil to represent the
blocks of stone; and ruined and broken parts imitated, by pricking the
cork with a blunt penknife or needle. The frieze, representing the
battle between the Centaurs and Lapithæ and the metopes in
mezzo-relievo, containing a mixture of the labours of Hercules and
Theseus, should be drawn upon the sheets of cork according to scale,
and coloured with a little lampblack and raw sienna, to represent the
subject intended, if the scale is small; but if the model admits of
it, the groups may be neatly carved with a sharp penknife from the
cork, which has been previously outlined with pencil.
The next thing we shall have to do is to strengthen the interior of
the model, and this is done by glueing small pieces of cork, at
irregular intervals, at the angles formed by the junction of any
parts; these are put on the inside, and lastly, the roof is affixed.
Any parts that require to be coloured, may be touched up with varnish
or water colours, and lichen, &c., affixed with mucilage where it is
requisite.
2375. To Model from Living Objects.
We will imagine that the reader desires to model the features of some
friend, and as there is some difficulty in the matter, on account of
the person operated upon having a natural tendency to distort the
features when the liquid plaster is poured upon the face, and some
danger of suffocation if the process is not well managed, we will
proceed at once to describe the various stages of operating:
2376. Procedure (1).
Mix the plaster of paris with warm water, and have it about as thick
as cream, but do not mix it until all is ready. Lay the person upon
his back, and having raised his head to the natural position when
walking, by means of a pillow of bran or sand, cover the parts
intended to be cast with oil of almonds or olives, applied by means of
a feather, brush, or lump of cotton: plug the ears with cotton or
wool, and insert two quills into the nostrils, and plug the space
between each quill and the nostril very carefully with cotton.
2377. Procedure (2).
Cover the face with the plaster, beginning at the upper part of the
forehead, and spread it downwards over the eyes, which should be kept
_firmly_ closed, but not in such a manner as to produce any distortion
by too violent compression--and continue the plaster as far as the
lower border of the chin; cover that part of the chest and arms that
is to be represented, and carry the plaster upwards, so as to join the
cast of the face; then carefully remove each, and season for casting,
by soaking or brushing with linseed oil boiled with sugar of lead or
licharge. Some persons boil the moulds in the oil; and many, instead
of casting the face in one piece, and the chest in another, lay
threads across the face and up and down it, leaving the ends out. As
the plaster sets, or is nearly set, the threads are pulled through, so
as to divide the cast into four, five, or more pieces.
2378. Procedure (3).
The back part of the head is moulded by having an oval trencher sort
of vessel, deeper than half the head, and generally made of plaster,
and boiled in oil. The back of the head being oiled, and this trencher
partially filled with liquid plaster of Paris, the head is lowered
into it, and the cast taken. The back of the neck is cast with the
person turned over on his face.
2379. Procedure (4).
Each part of the mould is marked so as to secure accurate junction
with the adjoining part or parts; sometimes with a x or ||, which,
passing over the junction of two pieces, serves to distinguish them.
2380. Procedure (5).
To model the face, join the several pieces, and tie them together with
twine; then wrap some rag round the joints, to prevent the plaster
oozing out, and pour in the plaster, made tolerably fluid, taking care
to oil the inside of the mould very carefully first. When the outer
part of the mould is nearly set, scoop out the centre with a spoon,
and let the whole dry; then remove the strings, &c., and smooth off
the edges of the joints upon the model with a sharp penknife, and
carve out the eyes from the mass, otherwise they will appear as if
closed.
2381. Wax Models.
Wax models may be made from the moulds used for the plaster; but when
the wax sets at the outside to about one-eighth of an inch, the rest
should be poured out of the mould; or, a smaller portion being poured
in, it may be shaken about the inside of the mould until it is coated.
The pieces are removed, and the seams trimmed up, as in the plaster
cast.
2382. Making a Cast.
If a cast be made in Gutta Percha from the model in plaster--or, what
is still better, in fusible metal,--then, by pressing basil leather,
moistened with water, into the mould, and strengthening the back and
centre with chips of wood affixed by liquid glue, a very nice model
may be obtained in leather, which, when varnished, will look like oak
carving--especially if it be stained with Stephens's Oak Stain.
2383. Rustic-Work Seats.
Rustic-work seats, &c., may be constructed of wire twisted to the
proper shape and size, and then covered with gutta percha, rendered
soft by being dipped in hot water. The gutta percha should be twisted
round the wire previously warmed, and gently heated over a spirit
lamp, or dipped again into hot water, so as to allow the various parts
to be covered with it. When the model is finished, it should be
touched up here and there with oil colours--green, yellow, sienna, and
Venetian red--according to fancy, and the effect produced will be very
good.
2384. Dr. Clark's Pills for Nervous Headache.
Socotine aloes, powdered rhubarb, of each one drachm; compound powder
of cinnamon, one scruple; hard soap, half a drachm; syrup enough to
form the mass. To be divided into fifty pills, of which two will be
sufficient for a dose; to be taken occasionally.
2385. Pains in the Head and Face.
A severe attack of tic-doulou-reux is said to have been cured by the
following simple remedy:--Take half a pint of rose water, add two
teaspoonfuls of white vinegar, to form a lotion. Apply it to the part
affected three or four times a day. It requires fresh linen and lotion
at each application; this will, in two or three days, gradually take
the pain away.
2386. Sore Throat.
Those subject to sore throat will find the following preparation
simple, cheap, and highly efficacious when used in the early stage:
Pour a pint of boiling water upon twenty-five or thirty leaves of
common sage; let the infusion stand for half an hour. Add vinegar
sufficient to make it moderately acid, and honey according to the
taste. This combination of the astringent and the emollient principle
seldom fails to produce the desired effect. The infusion must be used
as a gargle several times a day. It is pleasant to the taste, and if
swallowed, contains nothing to render it dangerous in any way.
2387. Deafness.
It is now considered injurious to use water for the ear in cases of
ear complaint. Pure glycerine has been found to act most beneficially
as a solvent. In some forms of ear complaint powdered borax, as a
constituent of the "drops" to be used has been found useful, and
tannic acid in other forms. Carbolic acid mixed with glycerine is
used when a disinfectant is necessary. So delicate, however, is the
structure of the internal ear that in all cases it is desirable to
consult a medical practitioner.
[ONE IS NOT SO SOON HEALED AS HURT.]
2388. A Cure for Weak and Sore Eyes.
Sulphate of zinc, three grains; tincture of opium, ten drops; water,
two ounces. To be applied three or four times a day.
2389. Squinting.
Squinting frequently arises from the unequal strength of the eyes, the
weaker eye being turned away from the object, to avoid the fatigue of
exertion. Cases of squinting of long standing have often been cured by
covering the stronger eye, and thereby compelling the weaker one to
exertion.
2390. Pills for Gout and Rheumatism.
Acetic extract of colchicum, two grains; powdered ipecacuanha, four
grains; compound extract of colocynth, half a drachm; blue pill, four
grains. Divide into twelve pills; one to be taken night and morning.
2391. Gout Mixture.
Wine of colchicum, one ounce; spirit of nitrous ether, one ounce;
iodide of potassium, two scruples; distilled water, two ounces. A
teaspoonful of this mixture to be taken in camomile tea two or three
times a day.
2392. Mixture for Rheumatic Gout or Acute Rheumatism.
Half an ounce of nitre (saltpetre), half an ounce of sulphur, half an
ounce of flour of mustard, half an ounce of Turkey rhubarb, quarter of
an ounce of powdered gum guaiacum. A teaspoonful to be taken in a
wineglassful of cold water, every other night for three nights, and
omit three nights. The water should have been well boiled.
2393. To Arrest Bleeding at the Nose.
Introduce, by means of a probe, a small piece of lint or soft cotton,
previously dipped into some mild styptic, as a solution of alum,
Friar's balsam, solution of blue stone, or even cold water. This will
generally succeed; but should it not, cold water may be snuffed up the
nostrils. Should the bleeding be very profuse, medical advice should
be procured. In cases of hæmorrhage of a severe character, Ruspini's
styptic is most beneficial, and may be recommended.
2394. Biting the Nails.
This is a habit that should be immediately corrected in children, as,
if persisted in for any length of time, it permanently deforms the
nails. Dipping the finger-ends in some bitter tincture will generally
prevent children from putting them into their mouth; but if this
fails, as it sometimes will, each finger-end ought to be encased in a
stall until the propensity is eradicated.
2395. To Prevent Galling in Invalids.
The white of an egg beaten to a strong froth; then drop in gradually,
whilst you are beating, two teaspoonfuls of spirits of wine; put it
into a bottle, and apply occasionally with a feather.
2396. Jaundice.
One penny-worth of allspice, ditto of flowers of brimstone, ditto of
turmeric; these to be well pounded together, and afterwards to be
mixed with half a pound of treacle. Two tablespoonfuls to be taken
every day.
2397. Convulsions.
The following remarkable case, in which a surgeon saved the life of an
infant in convulsions, by the use of chloroform, will be read with
interest. He commenced the use of it at nine o'clock one evening, at
which period the child was rapidly sinking, numerous remedies having
been already tried without effect. He dropped half a drachm of
chloroform into a thin muslin handkerchief, and held it about an inch
from the infant's face. In about two minutes the convulsions gave way,
and the child fell into a sleep. By slightly releasing the child from
the influence of the chloroform, he was able to administer food, by
which the child was nourished and strengthened. The chloroform was
continually administered, in the manner described, from Friday evening
at nine o'clock until Monday morning at nine. This treatment lasted
sixty hours, and sixteen ounces of chloroform were used. No injurious
effects, however trivial from the treatment adopted, subsequently
appeared.
[HIDE THY DOMESTIC WOUNDS.]
2398. Asthma.
The following is recommended as a relief:--Two ounces of the best
honey, and one ounce of castor oil, mixed. A teaspoonful to be taken
night and morning.
2399. Coughs.
It is said that a small piece of resin dipped in the water which is
placed in a vessel on a stove (not an open fireplace), will add a
peculiar property to the atmosphere of the room which will give great
relief to persons troubled with a cough. The heat of the stove is
sufficient to throw off the aroma of the resin, and gives the same
relief that is afforded by the combustion, because the evaporation is
more durable. The same resin may be used for weeks.
2400. For a Cough.
Syrup of poppies, oxymel of squills, simple oxymel, in equal parts,
mixed, and a teaspoonful taken when the cough is troublesome. It is
best to have it made up by a chemist. The cost is trifling.
2401. A Mixture for a Bad Cold and Cough.
Solution of acetate of ammonia, two ounces; ipecacuanha wine, two
drachms; antimony wine, two drachms; solution of muriate of morphine,
half a drachm; treacle, four drachms; water, add eight ounces. Two
tablespoonfuls to be taken three times a day.
2402. Pills for a Bad Cough.
Compound ipecacuanha powder, half a drachm; fresh dried squills, ten
grains; ammoniacum, ten grains; sulphate of quinine, six grains;
treacle, sufficient quantity to make a mass. Divide into twelve pills;
one to be taken night and morning.
2403. Whooping Cough.
Dissolve a scruple of salt of tartar in a quarter pint of water; add
to it ten grains of cochineal; sweeten it with sugar. Give to an
infant a fourth part of a tablespoonful four times a day; two years
old, half a spoonful; from four years, a tablespoonful. Great care is
required in the administration of medicines to infants.
2404. Roche's Embrocation for Whooping Cough.
Olive oil, two ounces; oil of amber, one ounce; oil of cloves, one
drachm. Mix: to be rubbed on the chest at bedtime.
2405. Offensive Breath.
For this purpose, almost the only substance that should be admitted at
the toilette is the concentrated solution of chloride of soda, from
six to ten drops of it in a wineglassful of pure spring water, taken
immediately after the operations of the morning are completed. In some
cases, the odour arising from carious teeth is combined with that of
the stomach. If the mouth be well rinsed with a teaspoonful of the
solution of the chloride in a tumbler of water, the bad odour of the
teeth will be removed.
2406. Breath tainted by Onions.
Leaves of parsley, eaten with vinegar, will prevent the disagreeable
consequences of eating onions.
2407. Mixture for Indigestion.
Infusion of calumba, six ounces; carbonate of potass, one drachm.
Compound tincture of gentian, three drachms. _Dose,_ two or three
tablespoonfuls daily at noon.
2408. Ointment for Sore Nipples.
Take of tincture of tolu, two drachms; spermaceti ointment, half an
ounce; powdered gum, two drachms. Mix these materials well together
to make an ointment. The white of an egg mixed with brandy is the best
application for sore nipples; the person should at the same time use a
nipple shield.
2409. Ointment for the Piles, or Hæmorrhoids.
Take of good lard, four ounces; camphor, two drachms; powdered galls,
one ounce; laudanum, half an ounce. Apply the ointment made with these
ingredients every night at bed-time.
2410. Ointment for Broken Chilblains or Chapped Hands, &c.
Sweet oil, one pint; Venice turpentine, three ounces; hog's-lard, half
a pound; bees'-wax, three ounces. Put all into a pipkin over a slow
fire, and stir it with a wooden spoon till the bee's wax is all
melted, and the ingredients simmer. It is fit for use as soon as cold,
but the longer it is kept the better it will be. It must be spread
very thin on soft rag, or (for chaps or cracks) rubbed on the hands
when you go to bed.
[AN ACT IS BETTER THAN A WORD.]
2411. Camphor Balls to prevent Chaps.
Melt three drachms of spermaceti, four drachms of white wax, with one
ounce of almond oil, and stir in three drachms of camphor (previously
powdered by moistening it with a little spirits of wine); pour small
quantities into small gallipots, so as to turn out in the form of
cakes.
2412. Cramp in Bathing.
For the cure of the cramp when swimming, Dr. Franklin recommends a
vigorous and violent shock of the part affected, by suddenly and
forcibly stretching out the leg, which should be darted out of the
water into the air if possible.
2413. Cramp in the Legs.
Stretch out the heel of the leg as far as possible, at the same time
drawing up the toes as far as possible. This will often stop a fit of
the cramp after it has commenced.
2414. Hiccough or Hiccup.
This is a spasm of the diaphragm, caused by flatulency, indigestion,
or acidity. It may be relieved by the sudden application of cold, also
by two or three mouthfuls of cold water, by eating a small piece of
ice, taking a pinch of snuff, or anything that excites counteraction.
2415. Scratches.
Trifling as scratches often seem, they ought never to be neglected,
but should be covered and protected, and kept clean and dry, until
they have completely healed. If there is the least appearance of
inflammation, no time should be lost in applying a large
bread-and-water or linseed-meal poultice, or hot flannels may be
repeatedly applied. Leeches should be applied only when ordered by a
medical man, as in some cases erysipelas may be the consequence.
2416. Ring-worm.
The head should be washed twice a day with soft soap and warm soft
water, and when dry the places should be rubbed with a piece of linen
rag dipped in ammonia from gas tar. The patient should take a little
sulphur and treacle, or some other gentle aperient, every morning.
Brushes and combs should be washed every day, and the ammonia kept
tightly corked.
2417. Ointment for Scurf in the Heads of Infants.
Lard, two ounces; sulphuric acid, diluted, two drachms; rub them
together, and anoint the head once a day.
2418. Scurf in the Head.
Into a pint of water drop a lump of fresh quicklime, the size of a
walnut; let it stand all night, then pour the water off clear from
sediment or deposit, add a quarter of a pint of the best vinegar, and
wash the head with the mixture, which is perfectly harmless, and forms
a simple and effectual remedy.
2419. To Restore Hair when removed by Ill-health or Age.